History, Concepts, Theories and

Principles of Environmental Planning

(Module 3)

Arch. / EnP. Rey S. Gabitan, uap, piep

 History, Concepts, Theories and Principles of
Environmental Planning

CITY GROWTH & SPATIAL PLANNING

THEORIES
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Burgess, 1929)
The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status
(mainly income) of households and the distance from the CBD. The further
from the CBD, the better the quality of housing, but the longer the
commuting time.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Burgess, 1929)
Areas are characterized in terms of ethnic groupings, income levels, types
of commerce/industry.
Residents of one zone "migrate" to outer zones as their economic
positions improve. . . . . . and new residents take their place.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

SECTOR THEORY (Hoyt, 1934)
Residential land use tend to be arranged in wedges or sectors radiating
from the center of the city along lines of transportation
High rent sectors often extend along fashionable boulevards.
High rent sectors usually buffered by middle rent sectors.
High rent sectors separated from low rent by physical barriers
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

SECTOR THEORY (Hoyt, 1934)
High rent areas tend to…
- …grow from a given point along lines of transportation
- …grow towards the high ground free from flooding
- …grow toward the open country – they don’t dead end
- …grow towards the homes of community leaders
- …pull office buildings, banks, and stores along with them
- …develop along the fastest lines of communication
- …continue to grow in the same direction for a long period
- …not to skip around at random.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Ullman & Harris,1945)
They combine the elements of the Concentric Zone Theory and Sector
Theory with other factors to explain land use.
They argued that cities grow around certain discrete nuclei rather than
around a single center.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Ullman &
Harris,1945)
4 Factors that give rise to separate nuclei:
- certain activities require special activities
(CBD=accessibility;
warehousing/docks=waterfront;
low density housing=land)
- some activities group together because they
profit from cohesion
(financial/office district; medical district;
manufacturing districts)
- other activities are detrimental to each other
(heavy industry and high rent resd’l; meat
packing plants and funeral homes)
- certain activities can not afford high rents
(forced together in the low rent areas)
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

City Growth and Spatial Planning Theories

URBAN REALMS MODEL

--a CBD, but multiple suburbs that have

suburban downtowns, also, a "New
Downtown" outside of the CBD
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Urban Renewal and Gentrification

YUPPIFICATION

--movement back into

downtowns--higher-
income, single, or no children
couples living in suburban
downtowns or "New Downtown"

GENTRIFICATION

--the rehabilitation of deteriorated

inner-city housing with favorable
locations relative to the CBD
History, Concepts, Theories and Principles of
Environmental Planning

DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS /
THEORIES
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

GROWTH CENTER (Boudeville, 1966)
set of expanding industries located in an urban area and inducing further
development of economic activities throughout its zone of influence.

CONCEPT OF PROPULSIVE FIRMS

leading industries dominate other economic units; relatively new and
dynamic; advanced technology; high income elasticity of demand for
products usually sold to national markets.
POLARIZATION (Albert O. Hirshman)
negative; rapid growth of leading industries further induces concentration
of other economic units in the pole leading to geographical polarisation
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

TRICKLING DOWN EFFECT (Hirshman)
positive; growth will radiate from core to periphery
leading to convergence between the core and
periphery.

DEPENDENCY THEORY
development of First World derived from
underdevelopment of Third World.
Modernization of West at expense of others
Development originated out of 16h century
patterns of relations in which certain nations
able to exploit others
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

CORE PERIPHERY (John Friedman, 1966)
unbalanced growth leads to dualism – North and
South, growing points and lagging regions.

tries to represent the emergence of an urban system

in four major stages which goes on par with the
development of transportation

Stage 1 (Pre-industrial). The pre-industrial (agricultural) society, with localized

economies and a small scale settlement structure. Each element is fairly
isolated, dispersed and characterized by low mobility.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

CORE PERIPHERY (John Friedman, 1966)

Stage 2 (Transitional). The concentration of the economy in the core begins as

a result of capital accumulation and industrial growth. A dominant center
emerges within an urban system to become its growth pole. Trade and mobility
increase, but within a pattern dominated by the core even if overall mobility
remains low. Among the numerous examples of such a phase is the early
industrialization of Great Britain in the late 18th century or the beginning of the
colonial incorporation of regions in Latin America, Africa or Asia.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

CORE PERIPHERY (John Friedman, 1966)

Stage 3 (Industrial). Through a process or economic growth and diffusion other

growth centers appear. The main reasons for deconcentration are increasing
production costs (mainly labor and land) in the core area. This diffusion is linked
with increased interactions between elements of the urban system and the
construction of transport infrastructures.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

CORE PERIPHERY (John Friedman, 1966)

Stage 4 (Post-industrial). The urban system becomes fully integrated and

inequalities are reduced significantly. The distribution of economic activities
creates a specialization and a division of labor linked with intense flows along
high capacity transport corridors.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES
explain the advantages of the "clustering
effect" of many activities ranging from
retailing to transport terminals.

Localization economies – proximity of linked

firms;
agglomeration of a set of activities near a specific
facility, let it be a transport terminal, a seat of
government power or a large university.
Urbanization economies – provision of wide
range of urban services
agglomeration of population, namely common
infrastructures (e.g. utilities or public transit), the
availability and diversity of labor and market size.
Industrialization economies
agglomeration of industrial activities, such as
being their respective suppliers or customers
On the above figure, three activities (P,Q and R) having their
respective locational constraints can benefit from agglomeration
economies if they locate at A. The additional transport costs that
may derive will be more than compensated by the cheaper
functional linkages between the activities. For instance, a shopping
mall is composed of many unrelated commercial activities which
would otherwise have their own location based of specific factors,
such as rent, accessibility or market size. They substantially benefit
from this clustering by sharing a common facility with many
amenities (parking lots, public space) and having consumers
combine multipurpose commercial trips into one (in addition to
maximize the chances of impulse buying).
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
(Walter Christaller, 1933)

a theoretical work that explains the spatial spread and dimensions of urban
centers.
Christaller claims that the role of large cities and towns is to coordinate
within the regions, the supply of goods and services.
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
(Walter Christaller, 1933)
explains the size and function of
settlements and their relationships with
their hinterlands
Centrality –amount of draw to a particular
place
Heirarchy of Services -hierarchical
arrangement of centers and functions
Market Range -maximum distance a
consumer is willing to travel to avail of a
good or service beyond which people will
look to another center.
Threshold Population -minimum
population necessary to support a service
or normal profits
 Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Development Concepts / Theories

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY
incorporation of location factor into the “theory of the firm”

Least Cost Approach (Alfred Weber, 1909) – minimization of

total costs (transport and production costs) in site selection;
supply oriented.

Market Area Analysis (August Losch, 1954) – optimum location is the

site of maximum profit, one that affords greatest access to market
and serve greatest demand, demand oriented.

Profit Maximizing Approach (Walter Isard & Melvin Greenhunt, 1956)

– cost and demand factors of location combined, cost reducing and
revenue increasing.