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Table of Contents
Item Page
Beam Analysis 2
Section Properties 3
Line Properties 5
Concrete 6
Foundations 10
Steel 14
Dead Loads 21
4 April 2007
P:\Structural\Technical\Design Aids.doc
Beam Analysis
Simple Span, Uniform Load wL Simple Span, Point Load P
w Vmax = R = 2 P Vmax = R = 2
2
wL PL
L Mmax = 8 Mmax = 4
L
R R 1 2 R R
M = Vmax x - ⁄2 w x
4 2 3 2
V 5wL 5 ML PL 1 ML
∆max = 384 E I = ⁄48 E I V ∆max = 48 E I = ⁄12 E I
ML ML
I360 = 37.5 E I360 = 30 E
M
5 ML M
∆ I5 = ⁄48 × E (5 mm)
∆
Cantilever, Uniform Load Cantilever, Point Load
RM w Vmax = R = w L a P Vmax = R = P
2 b
wL RM
L Mmax = RM = 2 Mmax = P a
R 1 2 L 3
M = Mmax - ⁄2 w x Pa
V
wL
4
1 M
∆max = 8 E I = ⁄4 E I
L
2 R ∆max = 3 E I (1 + 23 ab)
ML V
I360 = 90 E
M if a = L then:
3 2
1 ML M PL 1 ML
I5 = ⁄4 × E (5 mm) ∆max = 3 E I = ⁄3 E I
∆
ML
∆ I360 = 120 E
∆ Pa 2 2
∆ ∆max = 24 E I (3 L - 4 a )
page 2
Section Properties
2 3 3 3
Square A=d d Hollow Rectangle b1 = b - 2 t b d - b1 d1
b 4 S= 6 b d1 = d - 2 t S= 6d
d
I = 12 A = b d - b1 d1 3 3
d b d - b1 d1
3 r= 3
b d - b1 d1
3 r=
kv = ⁄2 12 12 A
d 3 d t I= 12 2 2
d 2 2 b d b1 d1
z= 4 2tb h Z= 4 - 4
J= b+h
2 3 2 3
Square, on diagonal axis A=d d Circle πD 2 πD
d S= A=πR = S = 32
d 6 2 4
c=
2 d circum = π D D
r= D πD
4 r=4
d 4
12 I = 64 3
d d
3 D
I = 12 Z= πD
4 Z= 6
3 2 J = 32 4
kv = ⁄3
2 2 2
Rectangle A=bd bd Half-Circle πR πD
b bd
I = 12
3 S= 6
d
A= 2 = 8
4R
I=R
4
(π8 - 98π) 2
3 r= y y=3π 9 π - 64
d kv = ⁄2 12 r=R 6π
2 D 4
bd
Z= 4 c=R 1-3π ( )
2 4 4
Triangle bd bd Hollow Circle ID = OD - 2 t π(OD -ID )
A= 2 S = 24 2 2 S= 32 OD
π(OD -ID )
A= 4 2 2
d d OD +ID
d y=3 r= 4 4 r=
18 OD t π(OD -ID ) 4
2
I= 64 3 3
2d bd OD ID
c= 3 Z = 24 4
π (OD -ID )
4 Z= 6 - 6
b 3 J=
bd 32
I = 36
2 2
4 OD + OD×ID + ID
kv = ⁄3 2
OD + ID
2
c y=d-c a = D tan ø
d 3 2
d (b + 4 b b1 + b1 )
2 2 2
A = n R tan ø Octagon
I= 12(2 b + b1) D 1 1 A (12 R2 + a )
2 a ≈ 0.4142 D
d 2 I1 = I2 = 48 A ≈ 0.8284 D2
b r = 6(b+b ) I ≈ 0.05474 D4
1
2 2
a 12 R2 + a
2
× 2(b + 4 b b1 + b1 ) r1 = r2 =
2 2 48
d (b+b1) + 2 b b1
Z = 12 × 2 b + b1
1 3
Thin Half-Pipe A = ⁄2 π D t Thin Pipe πD t
D D D A=πDt J= 4
y=π 3
πD t D
t 1 3 I= 8 r=
I ≈ ⁄8×0.095 π D t 8
1 2
S ≈ ⁄4 × 0.095 D t t πD t
y 1 3 S= kv = 2
J ≈ ⁄4 × 0.095 π D t 4
2
Z=D t
Parallel Axis Theorem
2
IBB = Ixx + A d
x x
d
B B
page 3
Section Properties
Angle
A = t (b - c)
