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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No. Content

1 Definition

1 Introduction

1 History

2 Modes of Transport

6 Transport in India

13 Environmental issues and impact

14 Modern transport systems in India

16 Conclusion

17 Bibliography
Definition of TRANSPORTATION
1: an act, process, or instance of transporting or being transported
2a : means of conveyance or travel from one place to another
b : public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a
commercial enterprise

INTRODUCTION
Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to
another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline and space. The
field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it
enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations,
including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such
as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including
fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of
passengers and cargo and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may
include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and air
craft.
Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight
transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes
of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most
types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by
governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

History
Humans' first means of transport involved walking, running and swimming. The domestication of
animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the
hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as
the wheel and the sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction
of vehicles. Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and

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was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial
Revolution.
The first forms of road transport involved animals, such as horses (domesticated in the 4th or the 3rd
millennium BCE), oxen (from about 8000 BCE)[1] or humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often
followed game trails. Many early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization,
constructed paved roads. In classical antiquity,

The Wright brothers' first flight in 1903

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally change
transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of the transport of
physical objects. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail transport,
made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased
rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independently of natural
resources. The 19th century also saw the development of the steam ship, which sped up global
transport.
With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile around 1900, road transport
became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first "modern"
highways were constructed during the 19th century[citation needed] with macadam.
Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving materials. In 1903 the Wright
brothers demonstrated the first successful controllable airplane, and after World War I (1914–1918)
aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances.[2]

MODES OF TRANSPORT

Air

An Air France Airbus A318 lands at London Heathrow Airport.

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air
in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing
aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both
fixed-wing and rotary wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to
large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

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Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The
majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking,
refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo, and passengers. While the vast majority of
aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take-off and landing on ice, snow, and calm
water.
The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up
to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph).
Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but
incurs high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be
used.[6] As of April 28, 2009, The Guardian article notes that, "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000
people are on planes at any time."[7]

Land
Land transport covers all land-based transportation systems that provide for the movement of people,
goods and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land
transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of 2 kinds, rail and road.

Rail
Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or
railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicularto ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to
maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a
foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods
include monorail and maglev.

InterCity Express, a German high-speed passenger train

The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number
of stations.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that operate on the rails. Propulsion is commonly
provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight.
The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems.
Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be
powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much

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less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as
efficient as ships.

Road

The Harbor Freeway is often heavily congested at rush hour in Downtown Los Angeles.

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[9] Roads are typically
smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[10] though they need not be, and
historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any
formal constructionor maintenance.[11] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be
named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[12]
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its
own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of
2010, there were 1.015 billion automobiles worldwide. Road transport offers a complete freedom to
road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according
to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of
travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door to door service only by
road transport.
Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are
the main source of noise and air pollutionin cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of
reduced flexibility.[13] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

Water

Built by the Dutch to transport spices, now used by the local fishermen to get to the sea, NegomboDutch
canal, Sri Lanka

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 Automobile ferry in Croatia

Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat—over

a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy is common to
watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and ppearance.

Other modes

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent,
but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any
chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist
for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural
gas.
Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power
source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial
tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyortransport.
Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While
large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into
orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have
been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

Human-powered

Human-powered transportremains common in developing countries.

Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or

goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming.
Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport
remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is
sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

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Animal-powered
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and commodities.
Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or
harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Transport in India
Transport system in India consists of transport by land, water, and air. Public transport remains the
primary mode of transport for most Indian citizens, and India's public transport systems are among the
most heavily used in the world.[1]
Motor vehicle population in India is low as per international standards, with only 24.85 million cars on
the nation's roads as per 2013 records.[2] In total, about 21 percent of households have two wheelers
whereas only 4.7 percent of households in India have cars/jeeps/vans as per the 2011
Census.[3][4] Despite this, the number of deaths caused by traffic is amongst the highest in the
world and increasing.[5][6] The automobile industry in India is currently rapidly growing with an annual
production of over 4.6 million vehicles,[7]with an annual growth rate of 10.5%[3] and vehicle volume is
expected to rise greatly in the future.[8]
India's rail network is the third-longest and the most heavily used system in the world,[1] transporting
8.225 billion passengers and over 970 million tonnes of freight annually, as of 2015.[9] The railways
transport about 18 million citizens daily.
In 2015–16, Government of India, declared 106 National Waterways (NW) under Inland Waterways
Authority of India to reduce the cost of transportation and lower the carbon footprint by moving the
traffic from surface roads and railroads to waterways.[10]

Walking
Walking has constituted a major form of transport in ancient times.This mode of transport has always
been a first for humans. People used to cover long distances on foot or bullock carts. For
instance, Adi Sankaracharya travelled all over India from Kalady near Kochi.[11] Walking still constitutes
an important mode of transport in urban areas.[12] In the city of Mumbai, to further improve the transit
conditions for pedestrians, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, has commenced
the construction of more than 50 skywalks,[13][14] as part of the Mumbai Skywalk project, which is very
helpful as walk enthusiasts take part in reducing traffic.

