KGSP 2010 T RT (Asme) (05.01.2012)

DİZAYN KALİTE VE MÜHENDİSLİK
HİZMETLERİ MERKEZİ
QUALITY AND ENGINEERING
SERVICES CENTER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

PROCEDURE 01/06/2004 KGSP/2010 T
REV. NO : 05
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE SAYFA NO: 1/25 REV. DATE :05.01.2012
(for ASME NORMS)
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

(for ASME Norms)
CONTENTS
1. PURPOSE
2. SCOPE
3. DEFINITIONS
4. RESPONSIBILITIES
5. PROCEDURE DETAILS
6. RELATED DOCUMENTS
7. DOCUMENTATION
8. CHANGES
9. ATTACHMENTS
Prepared By Checked By Onaylayan

Level II Technical Manager M. Ali BAL ASNT Level III
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REVISION TABLE
REVISION NO REVISION DATE REVISED BY RESONS FOR CHANGE
01 25.01.2006 Nüvit ŞAHİNTÜRK Logo and item 3-4-5 are revised

Completely rewritten per ASME
02 24.11.2008 Nüvit ŞAHİNTÜRK
Norms
03 01.09.2009 Mehmet Ali BAL Improved words mistakes.
Misspellings corrected
Alphabetical Defect Codes Attached
Addition of acceptance criteria ‘s of
ASME B31.8 and API 1104

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1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe the requirements for conducting safe and controlled radiographic
testing with qualified personnel and equipment. This specification establishes the general requirements and
procedures for radiographic inspection of materials and components using x-ray or gamma ray equipment and
must be used as a guide in redacting specifications or inspection procedures, which define the testing of butt
weld joints.
2. SCOPE
This procedure defines the approach methods to be used by DIZAYN QUALITY to carry out Radiographic
Examination of welds in ASME Code Works. The radiation source shall be an Iridium-192 and/or selenium 75 or x-
ray machine. This procedure covers carbon magnesium alloy steels, alloy steel, stainless steel.
3. DEFINITIONS
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Authorized Inspector: The Authorized Inspector is employed by the Authorized Inspection Agency and is the
independent third-party inspector required by the ASME Code.
Code- The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I & II Part A, B, C, D, Section VIII Division 1, Section
VIII Division 2, Section V, Section IX, ASME B 31.1 & ASME B 31.3.
SNT-TC-1A-The document advised for ASNT NDT personnel qualification and certification
Qualification- Skill, training and experience required for personnel to perform the duties of specific job properly.
Training- The program developed to impart the knowledge and skills necessary for qualification.
Abbreviations:
AI : Authorized inspector
TM (NDT/NDE) : Nondestructive Testing
IQMS : Integrated Quality Management Systems
QA/QC Engineer: Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Engineer
RT: Radiographic Examination

RSR: Radiation Safety Responsible
DQE/DQE: Dizayn Engineering Service LTD.Co.

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QHB: Quality Hand Book
KGSP/QMSP: Quality Management System Procedure
KGST/QMSI: Quality Management System Inspector Instructions
4. RESPONSIBILITIES
4.1 Level-III is responsible of approval of this procedure.
4.2 The responsibilities of Level-II shall be:
4.2.1 Inspection and application of this procedure.
4.2.2 Interpretation and evaluation of the test result in accordance with the applicable reference codes,
specifications and procedures.
4.2.3. Prior to test selection and set up of instruments and equipments which will be used for inspection.
4.2.4 Preparation of examination report.
4.3. When the radiography is required at least one of the team members shall be Level I who is sole responsible for
radiographic exposure. Film interpretation shall be done by at least Level-II operator.
4.4 RSR will be responsible from radiation safety.
4.5 Technical Manager is responsible from checking of this procedure.
4.6 Integrated Quality Management Responsible or Quality Engineer will be responsible from interpretation of
codes, reference standards and customer requirements.
4.7 DQE Manager will be responsible from application of this procedure.
5. PROCEDURE DETAILS
5.1. GENERAL
5.1.1.Personnel
 Radiographic Operations shall only be performed by qualified personnel who have demonstrated their
abilities to meet the requirements this procedure.

