Ngf0409ch - Protection Project Stage 1

Protection Project
Stage One
Colin Hepton
Foundation Engineer
North East 2 / Keadby Team

Contents
Page
Introduction 3
Keadby 400kV Substation Overview 4
Circuit Selection for Keadby 400kV 45
Keadby – Cottam 2 Circuit 46
Keadby – Grimsby West Circuit 70
Keadby – Killingholme – Creyke Beck Circuit 77
Grimsby 400kV Substation Overview 81
Circuit Selection for Grimsby West 400kV 89
Grimsby West – Keadby Circuit and Mesh Corner 1 90
Aldwarke 275kV Substation Overview 91
Circuit Selection for Aldwarke 275kV 102
Aldwarke – Brinsworth Circuit and Mesh Corner 103
Protection
Conclusions/Other Comments 104
References 105
Acknowledgements 106
Commissioning Records and Location Maps for the App. A.
Substations
National Grid System Diagrams (inc. Generation) and App. B.
Calculation Crib Sheets
Keadby 400kV Substation Diagrams/Settings App. C.
Grimsby West 400kV Substation Diagrams/Settings App. D.
Aldwarke 275kV Substation Diagrams/Settings App. E.
2
Introduction
For this project, three substations have been chosen from the local area that satisfy the
following criteria:
1. Double Busbar
2. Four-Corner Mesh
3. Single Switch
These are Keadby 400kV, Aldwarke 275kV and Grimsby West 400kV substations
respectively.
For each substation mentioned, the aim of this project is to:
• Describe the substation, noting any unusual features about the

substation and the background to each substation from inception to present
day.
• Note the protections at each substation associated with the primary
plant at each substation, including (but not necessarily restricted to) each
feeder, supergrid transformer, busbar and reactive plant. This will include
an inventory of each relay at each substation associated with protection
and a selective explanation of how these work.
• From these notes, a sample to be taken from each substation and these
described more thoroughly to indicate details including type,
manufacturer, operation, tripping and intertripping and so on. This will
include settings (and, where available, explanations for these settings) for
each protection system examined.
This project will include a multitude of sources of information, which will be

referenced. Also included in appendices are location maps for each substation
mentioned, as well as circuit diagrams, settings, etc.
3
Keadby 400kV Substation
Overview
Keadby 400kV substation is located near the steel town of Scunthorpe, on the
opposite bank of the Trent and is sited near a power station (Keadby Power,
generating at 15.5kV) and a railway line (notably used by local trains between
Cleethorpes and Doncaster and the Trans-Pennine express service to Manchester).
There is also a 132kV substation within a 10-minute walk, operated by YEDL, the
local Distribution Network Operator. There is also a former 275kV substation site
(indications are a compound with a concrete area, a sign and not much else) situated
opposite the 400kV site which can be effectively ignored (See Appendix A for a local
map of this substation).
For the most part, farmland and the power station surround the substation, but there
are two or three houses nearby close enough to be a consideration when dealing with
certain circumstances such as rise of earth potentials.
Keadby 400kV is also an Economic Key Point when considering the system at large –
which highlights the importance of this substation to the National Grid. From the map
in Appendix B it can be seen that there is a lot of generation in the local vicinity
(South Humber Bank, Killingholme (2 power stations), Cottam, West Burton, Drax to
mention a few) and Keadby serves as part of the North-South power flow which is
vital to the electricity supplies of the country. Taking the generation into
consideration, it is interesting to note that, whilst the vast majority of the power
stations in the area are Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT), at Humber Refinery
(Conoco-Phillips) there is a Combined Heat and Power unit (CHP) – one of only two
in the country (the other being at Shotton in the North West).
To put a number on the importance of Keadby in terms of generation – if every power

station directly connected (via overhead lines) to Keadby was on full load, sending
everything it had to Keadby (unlikely event, but serves to underline the sheer amount
of power in the area) then 11782MW of power could flow into Keadby 400kV.
Some of the key features of Keadby 400kV substation is the fact that it is an outdoor
substation, containing a mixture of Air based switchgear and Gas (SF6) based
switchgear, and two Quadrature Boosters, which are located on the Cottam circuit. It
is a double busbar substation with a wrapped around reserve bus and this along with
the general layout of the substation can be found in appendix C. Over the years, the
substation has been extended (again, most notably in recent times with the addition of
the quadrature boosters) and still has spare bays for further extension if required.
Another feature of the substation is that it is quite compact for a 400kV substation
with this many circuits and certain outages can cause problems especially when
considering work to be done near oversailing conductors.
The circuits at the substation are listed on the next page:
4
Circuit Approximate date of Commissioning
and supporting details
Creyke Beck – Killingholme – Keadby Jan 1969 as Grimsby West 2 (CT Mag.
Test), Apr 1992 as Creyke Beck 2
(Protection Test) and Sep 1998 as
Creyke Beck, Killingholme Tee (Cover
Sheet).
West Burton 1 – Keadby Commissioned as Drax Jun 1973, Re-
commissioned as Cottam Mar 1975
(Written Sheet), earliest mention of
West Burton 1 Jul 1993 (Installation
Sheet).
Grimsby West – Keadby Commissioned Jun 1969 (Test Sheet)
Killingholme – Keadby Commissioned Apr 73 as Creyke Beck
2 and Dec 1998 as Killingholme
(Commissioning Schedule).
Spalding North – Keadby Commissioned as Drax 1974
(Schedule), Re-commissioned as
Walpole (also known as West Burton 2)
Jul 1993 (Cover Sheet), Re-
commissioned as Spalding North (no
evidence available).
Brinsworth – Drax – Keadby Commissioned Nov 1994 (Declaration)
Cottam 1 – Keadby Commissioned Jan 1969 as West
Burton, Re-commissioned as Cottam 1
unknown. (CT Mag. Test Sheet)
Cottam 2 – Keadby Commissioned Aug 1992 (Cover Sheet)
Creyke Beck – Humber Refinery – Keadby Commissioned as Creyke Beck 1 Jun
1975, Re-commissioned Creyke Beck,
Humber Refinery Tee Jul 2003 (Cover
Sheets)
Keadby 132kV – Keadby 400kV (SGT 1) Jan 1969 as Drax/Eggborough (CT
Mag. Curve), SGT put in Jan 1969 (BB
Protection), Earthing Transformer and
Auxiliary Transformer Nov 1986
(Cover Sheet)
Keadby 132kV – Keadby 400kV (SGT 2) Initial installation unknown (As SGT
1?). Replaced in 1984 and again in 1988
after failure (Tender Document and
Cover Sheet). Auxiliary and Earthing
Transformer as per SGT 1.
Keadby 132kV – Keadby 400kV (SGT 3) Commissioned May 1991 (Cover Sheet)
Other Items of Interest Approximate date of Commissioning
Cottam 1 – Keadby Quadrature Booster Commissioned Oct 2001 (MIMS Sheet)
Cottam 2 – Keadby Quadrature Booster Commissioned Nov 2001(MIMS Sheet)
The table above shows all the circuits in and out of the substation – from the local
power station (3 x 255MW CCGT off two feeders – Keadby Power 1 and 2) and out
to, say, Spalding North (sited near Spalding, Lincolnshire). Note that all the dates are
5
approximate. All the supporting documents can be found in Appendix A and all have
been taken from the commissioning files on site.
It should be noted that the files on site are not 100% accurate, and some aspects of the
commissioning files are incomplete at best. The table above does not take into
account any replacements of protection or of plant (although some of this information
is available it is in varying degrees dependent on the circuit being examined) and is
produced here simply as historical guidance (same goes for the evidence in Appendix
A).
There is no information regarding the feeders from Keadby Power to the 400kV
substation, but one could surmise that they would have been in place around 1969
along with the first two supergrid transformers. Prior to this the power station, in one
form or another, has been around since circa 1950 – presumably connected to the old
275kV substation
(http://www.northlincs.gov.uk/northlincs/leisure/libraries/localandfamilyhistory/locals
tudies/localhistorypacks/keadby.htm is the Website that indicates a report from 1947
about a new power station to be built at Keadby).
From the data above it would appear that Keadby 400kV was brought into the Grid
around 1969, and expanded over the years to the state it is today. There have been
replacements of plant and other equipment over the years, but this project will not
examine this thoroughly and instead provide a ‘photograph’ of the primary plant
protection currently in use at Keadby 400kV.
6
Creyke Beck – Killingholme – Keadby Tee.
What follows is a list of the protection equipment that is currently installed in the
Creyke Beck – Killingholme blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:
Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

1st Main LFCB Alstom Migrated to Energis.
Protection (LFCB103715CDDEA)
MVAA Alstom TR-AUX
(MVAA11B1AA0783C)
MVAJ Alstom TR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
MVAJ Alstom TR1
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
MVAJ Alstom USB
(MVAJ21D1BA0754A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MMLZ Alstom S10
(MMLZ03B1AA0001A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755B)
st
1 Intertrip MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ20D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRTR1, IRTR2, IRFR
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
Common
Protection
Backup TR231 Reyrolle TR1
Earth Fault (Trip Relay)
TR231 Reyrolle TR2
(Trip Relay)
B52D Reyrolle PSSR
(Auxiliary Relay)
TJM10 Reyrolle EFR
(Earth Fault Relay)
TDS (DTL Relay) Reyrolle Auto Reset
408A4032Y
FSRL Relay AEI
Static Time Delay Trip GEC
Relay Reset Timer
B67 Relay Reyrolle
(408A9381)
Busbar F14E Relay Reyrolle BBPTR1
Protection (408A6417) BTRTR1
(4 of these) BBPTR2
BTRTR2
7
B3 Relay Reyrolle High Impedance Discrim.
(1 each phase)
B28EB2 Relay Reyrolle Back Trip Discrim.
THC Reyrolle
(407A19019)
MVAJ Alstom ICTR
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
CTIG 68 GEC PCHN101
B52 Reyrolle BBProt Supply Superv.
B52 Reyrolle Back Trip Supply
Superv.
B28EB2 Reyrolle Back Trip Check
B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Check
(1 each phase)
Auto Auto Reclosing Relay English RC, C, MC, CPX, VTF,
Reclose and (82DP21C) Electric P, LVT, BVT, CP.
C.B.
B51 Reyrolle Trip Circuit 1, 2
(2 of these) Supervision
ID Relay English Persistent Intertrip
Electric
F Unit Reyrolle Indication
(3DA27)
F Unit Reyrolle Protection Trip Repeat
(2DA2)
F8E High Speed Relay Reyrolle Auto Reclose Switching
TDS (DTL Relay) Reyrolle Line Isolator Sequential
408A4032Y Opening
B67 Reyrolle 5 relays
(Auto Reclose in service,
Auto Reclose out of
service, Remote Trip
Relay, Remote Close
Relay, Isolator Sequential
Opening Auxiliary Relay)
B34 (No visible label)
B11
(Auto Reclose in
Progress)
2nd Intertrip Killingholme HSD50 ABB
MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ21D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CB0756A)
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
Creyke Beck HSD50 ABB
MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ21D1AA0751A)
8
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CB0756A)
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
2nd Main MCAA Alstom Z220IR
Protection (MCAA11B1BC0751C)
MVTT Alstom VTST
(MVTT14B1YB0751B)
MVAA Alstom DARL
(MVAA11B1BA0783C) PSFR
(3 of these) VTSF
MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1AA0783C)
MVAJ Alstom TR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C) TR1
(2 of these)
THR Distance Protection Reyrolle
MVAJ Alstom USB
(MVAJ21D1BA0754A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA075A)
MMLZ Alstom S10
(MMLZ03B1AA0001A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755B)
MVAJ Alstom BMSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0753B)
MMLZ Alstom TTS
(MMLZ02D1AA0751A)
MMLZ Alstom B10
(MMLZ051B1AA0001A)
It should be noted that there are a lot of terms etc. that have been undefined. These
will become clear later, when some of the circuits will be examined in greater detail.
This circuit will change due to an impending protection change at all three sites
during April/May 2006.
9
Keadby – West Burton 1 Circuit.
West Burton 1 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

West Burton L90 GE
1 Feeder Line Differential Relay
MVAX Alstom TCS1
(MVAX31K1CE900A)
MVAX Alstom TCS2
(MVAX31K1CE900A)
MVAW Alstom IPO
(MVAW11J1AD0611A)
MVAW Alstom IPC
(MVAW11J1AD0611A)
MVAA Alstom DIPO
(MVAA11J1AA0783C)
D60 GE
Line Distance Relay
MVAJ Alstom TS2TR
(MVAJ105JA0802A)
MVAJ Alstom PDTS2TR
(MVAJ053JA0802A)
C60 GE
Breaker Management
MVAA Alstom RB, MB
(MVAA21J1AA0751A)
Busbar F14E Relay Reyrolle BBProt Trip
Protection (2 of these) BBBTRTR
2B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Discrim.
(1 per Phase)
B28EB2 Reyrolle BB Back Trip Discrim.
(2 of these) And Check
B52 Reyrolle BB Zone Prot. Supply
(2 of these) Superv.
Back Trip Prot. Supply
Superv.
2B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Check.
(1 per Phase)
10
Keadby – Spalding North Circuit.
Spalding North blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

1st Main B16 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Z201R
Protection
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle VTST
AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle VTSF
AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle PSFR
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle TR1
THR Reyrolle
Distance Protection
TR431 Reyrolle PSR
Protection In/Out
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle PSSR
TR512 Trip Relay Reyrolle USB
Spalding GRL100 Toshiba
North Line Differential Prot.
TR431 Reyrolle PSR
Protection In/Out
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle TRAUX
Intertrip XR152 Reyrolle PSSR
Protection Supply
Supervision Relay
ITM Relay Reyrolle Intertrip test (+key)
TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR
AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle IRFR
Standby I/T TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR2
CTS Relay Reyrolle Intertrip test (+key)
Common F14E Reyrolle O/C, E/F
Protection O/C + E/F Trip
TJM 10 Relay Reyrolle 3 Phase unit
FSRL AEI
Overload Alarm Relay
TDS Reyrolle Auto Reset, Back Trip
Definite Time Lag Relay Auto Reset
(2 of these)
B67 Reyrolle
Trip Relay Remote Reset
B52 Reyrolle Protection Supply
O/C + E/F Supervision
11
Busbar F14E Reyrolle BBProt Trip
Protection (2 of these) BB BTRT
F8E Reyrolle BBProt BTRT, BBProt.
(2 of these) TR
(1 per phase)
THB2 Reyrolle
Breaker Fail Overcurrent
Check
THC Reyrolle Timers A, B, C, D
Breaker Fail Time
B28EB2 Reyrolle Breaker Fail Discrim.
(2 of these) And Check
B52 Reyrolle Prot Supply Superv., and
(2 of these) Breaker Fail Supply
Superv.
2B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Check
(1 per phase)
Auto Reclose T3DA1 Reyrolle
and CB. Delayed Auto Reclose
B51 Reyrolle Trip Circuit Superv. 1 +
(2 of these) 2
2DA2 Reyrolle Trip Repeat Unit
TCD5 Reyrolle
ID Relay
HE Relay Reyrolle DAR Switch In/Out
Protection In/Out
3DA27 Reyrolle
Auto Reclose F Unit
TCD5 Reyrolle
Sequential Isol. Open
B11 Reyrolle Repeat Relay
Auto Reclose in Progress
B67 Reyrolle Interposing Open + Close
(2 of these) relays
B11 Reyrolle
Sequential Isol. Auxiliary
2nd Main AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle VHR
Protection
DDB DTL Relay Reyrolle VMRTD
Micromho Alstom
TR432 Reyrolle PSR
Protection In/Out
12
SGT 3.
SGT 3 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

Transformer B3 Reyrolle 1st Circulating Current
Protection Differential Relay Protection
MCGG GEC Overcurrent IDMTL
(MCGG62F1CB0753B)
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle 1st Protection Time Delay
MVAJ GEC HV Trip Relay 1
(MVAJ055H1JB0842A)
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 1st Protection Auxiliary
Relay
FR211 Series Flag Relay GEC Main + Selector Buchholz
B3 Reyrolle 2nd Circulating Current
Differential Relay Protection
MCAG GEC High Set O/C Relay
(MCAG39F1DA0007A)
MVAJ GEC HV Trip Relay 2
(MVAJ055H1JB0842A)
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 2nd Protection Auxiliary
Relay
FR211 Series Flag Relay GEC Pressure relief + Winding
Temperature
HV B3 Reyrolle 1st Protection System
Connections Differential Relay
Protection
MVTP GEC CT Supervision Relay
(MVTP31F1CB0751D)
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle HV Connections 1st
Protection
MVAJ GEC HV Connections
(MVAJ055H1JB0842A) Protection 1 Trip
B3 Reyrolle 2nd Protection System
Differential Relay
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle HV Connections 2nd
Protection
MVAJ GEC HV Connections
(MVAJ055H1JB0842A) Protection 2 Trip
Common B51 Supply Supervision Reyrolle TCS1
Services
B51 Supply Supervision Reyrolle TCS2
B70 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Interpose Open Relay
B70 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Interpose Close Relay
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle Trip Reset Time Delay
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Trip Relay Reset SS
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Seq. Isol. SS
13
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Seq. Isol. Aux Relay
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle Seq. Isol.
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle Seq. Isol. Excessive
Breaker Fail MVAJ GEC BB Prot TR Relay
and Busbar (MVAJ0551JB0842A)
Protection
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle BB Prot SS
TR212 Trip Relay Reyrolle Back Trip Receive Trip
Relay
MVAJ GEC BB Back Trip Receive
(MVAJ0551JB0842A) Trip Relay
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Breaker Fail SS
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Back Trip SS
TR212 Trip Relay Reyrolle Back Trip Check Relay
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle High Impedance Discrim.
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle High Impedance Check
PCHN105 GEC Breaker Fail Current
Check
VTT43 GEC Breaker Fail Timer
14
Brinsworth – Drax - Keadby Tee.
Brinsworth - Drax blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