2 2
Z b +ct d +at
x = 2 (b+c) y = 2 (b+c)
e
a abcdt
k = product of inertia on geometric axes= 4 (b + c)
y
1 3 3 3
t e W Ix = ⁄3 (t (d-y) + b y - a (y - t) )
c d
1 3 3 3
Iy = ⁄3 (t (b-x) + d x - c (x - t) )
θ 2k
x
e
1
( )
θ = ⁄2 atan I - I
2
y x
2
y W Iz = Ix (sin θ) + Iy (cos θ) + k sin(2 θ)
ext 2 2
Iw = Ix (cos θ) + Iy (sin θ) + k sin(2 θ)
x Z
e
Circular Segment D
R= 2
α = π R = 4 asin D = 2 asin D
180° a d c
()
πα
a = arc distance = 180°
D x x 2
R
1 2 2 c α
d = rise distance = R - ⁄2 D - c = 2 R sin 2 ( ) = D sin(α4)
y α
α 2 d R - d = D sin(2)
2
c = chord distance = 2
d a R - c (R - d) d 2 2
A= 2 = 6 c (3 d + 4 c )
3
α 3
Qxx = 12 sin 2
D
c
()
4 2 α - sin(2 α)
Ixx = D 256 (use α in radians)
Qxx
y= A
Irregular Polygon
x1, y1 Area of a Irregular Polygon
2. Then:
1
x4, y4 A = ⁄2 (x1 y2 - x2 y1 + x2 y3 - x3 y2 + … + xn y1 - x1 yn)
x3, y3
Miscellaneous Volumes
4 3 1 3
Cylinder Sphere: V = ⁄3 π R = ⁄6 π D
S = lateral surface area = 2 π R h
2 1
V=πR h Pyramid V = ⁄3 Abase h
page 4
Line Properties
centroid
Configuration Ix Sx J = Ix + Iy
location
3 2 3
d d d d d
2 12 6 12
b 3 2 2 2
d d d d (3 b + d )
d 2 6 3 6
b
2 2 2
d bd b (3 d + b )
bd
d 2 2 6
2
b d
y = 2(b+d) 3 2
d
d
y
b
x = 2(b+d)
2
2
b y + 12 +d (d2 - y)
b 2 2 3 2
b bd d d
x = 2b+d 2 + 12 bd+ 6
d
b 2 3
d d d 2
d
y y = 2d+b 2
by + 6 +2d ( ) 2-y
b
2 3 2 3
d bd d d (b + d)
d 2 2 + 6 bd+ 3 6
b
2 3 2
d d
d
y y = b+2d 2
by + 6 +2d (d2 - y)
b
2 3 2 3 2 3
d bd d d b +3bd +d
d 2 2 + 6 bd+ 3 6
b
d w = d - 2 tf
d w = d - 2 tf
d 2
2 2 3 dw
d 2 b (d +dw ) dw S = b d + b dw + 3
I= 2 + 6
3 2 3
d d πd πd πd
2 8 4 4
b d s = d - tf
3 2
ds
d
y
y=
2
b tf + d s + 2 d s tf
2
b tf + 6 + 2 d s (y - t - d2 )f
s
2 b + 2 ds
e Per Mr
ft = J = J
P
r yr xr
yr ft fx = r ft fy = r ft
fy
P
fx fd = L
xr weld
page 5
Concrete
Strength Reduction Factors per ACI 318-05
Shear & Torsion Tension- Compression Strut & Plain PT Coupling
Bearing Anchorage
Typical SMR Controlled spirals other Tie Concrete Anchor Beams
ø 0.65 0.75 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.65 0.75 0.55 0.85 0.85 See note
Notes: 1. See ACI 318 Appendix D for anchorage to concrete.
2. See ACI 3189.3.2.7 for post-tensioned members with flexural strands in areas that are not fully developed.
BASIC DESIGN VALUES - for Non-Prestressed, Normal Weight, Reinforced Concrete per ACI 318-05
ACI
ITEM VALUE RELATED INFO
REF.