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 Uncertified personnel shall only perform auxiliary work such as preparation of the parts, cleaning, marking,
etc., under supervision of certified personnel.
DİZAYN Quality recognizes the following approval bodies and accepts as competent technicians who have
one of the following approvals.
 SNT-TC-1A Radiographic Testing Level I, II
 EN 473 Radiographic Testing Level I, II
 KGSP/3050 K Radiographic Testing Level I, II
5.1.2.Surface Preparation
 Weld surface shall not contain any irregularities that could mask or be confused with the images of
discontinuities. These irregularities shall be removed by any suitable process.
 The finished surface of all butt welded joints may be flushed to the base metal or may have reasonably
uniform crowns, with reinforcement not exceed the requirement of specified applicable Code Section.
5.1.3.Calibration
The equipment manufacturer’s or supplier’s publications, such as technical manuals, decay curves, or written
statements documenting the actual or maximum size or focal spot, shall be acceptable as source size verification. If
such document does not exist for the equipment, the basis for the calibration shall be the manufacturer’s
recommendation or existing industrial practices.
5.1.4.Extent of Examination
The extent of radiographic examination shall be as specified by the referencing Code Section.
5.1.5.Radiation Safety in Exposure Area.

Radiation is harmful to the human body. Everyone who works with radiation has a responsibility to protect himself,
his colleagues and the general public from any unnecessary exposure radiation. So the radiation areas shall be
safe for the operators and the public in accordance with legislation and shall comply at least with the followings:
 The radiation barrier shall be used to avoid the entrance to the radiation area. For this purpose the
international radiation signal, red on a yellow background surrounded by radial points, shall be used.
Barriers shall be erected before starting site radiography, not during an exposure. The barrier distance shall
be calculated by a qualified operator or RSR.
 The emitted leakage radiation shall in the range of permissible level by legislation in the exposure area for
operators.
 Adequate warning should be given to all persons in the vicinity immediately prior and during radiography by
light or audible signal or both.
 The international radiation symbol shall be placed at the entrance of the exposure area and shall read in
black on a yellow background surrounded by radial points.
 In the case of portable equipment, and once the safety area has been determined, limit and signpost the
area with the symbols called out above, as well as with luminous and audible instruments which will activate
at the commencement and during the radiation exposure.
 During the exposure there shall be detectors to check radiation leakage of the area.
 Radiation safety areas shall be monitored and checked by quality assurance and by authorized official
organizations (Turkish Atomic Energy Institution)

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 In case of an emergency the responsible operator shall have to inform safety in order to evacuate the
radiation area , take necessary actions and call Turkish Atomic Energy as well.
 Leakage radiation in the working area of the operators shall not be over the dose rate permitted by
authorized institute.
 Permanent radiation areas shall be checked by Atomic Energy Institute. After their permission the radiation
shall be performed.
5.2. FILM EXPOSURE TECHNIQUES
5.2.1.Radiographic Testing Techniques
A single wall exposure shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not practical to
use a single wall technique, a double wall technique shall be used (Ref. ASME Section V article 2.
 Single Wall Single Image Technique- In this technique the radiation passes through only one wall of the
weld (material) (Source inside, film outside). It can be either panoramic or source offset.
 Double Wall Single Image Technique- In this technique the radiation passes through two walls and only
the weld (material) on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. When complete
coverage of a weld circumferential is required a minimum of three exposures taken 120 degree to each
other shall be made.
.
 Double Wall Double Image Technique- Film and source outside and applied when the outside diameter of
the pipe is less than 3 1/2 in. (89 mm). The radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both walls is
viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph. Double wall single image technique can be elliptical or
superimpose.
 In case of elliptical, for complete coverage of weld, minimum two exposures are required which is
90 degree to each other.
 In case of superimpose, where images of both walls are superimposed, minimum three exposures
are required which are taken 60 degree or 120 degree to each other.
 Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained using
the minimum number of exposures indicated above.
5.3. Radiation Energy
The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the density and IQI image
requirements of this procedure.
5.4. The Quality of Radiographs
5.4.1.Films
(1) Films used in conjunction with this procedure shall conform to the requirements of ASME V SE-1815 or
equivalent and shall be either one of the ASTM Film System Class I or II given below:
a) Film System Class I: Extra Fine (Agfa-Gevart D4, Kodak MX and Fuji IX50 or equivalent)