X1003 Line TR901 Trip Relay Reyrolle PRA
Isolator
Magbolt
Follower
TR901 Trip Relay Reyrolle PRB
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle MR
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle MRTD
B73 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle MRX
st
Drax 1 TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
Intertrip
CTS Relay Reyrolle Test + Key
st
1 Main K10 Alstom TKBB101
Carrier
Interface
Brinsworth TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
st
1 Intertrip
CTS Reyrolle Test + Key
st
1 Main B16 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Z201R
Protection
DB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle VTST
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle DARL
TR431 Protection In/Out Reyrolle PSR
TR431 Protection In/Out Reyrolle BMSR
TTS Reyrolle Test + Key
Brinsworth – TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
Drax 2nd
Intertrip
15
CTS Relay Reyrolle Test + Key
2nd Main LFCB 103 Alstom Migrated to Energis
Protection (LFCB103S70207B)
TR431 Protection In/Out Reyrolle PSR
Backup TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle TR1
Protection
B52 Auxiliary relay Reyrolle PSSR
2TJM10 IDMTL Reyrolle E/F
Trip Relay DDB1 DTL Reyrolle TD10
Reset
DDB5 DTL Reyrolle TD120
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle TRROR
CB Control B51 Trip Circuit Reyrolle TCSR1
Supervision Relay
B51 Trip Circuit Reyrolle TCSR2
Supervision Relay
B67 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle CINT
B67 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle OINT
Phases CF4 Earth Fault Relay Reyrolle PUA
Unbalanced/
Overload
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle PUAT
MCTI GEC
(MCTI19C1AB0751B)
DDB1 DTL Reyrolle OLAT
Busbar TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle BBTR1
Protection
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle BBTR2
B52 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle PSSR1
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle CCCK
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle CCD
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle BTRTR1
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle BTD
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle BTCK
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle ICTR
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle ICTRAUX
CB Fail 2DAB Current Check Reyrolle BFCCK1
2DAB Current Check Reyrolle BFCCK2
DDB5 DTL Reyrolle TD1A, TD1B
16
DDB5 DTL Reyrolle TD2A, TD2B
Delayed MVTR GEC DAR
Auto Reclose (MVTR59F1CD6021D)
B67 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle DARIO
AR201 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle DARVM
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle DARCX
X1003 DDB1 DTL Reyrolle SDTDR
Sequential
Isolator
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle SDAR
17
SGT 1.

Supergrid F14E Reyrolle HV Protection Trip 1
Transformer
F14E Reyrolle HV Protection Trip 2
2B3 Reyrolle Overall Differential 1
(1 per phase)
(1 per phase)
B12 Main Buchholz Reyrolle 1 Relay
Trip/Winding
Temperature Trip
F14E Reyrolle HV Connections Trip 1
F14E Reyrolle HV Connections Trip 2
MHJ Relay Reyrolle
TJM10 Relay Reyrolle O/C
B69 Reyrolle Overcurrent Guard
2B3 Reyrolle HV Connections 1
(1 per phase)
(1 per phase)
TCD5 Reyrolle Stage 2 O/C
B52 Reyrolle HV Connections SS 1
CB and B51 Reyrolle Trip Circuit Supervision 1
Common
B51 Reyrolle Trip Circuit Supervision 2
CF2 Reyrolle Phases out of Balance
TDS DTL Reyrolle Line Isol. Seq. Opening
TCD5 Reyrolle Auto Reset
EB50 Reyrolle Sensitive Alarm Relay
(1 per phase)
TCD5 Reyrolle Sensitive Alarm Time
Delay
B11 Reyrolle Isolator seq. Opening
Auxiliary
B67 Reyrolle Trip Relays remote reset
B67 Reyrolle Interposing Open
B67 Reyrolle Interposing Closed
Busbar F14E Reyrolle Busbar Protection Trip
Protection
F14E Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip
Receive Trip
THC Reyrolle 4 Timers
B3 Reyrolle BB High Impedance
18
(1 per phase) Discrim.
B52 Reyrolle BB Protection SS
B52 Reyrolle Back Trip DC Supply
B52 Reyrolle BB Back Trip Check
B3 Reyrolle BB High Impedance
(1 per phase) Check
13kV TJM10 IDMT Reyrolle Overcurrent
Tertiary
Protection
4B3 Reyrolle 13kV E/F
TJM60 Reyrolle Standby E/F
B3 Reyrolle 13kV Phase Fault
4B3 Reyrolle Restricted Earth Fault
B12 Reyrolle Auxiliary Buchholz Trip
TJM10 Reyrolle Overcurrent
B12 Reyrolle Regulator Buchholz Trip
B12 Reyrolle Regulator Pressure Relief
Device Trip
Synch. Rack All Synch Relays for the
substation are in SGT 1
Blockhouse.
Reserve Bus AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle RB
Section 2
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle SY
Drax Feeder AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle MB
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle RB
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle SYA
Bus Coupler As Reserve Bus Section
3 2
Creyke Beck As Drax
– Humber
Refinery
Spalding As Drax
North
Killingholme As Drax
West Burton As Drax
1
Main Bus As Reserve Bus Section
Section 2 3
Creyke Beck As Drax
Killingholme
Grimsby As Drax
West
Bus Coupler As Reserve Bus Section
2 3
Cottam 2 As Drax
Cottam 1 As Drax
Bus Coupler 2.
19
Spalding North blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

Commission. B69 Reyrolle Commissioning
Protection Instantaneous O/C
TCD4 Reyrolle Timing Relay
Ancillary F14E Reyrolle Commissioning O/C Trip
Relays
B52 Reyrolle Commissioning O/C SS
Busbar F14E Reyrolle BB Protection Trip
Protection
B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Discrim.
(1 per phase) Main Bus 2 Coupler
B29 Reyrolle Main 2 Zone Busbar Fault
Auxiliary Main 2 Zone
(1 per phase) Reserve 2
B29 Reyrolle Busbar Fault Auxiliary
Reserve 2 Zone
Receive Trip
(1 per phase) Bus Coupler
THC Reyrolle Timing relay (4 timers)
CTIG 68 Reyrolle
Main 2
Reserve 2
B28EB2 Reyrolle BB Back Trip Check Bus
Coupler
B52 Reyrolle Back Trip Protection SS
Common F8E Reyrolle O/C + E/F Protection Trip
Protection
MCGG GEC
(MCGG22D3CB0752A)
TDS DTL Reyrolle Auto Reset Timing
TDS DTL Reyrolle Line Isolator Seq.
Opening
B51 Reyrolle Trip Circuit 1 Supervision
TDS DTL Reyrolle Back Tip Auto Reset
B67 Reyrolle Trip Relays Remote Reset
B67 Reyrolle Remote Trip Relay
B67 Reyrolle Remote Close Relay
B11 Reyrolle Isolator Seq. Opening
20
Auxiliary Relay
B52 Reyrolle O/C + E/F Protection SS
21
SGT 2.

SGT 2 F14E Reyrolle HV Protection Trip 1
F14E Reyrolle HV Protection Trip 2
(1 per phase)
(1 per phase)
B12 Reyrolle Main Buchholz Trip +
Winding Temperature
Trip
F14E Reyrolle HV Connections 1
F14E Reyrolle HV Connections 2
MHJ Relay Reyrolle
TJM10 Relay Reyrolle O/C
B69 Reyrolle O/C Guard
(1 per phase)
(1 per phase)
TCD5 Reyrolle Stage 2 O/C
CB and VTT GEC Phases Not Together 1
Common (VTT14YP5203AA) Phases Not Together 2
VAJ GEC Phases Not Together TR1
(VAJ13ZR5362BB) Phases Not Together TR2
TDS DTL Reyrolle Line Isol. Seq. Opening
TCD5 Reyrolle Auto Reset
EB50 Reyrolle Sensitive Alarm Relay
(1 per phase)
TCD5 Reyrolle Sensitive Alarm Time
Delay
B11 Reyrolle Isolator Seq. Opening
Auxiliary Relay
B67 Reyrolle Interposing Close

Protection
22
Receive Trip
(1 per phase)
THB2 Reyrolle Breaker Fail Current
Check
THC Reyrolle Timing Relay (4 Timers)
B52 Reyrolle Back Trip DC Supply
B28EB2 Reyrolle BB Back Trip Check +
Discrim.
(1 per phase)
13kV TJM10 IDMT Reyrolle O/C
Tertiary
Protection
4B3 Reyrolle 13kV E/F
TJM60 Reyrolle Standby E/F
B3 Reyrolle 13kV Phase Fault
4B3 Reyrolle Restricted E/F
B12 Reyrolle Auxiliary Buchholz Trip
Relay
TJM10 Reyrolle O/C
B12 Reyrolle Regulator Buchholz Trip
B12 Reyrolle Regulator Pressure Relief
Device Trip
23
Keadby - Cottam 2 Circuit.
Cottam 2 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation. It might also be worth noting that
this is one of two circuits at Keadby 400kV substation that contains Quadrature
Booster Protection:

Quadrature
Booster
Protection
Tripping FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-SHBUOS
System 1
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-SBUOS
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63RTC/BUTS
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63YTC/BUTS
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63BTC/BUTS
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-RTCD
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-YTCD
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-BTCD
DAD3 Circulating Reyrolle 87CC-1/27CTS
Current Relay
DCD114A Protection Reyrolle 50N-EF
Healthy
XR152 Protection Reyrolle 27-1PSS
Supply Supervision
Relay
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 86-1X
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-1A
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-1B
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 49-1CT
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-RBUTR
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-YBUTR
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 63-BBUTR
Tripping MFAC Alstom 87CC-2
System 2 (MFAC34F1AB0001A)
DCD114A Protection Reyrolle 51NEXI
Healthy
Supply Supervision
Relay
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 86-2X
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-2A
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-2B
DCD314A Protection Reyrolle 87OC
Healthy
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 49-WTT
FR111 Series Flag Relay Reyrolle 49-2CT
24
Auto- DCD114A Protection Reyrolle 50N-1EFC
Isolation Healthy
DCD114A Protection Reyrolle 50N-2EFC
Healthy
VR121 Undervolt Relay Reyrolle 59-UV
st
1 Main ABB Line Protection ABB Migrated to Energis
Protection Terminal REL561
Supply Supervision
Relay
Protection out/in module Reyrolle Key
TR431 Protection out/in Reyrolle 87PSR
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 86X
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 861
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 862
1st Intertrip AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 85-XITR1
Supply Supervision
Relay
Test + Key Module Reyrolle 43-2
TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle 85-1ITR1
2nd Main THR Distance Protection Reyrolle
Protection
XR152 Protection Reyrolle 27PSS
Supply Supervision
Relay
Protection Out/In module Reyrolle Key
TR431 Protection Out/In Reyrolle 21-PSR
TR512 Trip Relay Reyrolle 21-PUS
Blocking Module Reyrolle Key
Test + Key Reyrolle 43-3
TR431 Protection Out/In Reyrolle 21-PSB
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-1
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 79LO
AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 74
AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 27-VMR
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-VMR
Backup DCD114A Protection Reyrolle 51EF
Protection Healthy
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86EF
Trip Relay DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-1TRR
Reset
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-2TRR
25
Ferro- XR152 Protection Reyrolle 27PSS
resonance Supply Supervision
switching Relay
XR309 Ferroresonance Reyrolle 59FRD
Detection Relay
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2FRD
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 57SR1
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 57SR2
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 57SS1
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 27SS2
TR212 Trip Relay Reyrolle 94TRO
XR205 Reyrolle 57IPO/C
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 57ESO
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 57ESC
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2ESO
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2ESC
DDB7 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-74ESO
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-57PNT
Phase DCD124A Protection Reyrolle 50PUB
unbalanced / Healthy
overload
DCD114A Protection Reyrolle 50OL
Healthy
Circuit XR350 Trip Circuit Reyrolle 27-1TCS
Breaker Supervision Relay
Control
XR350 Trip Circuit Reyrolle 27-2TCS
Supervision Relay
XR205 52IPO/C
nd
2 Intertrip AR111 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 85-XITR2
Supply Supervision
Relay
Test + Key Module Reyrolle
Busbar B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle Discrimination
Protection
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle Check
Supply Supervision
Relay
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 861BB
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 862BB
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86ICT
Supply Supervision
Relay
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 861BTR
26
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 862BTR
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle 94BTD
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle 94BTCK
Circuit 2DAB Current Check Reyrolle 50-1CBF
Breaker Fail Relay
2DAB Current Check Reyrolle 50-2CBF
Relay
Supply Supervision
Relay
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-1ACBF
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-1BCBF
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-2ACBF
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-2BCBF
Sequential AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 89-1X
Isolation
Supply Supervision
Relay
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2-89
Delayed AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 79DARX
Auto-Reset
XR205 Reyrolle 79I/O
B68 Voltage Select Reyrolle 27LBC
Relay
B68 Voltage Select Reyrolle 27LLC
Relay
MVTR Alstom 79DAR
(MVTR59F1CD6021F)
Saltend
South OP
Tripping
1st Tripping MVUA Alstom DBI
System (MVUA1B1CR0783B)
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GA0777A)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GA0777A)
2nd Tripping MVUA Alstom DBI
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GA0777A)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GA0777A)
Cottam 1 will not be produced here, as it is a carbon copy of Cottam 2 with the
following exception:
27
st
1 Main LFCB102 Alstom Migrated to Energis
Protection (LFCB102515CDDEB)
TR112 Trip Relay Reyrolle 87PUS
All other sections in the Cottam 1 blockhouse are exactly the same as those in Cottam
2 blockhouse.
28
Main Bus Section 2.
Main Bus Section 2 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

Common F14E Reyrolle Overcurrent and Earth
Protection Fault Protection Trip
MCGG GEC EF
(MCGG22D3CB0752A)
CMQ11ZR2A5 English Overload Alarm
Electric
CF2 Reyrolle Phases out of balance
TDS DTL Relay Reyrolle Auto Reset Time Delay
TCD4 Reyrolle Timing Relay
FGL AEI Commissioning
Overcurrent
B67 Reyrolle Trip Relay Remote Reset
B52 Reyrolle O/C + E/F Protection
Supply Supervision
Circuit TDS DTL Relay Reyrolle Isolator Sequential Time
Breaker Lag
VTT14YP5203AA GEC Static Time Delay
VTT14YP5203AB GEC Static Time Delay
B51 Reyrolle Trip Circuit no.1
Supervision
Supervision
B11EB2 Reyrolle Isolator Sequential
Opening Auxiliary
VAJY13ZR5362BB GEC Tripping
VAJY13ZR5362BB GEC Tripping
Protection
Receive Trip
(1 Per Phase) Main Zone 2
EB2B28 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Main 3
Discrim.
EB2B28 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Main 2
Discrim.
B29EB2 Reyrolle Main 3 Zone Busbar Fault
Auxiliary
29
B29EB2 Reyrolle Main 2 Zone Busbar Fault
Auxiliary
B52 Reyrolle Busbar Protection Supply
Supervision
B52 Reyrolle Backtripping Protection
DC Supply Supervision
(1 Per Phase) Check
THB2 Reyrolle
THC Timing Relay Reyrolle 4 Timers
EB2B28 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Check
Check Zone E/B50 Reyrolle Check 2
(Alarm) (1 Per Phase)
TDS DTL Relay Reyrolle Protection Defective
Time Lag Alarm
B24 Reyrolle Protection Defective
Time Lag Alarm Repeat
B24 Reyrolle Alarm Supply
Supervision
Reserve 2 E/B50 Reyrolle Reserve 2 Sensitive
and 3 Zone (1 Per Phase) Alarm Relay
(Alarm)
E/B50 Reyrolle Reserve 3 Sensitive
(1 Per Phase) Alarm Relay
Reserve 3
Main 2 and 3 E/B50 Reyrolle Main 2
Zone (1 Per Phase)
(Alarm)
E/B50 Reyrolle Main Zone 3
(1 Per Phase)
Main 3
Common 2B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Check
Busbar Zone (1 Per Phase)
B52 Reyrolle DC Supply Supervision
Backtripping Protection
Reserve 2B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Discrim.
Zone 2 and 3 (1 Per Phase) Res. Zone 2
Discrim.
(1 Per Phase) Res. Zone 3
30
Main Zone 2 2B3 Reyrolle High Impedance Discrim.
and 3 (1 Per Phase) Main Zone 2
Discrim.
31
Bus Coupler 3.
What follows is a list of the protection equipment that is currently installed in the Bus
Coupler 3 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

