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Luster Dull
Conducts Electricity/Heat Doesn’t Conduct Electricity/Heat
Solid at Room Temperature
High Boiling/Melting Point Low Boiling/Melting Point
Malleable Brittle
Ductile Non-Ductile
Low IE & Low EN High IE & High EN
Tend to Lose Electrons Tend to Gain Electrons
OCTET RULE
Atoms w/ 4 valence electrons have difficulty gaining/losing 4 electrons therefore these atoms would need to form an ion.
IONIC RADIUS
As you move down a group in the periodic table, additional layers of electrons is being added, which naturally causes the ionic
radius to increase.
As you move across a period on the periodic table, the ionic radius decreases from metals forming cations, as the metals lose
their outer electron orbitals.
As you move across a period on the periodic table, the ionic radius increases for nonmetals as it forms into anions, due to the
number of electrons increasing. The additional electrons repel each other, so the ionic radius expands.
Ionic Bond: Electrons are transferred from one metal element to a nonmetal element forming ions. The differently charged ions
are attracted to each other.
An element can at most lose/gain 3 valence electron to meet the Octet Rule.
Ionic compounds when bonded together will always form a crystal lattice.
Criss-Cross Rule: In an ionic compound, the charge of each ion is the subscript for the other ion.
If the charges are the same, then both subscripts are 1.
Ionic Compound electrons are transferred from a metal to non-metal (non-metals have high EN)
Covalent/Molecular Compound just non-metals (do not lose electrons high EN)
Solid salt does not conduct electricity because the charges are stationary.
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water (liquid/molten salt) b/c moving ions conduct electricity.
Ionic compounds are hard, but brittle (does not bend, just shatters)
When an ionic compound is hit w/ a hammer, the charged negative particles are pushed together and the repelling forces cause
the crystal to shatter.
Electrolyte: A chemical compound that conducts electricity by changing into ions when melted or dissolved into a solution.
Metallic atoms have few valence electrons and low ionization energies.
The bonds holding metallic atoms together in the solid and liquid phases are strong, as metals have fairly high melting points and
boiling points.
A metallic atom may be considered to have a central portion, or kernel, made up of its nucleus and its non-valence electrons.
The kernels of the metallic atoms making up a metallic solid are arranged in the fixed positions of a crystalline lattice. The
valence electrons move freely throughout the crystal and do not belong to any give atom.
The freely moving valence electrons give metals properties of good electrical and thermal conductivity.
A metallic bond results from the force of attraction of the mobile valence electrons for an atom’s positively charged kernel.
Bond Type Melting/Boiling Point Hardness Conduct. Solid Conduct. Liquid Conduct. Aq.
Metallic HIGH HARD YES YES (NO in Water) YES
Covalent LOW SOFT NO NO NO
Ionic HIGH HARD NO YES YES
CRYSTALLINE
Molecular compounds (made of 2 or more nonmetals) contain covalent bonds.
Melted/dissolved ionic compounds conduct electricity through the flow of: ions