Palanquins

Doli service in Sabarimalapilgrimage.

Palanquins are also known as palkis or pallakiis, was one of the luxurious methods primarily used by
the rich and noblemen for travelling and also to carry a deity (idol) of a God. Many temples have
sculptures of God being carried in a palki.[15] Modern use of the palanquin is limited to Indian
wedings, pilgrimage and carrying idols of Gods.[16][17]

Bicycles

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 Bicycles used by school children in West Bengal

Bicycles (simply called cycles in India) have ownership rates ranging from around 30% to 75% at the
state level.[4] Along with walking, cycling accounts for 50 to 80% of the commuter trips for those in the
informal sector in urban areas.[12] However, recent developments suggest that bicycle riding is fast
becoming popular in the metro cities of India. Today, government development authorities all over
India encourages the setup and use of separate bicycle lanes alongside the roads to combat pollution
and ease traffic congestion.[18]

Human-pulled rickshaws
Human-pulled rickshaws are still available in various cities and villages in the country. Many local
governments have proposed a ban on these rickshaws describing them as "inhuman".
The Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005.[19] Though a bill aiming
to address this issue, termed as Calcutta Hackney Carriage Bill, was passed by the West Bengal
Assembly in 2006, it has not been implemented yet.[20] The Government of West Bengal is working on
an amendment to this bill to avoid the loopholes that got exposed when the Hand-pulled Rickshaw
Owners' Association filed a petition against the bill.[20]

Cycle rickshaws
Cycle rickshaws were introduced in India in the 1940s.[21] They are bigger than a tricycle where two
people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front. In the late 2000s, they
were banned in several cities for causing traffic congestion.[22][23][24] The Delhi Police recently submitted
an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed
by the Delhi High Court.[25] In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle
rickshaws as a non-polluting and inexpensive mode of transport.[26]

Bullock carts/Horse carriages

Bullock carts have been traditionally used for transport, especially in rural India. The arrival of the
British saw drastic improvements in the horse carriages which were used for transport since early
days. Today, they are used in smaller towns and are referred as Tanga or buggies. Victorias of
Mumbai are still used for tourist purposes, but horse carriages are now rarely found in the cities of
India.[27] In recent years cities have banned the movement of slow moving vehicles on the main
roads.[28][29][30]

Road

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway to be operational in India on 2002

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 Outer Ring Road (Nehru ORR) at Narsinghi, Hyderabad

Durgapur Expressway in the Indian state of West Bengal, part of NH 2

India has been building roads since ancienttimes as is evident from a the Harappan civilisation.[31] As
per 2017 estimates, the total road length in India is 4,689,842 km (2,914,133 mi);[32] making the Indian
road network the third largest road network in the world after the United States. At 0.66 km of highway
per square kilometre of land the density of India's highway network is higher than that of the United
States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).[1]
India has a network of National Highways connecting all the mAJOR cities and state capitals, forming
the economic backbone of the country. As of 2013, India has a total of 70,934 km (44,076 mi) of
National Highways, of which 1,206 km (749 mi) are classified as expressways.[33]
As per the National Highways Authority of India, about 65% of freight and 80% passenger traffic is
carried by the roads. The National Highways carry about 40% of total road traffic, though only about
2% of the road network is covered by these roads.[33] Average growth of the number of vehicles has
been around 10.16% per annum over recent years.[33]
Under National Highways Development Project (NHDP), work is under progress to equip national
highways with four lanes; also there is a plan to convert some stretches of these roads to six
lanes.[34] All national highways are metalled, but very few are constructed of concrete, the most
notable being the Mumbai-Pune Expressway. In recent years construction has commenced on a
nationwide system of multi-lane highways, including the Golden Quadrilateral and North-South and
East-West Corridors which link the largest cities in India.