Backup B1 Overcurrent Earth Reyrolle OCR
Protection Fault Relay
Protection Select Module Reyrolle Key
TJM10 Earth Fault Relay Reyrolle EFR
Trip Relay DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle TD
Reset
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle TRROR
Phase CF4 Earth Fault Relay Reyrolle PUA
Unbalanced
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle PUAT
Circuit B51 Trip Circuit Reyrolle TCSR1
Breaker Supervision Relay
Control
B51 Trip Circuit Reyrolle TCSR2
Supervision Relay
B67 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle CINT
B67 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle OINT
Synch. AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle RB
Busbar B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle CCDR3
Protection
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle CCCK
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle CCDM3
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle BTDM3
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle BTDR3
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle BTCK
AR201 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle BBFARM3
AR201 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle BBFARR3
CB Fail 2DAB Current Check Reyrolle BFCCK1
Relay
Relay
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle TD1A
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle TD1B
32
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle TD2A
DDB5 DTL Relay Reyrolle TD2B
33
Creyke Beck – Humber Refinery – Keadby Tee.
Creyke Beck – Humber refinery blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

st
1 Main GRL 100 Line Toshiba
Protection Differential Protection
MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1AA0783C)
MVAJ Alstom TR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
MVAJ Alstom TR1
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
MVAJ Alstom USB
(MVAJ21D1BA0754A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MMLZ Alstom S10
(MMLZ03B1AA0001A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755B)
st
1 MMLZ Alstom CTS
Intertripping (MMLZ20D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAW Alstom IRTR1
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRTR2
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRFR
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
South
Humber
Bank OP
Tripping
1st Tripping MVUA Alstom DB1
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom OTTR
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
2nd Tripping MVUA Alstom
34
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
Common F14E Reyrolle OC + EF Trip
Protection
TJM10 Reyrolle Overcurrent and Earth
(2 Phase and Earth) Fault
Electric
TCD5 Reyrolle Auto Reset Time Delay
(10s)
TCD5 Reyrolle Auto Reset Time Delay
(60s)
B52 Reyrolle Overcurrent Protection
Supply Supervision
Busbar F14E Reyrolle Busbar Trip
Protection
F14E Reyrolle Backtrip Receive Trip
(1 Per Phase)
THB2 Reyrolle
THC Reyrolle Breaker Fail Time Delay
B28EB2 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip
Discrim.
B28EB2 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Check
Supervision
B52 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Supply
Supervision
MVAJ Alstom BBPTR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0781C)
MVAJ Alstom BTRTR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0781C)
MVAJ Alstom ICTR
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
(1 Per Phase)
Auto Reclose T3DA1 Reyrolle Delayed Auto Reclose
and Circuit
Breaker
VAJY137R5362BB GEC Tripping
VAJY137R5362BB GEC Tripping
VTT11ZR2056C English Persistent Intertrip
35
Electric
Supervision
Supervision
2DA2 Reyrolle Protection Trip Repeat
Relay
HE Reyrolle Switching Unit
3DA27 Reyrolle Indication F Unit
TCD5 Reyrolle Line Isol. Sequential
Time Delay Relay
B11 Reyrolle Auto Reclose in Progress
Repeat Relay
Opening
2nd
Intertripping
Creyke Beck MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ07D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAW Alstom IRTR1
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRTR2
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRFR
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
Humber MMLZ Alstom CTS
Refinery (MMLZ07D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAW Alstom IRTR1
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRTR2
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
MVAW Alstom IRFR
(MVAW02H1NB0753B)
nd
2 Main MCAA Alstom Z201R
Protection (MCAA11B1BC0751C)
MVTT Alstom VTST
(MVTT14B1YB0751E)
MVAA Alstom VTSF
(MVAA11B1BA0783C)
MVAA Alstom DARL
(MVAA11B1AA0783C)
MVAA Alstom PSFR
36
(MVAA11B1BA0783C)
MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1AA0783C)
MVAJ Alstom TR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
MVAJ Alstom TR1
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
REZ1 Distance ABB
Protection
MVAJ Alstom USB
(MVAJ21D1BA0754A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MMLZ Alstom S10
(MMLZ03B1AA0001A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755B)
MVAJ Alstom BMSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755B)
MMLZ Alstom
(MMLZ02D1AA0751A)
MMLZ Alstom
(MMLZ05B1A0001A)
2nd Main K10 Alstom
Signalling TKBB201
37
Keadby – Killingholme Circuit.
Killingholme blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

st
1 Main TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle TR1
Protection
P10 Alstom
PPBB101
TR431 Protection In/Out Reyrolle
Protection Select Module Reyrolle Key
Intertrip TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
Test Module Reyrolle Test + Key
Common
Protection
Backup E/F TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle TR1
TJM10 Earth Fault Relay Reyrolle EF
TDS DTL Reyrolle Auto Reset Time Delay
TDS DTL Reyrolle Auto Reset Time Delay
B67 Reyrolle Remote Reset?
Electric
Protection Relay
Receive Trip
(1 Per Phase)
THB2 Reyrolle
THC Reyrolle Timing Relay
B11 Reyrolle Bus Zone Trip Repeat
B11 Reyrolle Back Trip Repeat
Discrim.
B28EB2 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Check
Supervision
38
B52 Reyrolle Back Trip Protection
Supply Supervision
(1 Per Phase) Relay
Auto Reclose TD3A1 Reyrolle Auto Reclose G Unit
and CB
TDS DTL Reyrolle Isolator Sequential
Opening
VTT14YP5203AA GEC Phases Not Together 1
VTT14YP5203AA GEC Phases Not Together 2
TDS DTL Reyrolle Persistent Intertrip
Supervision
Supervision
2DA2 Reyrolle Protection Trip Relay
Repeat Relay
HE Reyrolle Switching Relay
3DA27 Reyrolle Auto Reclose Relay F
Unit
VAJ13ZR5362BB Reyrolle Trip Relay 1
VAJ13ZR5362BB Reyrolle Trip Relay 2
Opening Auxiliary
B11 Reyrolle
nd
2 Main B16 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle Z02IR
Protection
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle VTS
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle DARL
TR431 Reyrolle PSR
Protection In/Out Reyrolle Key
Module
South
Humber
Bank OP
Tripping
Tripping MVUA Alstom DB1
System 1 (MVUA11B1CR0785B)
39
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom OTRR
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
40
Reserve Bus Section 2.
Reserve Bus Section 2 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

Main DCD414A Protection Reyrolle 51/51N
Protection Healthy
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 86-X
Protection In/Out Reyrolle
Module
Phases DCD124A Protection Reyrolle 50PUB
Unbalanced Healthy
CB Control XR350 Trip Circuit Reyrolle 27-1TCS
Supervision Relay
XR350 Trip Circuit Reyrolle 27-2TCS
Supervision Relay
XR205 Reyrolle 52OC
Trip Relay DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle 2TRR
Reset
AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 86-TRR
CB Fail 2DAB Current Check Reyrolle 50-1CBF
Relay
2DAB Current Check Reyrolle 50-2CBF
Relay
Busbar Zone B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle 87-1BB Zone 2, Zone 3
B3 Differential Relay Reyrolle 87-CHBB
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-1BB
Supply Supervision
Relay
TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle 86-1BTR
Supply Supervision
Relay
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle 94-BTD1 Zone 2
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle 94-BTD2 Zone 3
TR312 Trip Relay Reyrolle 94-BTCH
AR201 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle 87X1/2
41
Keadby – Grimsby West Circuit.
Reserve Bus Section 2 blockhouse at Keadby 400kV substation:

st
1 Main TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle TR1
Protection
P10 Alstom
PPBB101
TR431 Reyrolle PSR
Protection Selection Reyrolle Key
Module
st
1 Intertrip TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
Backup EF TR231 Trip Relay Reyrolle TR1
TJM10 Earth Fault Relay Reyrolle EFR
TDS DTL Relay Reyrolle Auto Reset
F14E Reyrolle Overcurrent and VT
Buchholz trip
FSRL AEI Pickup Relay
B67 Reyrolle Remote Reset?
B52 Reyrolle O/C + E/F Protection
Supply Supervision
F8S Reyrolle VT Buchholz Repeat
Relay
VTT14YP5218AA GEC Static Time Delay
Protection Relay 1
F14E Reyrolle Back Trip Receive Trip
Relay 1
F14E Reyrolle Busbar Protection Trip
Relay 2
F14E Reyrolle Back Trip Receive Trip
Relay 2
(1 Per Phase)
Discrim.
42
Relay
Relay
Supervision
B52 Reyrolle Back Trip Protection DC
Supply Supervision
B28 Reyrolle Busbar Back Trip Check
(1 Per Phase)
Auto Reclose VAR82DP21C English RC, C, MC, CPX, VTF,
and CB Electric P, LVT, BVT, CP
Supervision
Supervision
TDS DTL Relay Reyrolle Persistent Intertrip
3DA27 Reyrolle Indication F Unit
2DA2 Reyrolle Protection Trip Repeat
F8E Reyrolle Auto Reclose Switching
TDS DTL Relay Reyrolle Line Isolator Sequential
Opening
B67 Reyrolle Auto Reclose in Service
B67 Reyrolle Auto Reclose out of
Service
B67 Reyrolle Remote Trip Relay
B67 Reyrolle Remote Close Relay
B11 Reyrolle Isolator Sequential
Opening AUXR
B34 Reyrolle ?
B11 Reyrolle Auto Reclose in Progress
2nd Intertrip TR131 Trip Relay Reyrolle IRTR1
2nd Main AR101 Auxiliary Relay Reyrolle VMR
Protection
DDB1 DTL Relay Reyrolle VMRTD
Micromho GEC
SHNB 102
TR431 Reyrolle PSR
Protection Selection Reyrolle Key
Module
43
South
Humber
Bank OP
Tripping
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom OTRR
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAJ Alstom A1
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
MVAJ Alstom A2
(MVAJ21D1GB0777B)
44
Circuit Selection.
Unfortunately it is not feasible, nor within the bounds of the project to examine all the
circuits at Keadby 400kV Substation, and thus only a sample will be taken to be
examined in depth.
The following circuits (with reasons) will be examined more thoroughly:
Keadby – Grimsby West since the project also examines Grimsby West 400kV
Substation, tying them together seems logical.
Keadby – Cottam 2 since there is a Quadrature Booster on that circuit.
Finally, Keadby – Creyke Beck – Killingholme Circuit as it is a Teed Circuit. This

one has been chosen over the other teed circuits as there is to be a change in the
protection coming up and there will be an opportunity to add to the project by
examining a brand new system.
Each circuit chosen will be examined separately.
45
Keadby – Cottam 2 Circuit.
As previously mentioned, this circuit is one of two circuits going to/coming from
Cottam. Both circuits contain a Quadrature Booster and both are relatively new units.
From the list (starting on page 24) it is noted that the 1st and 2nd Main Protections are
REL561 and THR Distance respectively. We will begin with an overview of the Main
Protections and then move on to the remaining protection systems associated with this
circuit.
REL561
REL561 is a Line Differential Protection, manufactured by ABB and can be used in

many ways, but the principal use and, indeed, the only way used in this case is as a
Current Differential Protection (evidenced on the drawing as showing only CT inputs)
which takes measurements of current and angle and outputs according to the values
measured. It is a form of Unit Protection.
The other modes are as Fuse Failure Supervision, Power Swing Detection, Earth-Fault
Overcurrent Protection, Auto Reclosing, Synchronism and Energising Check, Breaker
Failure Protection, Fault Locator and Event/Disturbance Recorder. None of these are
used in this case, and thus will not be dealt with in any detail.
Dealing with the primary use of REL561, the Currents measured are filtered and the
pure-wave components (sine and cosine) extracted using a Fourier method. Therefore
there are a total of six components, given the three phase currents and these are sent
as a message to the remote end every 5ms (delays due to signal propagation are
automatically dealt with). In the event of loss of communication, REL561 could act as
purely distance protection, but since that function is not used, the protection will
simply go dead (naturally there would be an alarm, but there is nothing that would trip
anything) and the system would therefore have to rely on the second main protection.
In addition to this, the basic function of REL561 also covers Supervision, CT

Saturation and so on. The settings sheet for this circuit can be found in Appendix C,
along with the circuit diagrams for the protection.
In summary, therefore, we have a Current Differential Protection, with constant

communications with the other end. In the next section we will see how this works
Current Differential Protection and REL561
For Current Differential schemes, a carrier channel is used to send both Amplitude
and Angle to the remote end for comparison. Transmission of the signal may be done
either by Voice Frequency with FM Modulation or by Analogue to Digital Converters
and using Digital transmission. Signal delays due to propagation are dealt with by
introducing deliberate delays in the local signal before comparison. Any delays are
dealt with automatically as each signal is time tagged.
46
A Trip operation is determined not only by a measured difference in the quantities,
but also if the guard relays also operate where the guard relays detect step changes in
operation (such as an overcurrent condition). A differential operation is simply an
operation where it has been found that the quantities compared differ beyond a certain
tolerance (the value of which will be found on the settings sheet).
With the REL561 unit, the premise is much the same, but the Fourier method
explained previously is used as the comparison basis. Without delving into the theory
too much, the Fourier Method is a transformation method working along the theory
that any wave can be mathematically constructed from the fundamental waves (the
classic Sine and Cosine waves) and addition of the various harmonics of the
fundamental waves. When the wave is transformed using this method, peaks are seen
that correspond to the fundamentals at the appropriate frequency (or wavelength) and
also at the corresponding harmonics present in a given wave (the height of these peaks
give us the weighting of that particular component in the overall wave). Upon
transformation, the fundamental waves can be represented by Fourier Coefficients
(say, a and b) which REL561 stores and uses these for comparison (with a time tag).
Such a method almost eliminates any harmonic influences, as their coefficients
calculated using a Fourier Transformation are more or less ignored. Given the speed
of each evaluation of the constants a and b, (approximately 1ms for 5 such
calculations) it is suggested that the actual transformation is not necessarily a full
Fourier transformation but a Fast Fourier Transformation (same theory, but
calculation is less onerous and thus quicker, but is an approximation as opposed to a
definite value).
For evaluation of the components, two quantities are derived – the Differential
Current and Bias Current, the former being the vector sum of the coefficients a and b
and the latter being the scalar sum of a and b divided by 2. These values are compared
with the stabilisation characteristic of REL561 and operation can be determined from
this. The diagram on the next page shows this characteristic and the key to the
diagram:
47
Where the graph is below the normal operation line, there should be no operation and
where the situation arises where it is above that same line, operation should occur. CT
saturation (where the Secondary winding effectively acts as a short circuit) is to be
avoided if the protection is to operate correctly.
The key above also relates to the same quantities in the settings sheet.
We can relate the operation of the protection to the Circuit Diagrams:
The CTs are connected such that the star point points towards the remote end (that is,
the star point is pointing towards Cottam) – a well established method and are brought
into the relay room to terminal blocks (TB-X4875, TB-X4876 and TB-X4877 on
drawing 872.02/106/sheet 1) and from there go into the scheme (drawing
872.02/106/sheet 4).
The CTs input into REL561 through wires A11, A31, A51 (the phases) and A70 (the
neutral). These inputs feed into the protection and there the input is analysed by
REL561. Given an event where a trip operation is required and the protection is
switched in, the TRIP-GTRIP switch will close, putting 110V through K33A, through
contacts 6 and 8 of 87PSR (since this will be closed if the protection is switched in on
48
the Protection Switching Relay at the top of 872.02/106/sheet 4) and energising the
Trip Relays (86-1 and 86-2) along with the Auxiliary Trip Relay (86-X).
Trip Relay 1 (86-1) will close between contacts 5 and 7 and send a signal to CB. Trip
Coil 1 which will go through to trip the circuit breaker (X705, on 872.02/106/sheet
13). The switches between contacts 6 and 8 and 9 and 11 will close, enabling the first
intertrip to operate through 43-2 to the OPTO ISOL on DIFF-TRTRIN which will
lead to the send. In turn, the remote end will receive the intertrip and send a signal
back to be received by REL561, closing the DIFF-TRTROUT switches, allowing
operation of the Intertrip relays (85-1ITR1, 85-2ITR1 and 85-XITR1), closing
contacts and allowing other schemes to begin such as CB Fail, Trip Relay Reset,
Ferroresonance, Sequential Isolation, Delayed Auto Reclose and the Fault Recorder.
The second intertrip works in a similar fashion to the first except that it is initiated
from Trip Relay 86-2 and uses a different communication channel.
Acting alongside the actual protection we have the alarms, which are set off to
indicate what has happened depending on which relays have operated.
872.02/106/sheet 20 shows all the connections for the alarms which can be picked up
by the Substation Control System.
For communications which are required in order for some of the protection schemes
to work (notably intertripping), the REL561 uses digital communication systems, in
use constantly as it transmits data to the remote end every 5ms (each message is 22
bytes long). Under normal circumstances, losses due to attenuation limit the distance
to approximately 32km maximum.
The settings for REL561 are explained below:
Name Value Notes