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b) Film System Class I: Fine (Agfa-Gevart D5, Kodak T200 and Fuji IX80 or equivalent)
c) Film System Class II: Medium (Agfa-Gevart D7, Kodak AA and Fuji IX100 or equivalent)
 The type of film used shall normally be class II. The actual brand and film designation (type) shall
be recorded on the individual technique data sheet as applicable.
 If radiographer determines that the required radiographic sensitivity is not obtainable by class II films,
he/she may substitute class I film in which the radiographic exposure value shall be increased by a
predetermined factor to improve sensitivity. The radiographer shall be able to determine this factor.
 All films used for the purpose of this procedure shall be cassette loaded in intimate contact with lead
screens which conform to the requirements of Section 5.4.2
5.4.2.Screens
Lead intensifying screens shall be used with all film techniques, except when it is restricted by applicable Code. The
thickness of the front and back screen shall be 0.125 mm, if it is not specified, or shall be as recommended by film
manufacturer.
5.4.3.Penetrameters-IQI (Image Quality Indicator).
The radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the penetrameter wire. The
quality and sensitivity of each radiograph shall be equal to or greater than the value required by referencing Code
Section or by Customer.
5.4.4.Types of Penetrameters
(1) When the type of IQI is not specified, ASTM E747 wire type IQI shall be used in accordance with the
requirements of ASME Section-V Table-T276. When approved by customer, EN wire type penetrameters can also
be used. Penetrameters shall be manufactured as given in ASTME E-747 and Appendices.
(2) For material thickness up to and including 6.4 mm (0.25”) use ASTM E 747 Set A Wires 0.08-0.25 mm. (0.0032”-
0.010”). See Table-1 below.
(3) For material thickness in the range over 6.4 to 9.5 mm (0.25” to 0.375”) use ASTM E 747 Set A Wires 0.08-0.25
mm. (0.0032”-0.010”).
(4) For material thickness in the range over 9.5 to 50.8 mm (0.375” to 2.0”) ASTM E747 Set B Wires 0.25-0.81 mm.
(0.010”-0.032”).
(5) For material thickness in the range over 50.8 to 254 mm (2.0” to 10.0”) use ASTM E747 Set C Wires 0.81-2.5
mm. (0.032”-0.100”)

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TABLE-1 ASTM Wire Type IQI Selection
ASTM WIRE WIRE DIA. NOMINAL SINGLE WALL MATERIAL
SET # INCH(MM) THICKNESS ESSENTIAL WIRE
INCH(MM)
Source Side Film Side
A* 1 (0.0032) 0.08 mm --
A 2 (0.004) 0.10 mm --
A 3 (0.005) 0.13 mm --
A 4 (0.0063) 0.16 mm --
A 5 (0.008) 0.20 mm Up to 0.25 (6.4mm) and including 5 4
A/B 6 (0.010) 0.25 mm Over 0.25 (6.4mm) Through .375 (9.5mm) 6 5
B 7 (0.013) 0.33 mm Over 0.375 (9.5mm) Through 0.50 (12.7mm) 7 6
B/C 11 (0.032) 0.81 mm Over 1.50 (38.1mm) Through 2.00 (50.8mm) 11 10
C 12 (0.040) 1.02 mm Over 2.00 (50.8mm) Through 2.50 (63.5mm) 12 11
C 13 (0.050) 1.27 Over 2.50 (63.5mm) Through 4.00 (101.6mm) 13 12
Over 4.00 (101.6mm) Through 6.00
C 14 (0.063) 1.60 mm 14 13
(152.4mm)
C 15 (0.080) 2.03 mm Over 6.00 (152.4mm) Through 8.00 (203.2) 16 14
Over 8.00 (203.2mm) Through 10.00
C/D 16 (0.100) 2.50 mm 17 16
(254mm)
Over 10.00 (254mm) Through 12.00
D 17 (0.126) 3.20 mm 18 17
(304.8mm)
Over12.00 (304.8mm) Through 16 .00
D 18 (0.160) 4.06 mm 20 18
(406.4mm)
Over16.00 (406.4mm) Through 20 .00
D 19 (0.200) 5.10 mm 21 20
(508mm)
D 20 (0.250) 6.40 mm -- -- -- --
D 21 (0.320) 8.00 mm -- -- -- --
*0,08 mm (0.0032’’) wire may be used to establish a special quality level as agreed upon between the purchaser
and the supplier.
5.4.5.Number of Penetrameters
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph
except as outlined in (1) below.
If the density requirements of ASME-V T-282 are met by using more than one penetrameter, one shall be
representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest.
(1) Special Cases for IQI

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For the cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the object and one or more film holders
are used for a single exposure of a complete circumference, at least three IQI, spaced approximately 120 apart,
are required under the following conditions:
(a) When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more radiograph,
(b) When section or sections of circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span
240 or more, is radiographed using one or more film holders.
(2) For other cases, number of IQI shall be as described in ASME-V Article-2 T277.2
5.4.6.Placement of IQI
(1) The wire penetrameter shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length
of the weld.
(2) Whenever it is possible the IQI shall be placed on source side of the part being examined, so it is projected
radiographically through the section being examined.
(3) Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing penetrameter on the source side, the penetrameter shall be placed
on film side in contact with the part being radiographed. A lead letter “F” shall be placed on the radiograph. The IQI
identification and the letter “F” shall not be in the area of interest accept when geometrical configuration makes it
impractical.
The wire type penetrameter sensitivity is calculated by equation given below.
Diameter of the smallest visible wire on radiograph X 100