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec 57 000 fc' psi 8.5
Concrete Bearing Strength ø 0.85 fc' Aloaded 10.17 Optional factor: Aloaded/Apier ≤ 2
11.1.3.1 Critical section is often d from face.
Beam Shear - Strength of Concrete, φVc ø 2 fc' b d 11.3.1.1 A more detailed method is permitted.
11.10 For shear walls: d = 0.8 Lwall
Adjustment Factor for Axial Force: 1 + Nu/(ka Ag) 11.3 ka = 2000 for compress'n, 500 for tension
Beam Shear - Strength of Reinf., øVs ø Av fyr d/s ≤ kL ø fc' b d 11.5.7.2 kL = 4 for slabs & footings, 8 otherwise
1
Maximum Shear Reinf. Spacing, smax d/2 ≤ 24" 11.5.5 Multiply by ⁄2 where Vs > 4 fc' bw d
1
Minimum Shear Reinf. Area, AvMin max(0.75 fc', 50) × bw s/fyr 11.5.6 If Vu > ⁄2 øVc (except slabs & footings)
Shear in Deep Beams, Corbels See 11.8, 11.9
4 Critical section bo is located d/2 from face.
Punching Shear Strength ø × min 2 + 4/β fc' bo d 11.12.2 β = (long side)/(short side)
αs d/bo + 2 αs = 40 (int. cols), 30 (edge), 20 (corner)
Shear Friction Strength, øVn 1.4 if monolithic
ø Avf fyr µ ≤ ø min(0.2 fc', 800) Ac 11.7.4.1 µ = 1.0 if roughened joint
(bars are perpendicular to crack) 0.6 if smooth joint
As fyr Direct solution: minimum As
a = 0.85 f ' b
Flexural Strength c
(w/o compression reinforcement)
10.2 1.7 fc' b d 2.89 (fc' b d)2 6.8 fc' b Mu
φMn = 0.9 As fyr (d - a2) = 2f
yr
- 4 fyr
2 - 4φf 2
yr
max(200, 3 fc') × bf d
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement min yr 10.5 spacing ≤ 3 × slab thickness ≤ 18"
4⁄3 As required by analysis
ρb = 0.85 β1 fc'/fyr × (0.003/(0.003 + fyr/Es))
10.3.5
Maximum Flexural Reinforcement
3
⁄4 b d ρb 0.85 if fc' ≤ 4000
β1 = 0.65 if fc' ≥ 8000
10.2.7.3
0.85 - 0.00005×(fc' - 4000) otherwise
cc = clear cover
Max. Crack Control Spacing, s 600 000/fs - 2.5 cc ≤ 480 000/fs 10.6.4 2
fs = service level reinf. stress, or ⁄3 fyr
Compression in Short Columns 0.8 ø (0.85 fc' (Ag - As) + fyr As) 10.3.6.2
10.9.1 If seismic demand is low, then As may be
Column Reinforcement Limits 0.01 Ag ≤ As ≤ 0.08 Ag
10.8.4 reduced to 0.005 Ag.
nd 22 in moment frames
Short Column Threshold, neglect 2 10.13.2 M2 ≥ M1, M2 is always "+"
M1
order effects if k Lu/r is less than: 34 - 12 M ≤ 40 in braced frames 10.12.2 M1 is "+" if column is in single curvature.
2
2 1 1
k Lc tmin = ⁄25 min(H,L) or 4" or (7 ⁄2" if fdn wall)
Wall Compressive Strength, Empirical 0.55 ø fc' Ag ( 1 - 32 h ) 14.5 1
Resultant in middle ⁄3 of thickness.