DIFF PROTECTION SETTING ON This one is fairly obvious.
CT Factor (CS) 1 This factor matches the primary currents
in the CTs with the remote end.
Imin SAT 500% Minimum value of current for which
Saturation Detection will occur.
Imin OP 20% Minimum value of current for which the
protection will operate.
Idiff LV/1 40% Stabilisation Characteristic (see Graph).
Idiff LV/2 60% Stabilisation Characteristic
(See Graph).
ILV 1/2 Cross 500% The point of intersection of the two
stabilisation characteristics (see Graph).
Trip Evaluate 3 of 4 For Tripping, 3 out of 4 messages must be
accepted.
Trip Logic Operation 3ph Only 3 phase tripping.
HSOC Off High Set Overcurrent detection is off –
this removes the necessity of the guard
relays and allows tripping to be done
without it first being enabled.
TM2 Diff. Comm Fail 5s Time to determine communication failure.
TM1 System Reset 3s Time for reset after operation.
49
THR Distance Protection.
The Second Main Protection system on the Keadby – Cottam 2 circuit is THR
Distance Protection. In this particular case both ends are set on blocking – meaning
that the remote end is blocked from tripping the remote end circuit breaker in the
event of an operation under certain circumstances – particularly important if the
protection is looking backwards as well as forwards and picks up a fault behind it as
there would be no need for the other end to trip.
Distance Protection works on the premise of impedance measurement and uses the
value obtained to determine where the fault is (since the magnitude of the impedance
will differ with respect to the fault – the higher the impedance the further away the
fault is) and also to determine if operation is necessary. Thus both Voltage
Transformers and Current Transformers are required in order for the protection to
calculate the impedance. Furthermore, the detection is broken down into zones, which
have a certain reach dependent upon the settings made and operation required (see
settings sheet).
The impedance in question for the purposes of this protection is the impedance in the
line that it is protecting (on the diagrams this is represented by the line, having a
characteristic angle due to the nature of the line itself), meaning that the further away
the protection looks, the higher the impedance will be. The measured impedance is
compared with the impedance expected and if the measured value is less than that
expected, it is assumed that there is a fault present in that section, and operation
commences. Under normal conditions (i.e.: No faults) the measurements would
indicate a point well outside the Zone 3 region (more towards R than X), and
therefore the system will run smoothly without action. Sometimes the normal running
conditions would impinge on Zone 3, and the characteristic of Zone 3 can be changed
to give it a more lenticular shape thereby reducing the likelihood of a mal-operation.
Typically, distance protection operates over three zones in a consecutive manner

(although this is most certainly not the only way to do this) such as that shown below:
50
Diagram taken from Chapter 11, Network Protection and Automation Guide, Areva T&D, 2005.
The second diagram shows how blocking would work in such a scheme, which will
be examined in greater detail later. Although the first diagram shows busbar zone
protection, considering the origin of the diagram as a substation and the lines across
the solid straight line from the origin as second and third remote substations
respectively expands the idea.
Basically speaking, when faults are detected in zone 1, the operation is immediate and
a signal is sent to the remote end (substation 2) and a trip occurs, effectively removing
the fault from the system. If a fault is detected in zone 2, there is a time delay of
approximately 0.5s before trip is initiated and if the fault is detected in zone 3, a delay
of 1s is applied before tripping. The delays are to ensure that, in the event of one or
more distance protection systems failing to pick the fault up, there will be a trip
somewhere in order to remove the fault from the system. Ideally, however, zone 1
will pick up the faults and the trip will be immediate (to within the standard tolerances
for fault clearance, typically 80ms from detection to operation of the circuit breaker).
It should be pointed out at this point, that the zones between the different substations
overlap a great deal. For example zone 1 at substation 1 sees approximately 80%
down the line and zone 1 at substation 2 also sees 80% down the line – thus there is
an overlap of zone 1 from each substation for the central 60% of the line. This means
that different operations will occur dependent on where the fault lies and may also
affect any signalling to the remote end.
51
Zone two typically covers 150% of the line – that is, the whole line and looks 50%
beyond substation 2. Zone three would typically cover up to 50% beyond substation
3. These characteristics can be exploited to provide a high level of protection and fault
clearance given various circumstances. This also means that there could be a fault,
say, Ratcliffe on Soar, Grendon or Eaton Soccon and zone 3 would detect this, but
would only have a chance to trip under exceptional circumstances.
Another key feature of distance protection is that the detection equipment can be set
to look backwards – that is to look behind the protection to detect faults. This can be
useful in that substation 1 could see a fault behind it and thus signal substation 2 and
tell the protection there (which would in theory see it as a zone 2 fault) NOT to trip as
it can see the fault and will trip itself. A signal could then theoretically be sent
backwards (to substation 0) and tell that to trip if it hadn't already done so. It could be
said that the protection at substation 1 blocks substation 2 from tripping. Furthermore,
it should also be mentioned that under no circumstances should distance protection be
looking through a transformer and the settings should reflect this. It is important;
however, that distance protection should not examine circuits beyond transformers,
making the setting of Zone 3 in particular a not so trivial task.
This is more or less the way that the THR Distance protection is used on the Keadby-
Cottam 2 circuit.
By it’s definition; THR (manufactured by Reyrolle) is not a unit protection.
From drawing 872.02/106/sheet 5, it can be demonstrated how the protection works if

called upon to operate. Note that it will operate in conjunction with the first main
protection (REL561), thus the trip coils will receive multiple signals due to each main
protection operating, and the intertrip signals received (or not received in the case of
blocking). Generally speaking, however, the trip relays that send the signals to the trip
coils are fitted with ‘cut-throat’ contacts so that if the trip relay operates, it will not
keep operating after the initial trip signal is received.
As before, the CT is arranged in such a manner that the star point is looking down the
line towards Cottam. The inputs come from A311 (red phase), A331 (yellow phase),
A351 (blue phase) and A370 (neutral – star point). These go in to TB-X4875, TB-
X4876 and TB-X4877 respectively. All three on the star side also go in to the same
terminal blocks respectively and the neutral (A370) comes out from that.
However, in this case, differing from the first main protection is the input from the
VT, as this protection requires both Voltage and Current, in order to calculate the
impedance. In this case it comes from a Line CVT where each phase (E320, red;
E340, yellow; E360, blue and E380, neutral) enter the relay room at TB-X4874 and
from there go into the protection. The protection will process the readings and
comparison to the settings internally and in the event of a trip, TR1-1 (or TR2-1) will
close, allowing 110V to flow into the Trip Relays (86-1, 86-2 and 86-X) to begin the
tripping sequences. In this case, 86-1 will close between contacts 5 and 7, allowing a
signal to be sent to Trip Coil 2 and contacts 6 and 8 and 9 and 11 will also close,
allowing for an intertrip signal to be sent in the same manner as for the REL561
protection.
52
Blocking with THR Distance Protection.
The premise is quite simple. The THR Distance Protection set up at Keadby 400kV
substation is such that there are four zones for the protection to cover – the first three
are as convention – an immediate tripping zone covering the first 80% of the line, a
delayed second zone (approximately 0.5s) which covers up to 150% (that is, the
whole line and up to 50% towards substation 3.) and a delayed third zone
(approximately 1s) which covers the line, the second line up to substation 3 and
beyond.
The fourth zone is different in that it looks behind the protection (the other three
zones can be said to be looking forward) – and could be set up similar to zone 1 in
that it can cover up to 80% of the line behind it (the distance this zone sees is not too
important except for the fact that it must overlap the first zone on the preceding
substation, and look beyond zone two from the remote substation) and set for an
immediate trip (the exact set up will be explained when the settings are dealt with),
which can communicate to the other end it is looking at (behind) and tell that end to
trip via communications in order to clear the fault. However, dependent on where the
fault is behind the protection, zone 2 or zone 3 from substation 2 (which is in front) or
zone 3 from substation 3 (which is also in front) could pick this fault up as they can
see the fault and trip when it is not really required as the fault can be cleared at
substation 1. In order to prevent substation 2 or 3 from tripping, a signal can be sent
from the protection at substation 1 via a communication method that can tell the
protection at substations 2 and 3 that the fault is behind it and it will clear the fault
and there is no need to trip. In essence, the protection at substations 2 and 3 are
blocked from tripping. For tripping to occur in a given zone, it is important to realise
that the fault will appear inside the characteristic zone shape (be it circular or
lenticular or otherwise).
The communications work in a similar way to intertripping, except the signal is to

communicate a non-operation as opposed to an operation. It should be noted that both
intertripping and blocking are used on this circuit for operations.
It is clear, therefore, that how this works is vital to understanding how the whole
distance protection scheme for this circuit works. The settings for this THR unit
follow:
53
Relay Function Relay Type Setting Notes
Second Main THR (BLK) Zone 1: A = 6.4 Settings for Zone 1
G = 0.7
E = x1
Zone 2: H = 1.9 Settings for Zone 2
S = x1
Zone 3: K = 6.3 Settings for Zone 3
M = x1
N = 0.1
P = Fwd
R = 35ms Used in blocking.
Zone 4: C = 3.8 Settings for Zone 4
(looking
backwards).
J = 0.5s Characteristics for
L = 1.0s time delay (Zone 2,
D = 750 Zone 3) and Angle.
HSOC = 400% Not used.
B = 6.4 Residual
F = 0.4 Compensation
settings.
Zone 1 = 4.48 sec ohms Zone reaches
Zone 2 = 8.512 sec ohms (secondary Ohms).
Zone 3 = 28.224 sec ohms
Other Schemes.
There are other protection schemes associated with the circuit – which are related to
the main protection, but not necessarily completely associated with them. For
example, the auto reclose scheme would act after the main protection has opened the
circuit breaker, or the circuit breaker fail scheme would only act if the main protection
had actually tried to open the circuit breaker and failed to do so. There is also another
scheme which can act with the main protection, or act on its own accord if necessary
– the Ferroresonance scheme.
Ferroresonance Scheme.
Ferroresonance is a complex phenomenon that has been long known about but not
well understood. It is characterised by a sudden onset of very high voltages with high
levels of harmonics and can be damaging to equipment.
It is similar to normal resonance in that it occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactances of a circuit balance. In a series circuit it leads to a minimum impedance
and in a parallel circuit it leads to a maximum impedance. The only mitigating factor
is the presence of any pure resistance as this remains the same, regardless of
frequency.
However, Ferroresonance is further distinguished by the following:
54
1. There exists several stable responses to changes in parameters.
2. The response is dependent upon initial conditions.
3. Resonance at a given frequency can occur over a wide range of
parameter values.
4. The resonant frequency can be different for each stable response.
Ferroresonance occurs due to the fact that the inductance in the circuit is
ferromagnetic – that is the core is made up of a ferromagnetic material (often Iron). A
good example of this is the supergrid transformers, which have iron in their cores
regardless of how they may be made (laminated or otherwise).
With a ferromagnetic core, the flux density in a coil will increase and therefore so will
the magnetic induction – this can be much larger than the induction associated with
the current in the coil itself. Furthermore, ferromagnetic materials can saturate and
they can also exhibit hysteresis behaviour.
An iron core coil can be tested by applying a current and measuring the magnetic flux
density. When this is done, a curve is generated and it can be seen that, as the current
increases, the magnetic flux density also increases – but not linearly. There is a slow
rise in magnetic flux density as current increases, which increases and becomes linear
for a while before tailing off again – meaning that beyond a certain point, an increase
in current will no longer increase the magnetic flux density. This results in saturation
of the iron core.
This diagram shows how magnetic flux varies with current – a basic hysteresis loop. Taken from Network Protection and
Automation Guide, Areva T&D, 2005.
By looking to Quantum theory we can see why this occurs. It can be said that the
structure of Iron is crystalline – that is if we take a piece of iron and look at it under a
microscope it could be seen that the Iron is made up of crystals all joined together in a
haphazard fashion. In fact it is this structure that gives iron its strength since each
crystal will be in a random direction there is no way to find an axis that is necessarily
weaker than another. Indeed, the basic structure of metals in general follows this idea.
Each crystal structure will contain protons, neutrons and electrons, as expected. Some
of the electrons will be bound to the crystalline structure, but some will be free to
roam (this is a property of metals and is the principle reason why they are good
conductors – some have more free electrons than others and thus are better
conductors). Each electron, be it free or otherwise, will have certain properties due to
55
its position within the structure (the term position is used loosely here, as it is more
concerned with energy levels than physical position).
Basic quantum theory assigns electrons ‘positions’ (the term is used loosely as it is
not a physical position per se) based upon energy and angular momentum (or spin) –
the idea of an atom where the electrons orbit the nucleus is no longer a valid
assumption to make (although it is a useful visual aid) and the electrons obey sets of
rules, which will not be examined here. More complex theories suggest other rules in
that no two electrons can occupy the same state (Fermi-Dirac Statistics). It is in
particular the spin that we are interested in, or more specifically, the magnetic spin
(also known as the magnetic quantum number ml). In absence of any external
influences we can take a step back and examine the crystalline structures as a whole
relative to each other. The overall effect of the magnetic spin for one domain will
assign it a random direction (within the framework of the rules) and the sum of all the
directions will lead to zero overall, meaning no overall magnetisation of the material.
If we apply a magnetic field (via a current, which has a magnetic field associated with
it – for a wire it is symmetrical and is around the wire in a cylindrical shape, direction
given by the ‘right hand set’ rule) to this material the effect is quite startling. The
individual electrons within each crystal will align with the other electrons in
surrounding crystals, giving a net magnetisation – in other words the material will
become magnetic. Of course, the amount of magnetisation will depend on the number
of like-aligned electrons and this is dependent on the size and orientation of the
magnetic field being applied.
There reaches a point where all of the electrons magnetic spin characteristics line up.
At this point we have saturation of the material – and no further magnetisation can
take place, regardless of any increase of the magnetic field.
Since there is a need for a magnetic field to align the electrons, simply removing the
current will not change the magnetisation of the material much (it will decrease, but
not return to zero). In order to reduce the magnetisation of the material to zero, a
reverse magnetic field (that is, a reversal of the magnetising current) is required.
The gradient of the curve on the previous page is related to the inductance of the coil.
It can therefore be seen that as we go above the saturation point, the inductance
changes dramatically. This leads to the conclusion that the resonance frequency
(where the capacitive and inductive reactances balance) will vary due to the fact that
the inductance can vary dependent on the saturation of the coil. Thus a wide range of
capacitive and inductive reactances can lead to resonance. This will lead to extremely
high values of voltage and current present at a wide range of frequencies, of which the
range can possibly be predicted, but the exact frequency when this occurs very
difficult to predict. The damage is not difficult to predict however – in the event of
ferroresonance occurring and not being dealt with, damage to plant (particularly
transformers) is spectacular.
Fortunately, ferroresonance can be taken care of by design:
56
1. Use a delta connected primary VT (not necessarily practical)
2. Prevent the system from becoming ungrounded (not necessarily
possible)
3. Purchase a VT designed to operate a much lower induction values so
that the saturation point is at least twice the system voltage (in case of
National Grid this would be both expensive and not necessarily
possible, especially at 400kV.)
4. Introduce losses by means of load resistances (this is probably the
easiest and cheapest solution but in the event of load resistance
varying, this will not be a perfect solution)
The result of this is that for this system (Keadby – Cottam 2 circuit), ferroresonance
may occur and thus there is a protection system designed to operate earth switches if
it is detected (or if the conditions leading up to ferroresonance are detected).
The Ferroresonance protection comes from the VT (in this case CVT) on the Keadby
– Cottam 2 circuit (Red, Yellow and Blue phases into TB-X4874). Upon detection of
Ferroresonance (from the input of the phases and detection by 59FRD), the
Ferroresonance Time Delay Relay 2FRD will drop, closing the switch between
contacts 2 and 4, allowing the Earth Switch to be closed. The opening of the Earth
Switch is controlled by time delay relays (57SR1, 57SR2 leading to 57SS1 and
57SS2) which will open the Earth Switch if the conditions are right (see
872.02/106/sheet 9).
Upon operation of the Ferroresonance protection, the Circuit Breaker and

disconnector (X705 and X704 respectively) will have been opened, which are also
conditions that must be satisfied before the Earth Switch (X701A) can close. Alarms
will go off to the control system (L8370 from contacts 9 and 11 on the 2FRD relay) –
the Ferroresonance detected alarm.
Of course, upon a normal operation requiring a trip of the circuit breaker, the
Ferroresonance detection relay is called upon automatically (contacts 14 and 16 on
86-1 on 872.02/106/sheet 5 or sheet 4) and if ferroresonance is detected, will start the
Earth Switch Closing as described above (the disconnector and the circuit breaker are
already receiving signals from elsewhere). Technical Specification NGTS 3.24.80
shows how a Ferroresonance scheme works in detail. Note that Ferroresonance
protection will not trip a circuit.
The settings for this scheme are as follows:

Ferroresonance DDB5 M1 = 200s, M2 = 0.010; t = Will operate after a
Detector Timer M1 x M2 = 2s time lag of 2s.
PCB Dil Switch = T.L. Oper
Earth Switch M1 x M2 = 4s time lag of 4s.
Closing Timer PCB Dil Switch = T.L. Oper
Earth Switch M1 x M2 = 4s time lag of 4s.
Opening Timer PCB Dil Switch = T.L. Oper
57
Auto Reclosing Scheme.
The Auto-Reclosing scheme relies on the fact that the Circuit Breaker and the
disconnector have opened to clear a fault and are due to reclose onto either a fault
(triggering another operation of the circuit breaker and disconnector, repeat until the
auto reclose feature has locked out) or onto a healthy line and normal operations
ensue.
An interesting feature of this scheme is that it works closely with the circuit breaker
fail scheme and can lock out the protection scheme if the circuit breaker has failed (to
prevent the protection calling upon a faulty circuit breaker to open and possibly
causing catastrophic damage). Assuming a healthy protection system that has tripped
out on a fault, the delayed auto reclose scheme will start and 79DAR will activate.
There is a check first to determine synchronisation that will allow 79DARX to operate
and will close the circuit breaker by sending a close signal to the circuit breaker
disconnectors.
In the event of a circuit breaker failing, the close lockout relay will close and, with the
other switches closed on that circuit, the protection lockout is brought in, and the
circuit breaker scheme will look for an alternative. Technical Specification NGTS
3.24.16 shows how the DAR scheme should work in detail.
The settings for this scheme are shown below:
Relay Function Relay Type Settings Notes

DAR MVTR59 Timers: Dead Time = 5s
Close Pulse = 2s
Reclaim Timer = 2s
ID Timer = 60s
Software Functions: Function
3 and Function 8 DLC or
Sync Check, all others
nothing.
Function 8 set to 1 – RL3
Operates for A/R in service
Circuit Breaker Fail Scheme (and Earth Fault Check Scheme).
This scheme comes in when a trip signal is sent to the breaker, but due to a fault with
the equipment, the circuit breaker fails to operate.
The CT concerned with this scheme is also part of the Earth Fault Check scheme so
both schemes will be described here. The star point looks down the line towards
Cottam (as expected) and all 3 phases and the neutral connect into the protection
through TB-X4880, TB-X4881 and TB-X4882.
This one is relatively simple to interpret. From 872.02/106/sheet 8, the inputs from
the CTs go into 50-1CBF and 50-2CBF relays. Upon detection of a circuit breaker
58
fail, the switches from 50-1CBF and 50-2CBF close (contacts 1 and 2 and 3 and 4
respectively on both relays) and 2-1ACBF and 2-1BCBF operate to put a supply onto
the back trip buswires (872.02/106/sheet 7) which will allow the discriminating and
check relays to detect the fault and act accordingly to open alternative circuit breakers
(from the ops diagram, this could be all the way back to X260 or X220 if necessary,
with all the implications involved for other circuits attached (although NOC could
auto switch the circuits across to the other busbar if required). Either way a circuit
breaker failure would take out a significant portion of the substation and should be
avoided if at all possible.
The Circuit Breaker fail scheme is also linked with the auto-isolation scheme and the
backup protection scheme (not a protection unit like THR, or REL561, but rather a
series of relays put together to form a scheme in the event that the two main schemes
fail to pick up on various faults) through the Earth Fault Check system.
The Earth Fault Check system uses 50N-1EFC and 50N-2EFC to check for Earth
Faults and upon detection of one will operate P.U. Delay switches which go to the
Disconnector control system for disconnectors X742, X743A and X743B on
872.02/106/sheet 19 which will open these disconnectors. Note that by this time, the
circuit breaker should be open as all of this is on a time delay. Technical Specification
NGTS 3.24.39 shows how the Breaker Fail scheme should work in detail.
The settings for this scheme are below:

Breaker Fail 2DAB Is = In x >% = 20% (400A, If current is greater
Current Check 1 277MVA) than 20% of the
I > Is: Pole A = 20A, Pole B = pole currents then
20A, Pole C = 20A. operate.
Breaker Fail 2DAB As above As above
Current Check 2
Breaker Fail DDB5 M1 = 130s, M2 = 0.0010; t = Operate after
Timer 1A M1 x M2 = 0.130s 0.130s
Breaker Fail DDB5 As above As above
Timer 1B
Timer 2A
Timer 2B
HV Differential Overcurrent Protection Scheme.
This scheme uses two CTs – either side of the Quadrature Booster in a form of unit
protection. The inputs from the CTs (red, yellow, blue phases and neutral) go into the
scheme via terminal blocks TB-X4880, TB-X4881 and TB-X4882 for the busbar side
and TB-X4875, TB-X4876 and TB-X4877 for the line side. Since we are looking at
two CTs looking over a piece of equipment this is considered to be a unit scheme.
59
From 872.02/106/sheet 3 the inputs from the CTs enter the HV 3PH DIFF.OC PROT
relay (87 OC) and can initiate a trip if the IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
switch is closed (contacts 11 and 12) as well as the INST (Instantaneous) switch is
closed (contacts 21 and 22). The signal goes to 86-1, 86-2 and 86-X which sends the
trip signal to the circuit breaker.
It should be mentioned what is meant by Inverse Definite Minimum Time at this

point. With differential relays the time it takes for them to operate is proportional to
the amount of current detected. The greater the current, the shorter the time taken for
an operation:
Characteristics of Inverse Relays taken from Network Protection and Automation Guide 2005.
The equations relating the different characteristics to the curves are as follows:
60
Equations relating to the Inverse Time Curves taken from Chapter 15, Network Automation and Protection Guide, 2005.
Where there is a minimum time there is an override of the curve – if there is a

minimum time of 1s for example, then no matter how high the current, even if the
curve would theoretically drop below 1s for operation, the relay will only operate
after 1s.
The settings for this scheme are shown below:

QB Differential DCD314A Power System Frequency = Obvious
O/C 50Hz
PH Rating = 1A
Pole Type (B Pole) = P/F
E/F Mode Select = SEF
P/F Characteristic Setting = Current Setting
0.6
P/F Characteristic TM = 0.15 Time Multiplier
P/F Lowset Setting = 1.00
P/F Highset 1 Setting = 0.7 Current Setting
P/F Highset 2 Setting = 10.00 Current Setting
P/F Characteristic Delay = Time Delay
5.00
Relay Reset Delay = INST Reset Time
Waveform Pre Trigger = 10%
Summary:
Current Setting (1) = 0.6A Current Setting
Characteristic = NI Normal Inverse
Time Multiplier = 0.15TM Time Multiplier
Current Setting (2) = 0.7A Current Setting
Characteristic = N/A No Characteristic
Operating Time = INST Instantaneous
61
Backup Protection Scheme.
The Backup Protection Scheme takes its inputs from the Fault Recorder/Differential
CTs that have their star point facing towards Cottam and the inputs (red, yellow, blue
and neutral) come in through TB-X4875, TB-X4876 and TBX4877. The signal is
processed through 51EF and this will put a supply on to 86EF which will send signals
to the trip coils, disconnectors, Ferroresonance Scheme and the Trip Relay Reset
Scheme. Given that the backup protection is for Earth Fault only and will not cover
phase to phase faults, it is assumed that in the event that the two main protections fail
the time taken for the failure to be detected any fault would have generated into an
earth fault and thus the backup protection will see it. There does not appear to be any
communication with the remote end in this scheme.
The settings for the Backup Scheme are as follows:
Relay Function Relay Type Settings Notes

BU E/F DCD114A Power System Frequency = Self Explanatory
50Hz
E/F rating = 1A 1A Relay

Pole Type = E/F
E/F CT Ratio = 2000:1 Obvious
Characteristic Delay = 5s
Summary: Current Setting Setting for
0.5A operation
Characteristic = NI Normal Inverse
Time Multiplier = 0.3TM This relay will
operate if the
current detected is
above 0.5A and the
delay is 1.5s.
Phases Unbalanced and Overload Scheme.
As with the Backup protection, this scheme uses the Fault Recorder CTs for the
inputs. There appears to be no tripping associated with this scheme, but when called
upon for operation, alarms will be generated and sent to the Substation Control
System.
The settings for the two relays concerned are shown below:
62
Relay Function Type Settings Notes
O/L Alarm DCD114A Power System Frequency = Obvious
50Hz
E/F Rating = 1A 1A Relay
E/F CT Ratio = 2000:1
Pole Type = E/F
E/F Characteristic Setting =
1.55
E/F Characteristic Delay = 3s
E/F Characteristic TM = 1.00
E/F Characteristic = DTL This relay will
operate if the
current detected is
1.55A after a 3s
delay to generate
an alarm.
Busbar Protection Scheme.
This is the last scheme before the Quadrature Booster is examined in detail. The
Busbar Protection will be described in full as pertaining to Keadby 400kV Substation
since there is only one system for the whole site.
Busbar protection at Keadby 400kV Substation uses the Merz-Price principle of
current differential where the CT and interconnections form an analogue of the
Busbars and Feeders of the substation called Buswires. Relays across the Buswires
would represent a fault in the larger system and therefore would only become
energised when a fault occurs. This is shown in principle in the diagram below:
Diagram to show basic principle of Busbar Protection. Taken from Network Protection and Automation Guide.
In order to provide the maximum possible protection for the Busbars, ‘zones’ are used
that overlap so that all areas are covered and this is shown in principle below:
63
Diagram to show the Busbar Protection ‘Zones’. Taken from Network Protection and Automation Guide.
At Keadby, which is a double busbar substation, the Main and Reserve Bars are
treated as having separate zones, overlapping at the Bus Coupler circuit. Since
Feeders can be on either busbar at any given time, auxiliary contacts are used on a
‘early make, late break’ principle that will change the shape of the zones as needed,
but still ensuring that the overlaps are made correctly for that particular configuration
of the substation.
Positioning of the CTs is therefore crucial to the correct operation of the protection,
since there is a chance of a ‘short zone’ fault where the busbar protection operates, but
the fault will still be fed from the feeder. This undesirable situation will occur if the
CTs are Feeder side (or Line side) of the Circuit Breaker. In the event that the CTs are
either side of the Circuit Breaker, then there will be no short zone and therefore no
chance for a short zone fault to occur – the diagram below illustrates this in practice:
64
Diagram showing the possible positions of the CTs and how this could cause problems for Busbar Protection. Taken from
Network Protection and Automation Guide.
Note that the diagram above shows the ideal position of the CTs to avoid short zones
but this does not mean that this does not occur in substations. Where there are short
zones for whatever reason, additional protection is required to prevent non-clearance
of short zone faults.
In essence, the key to busbar protection is location and clearance of the correct section
of busbar and this is done by using a ‘2 out of 2’ principle with busbar check and
busbar discrimination relays. Given a busbar fault, all of the check relays within the
substation will operate, but the discrimination relays will only operate if the fault is
within the bus-zone that they are covering and when both relays operate within a
given bus-zone, the relevant circuit breakers can operate to clear the fault. In extreme
cases (and this has never occurred in memory) a distance protection that is set to look
backwards could operate after their time delay and remove circuits feeding into the
fault, but this would cause more problems than solve and could lead to the substation
becoming ‘islanded’ from the system at large – a very undesirable situation.
The settings for both check and discriminating relays are fixed at 33mA.
Quadrature Booster Protection.
Although the scheme in general would work quite well on its own, the introduction of
Quadrature Boosters to the circuit means that there must be a protection scheme to
deal with any problems both mechanical and electrical that may occur with these
65
units. This is done in two stages – the overall Quadrature Booster Protection and the
Quadrature Booster LV Earth Fault Protection.
Quadrature Booster Overall Protection.
It may be helpful at this point to define what a Quadrature Booster is and the purpose
of it. A Quadrature Booster (which is also known as a Phase-Shifting Transformer)
controls the flow of real power. It does this by taking the supply, shifting it by 900 and
then reapplying the result to the original. The effect of this is to reduce the amount of
real power going down the overhead lines therefore in essence allowing the system to
apply more real power than would normally be allowed due to thermal ratings.
A Quadrature Booster consists of two units – a shunt unit where the phase shift takes
place and a series unit where the phase shifted component is added. There is a tap
system that can be used to control the magnitude of the quadrature component to
increase this component or to decrease it as needed. The overall voltage is simply the
vector sum of the real and quadrature voltages. The following diagram (courtesy of
Wikipedia) shows how a Quadrature Booster is set up:
66
Schematic Diagram of Quadrature Booster Set up. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_booster"
The protections associated with the Quadrature Booster are generally unit protection
schemes, or are mechanical in nature. In essence the Quadrature Booster is a type of
transformer (or maybe more exactly, two transformers) and for the most part, is
treated exactly as such.
The Quadrature Booster has dedicated CTs for the protection system and the
connections are made in TB-X4880, TB-X4881 and TB-X4882 for each phase and the
neutral (from the star points of all three CTs) and TB-X4875, TB-X4876 and TB-
X4877 for the second CT phases. The third CT inputs into TB-X4945 and all the CTs
are connected to each other for the input into the protection relays 87CC-1 and 27CTS
(872.02/106/Sheet 2). This overall protection scheme would appear to be a circulating
current scheme where each CT has a common neutral, which is earthed, and the
phases monitor the current. Each CT has the same ratio (in this case 2000:1) and
essentially the premise is that the current will circulate and balance – in essence there
is a differential system. The presence of a tap changer will also cause no problems
since there are high impedance relays within the circuit. Where the current is not
balanced this will lead to a current flow in the secondary of the CTs that is also not
balanced and thus there will be current flowing in the relay, starting the protection
response. Spill currents (where current flows in the relay even though the system is
balanced) are unavoidable in any scheme, and are taken into account in the settings of
the relay.
In the event there is a call for an overall trip, the relay 87CC will detect this and close
a switch between contacts 1 and 3, putting a supply to the trip relays 86-1A, 86-1B
and 86-1X.
All of the other protection systems associated with the Quadrature Booster will also
send signals to the trip relays, such as oil surges on each phase and so on (all indicated
67
on 872.02/106/sheet 2 and CSB3246/sheet 4), but these signals will only result in a
trip if the auxiliary switches on disconnectors X743A or X743B are closed (that is,
one of these disconnectors must be closed if there is to be a trip due to one of these)
which makes sense as these situations should only occur if the Quadrature Booster is
in service. The relays concerned with each of these systems are as follows:
Relay Purpose
63-SH BUOS Shunt Unit Buchholz Oil Surge
63-S BUOS Series Unit Buchholz Oil Surge
49-1CT Series/Shunt Unit Core Temperature High
63-R TC/BUTS Tap Changer Selector (A Phase) Oil/Gas Surge
63-Y TC/BUTS As above, but B Phase
63-B TC/BUTS As above, but C Phase
63-R TCD Tap Changer Diverter (A Phase) Oil Surge
63-Y TCD As above but B Phase
63-B TCD As above but C Phase
63-R BUTR Tap Changer Selector Tie Resistor Oil Surge (A Phase)
63-Y BUTR As above but B Phase
63-B BUTR As above but C Phase
Where ‘BU’ appears in the relay name, the relay is associated with the Buchholz.
Settings for these are to be found in the settings sheets in the appendix.
This takes care of most of the protection systems associated with the Quadrature
Booster but there are two schemes left to consider, both quite similar – the LV
Instantaneous Earth Fault Scheme and the LV Earth Fault Protection Scheme.
LV Earth Fault Schemes.
The LV Instantaneous Earth Fault scheme uses the neutral from the Quadrature
Booster, which is earthed and a CT is taken from this and connects into the protection
via TB-X4945. These inputs go into relay 50NEF and can trip the Quadrature Booster
between contacts 11 and 12, providing that one of the two previously mentioned
Disconnectors are closed.
The settings are shown below:

QB LV E/F Inst. DCD114A Power System Frequency = Obvious
50Hz
E/F CT Ratio = 1000:1
E/F Characteristic Setting = 0.1A for operation
0.1
E/F Characteristic TM = 1
E/F Characteristic Delay = Relay will operate
0.02 if current detected
is 0.1A after 0.02s
68
The LV Earth Fault Protection Scheme works in a similar way, using a CT on the
neutral of the Quadrature Booster and inputting to TB-X4945. This time, the relay
that is inputted to is 51NEXI which, if the switch between contacts 11 and 12 closes,
and one of the disconnectors is closed as mentioned previously, then the Quadrature
Booster will trip.

