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CRITICAL THINKING
Dr. Ahmad Faraz Khan, FMSR, AMU
Critical Thinking Syllabus

Unit-I: Introduction to Critical Thinking


• Thinking Critically: Definition, Standards, Barriers
• Perceiving and Believing
• Framework & Tools of Critical Thinking
• Tools for Clarity in Critical Thinking

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Critical Thinking Framework

Three components:
❖CLARITY: Questioning/understanding a
situation; Getting clear on the issue/problem/ goal

❖CONCLUSIONS: coming to conclusion on


what to do based on the clarity about the
issue/problem/goal

❖DECISIONS: taking action on that conclusion;


deciding to act on the conclusions.
The Critical Thinking Framework

Discovery, information, ideas

CLARITY CONCLUSIONS
D DECISIONS
Tools & Techniques for
“Clarity”
TOOLS &TECHNIQUES FOR “CLARITY”

❖Empty your Bucket


❖Inspection
❖Why?
❖So What?
❖Need
❖Anticipatory Thinking
❖What Else?
❖The Ingredient Diagram
Empty Your Bucket

Been there, done


that!

Interactions Conflicting
priorities,
strategies and
projects

Lack of resources,
time, and budget

Other departments
Empty Your Bucket

There
is
always
a
way!
Inspection

What all the words in a given headscratcher


mean

❖ Example: “We need to improve the quality of


our services”

▪ Who are we?


▪ Is this a need or a want?
▪ Improve to what?
▪ What’s the definition of quality?
▪ Does this mean every services; every touch, etc.
Exercise-1 (5 mins)
www.themegallery.com

Rewrite these sentences so that they


are clear:

❖We need to get there faster

❖Our project is behind schedule

❖I’ll get back to you soon on that issue

❖Please call these customers and find out


what they want
Why?

Why? Is the most powerful question we can


ask during the critical thinking process

Why?- Does not mean ”not caring”

We ask why:
• To distinguish this from that
• To find a root cause
• To get to “I don’t know”
• To get to the double because (Because!!)
Distinguish this from that

Can you please run a


report showing the sales
of each product for the
past four months?
OK!
Distinguish this from that

Now can you


show the sales
of each product
by salesperson?
OK!
Distinguish this from that

Now, can you do one for


the marketing programs
that have been approved
for the next six months?
OK!
Distinguish this from that

Excuse me, but are you


requesting this data so that
you can create a sales
forecast?
Yes
Distinguish this from that

Oh, if that’s what you want to create,


you might want the product release
schedule over the next six months,
because we are updating many of our
products and expect a significant
increase in revenue

Oh,
really
Distinguish this from that

It’s better to ask WHY? in the first


place
Ask Why to Get to a Root Cause

THIS happened.

Why?

Because of that.

Why?

Because of that other thing.

Why?

Because of this Root Cause.


Ask Why To Get to “I don’t know”
“I don’t know” may seem like a lack of response
But
It is actually a very important discovery

❖ It clarifies the boundary of knowledge we or other might have


about a situation.

❖ It is a signal to ask other questions, such as


▪ Who might know that you can ask to find out?
▪ How can we find out?
▪ Can we make any assumption that will allow us to know and then
validate or invalidate those assumptions later?
Ask Why to Get to Because!!
❖Double because- it’s a because you can’t
reasonably do anything about

❖Because!! Is a constraint to our eventual


solution

❖Example: “Why do we have to do all this


paperwork?”
Because!! you work in a regulated industry
So What?
❖So what? is not a question you ask if you don’t
care
rather,
you ask because you care a great deal

❖It’s not insubordination or being wise

❖What is the relevance of this?/Why is this


important?
So What?
❖Your company’s so what is often called its
value proposition

❖It is price, service, availability, uniqueness or


all of them

❖Your so what- what value do you provide to


your peers, family and company
Exercise-2 (7 mins)
www.themegallery.com

❖Pick up any item on your desk- a piece of


paper, a pen, a cup holder- what is the so
what about that item? Why is it important?
How is it relevant? What if it weren’t there?

❖What is your so what? What makes you


valuable to your peers, your family, or your
company? What are the skills,
accomplishments, or things that you have or
do that make a difference?
Need
“Necessity is the mother of invention”
- Plato
What is the Necessity?
❖Want Vs Need
▪ Example- Email Inbox
▪ “We need to be more agile”

❖ Great Teams and Need


▪ Example- 1995 dial-up ISP- New pricing: $19.95 for unlimited usage

❖ Need and Survival


▪ Example- Swim or Perish
Exercise-3 (5 mins)
www.themegallery.com

❖Make a list of things you plan to do


tomorrow. Use this template

Item What is the What happens if it


need? doesn’t get done
tomorrow?
Anticipatory Thinking
Anticipatory Thinking is a way to stimulate thinking
about consequences and related tasks that you
have may not have initially contemplated

▪ What’s next?
▪ What after that?
▪ What will happen if I do this?
▪ What might be the reaction if I say this?

Example- Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner, Google,


Apple, etc.
What Else?
Used in conjunction with Why?
When ideas start to subside, asking what else
stimulates lateral thinking

▪ What else could possibly cause this?


▪ During brainstorming
▪ When building or designing something
▪ When you thought you knew the reason for
something
▪ Augment What’s next with What else
The Ingredient Diagram
Ingredients are variables that define a
headscratcher

Clarifies the variables affecting the problem

A tool that helps you transition between clarity and


conclusion
(fishbone diagram)
The Ingredient Diagram
Day of
Week
Traffic
Kms per
Time of Day
Litre
Tune-up

# of people
On roof?

Distance to Weight Luggage


petrol pump In trunk?
Trailer

Tire
Pressure

Wind
Speed
Direction
Speed traps
Speed
Limits
Who’s
driving?
The Ingredient Diagram
Manager Distractions

Computer Training
Tools
Time Applications Support

Interruptions
Focus
Noise

# of tasks
Productivity Project
Amount of
Difficulty level
Work
Responsibility

Defects

Quality Tools
SLA
Agreements
Metrices
Reports
Exercise-4 (7 mins)
www.themegallery.com

1. Group of 4

2. Create an ingredient diagram for


“What should we do for lunch?”

Hint: Cost, No. of people, time, distance, appetite and


cuisine

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