Question: Arrange them in increasing or decreasing order

according to characteristics
1. Decreasing ionic size Mg2+, O2–, Na+, F–
2. Increasing acidic property ZnO, Na2O2, P2O5, MgO
3. Increasing first ionization potential Mg, Al, Si, Na
4. Increasing bond length F2, N2, Cl2, O2
5. Increasing size Cl–, S2–, Ca2+, Ar
6. Increasing acid strength HClO3, HClO4, HClO2, HClO
7. Increasing bond strength HCl, HBr, HF, HI
8. Increasing oxidation number of iodine I2, HI, HIO4, ICl
9. Increasing thermal stability HOCl, HOClO2, HOClO3, HOClO
10. Increasing bond enthalpy N2, O2, F2, Cl2
11. Increasing acidic character CO2, N2O5, SiO2, SO3
12. Increasing ionic size N3–, Na+, F–, O2–, Mg2+
13. Increasing basic character MgO, SrO, K2O, NiO, Sc2O
14. Increasing extent of hydrolysis CCl4, MgCl2, AlCl3, PCl5, SiCl4
15. Increasing strength of hydrogen bonding O, S, F, Cl, N
(H···H – X)
16. Increasing ionic radii in water Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
17. Increasing molar conductivity in water Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
18. Increasing reactivity with water Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
19. Increasing reactivity with hydrogen Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
20. Increasing melting point Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
21. Increasing basic nature of hydroxides LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
22. Increasing thermal stability of hydroxides LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
23. Increasing covalent character LiCl, LiBr, LiI

12.1
 Inorganic for Doctors
24. Increasing ionic character CaCl2, BeCl2, MgCl2, BaCl2, SrCl2
25. Increasing solubility BeCO3, MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3
26. Increasing solubility BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, BaF2
27. Increasing solubility Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
28. Increasing basicity Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
29. Increasing hydration of ions Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
30. Increasing reactivity with water Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
31. Increasing reactivity towards air Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
32. Increasing solubility BeSO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4
33. Increasing ionic character BCl3, AlCl3, GaCl3
34. Increasing strength of Lewis acid BF3, BCl3, BBr3
35. Increasing strength of Lewis acid AlCl3, GaCl3, InCl3
36. Increasing reducing power GeCl2, SnCl2, PbCl2
37. Increasing oxidizing power GeCl2, SnCl2, PbCl2
38. Increasing number of hybrid orbitals of C, Si, Sn
39. Increasing basic character NH3, AsH3, SbH3, PH3
40. Increasing thermal stability NH3, AsH3, SbH3, PH3
41. Increasing acidic strength HNO3, H3PO4, H3AsO4, H3SbO4
42. Increasing solubility in water HNO3, H3PO4, H3AsO4, H3SbO4
43. Increasing order of +5 oxidation state N, P, As, Sb and Bi
44. Increasing extent of hydrolysis NCl3, PCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3, BiCl3
45. Increasing stability of hydrides H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
46. Increasing poisonous nature H2S, H2Se, H2Te, H2Po
47. Increasing acidic strength H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
48. Increasing strength of oxoacids H2SO3, H2SeO3, H2TeO3
49. Increasing stability of oxoacids H2SO3, H2SeO3, H2TeO3
50. Increasing stability of oxoacids H2SO4, H2SeO4, H2TeO4
51. Increasing electron affinity F, Cl, Br, I
52. Increasing reducing power HF, HCl, HBr, HI
53. Increasing affinity for hydrogen F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
54. Increasing acidity HF, HCl, HBr, HI
55. Increasing melting point HF, HCl, HBr, HI
56. Increasing boiling point HF, HCl, HBr, HI
57. Increasing stability HFO3, HClO3, HBrO3, HIO3
58. Increasing covalent character TiCl2, TiCl3, TiCl4