Type of Road Length

Expressways 1,206 km (749 mi) as of 2011

National Highways 79,116 km (49,160 mi)

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 State Highways 155,716 km (96,757 mi)

District, Rural and Other Roads 4,455,010 km (2,768,210 mi)

Total Length 4,689,842 km (2,914,133 mi) (Approx)

Bus

Mumbai's B.E.S.T. is India's oldest operating transport body

Buses are an important means of public transport in India. Due to this social significance, urban bus
transport is often owned and operated by public agencies, and most state governments operate bus
services through a State Road Transport Corporation.[42] These corporations have proven extremely
useful in connecting villages and towns across the country.[43] Alongside the public companies are
many private bus fleets: 2012, there were 131,800 publicly owned buses in India, but 1,544,700 buses
owned by private companies.[44]

Utility vehicles

Tata Ace Mini Truck

The first utility vehicle in India was manufactured by Mahindra. It was a copy of the original Jeep and
was manufactured under licence.[77]The vehicle was an instant hit and made Mahindra one of the top
companies in India. The Indian Army and police extensively use Mahindra vehicles along with Maruti
Gypsys for transporting personnel and equipment.
Tata Motors, the automobile manufacturing arm of the Tata Group, launched its first utility vehicle,
the Tata Sumo, in 1994.[78][79] The Sumo, owing to its then-modern design, captured a 31% share of the
market within two years.[80] The Tempo Trax from Force Motors till recently was ruling the rural
areas. Sports utility vehicles now form a sizeable part of the passenger vehicle market.[81] Models from
Tata, Honda, Hyundai, Ford, Chevrolet and other brands are available.[82]

Taxis

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 Ambassador taxis in Kolkata

Most of the taxicabs in India are either Premier Padmini or Hindustan Ambassador cars.[83] However,
with app based taxi services like Ubercoming to India as well as homegrown Indian app based taxi
services like Ola coming to the fore, taxicabs now include Sedans,[84] SUVs[85]and even motorcycle
taxis.[86] Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such
as Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, taxis need to be hired over phone,[87] whereas in cities
like Kolkata and Mumbai, taxis can be hailed on the street. According to government of India
regulations, all taxis are required to have a fare-meter installed.[88] There are additional surcharges for
luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since 2006, radio taxis have
become increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.[89]
In cities and localities where taxis are expensive or do not ply as per the government or municipal
regulated fares, people use share taxis. These are normal taxis which carry one or more passengers
travelling to destinations either on one route to the final destination, or near the final destination.[citation
needed]
The passengers are charged according to the number of people with different destinations.[citation
needed]
The city of Mumbai will soon be the first city in India, to have an "in-taxi" magazine,
titled MumBaee, which will be issued to taxis which are part of the Mumbai Taximen's Union. The
magazine debuted on 13 July 2009.[90] In Kolkata, there are many no refusal taxi available with white
and blue in colour.[91]

Rail

Bangalore City railway station entrance

An air Conditioned coach

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Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in West Bengal is a World Heritage Site,[96] and one of the only few steam
locomotive operated railway lines in India

Country-wide rail services in India, are provided by the state-run Indian Railways under the
supervision of the Ministry of Railways. IR is divided into seventeen zones including the Kolkata
Metro Railway.[97] The IR are further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional
headquarters.[98][99]
The railway network traverses through the length and breadth of the country, covering more than
7,000 stations over a total route length of more than 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and track length of about
115,000 km (71,000 mi).[100] About 22,224 km (13,809 mi) or 34% of the route-kilometre was electrified
as on 31 March 2012.[101] IR provides an important mode of transport in India, transporting over 18
million passengers and more than 2 million tons of freight daily across one of the largest and busiest
rail networks in the world.[100] IR is the world's largest commercial or utility employer, with more than
1.4 million employees.[102][103] As to rolling stock, IR owns over 200,000 (freight) wagons, 50,000
coaches and 8,000 locomotives.[102] It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities. It operates
both long distance and suburban rail systems on a network of broad gauge
The IR runs a number of special types of services which are given higher priority. The Rajdhani trains
introduced in 1969 provides connectivity between the national capital, Delhi and capitals of the states.
On the other hand, Shatabdi Express provides connectivity between centres of tourism, pilgrimage or
business. The Shatabdi Express trains run over short to medium distances and do not have sleepers
while the Rajdhani Expresses run over longer distances and have only sleeping accommodation. Both
series of trains have a maximum permissible speed of 110 to 140 km/h (81 to 87 mph) but average
speed of less than 100 km/h.[citation needed]. The Duronto Express (without any commercial stop between
the origin and the destination but with a few technical stops for crew change and food intake)
and Garib Raths express that provide cheap no-frill airconditioned rail travel.

