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METALS NONMETALS

Luster Dull
Conducts Electricity/Heat Doesn’t Conduct Electricity/Heat
Solid at Room Temperature
High Boiling/Melting Point Low Boiling/Melting Point
Malleable Brittle
Ductile Non-Ductile
Low IE & Low EN High IE & High EN
Tend to Lose Electrons Tend to Gain Electrons

OCTET RULE

Atoms w/ 8 valence electrons are stable


Atoms w/ 2 valence electrons in the first shell are also stable
Atoms w/out 8 valence electrons will need to get 8 valence electrons

Atoms w/ 4 valence electrons have difficulty gaining/losing 4 electrons  therefore these atoms would need to form an ion.

Anion – Negative ion


Cation – Positive Ion

IONIC RADIUS

As you move down a group in the periodic table, additional layers of electrons is being added, which naturally causes the ionic
radius to increase.

As you move across a period on the periodic table, the ionic radius decreases from metals forming cations, as the metals lose
their outer electron orbitals.

As you move across a period on the periodic table, the ionic radius increases for nonmetals as it forms into anions, due to the
number of electrons increasing. The additional electrons repel each other, so the ionic radius expands.

Ionic Bond: Electrons are transferred from one metal element to a nonmetal element forming ions. The differently charged ions
are attracted to each other.

An element can at most lose/gain 3 valence electron to meet the Octet Rule.

Group 14 cannot form ionic bonds since it needs to gain/lose 4 electrons

Ionic compounds when bonded together will always form a crystal lattice.

Ionic compounds are always neutral overall.

Criss-Cross Rule: In an ionic compound, the charge of each ion is the subscript for the other ion.
If the charges are the same, then both subscripts are 1.

Polyatomic Ions: Multiple atoms bonded together to make a charged molecule.


Transition metals have multiple possible charges.

Formula to Find Transition Metal Charge:


(𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) ∗ (# 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) = |(𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛) ∗ (# 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
Naming System: The Stock System
1. State the metal name
 If the metal has multiple possible charges, include the charge of the metal (roman numeral)
2. If the non-metal is an element, change the ending to –ide
 If it’s a polyatomic ion, just write the name of the ion.

Ionic Compound  electrons are transferred from a metal to non-metal (non-metals have high EN)

Covalent/Molecular Compound  just non-metals (do not lose electrons  high EN)

Electricity: the flow of charge

Solid salt does not conduct electricity because the charges are stationary.

Salt = any ionic compound

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water (liquid/molten salt) b/c moving ions conduct electricity.

Ionic compounds have high melting points.

Covalent compounds have lower melting points than ionic compounds.

Ionic compounds are hard, but brittle (does not bend, just shatters)

When an ionic compound is hit w/ a hammer, the charged negative particles are pushed together and the repelling forces cause
the crystal to shatter.

Electrolyte: A chemical compound that conducts electricity by changing into ions when melted or dissolved into a solution.

Aqueous (aq): Related to “dissolved in water”

Metallic atoms have few valence electrons and low ionization energies.

The bonds holding metallic atoms together in the solid and liquid phases are strong, as metals have fairly high melting points and
boiling points.

A metallic atom may be considered to have a central portion, or kernel, made up of its nucleus and its non-valence electrons.

The kernels of the metallic atoms making up a metallic solid are arranged in the fixed positions of a crystalline lattice. The
valence electrons move freely throughout the crystal and do not belong to any give atom.

The freely moving valence electrons give metals properties of good electrical and thermal conductivity.

A metallic bond results from the force of attraction of the mobile valence electrons for an atom’s positively charged kernel.

Bond Type Melting/Boiling Point Hardness Conduct. Solid Conduct. Liquid Conduct. Aq.
Metallic HIGH HARD YES YES (NO in Water) YES
Covalent LOW SOFT NO NO NO
Ionic HIGH HARD NO YES YES
CRYSTALLINE
Molecular compounds (made of 2 or more nonmetals) contain covalent bonds.

Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between nonmetals

Difference Between Covalent & Metallic bond:


Electrons are shared between all atoms in a metallic bond (“delocalize electrons”).
Electrons are shared between 2 atoms only (“localized electrons”) in a covalent bond
In a metallic bond, electrons are shared within the whole sample.
In a covalent bond, electrons are shared within the molecule.

Molecules of the Same Covalent Bond:


Not bonded; separate  not very attracted  low melting point

Melted/dissolved ionic compounds conduct electricity through the flow of: ions

Metals conduct electricity through the flow of: electrons

In ionic bonds, electrons are: transferred

In covalent bonds, electrons are: shared

Properties of Ionic Substances:


 Hard
 Good Conductors of Electricity b/c ions can move, in solution and in liquid form, but not in solid form.
 High melting and boiling points b/c of the strong attraction of the ions. Ionic substances always have a crystal lattice
structure, containing a certain repeated pattern of cations and anions. The ions attract each other.

Properties of Molecular Substances:


 Soft
 Poor Conductors of Electricity/Heat b/c there are no charged particles (no ions or mobile electrons)
 Low melting and boiling point b/c of weak attraction between molecules. A pair of atoms (in a molecular substance)
shares electrons.

Properties of Metallic Substances:


 Hard
 Good Conductors of Heat/Electricity b/c of mobile electrons.
 High melting and boiling points b/c of strong attractions. Metallic substances contain negative electrons and positive
ions, which the attraction holds the metal together.

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