12.2
59. Increasing magnetic moment Ti3+, Ni2+, Cr2+, Co2+, Zn2+
60. Increasing ionic character VCl2, VCl3, VCl4
61. Increasing electropositivity Fe, Na, Cu, Li
62. Increasing density Fe, Pb, Al, Au
63. Increasing basic characteristics Li2O, BeO, B2O3, CO2
64. Increasing electronegativity As, P, S, Cl
65. Increasing ionization energy N, O, F
66. Increasing atomic size S, O, Se, C
67. Increasing acidity HOCl, HOBr, HOI
68. Increasing density H2S, O2, CO2, NH3, H2
69. Increasing thermal stability HF, HCl, HBr, HI
70. Increasing bond enthalpy N2, O2, F2,Cl2
71. Increasing melting point CaF2, CaCl2, CaBr2, CaI2
72. Increasing oxidizing power O, S, Se, Te
73. Increasing oxidizing power F, Cl, Br, I
74. Increasing size B, Be, Li, Na
75. Increasing single bond strength N—N, O—O, F—F
76. Increasing stability of hydrides LiH, NaH, KH, CsH
77. Increasing pH of aqueous solution LiCl, BeCl2, MgCl2, AlCl3
78. Increasing acidic oxide Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, P4O10
79. Increasing basicity F–, Cl–, Br–, I–
80. Increasing basic strength F–, OH–, NH2–, CH3–
81. Increasing boiling point NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3
82. Increasing ionization energy B, C, N, O
83. Increasing thermal stability BeCO3, MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3
84. Increasing paramagnetism Ca, Al, N, O
85. Increasing ionic character LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr
86. Increasing hydration energy Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
87. Increasing bond angle NH3, PH3, AsH3
88. Increasing bond angle NF3, PH3, AsF3
89. Increasing bond angle H2O, H2S, H2Se
90. Increasing bond angle NF3, NCl3
91. Increasing bond angle NO2+, NO2, NO2–
92. Increasing bond angle NH3, NF3
93. Increasing bond angle PH3, PF3
94. Increasing electronegativity O+, O, O–

12.3
 Inorganic for Doctors
Answers

1. O2– > F– > Na+ >Mg2+

All the four species are isoelectronic (1s2 2s2 2p6). The number of positive charge
in the nucleus decreases in the 12Mg > 11Na > 9F > 8O. Hence O2– involved
minimum nucleus-electrons attraction and maximum electron-electron repul-
sion while Mg2+ involves maximum nucleus electrons attraction and minimum
electron-electron repulsion. These factors make the size of anion greater than
the corresponding neutral atom and that of cation lesser than the corresponding
atom.
2. Na2O2 < MgO < ZnO < P2O5
Oxides of electropositive elements are alkaline while those of electronegative ele-
ment are acidic. Alkaline property will increase with increase in electropositive
character of metal and acidic characteristics increase with increase in electron-
egative characteristics of nonmetals. Since the electro-negativity increases in the
order Na < Mg < Zn < P, the acidic character of oxide will also increase in the
same order.
3. Na < Al < Mg < Si
The electronic configuration of given elements are
2 2 6 1
11Na (1s) (2s) (2p) (3s)
2 2 6 2
12Mg (1s) (2s) (2p) (3s)
2 2 6 2 1
13Al (1s) (2s) (2p) (3s) (3p)
2 2 6 2 2
14Si (1s) (2s) (2p) (3s) (3p)
Aluminium will have lower ionization potential than magnesium as the removal
of one electron leads to the formation of stable completely filled orbital con-
figuration. So it is loosely held and can be removed more easily than to remove
electron from filled 3s orbital of magnesium atom.
4. N2 < O2 < F2 < Cl2
Nitrogen contains triple bond, oxygen contains double bond and fluorine and
chlorine contain a single bond each. Chlorine involves bonding of 3p orbitals
while fluorine involves 2p orbitals.
5. Ca2+ < Cl– < S2– < Ar
The given species are isoelectronic. The size of cation will be the smallest. The
mononegative anion will have smaller size than the dinegative anion. The size
of the noble gas Ar will be maximum.
6. HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
These acids are better represented as
Cl—OH, OCl—OH, O2Cl—OH, O3Cl—OH.
The larger the number of oxygen atoms attached to chlorine, greater the electron
pull towards oxygen, hence, more easy to remove hydrogen from the acid.
7. HI < HBr < HCl < HF
As the size of the halogen atom increase, the strength of HX bond decreases. Be-
sides this, decreasing percentage ionic character from HF to HI makes the bond
less stable.