Sensitivity (%) =
Specimen Thickness
The Specimen Thickness is measured along the direction of the radiation beam.
The thickness, on which the penetrameter is based, for weld with reinforcements, is the nominal wall thickness plus
the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing code. Backing rings or
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in penetrameter selection.
Required Sensitivity-The sensitivity of radiographs produced in accordance with this procedure shall meet the
requirements of ASME V Article -2.
5.5. Geometric Unsharpness
(1) Geometric Unsharpness (Ug) of radiographs shall be determined in accordance with:

Ug = Fd / D
Ug: Geometric unsharpness
F = Source Size.
D = Source to object distance

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d = Front surface object to film distance
D and d shall be determined to the approximate center of the area of interest.
(2) The direction of the central beam radiation shall be centered and shall be perpendicular to the area of interest.
(3) Limits of geometric unsharpness (ASME-V T-274.2):
Material Thickness Inch (mm) Minimum Ug Inch (mm)

Up to 2’’ (50 mm) 0,020’’ (0,51 mm)
Over 2’’ through 3’’ (50-75 mm) 0,030’’ (0,76 mm)
Over 3’’ through 4’’ (75-100) 0,040’’ (1,02 mm)
Over 4’’ through (100 mm) 0,070’’ (1,78 mm)
Geometric Unsharpness (Ug) shall not exceed the above limits. The Ug shall be calculated from the information on
examination report. So sufficient information shall be recorded on the examination report..
5.6. Back Scatter Radiation
(1) A lead symbol “B” with minimum dimensions of 13 mm ( ½” ) in height and 1.5 mm ( 1/16” ) in thickness shall
be attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if back scatter radiation is exposing
the film.
(2) Where the image of this letter “B” appears on the radiograph as a lighter image, the area shall be re-shot. Film
shall be shielded from the detrimental effects of back-scattered radiation by use of additional lead screens. A dark
image of the “B” on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.
5.7. Density Limitations & Variations
(a) Density Limitations

(1) The transmitted film density adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be::
 Minimum 1.8 and maximum 4,0 for film made by x-ray.
 Minimum 2.0 and maximum 4,0 for films made by gamma-ray source.
(2) For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum density
of 1.3. The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing..
(3) Density shall be determined by the use of a calibrated densitometer or by comparison with a certified density
strip. (ASME Section V T-262.1 and Densitometer Calibration Parag. 5.13.3).
(b) Density Variations
(1) General

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If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than minus 15% or plus 30%
from the density through the body of the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI, within the
minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in 5.7 then an additional IQI shall be used for each
exceptional area or areas and the radiograph shall be retaken. When calculating the allowable variation in density,
the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in Para. 5.7 (ASME Section V Article 2
Para. T-282.2)
5.8. Diagnostic Film Length Limitations, Locations Markers and Identification of Radiographs
5.8.1 The length of weld under examination at each exposure shall be such that the thickness of the material at the
extremities of the exposed area, measured in the direction of the incident beam at that point, does not exceed more
than 10% of the actual thickness.
5.8.2 The number of exposures required to cover a full circumferential weld shall be indicated on the radiographic
technique sheet.
5.9. Location Markers
(1) Locations of markers, which are to be appearing as radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the part,
not on the exposure holder/cassette. Their location shall be marked on the surface of the part being radiographed
when permitted, or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable
to its location the part, for required retention period of the radiograph.
(a) Single Wall Viewing Source Side Markers

When radiographing the following, markers are placed on source side
 Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components,
 Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when the “source to material
distance” is less than the inside radius of the component,
 Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
(b) Single Wall Viewing Film Side Markers

When radiographing the following, markers are placed on film side:
 Either curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when the “source to
material” distance is greater than the inside radius
 As an alternative to source side placement in 5.9 (1) (a), location markers may be placed on the film side when
the radiograph shows coverage beyond the location markers.
(c) Single Wall Viewing Either Side Markers
Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side when radiographing either curved or
spherical components whose concave side is toward the source side and the “source to material” distance equals
the inside radius of the component.
(d) Markers for Double Wall Viewing.

For double wall viewing, at least one location markers shall be placed adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the
area of interest) for each radiograph.
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(e) Mapping the Placement of Location Markers

