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A = 2 – log %T
Laws of light absorption:
BEER’S LAW
• The concentration of a
substance is directly
proportional to the amount of
light absorbed or inversely
proportional to the logarithm
of the transmitted light
Beer’s law
Beer’s law
LAMBERT’S LAW
• When a ray of
monochromatic light
passes through an
absorbing medium its
intensity decreases
exponentially as the
length of the light path
through light absorbing
material increases
LAMBERT’S LAW
Bcz of linear relationship btwn absorbance and
concentration, it is possible to relate unknown conc to
single std by a simple proportional equation;
As Cs
Au Cu
Cu Au x Cs
As
AT
X CS
CT =
AS
SPECTROPHOTOMETER:
If a monochromater is used( prism/grating) as a
wavelength selector, the inst can provide monochromatic
light over a continous range of wavelengths & is called
spectrophotometer.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER:
TYPES:
1. Single beam spectrophotometer
2. Double beam in space spectrophotometer
3. Double beam in time spectrophotometer
4. Multichannel
COMPONENTS:
SOURCE:
1. Tungsten filament lamps – continous spectrum
2. Tungsten iodide lamps – visible & near UV
3. Hydrogen & deuterium discharge lamps – cont UV
4. Mercury vapour lamps – Discontinous/line spectrum
5. Light emitting diode(LED’s) – 2types of semiconductors
2. ENTRANCE SLIT:
Focuses light on grating/prism, where it can be
dispersed with minimum stray light.
3. WAVELENGTH SELECTOR:
For isolation of a required wavelength/range of
wavelength.
2types-
a. Filters
b. Monochromators
1. FILTERS:
Consists of only a material that selectively transmits the
desired wavelength & absorbs the rest.
a. Those selective transmission characteristics-
glass & Wratten filter
b. Those based on the principle of inteference.
a. Simple
b. wide wavelength
c. Non adjustable
2. MONOCHROMATORS:
A grating/prism disperses radiant energy from the
source lamp into a spectrum from which the desired
wavelength is isolated by mechanical slits.
Prism - Nonlinear dispersion
Grating - Linear dispersion
PRISMS:
a. Less linear over lower wavelength over
550nm
b. Give only 1 order of emerging
spectrum thus provide higher optical
efficiency
c. Therefore 3 wavelength checks are
required
b. GRATING:
a. Linear dispersion
b. Therefore only
2wavelength checks
required to certify
accuracy
1000-2000line/mm
4. EXIT SLIT:
Determines the band width of light that will be
selected from the dispersed spectrum.
5. CUVETTES/CELL:
a. Receptacle for sample
b. Optical property
depends on composition.
c. Calibrated to path length
1cm
6. PHOTODETECTORS:
A device that converts light into an electric signal that is
proportional to the number of photons striking its photosensitive
surface.
6. PHOTODETECTORS:
Ideal detector :
a. Photomultiplier tubes high sensitivity,
b. Photodiodes high signal/noise,
constant response for λs,
c. Charged coupled devices and fast response time.
a. Photomultiplier tubes:
An electron tube that is capable of significantly
amplifying a current.
b. PHOTODIODES:
Semiconductors that change their charged voltage upon
being struck by light.
Change is converted to current & measured.
7. READOUT DEVICES:
Electric energy from detector is displayed on a meter or
display system
DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER:
Designed to compensate for possible variations in
intensity of light source.
Accomplished by splitting the light beam
DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER:
Common method
use of solu of varying conc of compound
following beer’s law
DISADV – dilution errors, stability problems,
shifts in Ph,temp effects.
5. PHOTOMETRIC ACCURACY
Absorbance std – constant stable A with no variation to
spectral band width / light beam.
NIST –set of 3 neutral density glass filters with known A at 4
λ for each filter.
They are not always stable- need recalibration by NIST
periodically
Standards for checking accuracy
- potassium dichromate
-nitrate solu
6. MULTIPLE WAVELENGTH
READINGS
Background interferences – min by including blank or taking
A at 2-3 λ.
Bichromatic-A is measured at 2 λ
1. corresponds to peak A
2. at a point at the base of the peak serves as baseline.
Diff in A is related to conc – gives a blank ref point for each
sample.
Another method to correct background interference- measure
A at 2 λ equidistant from peak and latter is averaged to get a
baseline and that’s subtracted from the peak A –
CORRECTED A
In cases of spectral overlap –
extinction coeff of each component at
each λ should be known.
Eg – in blood Hb (red Hb ,oxy Hb
,carboxyHb ,meth Hb , sulfHb)
ext coeff is known the matrix eq can
be set up to calculate each component
– principle used in COOXIMETERS
APPLICTIONS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Visible Spectrophotometer Application
- Niacin, Pyridoxine, Vitamin B12, Metal Determination (Fe),
Fat-quality Determination, Enzyme Activity (glucose oxidase)
UV Spectrophotometer Application
-Protein, Amino Acids (aromatic), Pantothenic Acid, Glucose
Determination, enzyme Activity (Hexokinase)