12.4
8. HI < I2 < ICl < HIO4
The oxidation states of iodine in HI, I2, ICl and HIO4 are –1, 0 + 1 and +7,
respectively
9. HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3
The stability is explained by the increasing number of electrons involved in the
formation of s and p bonds in going from HOcl to HOClO3. In ClO4– ion all the
valence orbtials and electrons of chlorine are involved in the formation bonds.
10. F2 < Cl2 < O2 < N2
N2 involves a triple bond, O2 involves a double bond, F2 and Cl2 involve a single
bond, each F2 has a lower bond enthalpy than Cl2. This is due to more repul-
sion of nonbonding electrons in F2. Besides this, there is a possibility of multiple
bonding in Cl2 involving d orbitals.
11. SiO2 < CO2 < N2O5 < SO3
Increasing electronegativity of an element makes its oxide more acidic.
12. Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2–
13. NiO < MgO < SrO < K2O < Cs2O
Increasing electropositive nature of the element makes its oxide more basic.
14. CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5
In covalent halides, hydrolysis occurs as a result of coordination of a water mol-
ecule to the less electronegative element. CCl4 does not undergo hydrolysis as
carbon cannot expand its octet to accommodate water molecule.
15. S < Cl < N < O < F
The negative charge on X in HX increases with increasing electronegative of X.
This makes the hydrogen bonding more strong.
16. Cs+ < Rb+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+
The ions in a solution are present as hydrated ions. The smaller the size of the
on, the greater the extent of hydration. So the size of hydrated ions becomes
larger for smaller sized ion and vice versa.
17. Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+
Li+ ion being heavily hydrated has the lowest mobility and Cs+ ion being less
hydrated has the highest mobility.
18. Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
The reactivity increases on descending the group 1.
19. Cs < Rb < K < Na < Li.
The ease of formation of hydrides decreases on descending the group 1.
20. Cs < Rb < K < Na < Li.
The melting (or boiling) point decreases on descending the group.
21. LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
The basic nature of hydroxides of elements of Group I increases on descending
the group.
12.5
 Inorganic for Doctors
22. LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
Thermal stability of hydroxides increases on descending the group.
23. LiCl < LiBr < LiI
The smaller sized Li+ ions polarizes the larger anion more predominantly giving
larger covalent character.
24. BeCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2 < BaCl2 < SrCl2
25. BaCO3 < CaCO3 < MgCO3 < BeCO3
On moving down the group, the lattice energies of carbonates do not decrease
much while the degree of hydration of the metal ions increases significantly lead-
ing to decreased solubility.
26. BeF2 < MgF2 < CaF2 < BaF2
Lattice energy variation is more dominating than the variation in hydration en-
ergy.
27. Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
28. Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
29. Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Be2+
The extent of hydration of ion decreases with increase in ionic size.
30. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba
The reaction of alkaline-earth metals become increasingly vigorous with increas-
ing atomic number.
31. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba
32. BaSO4 < SrSO4 < CaSO4 < MgSO4 < BeSO4
Hydration of ion plays a dominating role as compared to lattice energy.
33. BCl3 < AlCl3 < GaCl3
Increase in the electropositive of element increases its ionic character.
34. BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3
Besides s bond between boron and halogen atoms, there exist additional pp-pp
bond between the two atoms resulting from back-donation of electrons from
fluorine to boron (back bonding).
The tendency to form pp-pp bond is maximum in BF3(2pp-2pp back bonding)
and falls rapidly on passing to BCl3 (2pp-3pp back bonding) and BBr3 (3pp-4pp
back bonding). The tendency to accept electron pair, therefore, increases from
BF3 to BBr3.
35. InCl3 < GaCl3 < AlCl3
With increase in size of element of Group 13, the tendency to accept electron
pair is decreased.
36. PbCl2 < SnCl2 < GeCl2.
The stability of element in +II oxidation state increases on ascending the group
14. This is due to inert-pair effect.