Metro

A metro in Chennai

The first modern rapid transit in India is the Kolkata Metro and its vert modern. The metro started its
operations in 1984, this is also the 17th Zone of the IR.[134] The Delhi Metro in New Delhi is India's
second conventional metro and began operations in 2002. The Namma Metro in Bangalore is India's
third operational rapid transit and began operations in 2011.
The operational systems are Kolkata Metro, Delhi Metro, Namma Metro, Rapid Metro, Mumbai
Metro, Jaipur Metro, Chennai Metro, Kochi Metro, Lucknow Metro and Hyderabad Metro.

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Air

Air India, the flag carrier of India

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the national regulatory body for the aviation industry. It is
controlled by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The ministry also controls aviation related autonomous
organisations like the Airports Authority of India (AAI), Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), Indira
Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Academy and Public Sector Undertakings including Air India, Pawan Hans
Helicopters Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[137]
Air India is India's national flag carrier after merging with Indian (airline) in 2011[138] and plays a major
role in connecting India with the rest of the world.[139] IndiGo, Jet Airways, Air
India, Spicejet and GoAir are the major carriers in order of their market share.[140] These airlines
connect more than 80 cities across India and also operate overseas routes after the liberalisation of
Indian aviation. Several other foreign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities across the
globe. However, a large section of country's air transport potential remains untapped, even though
the Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was ranked 10th by Amadeus in 2012 among the world's busiest
routes.[141][142]

Water
India has a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi),[151] and thus ports are the main centres of trade.
India also has an extensive network of inland waterways.

Ports and shipping

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust in Navi Mumbai ranks 25th in the world as per container traffic.[152]

International Container Transhipment Terminal at Kochi Port, the only transshipment facility in India. This port
lies closest to international shipping routes among all Indian ports.

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In India about 95% of the foreign trade by quantity and 70% by value takes place through the
ports.[153] Mumbai Port & JNPT(Navi Mumbai) handles 70% of maritime trade in India.[154] There are
twelve major ports: Navi
Mumbai, Mumbai, Kochi, Kolkata (including Haldia), Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Ennore, Chennai, Tutic
orin, New Mangaluru, Mormugao and Kandla.[155] Other than these, there are 187 minor and
intermediate ports, 43 of which handle cargo.[155]
Maritime transportation in India is managed by the Shipping Corporation of India, a government-
owned company that also manages offshore and other marine transport infrastructure in the country. It
owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates in practically all areas of shipping
business servicing both national and international trades.The only state which carries three ports in
India is Tamil Nadu, they are Ennore, Chennai and Tuticorin.[156]

Waterways

Motor Vessel in Hooghly river in West Bengal

Boats sailing on National Waterway 2 at Guwahati

India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of

rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi), out
of which about 5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canals can be used by
mechanised crafts.[161]Freight transport by waterways is highly underutilised in India compared to other
large countries. The total cargo moved by inland waterways is just 0.15% of the total inland traffic in
India, compared to the corresponding figures of 20% for Germany and 32% for Bangladesh.[162]

• National Waterway 1: Allahabad–Haldia stretch of the Ganga – Bhagirathi – Hooghly

River system with a total length of 1,620 kilometres (1,010 mi) in October 1986.[163]
• National Waterway 2: Saidiya–Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra river system with a total length
of 891 kilometres (554 mi) in 1988.[163]
• National Waterway 3: Kollam–Kottapuram stretch of the West Coast Canal along with
Champakara and Udyogmandal canals, with a total length of 205 kilometres (127 mi) in 1993.[163]

Environmental issues and impact

The National capital New Delhi has one of the largest CNG based transport systems as a part of the
drive to bring down pollution. In spite of these efforts it remains the largest contributor to the

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greenhouse gas emissions in the city.[173] The CNG Bus manufacturers in India are Ashok Leyland,
Tata Motors, Swaraj Mazda and Hindustan Motors.[174]
In 1998, the Supreme Court of India published a Directive that specified the date of April 2001 as
deadline to replace or convert all buses, three-wheelers and taxis in Delhi to compressed natural
gas.[175]
The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation was the first State Transport Undertaking in India to
utilise bio-fuels and ethanol-blended fuels.[176] KSRTC took an initiative to do research in alternative
fuel forms by experimenting with various alternatives— blending diesel with biofuels such as honge,
palm, sunflower, groundnut, coconut and sesame.[177] In 2009, the corporation decided to promote the
use of biofuel buses.[178]
In 2017, the government announced that by 2030, only electric vehicles would be sold in the
country.[179] It also announced that by 2022 all trains would be electric trains.[180]

6 Modern Transport Systems That Can Transform Indian Cities

Metro is the new swag

Although Kolkata was the first city in India to have underground mass transit system in
India, the trend has now changed and other cities have taken a lead in the metro rail race.
All major cities in India are now developing a metro rail system, a story which began
with Delhi Metro.

