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NAME: Trevous Mawuzhendi

STUDENT NO: N0164999F

COURSE TITLE: Hydrometallurgy

COURSE CODE: EMR 3201


  1. Preparing a 1.0 M HCL solution in 1000ml with 32% HCl concentration and a density of 1.16
g/cm^-3.

Start with 1000 mL (one liter) of HCl

1000 mL HCl x 1.16 g/mL = 1160 grams of which 32% is HCl

0.32 X 1160 = 371.2 grams of HCl in 1000 mL of the solution.

371.2 / 36.46 = 10.18 moles/ 1000 mL that means that the solution is 10.18 Molar.

Now you can use the equation

M1 x V1 = M2 x V2

X L x 10.18 M = 1 L x 1 M

X = (1 x 1)/10.18 = 98.2 mL

So therefore, use a volume of 98.2ml of HCI.

2.
3. a. Heap leaching

Heap leaching is an industrial mining process of separating precious metals, copper, and other
minerals, from ores. The soil on a slightly sloping ground is first compacted and then covered with an
impermeable pad like an asphalt layer or a flexible plastic sheet. Crushed ore is stacked in big heaps
on the pad. Fine particles are agglomerated to increase permeability. The heap is sprayed with
leaching reagent. As the reagent percolates through the heap the wanted metals are solubilized. The
leachate (metal containing solution) drained from the heap is collected in a pond and the solution is
subsequently sent for metal recovery.

b. In-situ leaching

In-situ leaching means that the metal values are leached directly from the ore without excavating the
ore prior to leaching. Leaching reagents that dissolve the desired metals are pumped into the deposit
through injection wells. The leachate is collected in a central underground dump or wells and later
pumped to the surface through recovery wells for further processing aboveground. Permeability of
the ore body is important and if the ore does not have sufficient natural porosity it has to be
fractured by explosives so that the injected solution may flow through the deposit. Ores suitable for
in-situ leaching are usually located below the aquifer and the technique has been used to extract
copper, uranium and soluble salts like halite, potash, boron and magnesium minerals.

c. The advantages and disadvantages of bioleaching

advantages disadvantages
The process is more environmentally friendly than Toxic chemicals are sometimes produced in the
traditional extraction methods. process.

Bioleaching is simpler, cheaper to operate and Unlike other methods, once started, bioleaching
maintain. cannot be quickly stopped.

Bioleaching if used for all processing could The bacterial leaching process is very slow.
drastically reduce the amount of greenhouse gases
in our atmosphere.

Bioleaching can be used extract metals from ores That the heat created from the dissolving process
that are too poor for other technologies can kill the bacteria.
d. Bacterial leaching

Bioleaching is leaching where the extraction of metal from solid minerals into a solution is facilitated
by the metabolism of certain microbes - bioleaching microbes. It is a process described as the use of
microorganisms to transform elements so that the elements can be extracted from a material when
water is filtered through it. Bioleaching involves abiotic (physical) and biotic (biological) reactions,
often with different physicochemical requirements. Indirect bioleaching is a way of satisfying the
requirements independently by separating the biotic and abiotic reactions. In direct bioleaching the
challenge is to select microbes whose living conditions are as close to the optimal conditions of the
abiotic leaching reactions as possible.

Microbial media is a growth medium used to grow bacteria which contains everything bacteria need
to grow outside the body and under laboratory conditions.

Bacteria: thiobacillus thiooxidans, bacterial medium: inorganic compounds with high content of
Sulphur to use Sulphur as a source of energy. pH around 2.8 and optimum temperature of 28-30 °C

e. Bioleaching of zinc sulfides ores


4. a. Two main steps take place during the ion exchange

b. Selection of metal ions using Dewex 50 as an ion exchanger

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