When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as stipulated in 5.9 (a), (b), (c) and (d),
(e) dimensional map of the actual marker placement shall accompany the radiographs to show the full coverage has
been obtained.
5.10. Identification of Radiographs
(1) All radiographs shall be unambiguously identified by the use of lead letters and numbers. This will include the
job no, if applicable equipment or spool no., and weld seem no. A coded numbering acceptable to the AI may be
used instead of equipment or spool number (When applicable).
(2) In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently
included on the radiograph. Where feasible the circumferential position of the portion under examination shall be
positively located by means of the clock wise method.
(3) An example of location markers is given in the attachment.
5.11. Film Processing
5.11.1. All radiographs produced in accordance with this procedure may be processed
automatically or manually.
5.11.2. All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes to the extent
that they cannot mask or be confused with the images of discontinuities in the area of
interest. Such blemishes include but not limited to:
 Fogging
 Processing defect such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains.
 Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirt, static marks, smudges, or tears.
 Loss of detail due to poor screen-to-film contact.
 False indications due to defective screens or internal faults.
5.11.3. Final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on the ability to see the prescribed
penetrameter image and the required wire.
5.12. Film Viewing Room & Film Viewer
5.12.1. Film Viewing Room:
Viewing room shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will cause troublesome
reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. The environment of a film reading area shall be
clean and pleasant. The radiographer must be aware of the various factors which may influence the
evaluation of the radiographic film. Some of these factors are; density of the film, artifacts on films

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as a result of handling and processing, level of illumination for film viewing, response of human eye
to variations of light intensity and the acuity of vision.
5.12.2. Film Viewer:

It is used to read the films. A film viewer shall have at least the followings:
(1) It shall provide a variable controlled intensity light source that allows the selection of the optimum illumination to
read radiographs having densities up to 4 H & D
(2) It shall have a cooling system to protect radiographs from heat damage proceeding from the illuminating
instrument. Film emulsions shall not be damaged minimum 1 minute of continuous contact with the viewing surface.
(3) It shall include apertures for evaluation of reduced areas.
5.13. Densitometer
5.13.1. Densitometer is photoelectric equipment which measures the radiographic film density
5.13.2. It should be capable of measuring the light emitted through a radiographic film within a
density range of 0 to 4 H & D with an accuracy of  0.05.
5.13.3. Calibration
 Densitometer shall be calibrated every 90 days during use.

 The calibration shall be followed by calibration responsible.
 Allow a minimum of 30 minutes "warm-up" time (or manufacturer's recommendations) to stabilize circuitry
before starting the calibration.
 Adjust the zero "0" reading of the densitometer after this warm-up period.
 Select and position for reading the neutral density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the calibrated
step tablet, or the step wedge. Read and record density.
 The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary more than ± 0.05 density units from the
actual density stated on the calibrated step tablet or step wedge calibration film.
 The calibrated readings shall be recorded.
 Calibration label, which indicate calibration and due date, shall be attached to the densitometer.
 Reference film used for calibration shall meet the requirements of ASME-V T-262.
 The step wedge calibration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national
standard step tablet. Step wedge calibration films may be used without verification for one year upon
opening, provided it is within the manufacturer’s stated shelf life.
 Periodic Verification: Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in paragraph
5.13 at the beginning of each shift or after change of aperture whichever comes first. The densitometer is
acceptable if the density readings are within 0.05 of the calibration readings. Periodic verification readings
do not have to be recorded.
 Periodic verification readings shall not be recorded and any Calibration Label shall not be attached to the
calibrated densitometer for the periodic verification check.

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5.14. Interpretation & Evaluation of Indications
5.14.1. DIZAYN Quality shall be responsible for review, interpretation and acceptance of the
completed radiographs.
5.14.2. Acceptance shall be completed prior to submit the radiographs and documentation to the
Inspector.
5.14.3. Equipment for viewing radiographs shall provide a variable light source sufficient for
evaluation of films.
5.14.4. All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of the applicable
Code.
5.15. Acceptance Criteria
5.15.1. ASME Section-VIII Division-1 (UW-51 & UW-52)
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections are unacceptable under the
following conditions;
(1) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.
(2) For full examination, any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length greater than:
 6 mm (¼ inch) for “t” up to 19 mm (¾ inch)
 1/3t for “t” from 19 mm (¾ inch) to 57 mm (2 ¼ inch) inclusive
 19 mm (¾ inch) for “t” over 57 mm (2 ¼ inch)
t: The thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having
different thicknesses at weld, “t” is the thinner of this two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld,
the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in “t”.
(3) For full examination, any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than “t” in a length
of 12 “t”, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceed 6L where “L” is the length of the
longest imperfection in the group.
(4) For spot examination, slag inclusions or cavities shall be unacceptable:

 If greater than 2/3t where “t” is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For the butt
weld of different thicknesses t is the thinner thickness. If a full penetration welds contains a fillet weld the
throat size to be added to the t.
 If several indications within the above limitation exist in line, the weld shall be judged acceptable if the sum
of the longest dimensions of all such indications is not more than “t” in a length of 6t (or proportionately for
radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the longest indications considered are separated by at least 3L of
acceptable weld metal where “L” is the length of the longest indication.
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 The maximum length of acceptable indications shall be 19 mm (¾”).
 Any indication shorter than 6.0 mm (¼”) shall be acceptable for any plate thickness.
(5) Rounded indication in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards given in App.-4 (ASME-VIII Div.. -1).
(6) For spot examination rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of the welds.
5.15.2. ASME Section-VIII Division-2 (Article I-5)
(2) Any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length greater than:
 mm (¼ inch) for “t” up to 19 mm (¾ inch)
 1/3 t for “t” from 19 mm (¾ inch) to 56 mm (2 ¼ inch)
 19 mm (¾ inch) for t over 56 mm (2 ¼ inch)
t = the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt welded joining two
members having different thickness at weld, t is the thinner of these two thickness. If a full penetration
weld include a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of fillet shall be included in t.
(3) Any group of inclusions in line that has an aggregate length greater than “t” in a length of 12t, except when the
distance between the successive imperfections exceed 6L, where “L” is the length of the longest imperfection
in the group.
(4) Rounded indication in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards given in Appendix 8 (ASME-VIII
Div.-1).
(5) Any indication of an imperfection which is believed to be irrelevant shall be regarded as a defect unless, on
reevaluation, it shown by reexamination by the same method or by the use of other nondestructive conditioning
that no unacceptable imperfection is present.
5.15.3. As per ASME Section-I (PW-51)
Radiographic examination shall be performed in accordance with article 2 of ASME Section V, except that the
requirements of T-274 are to be used as a guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the geometrical
unsharpness exceeds 1.78 mm (0.07”).
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections are unacceptable under the
following conditions;

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(2) Any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length greater than:
 6 mm (¼ inch) for “t” up to 19 mm (¾ inch)

 1/3t for “t” from 19 mm (¾ inch) to 57 mm (2 ¼ inch) inclusive.
 19 mm (¾ inch) for “t” over57 mm (2 ¼ inch) where “t” is the thickness of the weld.
(3) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than “t” in a length of 12t, except when
the distance between the successive imperfections exceed 6L where “L” is the length of the longest imperfection in
the group.
4) Rounded indication in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards given in Appendix A-250 ASME
Section 1.
5.15.4. As per ASME B31.1 (136.4.5)
Radiographic examination shall be performed in accordance with Article 2 of Section 5 of ASME Section V, except
that the requirements of T-274 are to be used as guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the
geometrical unsharpness exceeds 1.78 mm (0.07”).
Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of following types of discontinuities are unacceptable;
(1) Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.
(2) Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:
 6.0 mm (¼ inch) for “t” up to 19.0 mm (¾ inch)

 1/3t for “t” from 19.0 mm (¾ inch) to 57.0 mm (2 ¼ inch) inclusive.
 19.0 mm (¾ inch) for “t” over 57.0 mm (2 ¼ inch)
where “t” is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld.
(3) Any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than “t” in a length of 12t, except where
the distance between the successive indications exceed 6L where “L” is the longest indications in the group.
(4) Porosity in excess of that shown as acceptable in Appendix A-250 of ASME Section I are unacceptable.
(5) Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density as indicated on the radiograph.
5.15.5. As per ASME B31.3
When evaluation required per ASME B31.3 see Table 341.3.2.

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5.15.6. As per ASME 31.8
All welds that are inspected must meet the standards of acceptability of API 1104 or Section VIII, as appropriate for
the service of the weld, or be appropriately repaired and reinspected or removed.
5.15.7. As per API 1104
5.15.7.1. Inadequate Penetration without High-low
Inadequate penetration without high-low (IP) is defined as the incomplete filling of the weld root. This condition is
shown schematically in Figure 1. IP shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).

b. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 1 in. (25
mm).
c. The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld less than 12 in. (300 mm) in
length.
Note: One or both root faces may be inadequately filled at the inside surface.
Figure 1 - Inadequate Penetration without High-low (IP)
5.15.7.2. Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low
Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is defined as the condition that exists when one edge of the root is
exposed (or unbonded) because adjacent pipe or fitting joints are misaligned.
This condition is shown schematically in Figure 2.
IPD shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IPD in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 3 in. (75
mm).

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Figure 2 - Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low (IPD)
5.15.7.3. Inadequate Cross Penetration
Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as a subsurface imperfection between the first inside pass and the
first outside pass that is caused by inadequately penetrating the vertical and faces. This condition is shown
schematically in Figure 3.
ICP shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in.
(50 mm).
Figure 3 - Inadequate Cross Penetration (ICP)
5.15.7.4. Incomplete Fusion

Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a surface imperfection between the weld metal and the base material that is
open to the surface. This condition is shown schematically in Figure 16. IF shall be considered a defect should any
of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
c. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld less than 12 in. (300 mm) in
length.