Delhi's Metro system is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Around
2,000 trips run with an interval of between 1–2 minutes between trains at peak hours and
4–10 minutes at non-peak hours, daily. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) is the first
metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get carbon credits for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, as it helps reduce pollution levels in the city by 6,30,000 tonne every year,
according to the United Nations.

More cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, Jaipur, and Bengaluru have started their own metro
rail services. Lucknow, Hyderabad, Pune, and Kochi will also have their metro rail system
soon.

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The Delhi Metro is the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get carbon credits
for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (Wikimedia)

More air connectivity

With the growing purchasing power of India's middle-class, air travel is now within any
ones reach. Air travel is safer, faster, and gives value for money. It also reduces the pressure
from our roads. Delhi's Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport has been planned to handle
a nearly 100 million passengers from the existing 40 million passengers.

In 2014, the airport handled a total of 39.752 million passengers, registering a 8.4 per cent
growth in traffic over the previous year and became the 12th busiest airports in Asia,
according to Airports Council International. Similarly, Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Airport handled 36.6 million passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during
FY 2014–2015. More and more cities are coming up with greenfield and no-frills airports
with the help of the government.

Greener buses
Buses cater to about more than half of any city's total population. That's why now cities are
bringing eco-friendly buses that emit fewer pollutants. Delhi's Transport Corporation (DTC)
owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas-fuelled (CNG) buses in the world. Mumbai's
buses run by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport (BEST) are not only disabled-
friendly and air-conditioned, but are also Euro III compliant diesel and CNG-powered
movers.

Indian railways' changing avatar

Railways has long been India's transportation backbone. And, after years of stagnant
technology and systems, the Indian Railway is now preparing to upgrade itself. Recently,
Japan agreed to modernise 400 railway stations across the country while participating in
Indian Railways' $140 billion investment over the next five years. Google, during Prime
Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Silicon Valley, also agreed to provide free Wi-Fi at 500
Indian railway stations taking them a step closer to facilities provided at airport lounges.

River connectivity
This could be a big step towards the way we travel in India. On September 16, the Godavari
and Krishna rivers were linked through a canal in Andhra Pradesh. The second scheme, the
Ken-Betwa river project is currently underway and would be completed by year-end. The
entire transportation business in all the cities, which are situated along the banks of these
rivers, will see a massive transformation. The government aims to connect 37 rivers in India,
so that the water-surplus rivers could be dammed, and the extra flow can be diverted to
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rivers that could use it. Nearly 30 canals, 50-100 meters in width, will be spread around
15,000 kilometres. Newly created network of canals will open new routes of water
navigation, which is generally more efficient and cheaper compared to road transport.

Delivery by drones
Although in its initial stage, we all would soon be getting our goods delivered not by
humans, but drones. Companies such as Amazon.com, in March this year after receiving an
approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), started testing a delivery drone
prototype for its Prime Air service. With India's growing information technology sector, we
will soon see drones flying over our heads to parcel our goods. This new technology can
have a huge impact in terms of pollution control, time saving, and less human interference.

Conclusion:
Transport is a means of carrying goods and people from one place to another. Transport refers to
the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods as well as Individuals from location to
another.
Transport plays an important role in today’s modern world. It helps in removing the distance
barrier. An efficient transport system is essential for sustainable economic development of the
country and plays a significant role in promoting national and global integration.
An efficient transport helps in increasing productivity and enhances competitiveness of the
economy. Efficient transport is indispensable to the economic development of nation.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport
2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transportation
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India
4. https://www.proptiger.com/guide/post/6-modern-transport-systems-that-can-transform-indian-
cities

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Cover Page

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Instructions

1. You should submit only the handwritten copies of the projects. (Photostats or DTP copies are not
allowed)
2. Use the left side for pasting the pictures and right side for writing.
3. You may reduce the size of the content in accordance with the instruction of the subject teacher.
4. You may re-arrange these things in accordance with the instruction of your geography teacher or
add few things like acknowledgement depends on the instruction given to you.
5. Write neatly and arrange the things in an attractive way for better scoring.
6. Submit in time to avoid mark deductions.

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