12.6
37. GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4.
The stability of element in +IV oxidation state decreases on ascending the Group
14. This is due to inert pair effect.
38. Sn < Si < C
The number of hybrid orbitals and ease with which these are formed decreases
from carbon to lead.
39. SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3
The decrease in electronegativity and increase in size of element cause the decrease
in tendency to accept proton.
40. SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3 < NH3
41. H3SbO4 < H3AsO4 < H3AsO3 < HNO3
42. H3SbO4 < H3AsO4 < H3AsO3 < HNO3
43. Bi < Sb < As < P < N
44. NCl3 < PCl3 < AsCl3 < SbCl3 < BiCl3
45. H2Te < H2Se < H2S < H2O
46. H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2Po
47. H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
Larger the size of X (=O, S, Se, Te) weaker its bonds with hydrogen and more
easily H+ gets lost in aqueous solution.
48. H2TeO3 < H2SeO3 < H2SO3
Decreasing size and increasing electronegativity from Te to S withdraws electrons
from O—H bond towards itself, thus, facilitating the release of proton.
49. H2TeO3 < H2SeO3 < H2SO3
50. H2TeO4 < H2SeO4 < H2SO4
51. Cl > F > Br > I
52. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
53. I2 < Br2< Cl2 < F2
54. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
55. HCl < HBr < HF < HI
Anomalous behaviour of HF is due to hydrogen bonding.
56. HCl < HBr < HI < HF
Anomalous behaviour of HF is due to hydrogen bonding.
57. HFO3 < HClO3 < HBrO3 < HIO3
Ions of these acids are stabilized due to strong pp-pp bonding between full 2p
orbital on oxygen and empty orbitals on the halogen atom. Fluorine has no d
orbitals and cannot form pp-dp bonds. Thus oxoacids of fluorine are not known.
12.7
 Inorganic for Doctors
58. TiCl2 < TiCl3 < TiCl4

Increasing oxidation state of Ti increases charge density on the metal leading

to increase in the polarization of the anionic charge cloud and thus covalency
increases.
59. Zn2+ < Ti3+ < Ni2+ < Co2+ < Cr2+
Increasing number of unpaired electrons increases magnetic moment. The number
of unpaired electrons in the given species are as follows.
Ti3+ one, Ni2+ two, Co2+ three, Cr2+ four and Zn2+ zero.
60. VCl4 < VCl3 < VCl2
Decreasing oxidation state of element increases the ionic character.
61. Hg < Cu < Na < Li
62. Al < Fe < Pb < Au
63. CO2 < B2O3 < BeO < Li2O
64. As < P < S < Cl
65. O < N < F
66. O < C < S < Se
67. HOI < HOBr < HOCl
68. H­2 < NH3 < O2 < H2S < CO2
Increasing molecular mass increases the density.
69. HI < HBr < HCl < HF
70. F2 < Cl2 < O2 < N2
71. CaI2 < CaBr2 < CaCl2 < CaF2
72. Te < Se < S < O
73. I < Br < Cl < F
74. B < Be < Li < Na
75. N—N < O—O < F—F
76. CsH < KH < NaH < LiH
77. LiCl > MgCl2 > BeCl2 > AlCl3
Hydrolysis of cations depends on two factors; larger charge and smaller size favour
more hydrolysis, hence more free H+ (i.e. lesser pH).
78. MgO < Al2O3 < SiO2 < P4O10
79. I– < Br– < Cl– < F–
Stronger the acid, weaker is the conjugate base.
80. F– < OH– < NH2– < CH3–
More electronegative the atom, lesser its tendency to give a lone pair of electrons.
81. PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3
Boiling point increases with increase of molecular mass with the exception of
NH3 which exhibits hydrogen bonding.

12.8
82. B < C < O < N
Nitrogen has extra stability due to half-filled p orbitals.
83. BeCO3 < MgCO3 < CaCO3 < BaCO3
Increasing size of cation decreases its polarizing ability towards carbonate making
the compound more stable.
84. Ca < Al < O < N
Paramagnetism increases with increase of number of unpaired electrons.
85. LiBr < NaBr < KBr < RbBr < CsBr
The larger the difference between the electro-negativities, greater the ionic character.
86. Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Be2+
The smaller the size, more the hydration energy.
87. AsH3 < PH3 < NH3
The increasing size and lower electronegativity of the central atom permit the
bonding electrons to be drawn out further, thus decreasing repulsion between
bonding pairs.
88. AsH3 < PH3 < NH3
89. H2Se < H2S < H2O
90. NF3 < NCl3
The bonding pair repulsion in NF3 is less than that in NCl3
91. NO2+ < NO2 < NO2–
There is maximum repulsion between free electron(s) on nitrogen and bonding
pairs.
92. NF3 < NH3
There is lesser repulsion in bonding pairs in NF3.
93. PH < NH3
The multiple bonding in P–F bond due to back bonding (involving filled p or-
bital on f and empty d orbital on P) increases the electron density and electronic
repulsion among the bonding electron.
94. O– < O < O+
The positive charge on atom increases its electronegativity while negative charge
decreases its electronegativity.

12.9
 Inorganic for Doctors

12.10