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Figure 4 - Incomplete Fusion at Root of Bead or Top of Joint (IF)
5.15.7.5. Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap

Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is defined as an imperfection between two adjacent weld beads or between
the weld metal and the base metal that is not open to the surface. This condition is shown schematically in Figure
17. IFD shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in.
(50 mm).
c. The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of the weld length.
Figure 5 - Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD)
5.15.7.6. Internal Concavity

Internal concavity (IC) is defined in 3.2.8 and is shown schematically in Figure 18. Any length of internal concavity
is acceptable, provided the density of the radiographic image of the internal concavity does not exceed that of the
thinnest adjacent parent material. For areas that exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent parent material, the
criteria for burn through (see 9.3.7) are applicable.

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Figure 6 - Internal Concavity (IC)
5.15.7.7. Burn-through
A burn-through (BT) is defined as a portion of the root bead where excessive penetration has caused the weld
puddle to be blown into the pipe. For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a
BT shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm) and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of
the thinnest adjacent parent material.
b. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined, and the density in any
portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.
c. The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate BTs whose image density for any portion of the BTs exceeds
that of the thinnest adjacent parent material and exceeds 1/2 in.
(13 mm) in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld or the total weld length, whichever is less.
For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be considered a defect when any of
the following conditions exists:
a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm) and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of
the thinnest adjacent parent material.
b. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined, and the density in any
portion of the BT’s image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.
c. More than one BT of any size is present and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent parent material.
5.15.7.8. Slag Inclusions
5.15.7.8.1. A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic solid entrapped in the weld metal or between the weld metal
and the parent material. Elongated slag inclusions (ESIs)—e.g., continuous or broken slag lines or wagon tracks-
are usually found at the fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are irregularly shaped and may be located

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anywhere in the weld. For evaluation purposes, when the size of a radiographic indication of slag is measured, the
indication’s maximum dimension shall be considered its length.
5.15.7.8.2. For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be
considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be
considered a single indication unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. (0.8 mm). In that event, they shall
be considered separate indications.
b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
d. The aggregate length of ISI indications in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. (13
mm).
e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm).
f. More than four ISI indications with the maximum width of 1/8 in. (3 mm) are present in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld.
g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.
5.15.7.8.3. For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be considered a
defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be
considered a single indication unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. (0.8 mm). In that event, they shall
be considered separate indications.
b. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
c. The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined and
the width exceeds one-half the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.
5.15.7.9. Porosity
Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying weld metal before the gas has a chance to rise to the surface
of the molten puddle and escape. Porosity is generally spherical but may be elongated or irregular in shape, such
as piping (wormhole) porosity. When the size of the radiographic indication produced by a pore is measured, the
maximum dimension of the indication shall apply to the criteria given in 5.15.7.9.1.1.through 5.15.7.9.1.2.
Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm).
b. The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
c. The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concentration permitted by Figures 19 or 20.
Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except the finish pass shall comply with the criteria of 9.3.9.2. CP
that occurs in the finish pass shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist.
a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).
b. The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).

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Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated linear porosity that occurs in the root pass. HB shall be
considered
a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds 1/2 in.(13 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of HB in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50
mm).
c. Individual indications of HB, each greater than 1/4 in.(6 mm) in length, are separated by less than 2 in. (50 mm).
d. The aggregate length of all indications of HB exceeds 8%of the weld length.
5.15.7.10. Cracks
Cracks (C) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exists:
a. The crack, of any size or location in the weld, is not a shallow crater crack or star crack.
b. The crack is a shallow crater crack or star crack with a length that exceeds 5/32 in. (4 mm).
Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are located at the stopping point of weld beads and are the result of weld
metal contractions during solidification.
5.15.7.11. Undercutting
Undercutting is defined as a groove melted into the parent material adjacent to the toe or root of the weld and left
unfilled by weld metal. Undercutting adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect
should any of the following conditions exists:
a. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length
of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weld length.
Note: See 9.7 for acceptance standards for undercutting when visual and mechanical measurements are employed.
5.15.7.12. Accumulation of Imperfections
Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-low and undercutting, any accumulation of imperfections (AI) shall be
considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.
5.15.7.13. Pipe or Fitting Imperfections
Imperfections in the pipe or fittings detected by radiographic testing shall be reported to the company. Their
disposition shall be as directed by the company.
5.16 Report:
Upon completion of test, personnel who performs the test is responsible from completion of test report
(DQE.FORM/001: Radiographic Examination Test Report).
6.0 Related Documents:

KEK/QM : Quality Hand Book
: Safety Procedure
KGSP/2110 T
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: Training Procedure
KGSP/3050 K
: Qualification &Certification of NDT Personnel
EN 473
: Qualification &Certification of NDT Personnel
SNT-TC-1A
: Non Destructive (Radiography ) Examination
ASME SECTION V ARTICLE 2
: Recommended Practice of Radiographic Testing
ASTM SE - 94
: Image Quality Indicators for Radiography
ASTM SE - 1025
: Image Quality Indicators for Radiography
ASTM SE - 747
: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
ASME SECTION VII DIV.1+DIV.2
: Rules for Construction of Power Boilers
ASME SECTION I
: Materials
ASME SECTION II A,B,C,D
: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
ASME SECTION VIII DIV.1&2
: Qualification Standard for Welding & Brazing Procedure
ASME SECTION IX
: Power Piping
ASME B31.1
: Process Piping
ASME B31.3
: Welding of Pipe Lines & Related Facilities
API-1104
ASME B31.8 : Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping System
7. Documentation:
All documents related to radiographic inspection of welding joints are kept in the same purchase order file.
Quality records are stored in accordance with procedure KGSP/3040 K – Quality Recording Procedure.
8.Changes:
Any changes to the this document can be done only with the permission of Integrated Quality Management
Responsible. Technical Manager is responsible of issuing the changes.
9. Attachments:
DQE. FORM/001 Radiographic Examination Report

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10. Procedure Demonstration:
The procedure shall be used after procedure demonstration in accordance with ASME V Article 1, T-150.
Example of Film Marking
ASTM (Penetrametre)
*F 1B 11
DIZAYN QUAL. JOB N0O EQUİP. NO WELD NO / WELDER NO NO

LOGO    
1M LP-04 W 5 / RK
WELD
0 5 10 15 20 25
DATE B
USE THE ABOVE FOR ASME FILM APPLICATIONS AS A GUIDE
* F: When penetrameter is placed on film side.
Alphabetical Defect Codes:
Aa
Porosity
Gas cavities
Type of Discontinuity
Ab
Worm Holes
Ad
Clustered Porosity
Inclusions
Ba
Slag
Of any shape, in any direction

Bb
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Slag Lines
Bc
Weaving Faults
Bd
Faults from bad chipping
Be
Faults at electrode change
Bf
Faults at junction of seams
C
Lack of fusion
Ca
Linear Shrinkage
Cb
Spongy Shirinkage
D
Incomplete Penetration
Ea
Longitidunal Cracks
Eb
Transversal Cracks
F
Undercut
H
Hot Tear
Hb
Burn Through
K
Shrinkage Cavities

DQE.FR.3021 REV: 02

KGSP 2010 T RT (Asme) (05.01.2012)

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DİZAYN KALİTE VE MÜHENDİSLİK

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Prepared By Checked By Onaylayan

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

REVISION NO REVISION DATE REVISED BY RESONS FOR CHANGE

01 25.01.2006 Nüvit ŞAHİNTÜRK Logo and item 3-4-5 are revised

Prepared By Checked By Onaylayan

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

TM (NDT/NDE) : Nondestructive Testing

IQMS : Integrated Quality Management Systems

QA/QC Engineer: Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Engineer

RT: Radiographic Examination

DQE/DQE: Dizayn Engineering Service LTD.Co.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

QHB: Quality Hand Book

KGSP/QMSP: Quality Management System Procedure

KGST/QMSI: Quality Management System Inspector Instructions

4.1 Level-III is responsible of approval of this procedure.

4.2 The responsibilities of Level-II shall be:

4.2.1 Inspection and application of this procedure.

4.2.4 Preparation of examination report.

4.4 RSR will be responsible from radiation safety.

4.5 Technical Manager is responsible from checking of this procedure.

4.7 DQE Manager will be responsible from application of this procedure.

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

5.1.5.Radiation Safety in Exposure Area.

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

5.2.1.Radiographic Testing Techniques

5.3. Radiation Energy

5.4. The Quality of Radiographs

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

5.4.3.Penetrameters-IQI (Image Quality Indicator).

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

(1) Special Cases for IQI

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

The wire type penetrameter sensitivity is calculated by equation given below.

Diameter of the smallest visible wire on radiograph X 100

5.5. Geometric Unsharpness

(1) Geometric Unsharpness (Ug) of radiographs shall be determined in accordance with:

Prepared By Checked By Onaylayan

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

D and d shall be determined to the approximate center of the area of interest.

(3) Limits of geometric unsharpness (ASME-V T-274.2):

Material Thickness Inch (mm) Minimum Ug Inch (mm)

5.6. Back Scatter Radiation

5.7. Density Limitations & Variations

(a) Density Limitations

(b) Density Variations

Prepared By Checked By Onaylayan

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

5.9. Location Markers

(a) Single Wall Viewing Source Side Markers

(b) Single Wall Viewing Film Side Markers

(d) Markers for Double Wall Viewing.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT QC/QA SYSTEM ISUE DATE: DOK. NO :

(e) Mapping the Placement of Location Markers