QB LV E/F DCD114A Power System Frequency = Obvious
Delayed 50Hz
Pole Type = E/F
CT Ratio = 1000:1
Characteristic Delay = 5.00
Summary: This relay will
Current Setting = 0.1A operate if the
Characteristic = EI current detected
Time Multiplier = 0.1TM exceeds the setting
and the time delay
is 0.5s
69
Keadby – Grimsby West Circuit.
As mentioned in the circuit selection section, this circuit was chosen simply as it
connects to another substation that this project will examine.
In contrast to the Keadby – Cottam 2 circuit previously examined, the Keadby –

Grimsby West circuit utilises somewhat older protection systems – notably P10 as the
first main protection and SHNB as the second main protection. P10 is an example of
Power Line Carrier protection and SHNB is an example of distance protection In this
particular case, the distance protection is plain, without acceleration or blocking
channels.
Power Line Carrier Protection.
This method of protection is being phased out over the country as National Grid turn
to integrated technologies such as those developed by Siemens and the need for line
traps decreases.
Power Line Carrier Protection (PLC) works using the power lines to signal the remote
end and using the communications to decide if there is a need for an operation or not.
To this end, in order to prevent interference from the signal with the actual power
signal of 50Hz, another frequency is used, typically in the range of hundreds of
kilohertz. Furthermore, to prevent the signal from mixing with the power signal and
potentially causing mal-operations of equipment and relays (or even worse, causing
damage to the equipment), Line Traps are used to filter the signal and ensure that it
travels through the correct circuit – that is, to the protection and not to any other
equipment. The high frequency chosen (for the Keadby – Grimsby West feeder it is
132 kHz, but could vary between sites that use this) unfortunately impinges on
frequencies set aside by legislation for other purposes and therefore restrictions are in
place to prevent the permanent use of this signal, making the system more
complicated. To bypass the complications set by legislation, there are guards and
starters that prevent transmission of the Power Line Carrier signal unless there is a
disturbance and this feature will explained in greater detail later.
Line Traps.
Line Traps are used as filters for Power Line Carrier signals. These units can be seen
on feeder circuits up and down the country and are essentially Inductive/Capacitive
(LC) circuits in parallel for which the Inductance and Capacitance are carefully
selected so that the power signal is left to pass unhindered and the Power Line Carrier
sees an infinite resistance and is therefore forced to go through a different path and
into the protection as intended – which is known as a band-block filter. To prevent the
power signal from travelling down the path intended for the Power Line Carrier
signal, a series LC circuit is used which is set to allow the higher frequency signal
through, but effectively block the power signal. The following diagram shows the
basis how this works:
70
Schematic Diagram of Band Pass Filter Set up. Adapted from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Bandpass.gif”
The diagram above is not necessarily indicative of how the situation works on
National Grid substations, but is a useful aid in describing the action of the filter.
Consider the horizontal line at the bottom of the diagram – this would be our circuit in
which both the Power Line Carrier signal and our Power signal travel. Recall that the
Power signal is the one that will be at a very high voltage and should be allowed to
continue unhindered. Also assume that the signal is travelling from left to right. Up to
the point where the parallel circuit is seen, both the Power Line Carrier signal and the
Power signal are mixed. Although there will be little interference between the two
there will be some and if allowed to continue beyond the line trap then problems
could occur with other protection systems.
The parallel circuit is set in such a way that the Power Line Carrier signal is
effectively blocked and thus has to find an alternative route. This would be through
the series LC circuit that is set to accept the higher frequency signal, but block the
lower frequency power signal. The circuit beyond the series circuit would then go into
the protection system and the path can be considered complete. For transmission of
the signal, the reverse should be true. In order to avoid interference between incoming
and outgoing signals, two sets are used and this is the reason why two line traps are
seen on such circuits and not just one.
With the difference between the frequencies of the two signals (Hz to hundreds of
kHz) there is no requirement to deal with the fact that regardless of how well the band
pass filter performs, there will always be some filter roll-off (e.g.: Gibbs
Phenomenon, which will not be discussed here).
Power Line Carrier Protection and P10.
P10 (also known as Contraphase P10) compares the phase angles of the fault current
at both ends of the line by modulating the high frequency signal that is transmitted as
described earlier. The carrier range is 36dB and thus can operate on lines up to 200
miles in length.
71
P10 takes the input of the three phases through the CT and uses them to create a
modulating wave, which is made up of positive and negative phase sequence currents
(where positive phase sequence results in the phases being in order RYB and negative
phase sequence results in the phases being in the order RBY) specifically 5I2 – I1
where I1 is the positive phase sequence current and I 2 is the negative phase sequence
current.
Under normal conditions where the system is healthy, negative phase sequence
currents should be at or near zero as these currents only occur where there are faults in
the system. In this circumstance no modulating signal is formed and therefore
unmodulated carrier is sent periodically (noting the legislation restrictions) as a
communications test to ensure that both ends can still receive/send signals.
Where there is a fault, negative phase sequence currents will be present and thus the
modulating signal can be formed and transmitted to the remote end for comparison.
The signal taken from the phase sequence currents is squared and transmitted (with
the carrier frequency) to the remote end. The modulation is filtered out at the
receiving end and the carrier is analysed with the carrier signal at that end and
compared.
At both ends, therefore, there will be two signals – one will be it’s own signal and the
other will be a received signal from the other end. These are put together and analysed
as a whole and the key to this is that the protection is looking for gaps within this
signal (to a pre-specified tolerance to avoid mal-operations). For faults within the
protected area (an ‘in-zone fault’), gaps will be present and therefore the protection
will operate and for faults outside the protected area (a ‘through fault’) the protection
will not operate. The diagram below shows how this would work in practice:
72
Diagram of the basic principles of Power Line Carrier Protection. From Network Protection and Automation Guide.
Through fault currents at the two ends of the protected line are in antiphase and hence
the signals add to give us the composite signal found on the left-hand side of the
diagram. Where there is an internal fault, where the protection is required to trip the
circuit breaker, the fault currents are in phase and the composite signal on the right
hand side of the diagram is the result, producing gaps and allowing the protection to
operate. Without any tolerances, the smallest gap (representing a phase shift of a very
small magnitude) would operate the protection, but in reality, a tolerance is added
(approximately 300, but this would depend on the circuit) to prevent spurious signals
from needlessly operating the protection. This angle is known as the stability angle
and prevents tripping for phase differences below this angle.
P10 works using this principle coupled with two starters (Negative Phase Sequence
and Positive Phase Sequence) each with high and low set detectors and a marginal
guard that will prevent any mal operations due to the resetting of the detectors.
In the event of a disturbance, both starters will have their low set detectors operating
and will generate and send their signal to the other end (note that this will be
occurring at the other end simultaneously). In the event of a through fault or a minor
disturbance, the process will end here, although by doing this it has been established
that the disturbance was either minor or not within the protected area. In the event of a
73
fault inside the protected area, both the high set and low set detectors for both starters
will have operated and the operation of the high set detectors enables the equipment at
both ends to compare the signals they have generated/received through a phase
comparator. At this point, if there are gaps in the signal, then tripping of the circuit
breakers will be allowed as the high set detectors have operated (both high and low
set detectors are required to have operated for tripping to be possible) and this is
where the marginal guard comes in. Since it is possible for the detectors to be reset at
different times, it is possible that one end is still signalling and the other not, thus
artificially generating gaps and causing unwarranted operation of the circuit breakers.
The marginal guard simply ensures that there is signal seen for a length of time that
will ensure that both detectors at both sides reset.
The use of the starters, detectors and guards are to ensure that not only does the
protection work when required, but also that it doesn’t work when operation is not
required and that the signalling is used to a minimum as dictated by legislation.
There are both impulse and non-impulse starters so that the protection can operate if a
fault develops rapidly (which would be most of the time, theoretically) and if a fault
develops over time (such as one due to degradation of equipment like the overhead
line).
There are also signalling channels available (intertripping) for operation of the remote
end circuit breaker for complete fault removal.
As with all unit protections, P10 only requires CT inputs (A11, A31, A51 and A70)
which input into the protection system. From there, all the functions can be traced via
the first protection drawing (42/117827). As the major functions of unit protection
have already been discussed, they will not be repeated here.
The settings are shown below:
Relay Function Type Setting Notes

First Main P10 Modulator Squarer =
7.5%
PPS Impulse Starter = Positive Phase
30% Sequence Starter
NPS Impulse Starter = Negative Phase
20% Sequence Starter
NPS Non-Impulse Non impulse
Starter (xI2) = 3 starter
Clock Test = On hour,
every hour
Frequency = 132 kHz High frequency
signal.
Distance Protection and SHNB (Micromho).
The second main protection on the Keadby – Grimsby West feeder is a distance
protection of the Micromho type. The basic principles of how distance protection
74
works have already been covered earlier in this project and there is no need to cover it
again. Having examined material available on THR and SHNB, the conclusion is that
both relays are very similar and operate in more or less the same way – the only major
difference being the way that THR and SHNB cover blocking and acceleration modes
– THR utilises a fourth zone, whereas SHNB would use a reverse zone three.
Therefore this section will look at how SHNB works in detail, and it can be accepted
that, internally, THR works similarly.
The overall scheme is set to plain, which means that there are no blocking or
acceleration schemes and each zone will operate as per the basic principles. As with
all other distance protections, Micromho takes inputs from CT and VT connections
and uses these to calculate impedance as mentioned previously.
This is not completely accurate, as the comparator within SHNB (and THR) actually
receives two signals defined as follows:
A = V − IZ
B = V∠− 90 0
The following diagram shows where these quantities arise:
Diagram to show mho characteristic. Adapted from Ground Distance Relaying paper by Alexander and Andrichak.
The diagram shows a basic mho characteristic on a Voltage plot (IX versus IR). Z is
characteristic of the line itself and is programmed into the relay (see settings) and V
and I are measured to produce the vectors shown here. Where IZ – V lies outside of
the circle, the protection will not operate and where IZ – V lies inside the circle (or
more accurately, the mho characteristic) the protection will operate. It is
straightforward to show that if A lags B by any angle up to 1800, then the protection
will operate.
The comparator itself does not take the values of A and B directly, they are converted
from sine waves to square waves, by amplification and are used in a logic system to
calculate if A lags B (operate) or vice-versa (restrain). A counter is placed within the
logic system to account for noise that may interfere with the signals. This counter will
increment or decrement by 1 for each signal it counts as operate (+) or restrain (-). If
the counter gets to 4 or whatever the criterion for operation has been set at then the
protection will operate.
75
This principle works for any characteristic, be it the circular mho characteristics of
zones 1 and 2 or even the lenticular characteristic that zone 3 may take. The equations
may change slightly and the use of two or more comparators may be required, but the
effect is the same.
Note that this is done on each phase and therefore there will be a comparator per
phase per zone (and possibly more depending on the shape of zone three) each
performing the tasks mentioned above.
Furthermore, zone three is often set in such a way that a small portion ‘looks’
backward into the substation – this is called an offset mho characteristic and was
described in the previous section on distance protection. It provides back up
protection for the busbars (although it has not operated for this purpose yet anywhere
on the network). Set-ups that employ reverse zones are for blocking and acceleration
schemes, which have already been mentioned.
The settings for the second main protection is shown below:

Second Main SHNB Coarse Settings: K1 = 4, K2 Coarse settings for
= 0.6 the zone reaches
Zone 1: K11 = 1, K12 = 0.2, Zone 1 reach
K13 = 0.08, K14 = 1, K15 =
1, K16 = 0
K23 = 1
K33 = 1, K34 = 0.5
A/B ratio = 0.84 Lenticular setting
t2(ph) = 0.5s, t2 (E) = 0.5s. Operation time for
Zone 2
t3(ph) = 1s, t3 (E) = 1s Operation time for
Zone 3
Option Select: X = 1, Y = 1 Plain Distance
Residual Compensation: K3
= 2, K4 = 0.9, K5 = 0.06
Relay Angle = 85deg Characteristic Line
Angle (from OHL)
76
Keadby - Killingholme – Creyke Beck Teed Circuit.
Of all the circuits discussed at Keadby 400kV substation this is probably the most
interesting, having undergone a protection change with the installation of Siemens
numerical protections (SIPROTEC). The introduction of the new technology has
reduced the amount of protection relays to the three units, busbar protection and the
operational tripping – everything else was removed under the protection change.
All three (First Main, Second Main and Backup) are controlled by 3 different units –
7SD523 which is the unit protection (line differential) and backup, 7SA522 (distance
protection) and 7SJ64 which is the CB fail protection, CB Control, DAR and Fault
Recorder.
All three devices are digital, using up to date technology comprising chiefly of 32-bit
microprocessors and optic fibre communications, with a GPS wireless communication
system as a second communications method. Faults within the equipment itself are
generally automatically detected and dealt with internally. Virtually any parameter
regarding protection can be set (one in particular would be that CT wiring becomes
less important in that the star points no longer have to be polarity conscious as the
protection can be told which direction the star point is in relative to the circuit it is
protecting and each end is independent of the other, as long as the setting is correct).
Furthermore, the communications are set up so that one end out of the three can be
taken out without compromising the integrity of the other two ends as the
communications are set in a ring.
7SD523 – Line Differential Relay.
The 1st Main Protection on the new circuit is a line differential which is essentially a
current differential system where the currents are compared with each other and a
difference measured leads to an operation as there must be a fault somewhere in the
protected section (same basic principle based upon Kirchhoff’s Laws). One of the
ends is chosen to be the ‘timekeeper’ which determines the time base and the other
ends use this to calculate any delays with respect to this ‘timekeeper’. A precision of
± 0.5ms can be achieved using these relays and the ‘rough synchronisation’ method
mentioned. In addition, time stamping is also used which reduces the tolerances to
<5µ s – quite sufficient for NGC purposes.
As mentioned previously, the Current Differential principle is such that the net flow
of all currents flowing into the protected section are zero – this is not strictly true as
this basic principle neglects reactive currents due to reactors and capacitors, as well as
any magnetising currents that may be present. The equipment is designed to restrain
against operation for any such deviations from zero.
The measured currents (restrain and differential) are compared by the protection
against a 450 line (somewhat similar to the REL561 mentioned earlier, but without the
two line characteristics) where there is a trip/no-trip condition – above the line (where
Idiff > I rest) there is a trip and below it there is not. However, the setting is such that it
is not possible (on paper!) for a spurious trip as the restrain current takes into account
77
the maximum possible errors in measurements. Each measurement taken is
transmitted to the other end(s) so that all end(s) have all the information required for
operation/non operation. Another feature of the SIPROTEC Line Differential relay is
the ability to perform a charge comparison (I believe that this is unique to this relay) –
this is simply a summation of charge flowing into the system (again, net charge would
be zero under the conservation of energy/charge principle) using the following
equation:
t2
Q = ∫ i (t )dt
t1
Since charge is a scalar quantity (measured in Coulombs under the SI system) this can
be done at very high speed (much higher than a vector comparison of current) – the
detraction from this being used as a protection system on its own is that charge
comparison is influenced by charge currents from lines and shunt currents from
transformers. 7SD523 also includes an overcurrent detection relay as a backup facility
(the fact that it can double up as a distance protection is irrelevant as there is another
relay that does this) and can be set to any characteristic (see the notes above for the
mathematical relationships for Inverse, Very Inverse, Extremely Inverse etc.) and for
any value required (see the settings in Appendix C).
A summary of the settings for the 7SD523 unit is shown below:

First Main 7SD523 Functions in use: Differential The functions used
Unit Protection, Earth Fault in the First Main
Protection, Phases Unbalanced Protection
and Fault Recording
Idiff pickup values: Low Set = Low and High Set
0.44A; High set = 2.30A pickup values
Backup Earth Fault: Current Earth Fault Current
Setting = 0.40A; Time dial = value. Normal
0.39; Curve = Normal Inverse. Inverse with Time
Delay (see IEC
equations).
The nature of the SIPROTEC relays is such that analogue to digital converters are
used and that the inputs and outputs from these are digital in nature (Binary inputs).
7SA522 – Distance Protection Relay.
The 2nd Main Protection is a Distance Protection relay that acts as any other distance
protection relay such as THR etc. would act. However, this unit also incorporates
backup protection (which means that there are, in essence, two backup protections on
this circuit) and has the ability to set multiple zones either forward, reverse or non
directional reaching, with either a polygonal or mho characteristic.
As with the 7SD523, control of specific settings such as the CT star point can be set
independent of the other end. Up to six zones can be set (Zones 1 through 5 and a
Zone 1b, which is a controlled overreaching zone for auto reclose and/or
teleprotection purposes etc.) – Zone 1 remains the instantaneous tripping zone, and
78
zones 2 and 3 remain the traditional zones as per other distance protection relays. The
addition of zones 4 and 5 allow for greater flexibility in that these could be set
backwards and used in a blocking scheme. Zones 4 and 5 are delayed as zones 2 and
3, and can be set to the time required. Note that the 7SA522 can also utilise power
swing detection, to prevent operations for load jumps, short circuits and such like
which could bring the load close to encroaching the zones. To do this, there is a power
swing range zone which will prevent operation should the load swing into this region
and beyond into the fault region, so long as the load swings back out. In the event of a
fault, the load will not swing through this power swing region and therefore the
protection will recognise this as a fault.
The following shows a brief summary of the settings for this protection:

Second Main 7SA522 Summary of functions in use: The functions in
Distance Protection, Backup use for this
Earth Fault Protection, Switch protection. Note
on to Fault (trip on closing), that switch on to
Phases unbalanced and Fault fault is also known
Locator. as trip on close –
which will trip the
circuit if the fault
has not been
cleared and DAR is
present.
Distance Protection Zones (all The zone reaches.
Ohms): Z1 = 7.9326, Z1B = The impedances
25.2378, Z2 = 25.2378, Z4 = shown are in
26.568, Z5 (rev) = 2.6568, Z5 secondary ohms.
(fwd) = 26.568, Z3 (rev,
blocking) = 30.843.
Earth Resistances: Z1, Z1B, Earth path
Z2 = 5.626; Z4, Z5 (rev + resistances for earth
fwd), Z3 = 6.5862 faults in distance
protection –
secondary ohms.
Timers: Z1, Z1B = 0s, Z2 = Timers – this is
0.5s; Z4, Z5 and Z3 = 1.00s standard.
SOTF Pickup = 5.1A This is the current
level for SOTF to
retrip the circuit on
close (no time
delay).
Earth Fault overcurrent: Backup protection

Pickup = 0.4A, Time dial = settings – see IEC
0.39s. curves.
Zone characteristics: All No mho
quadrilateral characteristics – no
tilt for Z1.
79
7SJ64 – Multi-Function Unit.
This is the third and final new unit on the circuit which controls the extra schemes of
the protection beyond first and second main and backup (such as DAR,
Synchronising, Sequential Isolation etc.). This unit offers the same level of control as
the other two devices and can be set to Definite Minimum time or an inverse
characteristic with or without time delay and/or direction.
The easiest method to illustrate the uses of the relay would be to examine the settings
– shown below:

Circuit Breaker 7SJ645 Functions available: These are the functions
Unit Auto Reclosing, DAR available to the unit – this
synchronising, Manual covers all the other
Synchronisation, schemes that the main
Sequential Isolation, protections do not and
Circuit Breaker Fail, Trip could control Busbar
Circuit Supervision, protection if programmed
Fault Recorder correctly (not used here).
Auto Reclose: Relay The most important
Dead time = 15.0s, quantity is the
Reclaim Time = 2.0s, synchronising angle – this
Synchronising angle = is to prevent damage to
350 equipment.
Circuit Breaker Fail: If the circuit breaker fails,
Current Setting = 0.2A, this will operate in 0.17s
Time Delay = 0.17s and execute switching out
of other circuits
(including busbars) to
prevent any further
damage.
DAR: tDead = 15.00s, The DAR settings are
tLockout = 2.00s, much the same as for the
tReclaim = 2.00s, other circuits – NGC
tIDLockout = 60s, TD10 standard.
= 10s, TD120 = 70s.
The drawings show how the system works – which aside from the potential confusion
arising from use of Binary Inputs/Outputs, are similar to the way other feeders do.
80
Grimsby West 400kV Substation
Overview
Grimsby West 400kV is situated just outside of the fishing port of Grimsby, near the
village of Aylesby. The site itself is unremarkable, save that it is shared by YEDL,
which has a 132kV substation located opposite. The substation is obscured by
woodland, which provides a screen for nearby houses and fields.
Grimsby West is an outdoor substation, with a mixture of equipment ranging from oil
based switchgear and air based switchgear. An interesting feature is that one of the
circuit breakers (FEX-2 type) is currently under an OESB, which requires a clearance
distance of the entire compound should it be called upon to operate. It is a single
switch substation, with two circuits leading out (Keadby and South Humber Bank)
and two 400/132kV transformers. The overview of the substation can be found in
appendix D and the circuits at the substation are listed below:

Grimsby West – Keadby June 1969 at Keadby 400kV, best
estimates would be the same.
Grimsby West – South Humber Bank No commissioning files available on site.
Grimsby West 400kV – 132kV (SGT1) No commissioning files available on site.
Grimsby West 400kV – 132kV (SGT2) No commissioning files available on site.
The following tables show the inventory of the protection relays currently in use at
Grimsby West 400kV.
81
Mesh Corner 1 and 2.
The protection relays are exactly the same for both Mesh Corners at Grimsby West
400kV substation and therefore the following list shows the relays at Mesh Corner 1
and any common relays for both corners:

Mesh Corner MVAG Alstom CBVB4/CBVA1
(Common?) (MVAG21D1ADA9001A)
MVAW Alstom DARIN1/DAROUT1
(MVAW21B1AB0543A)
MVAA Alstom INCHB1/CCB1
(MVAA21B1AA9004A)
MVAA Alstom OPHDA1/CDA1
(MVAA21B1AA0753A)
MVAA Alstom DARIS1/DAROS1
(MVAA21B1AA0751A)
MVAA Alstom OPLA1/OPHDB1
(MVAA21B1AA0753A)
MVAG Alstom CBVB1/CBVA2
(MVAG21D1ADA9001A)
MVAW Alstom DARIN2/DAROUT2
(MVAW21B1AB0543A)
MVAA Alstom INCHB2/CCB2
(MVAA21B1AA9004A)
MVAA Alstom OPHDA2/CDA2
(MVAA21B1AA0753A)
MVAA Alstom DARIS2/DAROS2
(MVAA21B1AA0751A)
MVAA Alstom OPLA2/OPHDB2
(MVAA21B1AA0753A)
LFAA103 GEC 2 of these
MVAA Alstom ASC1/ASC2
(MVAA21B1AA0751A)
MVAA Alstom CNTE1/CNTE2
(MVAA21B1AA0751A)
MVAA Alstom ASIP1/ASIP2
(MVAA21B1AA0751A)
Sequential MVAX Alstom PSSR
Isolation (MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAA Alstom SDAR
(MVAA11B1AA0783C)
MVTT Alstom SDTDR
(MVTT14B1BB0772C)
Auto- MCAG Alstom NEFI (X113)
Isolation (MCAG19C1AE0013A)
MVAG Alstom VTCI (X113)
(MVAG11B1APA9001A)
82
MVTT Alstom T10 (X113)
(MVTT14B1BB0772C)
MVAA Alstom TIR (X113)
(MVAA11B1BA0731C)
MCAG Alstom NEFI (X213)
(MCAG19C1AE0013A)
MVAG Alstom VTCI (X213)
(MVAG11B1APA9001A)
MVTT Alstom T10 (X213)
(MVTT14B1BB0772C)
MVAA Alstom TIR (X213)
(MVAA11B1BA0731C)
CB Control MVAW Alstom IPO
(MVAW21B1AB0541A)
MVAA Alstom CLOX
(MVAA11B1AA0533C)
MVAA Alstom FT1X, PNTX, FT2X (3
(MVAA11B1AA0531C) relays)
CB Fail MVAJ Alstom Z1 TRR, Z2 TRR (2
(MVAJ21D1BB0751B) relays)
MVAX Alstom PSSR 12, PSSR 22 (2
(MVAX12B1CA0753A) relays)
MVAJ Alstom BFTR1, BFTR2 (2
(MVAJ 25D1FB0773C) relays)
MVAX Alstom PSSR13, PSSR 23 (2
(MVAX12B1CA0753A) relays)
PCHN GEC BFCCK1, 2 / BFCCK 2,
1
CDTP101 Unmarked
MVAX Alstom PSSR11
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAJ Alstom BFTRR
(MVAJ21D1GB0780B)
MVAX Alstom PSSR1
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
Mesh Corner F14E Reyrolle 400kV Connections Trip
1 1 + 2 (2 relays)
TDS Reyrolle 400kV Connections CT
Supervision alarm time
lag
E/B50 (1 per phase) Reyrolle 400kV Connections CT
Supervision
Unknown type 400kV Connections
Differential Protection
Relay 2
B52 Reyrolle Unknown (x2)
3B3 (1 per phase) Reyrolle 400kV Connections
Differential Protection
Relay 1
83
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAJ Alstom TR3, TR3
(MVAJ55H1JB0846B)
84
SGT 1.
The list below shows the protection relays installed on the SGT1 circuit at Grimsby
West 400kV substation:

SGT1 F14E Reyrolle Transformer trip 1 + 2
(2 relays)
TDS Reyrolle Overcurrent stage 2 time
lag
B12 Reyrolle Winding temperature
trip / Buchholz surge
B69 (3 phase) Reyrolle MHJ
VAJ GEC Tripping
(VAJZ13ZG2242BA)
Unknown type (3 phase) Transformer differential
protection relay 2
TJV GEC 3 Phase Overcurrent
3B3 (3 phase) Reyrolle Transformer differential
protection relay 1
85
Grimsby West – Keadby Circuit.
The following list shows the protection relays in use for the Grimsby West – Keadby
circuit at Grimsby West 400kV Substation:

Keadby TDS Auto Reset
Common
Protection
MVAA Alstom RMRX
(MVAA11F1AA0551A)
MVAA Alstom TD120 Aux Relay
(MVAA11D1BA0803A)
MVAA Alstom FRD
(MVAA11D1BA0805A)
VTT GEC Static Time Delay
(VTT14YP5218AA)
Keadby MVAX Alstom PSSR1
Backup (MVAX12B1C0753A)
Protection
MVAJ Alstom TR2
(MVAJ25D1FB0775C)
MVAJ Alstom TR1
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
MCGG Alstom EFRIT EF
(MCGG22D1CB0753C)
Keadby MFAC Alstom Voltage
Feeder End (MFAC34F1AA9011A)
Protection
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAJ Alstom TR2
(MVAJ25D1F0775C)
MVAJ Alstom TR1
(MVAJ25D1F0773C)
st
Keadby 1 TR231 Reyrolle TR1
Main
TR231 Reyrolle TR2
AR101 Reyrolle TRAUX
P10 PPBB101
TR431 Reyrolle PSR + Key
B52 Reyrolle PSSR
TR512 Reyrolle USB
nd
Keadby 2 AR101 Reyrolle UMR
Main
DDB1 Reyrolle VMRTD
TR231 Reyrolle TR1
TR231 Reyrolle TR2
AR101 Reyrolle TRAUX
86
Micromho SHNB102
TR431 Reyrolle PSR + Key
B52 Reyrolle PSSR
TR512 Reyrolle USB
2nd Intertrip TR131 Reyrolle IRTR1
TR131 Reyrolle IRTR2
CTS Reyrolle
B52 Reyrolle PSSR
AR111 Reyrolle IRFR
1st Intertrip TR131 Reyrolle IRTR1
TR131 Reyrolle IRTR2
CTS Reyrolle
B52 Reyrolle PSSR
AR111 Reyrolle IRFR
OP Tripping
Keadby 1st MVAA Alstom DBI
(MVAA11B1CR0785B)
MVAJ Alstom A1, A2, OTRR (3
(MVAJ21DGB0777B) relays)
MVAX Alstom TSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ07D1AA0751A)
MVAA Alstom OTRFR
(MVAA11B1BA0786C)
MVAJ Alstom OTRTR
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
Keadby 2nd MVAA Alstom DBI
(MVAA11B1CR0785B)
MVAJ Alstom A1, A2 (2 relays)
(MVAJ21DGB0777B)
MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ07D1AA0751A)
MVAA Alstom OTRFR
(MVAA11B1BA0786C)
MVAJ Alstom OTRTR
(MVAJ25D1FB0773C)
87
Grimsby West – South Humber Bank Circuit.
The relays are identical to the Keadby circuit relays with the following exceptions:

1st Main REL 561 ABB Plus associated relays
2nd Main REZ 1 ABB Plus associated relays
2nd Intertrip Unknown ABB ABB relays
88
Circuit Selection.
circuits at Grimsby West 400kV Substation, and thus only a sample will be taken to
be examined in depth. Therefore only Mesh Corner 1 (with mention of the Keadby
Feeder) will be discussed.
89
Mesh Corner 1 and Keadby Feeder Circuit.
The main reason for the selection of this circuit is not only the fact that the feeder
links to another substation examined in this project, but to also discuss the mesh
corner protection.
The feeder itself is quite unremarkable – in fact examination of the Keadby – Grimsby
West Circuit above shows that the settings are exactly the same and thus discussion
here will be limited to the mesh corner protection.
The idea behind Mesh Corner substations was to allow flexibility in circuit selection
and at the same time reduce the cost of the primary plant (the increase in the number
of protection relays goes no way to offset the lower cost of the switchgear). In
comparison to a double busbar station, the cost would be over half (but still a
significant saving). This has rung somewhat true, but brings on a greater risk to the
switchgear as more operations are required to switch circuits out and prevent large
scale losses in the event of a fault. A fault on a feeder would result in local and remote
breakers tripping in a double busbar substation, but on a mesh corner, there would be
operation of up to four circuit breakers (two mesh breakers, remote end breaker, LV
transformer breaker) before isolation of the faulted circuit can take place and the
circuit breakers closed to restore system integrity. Thus the switchgear must be
reliable. This leads to a greater focus on the protection ‘getting it right’ and making
sure that the right piece of switchgear operates at the right time – it would be quite
easy for something to go wrong and end up opening most if not all of the substation
should a breaker fail or the timing be off. A fully working, reliable mesh corner
substation however, more than justifies the inherent limitations introduced.
Grimsby West, however, is not a full Mesh Corner substation but rather utilises two
Mesh Corners in a single switch method. All the switching that is required (obviously,
not including operational switching for maintenance purposes which is always done
either locally or remotely) is automatic, making the use of LFAA relays. One key
thing to note about Mesh Corners is the CT positioning – the areas set up by the CTs
for protection and switching purposes overlap so no piece of switchgear or circuit lies
unprotected. This is incredibly important when considering a full 4-corner mesh
substation, like Aldwarke 275kV.
The settings for the LFAA relays are confusing and therefore will not be reproduced
or discussed here – but may be included in an addendum to another part of the project.
Instead, included in Appendix D is the technical guidance notes TGN 104 and TGN
119, which deal with LFAA relays and mesh corner substations.
90
Aldwarke 275kV Substation
Overview
Aldwarke 275kV substation is situated near Rotherham next to the river Don on the
site of a Corus steel works. The most notable features of the substation is that it
supplies the steel works via 5 transformers (this is due to the nature of the steel works
requirement for a supply – even though it is at a relatively low voltage (33kV) there is
extensive protection on both sides due to the nature of their waveform as they use arc
furnaces). There are two feeders out of the substation – to Brinsworth and West
Melton as part of the Sheffield ring – a very important section of the National Grid
system as there is much industry in the area. The surrounding area is principally
industrial, with the steel works and other fabrication industries locally. There are a
couple of retail parks a short distance away and a recreational field on the opposite
bank of the river. Appendix A shows a location map for the substation.
The switchgear is mainly older OCB types, and there are in use some different types
of isolators (these can be seen on the ops diagram in Appendix B) – these differ from
the centre rotating post type in that there are two arms that swing together to complete
the circuit.
The following table shows the circuits at Aldwarke 275kV substation with some
commissioning details (limited, as the data was unavailable):

and Supporting Details
SGT1A 1970 – Maintenance details – this is the
earliest record on site.
SGT1B 1978 – CT Mag Curve test
SGT2 Unknown
SGT3 Unknown
SGT4 Unknown
Aldwarke – West Melton Unknown
Aldwarke – Brinsworth Unknown
Mesh Corner 1 1970 – This must have been here for
SGT1A
Mesh Corner 2 As SGT1B
Mesh Corner 3 Unknown
Mesh Corner 4 Unknown
Other Items of Interest Approximate date of Commissioning
DAR October 2003 – DAR design intent
document.
The dates are not at all accurate, as commissioning records were unavailable on site.
However, the site must have been around prior to 1970, given the equipment present
and the age of the Corus Steel Factory. The following tables show the inventory of the
protection relays at Aldwarke 275kV substation:
91
Aldwarke – West Melton.
The following list shows the relays in use on the Aldwarke – West Melton circuit at
Aldwarke 275kV substation:
Rack Name Relay Type Manufacturer Notes

1st Main MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1AA0783A)
MVAJ Alstom TR2, TR1 (2 relays)
(MVAJ25D1FB0773B)
Microphase FM Migrated to Energis
MVAJ Alstom USB
(MVAJ21D1BA0754A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MMLZ Alstom PIO
(MMLZ03B1AA0001A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0754A)
1st Intertrip MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ07D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAW Alstom I/T TRIP
(MVAW02H1NB0753A)
2nd Intertrip MMLZ Alstom CTS
(MMLZ07D1AA0751A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAW Alstom I/T TRIP
(MVAW02H1NB0753A)
2nd Main MVAG Alstom VMR
(MVAG11BA5A0751B)
MVTT Alstom VMRTD
(MVTT14B1BA0772B)
MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1AA0783A)
MVAJ Alstom TR1, TR2 (2 relays)
(MVAJ25D1FB0773B)
Micromho SHNB102
MVAJ Alstom USB
(MVAJ21D1BA0754A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MMLZ Alstom PIO
(MMLZ03B1AA0001A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0754A)
Feeder End FGL Reyrolle CC Protection 3 Phase
92
VTT (11ZR2043C) GEC Static Time Delay
FLD Reyrolle Tripping
B52 Reyrolle Feeder End Supply
Supervision Fail
CF2 Reyrolle Phases Unbalanced
Backup CDG (31FP1512JJ5) GEC 2 Phase + EF O/C
VAJ (X12SP1103D) GEC Tripping
VAX (12AP1B) GEC DC Supply Supervision
Fail
FSL Overload Alarm Relay
93
SGT 4 (SGT3 and CB S30).
The following list shows the protection relays on the SGT 4 circuit, the SGT3 circuit
and Mesh Breaker S30:

SGT4 CDG (SPEC3FP1204G) GEC 2 Stage O/C (3 phase)
CAG (39AP3A5) GEC High Set O/C Main (3
phase)
CAG (39AP3A5) GEC High Set O/C 2nd (3
phase)
CAA (SPEC23BP163A) GEC Buchholz and Aux.
Buchholz.
FAC (14AP111A5) GEC HV REF
2DAB Current Check Reyrolle Tap Changer Diverter
Monitor
AR111 Reyrolle Tap Changer Diverter
Monitor Fault
CAA (11YP3604CB) GEC Winding Temperature
VAJ (X12SP2241HA) GEC Tripping (2 relays)
CB S30 C (Interposing) GEC Trip Circuit Supervision
CDG (31FP284BF) GEC 2 Phase + EF O/C
VAJ (X12SP2241HA) GEC Tripping
SGT3 CDG (SPEC3FP1204G) GEC 3 Phase Overcurrent
(Inverse)
VAT (SPEC14AP149T) GEC Definite Time O/C
Stage 2
CAA (33BP20B) GEC Main and Aux.
Buchholz
FAC Circulating Current
Differential Relay
CAG (39AP11A) GEC Inst. O/C (High Set O/C
1) 3 Phase.
CAA (11YP3604CB) GEC Auxiliary
VAJ (X12SP132H) GEC Tripping (2 relays)
CAG (39AP18A5) GEC 3 Phase High Set O/C 1
94
Aldwarke – Brinsworth.
The following list shows the protection relays on the Aldwarke – Brinsworth circuit:

1st Main P10 PPBB101
MVAA Alstom PSR AX + BX
(MVAA21B1AA0557A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAA Alstom USB1
(MVAA16B1AA0763A)
MVAJ Alstom TR2 + TR1 (2 relays)
(MVAJ24D1FB0773B)
MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1EL0783A)
1st Intertrip MVAJ Alstom IRTR1 + 2 (2 relays)
(MVAJ14D1GB0771A)
MVAA Alstom IRFR
(MVAA11B1BL0753A)
CTS Channel Test
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
Bover Box (unknown) ABB Unknown purpose
2nd Intertrip MVAJ Alstom IRTR 1 + 2 (2 relays)
(MVAJ14D1GB0771A)
MVAA Alstom IRFR
(MVAA11B1B20753A)
CTS Channel Test
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
2nd Main MVTT Alstom VTFTD
(MVTT14B1BA0764A)
MVAA Alstom VTFF
(MVAA11B1BA0782A)
MVAA Alstom DARLO
(MVAA11B1BA0782A)
THR Distance Protection
MVAA Alstom PSR AX + BX
(MVAA21B1AA0557A)
MVAJ Alstom PSR
(MVAJ34D1DB0755A)
MVAX Alstom PSSR
(MVAX12B1CA0753A)
MVAJ Alstom TR2 + TR1 (2 relays)
(MVAJ24D1FB0773B)
95
MVAA Alstom TRAUX
(MVAA11B1E20783A)
Backup CDG (16AP0008A5) GEC EF
VAJ (X12SP1103D) GEC TRIPPING
VAX (12AP1B) GEC DC Supply Fail
F52 Reyrolle Overload Alarm Relay
Feeder End FGL Reyrolle Circulating Current (3
Protection phase)
VTT (11ZR2043C) GEC Static Time Delay
LTC3 Tripping relay
B52 Reyrolle DC Supply Fail
CF2 Phases Unbalanced
96
Mesh Corner 3 and CB S20.
The following list shows the protection relays on the Mesh Corner 3 circuit and Mesh
Breaker S20:

Mesh Corner FAC (34PP101A5) GEC MC3 CC1
3
FAC (34PP101A5) GEC MC3 CC2
VAJ (X12SP133H) GEC Tripping 1
VAJ (X12SP1101D) GEC Tripping 2
MVAA Alstom Unmarked
(MVAA11B1BA0531A)
VAX (12AP1B) GEC BB Prot’n DC Supply
Fail Zone 3 (2 relays)
VTT (31AP5B5) GEC BB Supervisory
VTT (11NR35A) GEC Static Time Delay
CB S20 CDG (31FP2844B5) GEC 2 Phase + EF O/C
VAJ (X12SP2241DA) GEC Tripping
VAX (31BP2022B) GEC Trip Circuit Supervision
VAX (31BP22B) GEC J
97
Mesh Corner 2, SGT 2 and CB S10.
The following list shows the protection relays on the Mesh Corner 2 circuit, SGT 2
and Mesh Breaker S20 circuits:

Mesh Corner FV2 3 Phase Protection
2 Relay
FGL Circulating Current
VAJ (X12SP2241DA) GEC Tripping (2 relays)
VAX (12NR1B) GEC DC Supply Supervision
(2 relays)
VTX (31AP2005B5) GEC Busbar Supervisory
VTT (11NG2037A) GEC Trip Reset Timer (10s)
VTT (11NR2035A) GEC Trip Reset Timer (70s)
MVAA Alstom Unmarked
(MVAA11B1BA0531A)
SGT2 CAG (69DP2004A5) GEC Inst. O/C (2 relays)
PBO 3 phase O/C relay
FGL REF
CAG (39AF3A5) GEC Inst. O/C
F2 Reyrolle Main + Aux. Buchholz
AKA2 Stage 2 Timer
VAJ (X12SP2241DA) GEC Tripping 1 + 2 (2 relays)
98
Mesh Corner 1, SGT 1A and CB S10.
The following list shows the protection relays on the Mesh Corner 1, SGT 1A and
Mesh Breaker S10 circuits:

CB S10 CDG (31FP2844B5) GEC 2 Phase O/C + EF
(2 relays)
MC 1 FV2 MC Protection Relay
FGL Circulating Current
Protection (3 phase)
VAJ (X12SP2241DA) GEC Tripping (2 relays)
(2 relays)
VTT (11NG2037A) GEC Trip Reset Timer (10s)
VTT (11NR2035A) GEC Trip Reset Timer (70s)
MVAA Alstom TRROR
(MVAA11B1BA0531A)
SGT1A PBO O/C Relay (3 Phase)
AKA Time Lag Relay
FGL REF
FGL O/C Relay (3 Phase)
CAG (39AP18A) GEC Inst. O/C
2DAB Reyrolle Tap Changer Diverter
Monitor
AR111 Reyrolle Tap Changer Diverter
Monitor Fault
VAJ (X12SP184H) GEC Tripping
FSL High Set O/C (3 Phase)
LTC2 Tripping (2 relays)
99
Mesh Corner 4, SGT 1B and CB S40.
The following list shows the protection relays on the Mesh Corner 4 circuit, SGT 1B
and Mesh Breaker S40 circuits:

SGT1A CAG (69DP2004A5) GEC O/C Guard and High Set
O/C 1
PBO O/C Relay (3 Phase)
FGL REF
CAG (39AP18A) GEC High Set O/C 2
F2 Reyrolle Main + Aux. Buchholz
AKA2 Time Lag Relay
VAJ (X12SF2241DA) GEC Tripping (2 relays)
CB S40 CDG (31FP2844B5) GEC 2 Phase O/C + EF
(2 relays)
MC4 FAC (34PP101A5) GEC CC1 (3 Phase)
FAC (34PP1A5) GEC CC2 (3 Phase)
VAJ (X12SP133H) GEC Tripping
VAJ (X12SP1101D) GEC Tripping
MVAA Alstom Unmarked (3 relays)
(MVAA11B1BA0531A)
VAX (12AP1B) GEC J
VAX (12AP1B) GEC DC Supply Fail
MVTT Alstom TD10
(MVTT14J1NC0751E)
VTT (11NR35A) GEC Static Time Delay
100
CB Fail and Auto Switching.
The following relays are with regard to CB Fail protection and the Auto switching
relays, which are housed separately from the other circuits.

S10 through CTIG (68D6SA5C)
S40 all the
same
VTT (43D45A1A)
MC1 through VAJ (11BP2241DA) GEC BFTR
MC4 all the
same
VAJ (Z13AP2241AA) GEC Tripping
VAX (12NR1B) GEC Trip Relay Reset DC
Supply Supervision
Mesh Auto MVAA Alstom IP 1, 2, 3 (3 relays, but
Switching (MVAAJ1JA0851C) only IP3 for MC1,
SGT1B)
D25 GEC Switching relay (black
box)
XR309 Reyrolle FRD (Not on MC1 or 2)
101
Circuit Selection.
circuits at Aldwarke 275kV Substation, and thus only a sample will be taken to be
examined in depth. Therefore only Mesh Corner protection will be discussed.
102
Aldwarke 275kV Substation and Mesh Corner Protection.
As previously mentioned, Mesh Corner Substations provide the same flexibility as

Double Busbar Substations but use approximately half of the switchgear. This leads to
a compact substation with the trade-off of a very complex protection system that
replaces busbar protection (although in some ways it could be considered analogous
to it).
The key, as mentioned previously, is that the CTs set up zones of protection between
them, using buswires and auxiliary switches to ensure that the right CT is part of the
right zone (no need for a feeder CT to be part of the zone if the feeder breaker is open
for example) and the inputs feed directly into circulating current relays which can
then determine, using the Merz-Price principle (an extension of Kirchhoff’s laws) to
determine whether or not an operation is required. Auxiliary switches on plant
(isolators and/or circuit breakers) dictate which CTs would be forming which zone
with which other CTs dependent on which circuits are in use. This would appear on
face value to be quite complex, but given the point that the zones must overlap, the
arrangements of the CTs are limited.
From there, the DC circuits determine which breakers must operate and from there
which isolators must operate to switch the (now dead) circuit out before automatically
reclosing the breakers on to a (now healthy) circuit and allowing things to proceed
normally. The DC circuits also determine if other schemes (ferroresonance etc.) need
to be energised for operation and a glance at the settings shows quite clearly how this
works for a given mesh corner (in this case, the mesh corner is number 3).
Intertripping is controlled (as in most cases) by the isolators – if the isolator is open,
intertripping is blocked as there is no need for an intertrip to be sent to the remote end
if the local line isolator is open – the circuit must be out for that isolator to be open.
The following table shows a summary of the settings for mesh corner protection for
Mesh Corner 3 (and could be assumed to be the same or at least similar to the other
corners):

Mesh Corner FAC34 175V, Resistance = Voltage operated
Protection 1 144 Ohms (this relay – wired
equals across the CT
approximately wiring not with the
1.22A) CT wiring.
Mesh Corner FAC34 As above As above.
Protection 2
National Grid tends not to use voltage-operated relays in new installations, but older
substations like Aldwarke may have them installed.
103
Conclusions/other comments.
A time constraint has prevented an in depth look at two of the three substations
mentioned and this is disappointing, as there is a wealth of information regarding
protection and a lot can be learned simply by observing the drawings and performing
maintenance on the various circuits. This project was designed to be simply
background information to some of the circuits at the three substations examined.
Having spent a lot of time at Keadby 400kV substation, the information was relatively
easy to come by, whereas information at Grimsby West and Aldwarke was simply
missing. Given more time, this information may have been found and in the event the
opportunity arises to do so, an additional document will be created and submitted.
The basic ideas of protection revolve principally around conservation of energy and
Ohm’s law (on one hand ‘what goes in must come out’ and on the other V = IZ) and
this has not changed since the early days of the National Grid. Perhaps future
developments may use the developing technology of today (such as Nanotechnology
– ‘the substation in the box’) or make use of 20th and 21st century physics (like the
previously mentioned charge idea coupled with Quantum theory to make even quicker
operation of equipment).
Equations and extensive theory were omitted, as it is perceived that future stages of
the project will find it more relevant to use. This stage of the project should be treated
as an in-depth qualitative overview. Telecoms and to an extent, intertripping have also
been omitted, as a future stage should examine these more closely anyway – thus the
Check Sync and Dead Line charging will feature in another part of the project as these
were seen superfluous.
104
References.
Course Notes: P10, SHNB, Microphase, LFCB all from KeFax training courses
REL561 Manual, ABB
THR Distance Protection Manual, Reyrolle
Network Protection and Automation Guide, Areva T&D
Concepts of Modern Physics, Beiser (McGraw-Hill)
Keadby 400kV Feeder Circuit Protection System, Siemens
www.wikipedia.org.
Ground Distance Relaying Paper, Alexander and Andrichak.
National Grid Intranet for Relay Settings, Drawings etc.
105
Acknowledgements.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank a number of people who have provided
valuable assistance towards completing this project:
My Mentor, Tony Beck, who suggested the three substations done and answered
many questions during the project.
My Delivery Engineer, Andy Howcroft, who allowed me to compare projects ‘to keep
me on the right track’ and who provided answers to difficult questions.
Paul Wright, who also provided answers to difficult questions pertaining particularly
to the protection systems in use at Keadby 400kV and Busbar protection.
The whole of the NE2 Keadby team for providing answers to questions, providing
much insight into the history of Keadby 400kV and Grimsby 400kV.
Keith Way at Warwick, for assistance with EDDIS.
John Wilsher and Peter Smith, for their assistance in answering questions and for
having the time and patience to read this!
The IS Team, Alan Apsey and Shaun Hughes for assisting me with Livelink access.
Areva T&D, VATech (and Siemens) for sending a catalogue of their products
including technical specifications on all their protective relays and systems.
Disclaimer:
I declare that this work is completely my own, with references clearly defined where
necessary. Any other similar works unreferenced within are coincidental.
106

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Protection Project

North East 2 / Keadby Team

For each substation mentioned, the aim of this project is to:

• Describe the substation, noting any unusual features about the

This project will include a multitude of sources of information, which will be

To put a number on the importance of Keadby in terms of generation – if every power

The circuits at the substation are listed on the next page:

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Busbar F14E Reyrolle Busbar Protection Trip

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

VTT11ZR2056C English Persistent Intertrip

MVAA Alstom PSFR

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

Rack Name Type Manufacturer Notes

The following circuits (with reasons) will be examined more thoroughly:

Keadby – Cottam 2 since there is a Quadrature Booster on that circuit.

Finally, Keadby – Creyke Beck – Killingholme Circuit as it is a Teed Circuit. This

Each circuit chosen will be examined separately.

REL561 is a Line Differential Protection, manufactured by ABB and can be used in

In addition to this, the basic function of REL561 also covers Supervision, CT

In summary, therefore, we have a Current Differential Protection, with constant

Current Differential Protection and REL561

We can relate the operation of the protection to the Circuit Diagrams:

The settings for REL561 are explained below:

Name Value Notes

Typically, distance protection operates over three zones in a consecutive manner

By it’s definition; THR (manufactured by Reyrolle) is not a unit protection.

From drawing 872.02/106/sheet 5, it can be demonstrated how the protection works if

The communications work in a similar way to intertripping, except the signal is to

However, Ferroresonance is further distinguished by the following:

Fortunately, ferroresonance can be taken care of by design:

Upon operation of the Ferroresonance protection, the Circuit Breaker and

The settings for this scheme are as follows:

Relay Function Relay Type Setting Notes

The settings for this scheme are shown below:

Relay Function Relay Type Settings Notes

Circuit Breaker Fail Scheme (and Earth Fault Check Scheme).

The settings for this scheme are below:

Relay Function Relay Type Setting Notes

HV Differential Overcurrent Protection Scheme.

It should be mentioned what is meant by Inverse Definite Minimum Time at this

Where there is a minimum time there is an override of the curve – if there is a

The settings for this scheme are shown below:

Relay Function Relay Type Setting Notes

The settings for the Backup Scheme are as follows:

Relay Function Relay Type Settings Notes

E/F rating = 1A 1A Relay

Phases Unbalanced and Overload Scheme.

Busbar Protection Scheme.

Quadrature Booster Protection.

Quadrature Booster Overall Protection.