2
Torsion Threshold, neglect if Tu is below: ø fc' Acp /pcp 11.6.1 Acp = area, pcp = perimeter distance
Adjustment Factor for Axial Force 1 + Nu/(4 Ag fc') 11.6.1 Nu is + for compression, - for tension
Min. temp. & shrinkage steel in slabs, ρ 0.0018 for Gr 60, 0.002 for Gr 40 7.12 spacing ≤ 5 × slab thickness ≤ 18"
page 6
Concrete
2
Total Areas for Various Numbers of Reinforcing Bars (in )
Bar Soft Nom. Nom. Weight Number of bars
Size Metric Dia. Dia. per
Size bar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
in mm lbs/ft in in in in in in in in in in
#3 #10 0.375 9.525 0.376 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 1.1
#4 #13 0.500 12.7 0.668 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
#5 #16 0.625 15.875 1.043 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10
#6 #19 0.750 19.05 1.502 0.44 0.88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40
#7 #22 0.875 22.225 2.044 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00
#8 #25 1.000 25.4 2.670 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 6.32 7.11 7.90
#9 #29 1.128 28.65 3.400 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
#10 #32 1.270 32.26 4.303 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 10.16 11.43 12.70
#11 #36 1.410 35.81 5.313 1.56 3.12 4.68 6.24 7.80 9.36 10.92 12.48 14.04 15.60
#14 #43 1.693 43 7.650 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50
#18 #57 2.257 57.33 13.60 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00
2
Average Area per Foot of Width Provided by Various Bar Spacings (in /ft)
Bar Soft Spacing of Bars in Inches
Size Metric 1 1 1 1
Size 2 2 ⁄2 3 3 ⁄2 4 4 ⁄2 5 5 ⁄2 6 7 8 9 10 12
mm 0.66 0.53 0.44 0.38 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.11
#3 #10 1.20 0.96 0.80 0.69 0.60 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.20
#4 #13 1.86 1.49 1.24 1.06 0.93 0.83 0.74 0.68 0.62 0.53 0.47 0.41 0.37 0.31
#5 #16 2.64 2.11 1.76 1.51 1.32 1.17 1.06 0.96 0.88 0.75 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.44
#6 #19 3.60 2.88 2.40 2.06 1.80 1.60 1.44 1.31 1.20 1.03 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.60
#7 #22 4.74 3.79 3.16 2.71 2.37 2.11 1.90 1.72 1.58 1.35 1.19 1.05 0.95 0.79
#8 #25 6.00 4.80 4.00 3.43 3.00 2.67 2.40 2.18 2.00 1.71 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.00
#9 #29 7.62 6.10 5.08 4.35 3.81 3.39 3.05 2.77 2.54 2.18 1.91 1.69 1.52 1.27
#10 #32 9.36 7.49 6.24 5.35 4.68 4.16 3.74 3.40 3.12 2.67 2.34 2.08 1.87 1.56
2
Average Area per Foot of Width Provided by Welded Wire Reinforcement (in /ft)
2
Wire Closest Nom. Area in in per foot of width
Apprx Weight 2
Size Metric Dia. Center-to-center spacing A "W2.9" indicates 0.029 in area.
Gage
Number Size in. lbs/ft 3" 4" 6" 12" 16"
Call out style is per this example:
W8 0.319 0.272 0.320 0.240 0.16 0.08 0.06
WWR 6x6-W4xW4.
W7.5 MW50 0.309 0.309 0.300 0.225 0.15 0.075 0.056
W7 MW55 0.299 0.238 0.280 0.210 0.14 0.07 0.053 To indicate deformed bars, call
W6.5 0.288 0.221 0.260 0.195 0.13 0.065 0.049 out WWR 6x6-D4xD4.
W6 MW40 0.276 0.204 0.240 0.180 0.12 0.06 0.045
W5.5 MW35 2 0.265 0.187 0.220 0.185 0.11 0.055 0.041 The cells with heavy borders
W5 0.252 0.170 0.200 0.150 0.10 0.05 0.038 show the most commonly used
W4.5 MW30 3 0.239 0.153 0.180 0.135 0.09 0.045 0.034 configurations. There are also
W4 MW26 4 0.226 0.136 0.160 0.120 0.08 0.04 0.03 larger sizes available than shown
W3.5 MW25 0.211 0.119 0.140 0.105 0.07 0.035 0.026 on this table.
W3 MW20 0.195 0.102 0.120 0.090 0.06 0.03 0.023
WWR is supplied most commonly
W2.9 MW19 6 0.192 0.098 0.116 0.087 0.058 0.029 0.022
with fy = 60,000 psi, but 70,000
W2.5 0.178 0.085 0.100 0.075 0.05 0.025 psi and 80,000 psi grades are
W2.1 MW15 8 0.162 0.070 0.084 0.063 0.042 0.021 also available.
W2 MW13 0.160 0.068 0.080 0.060 0.04 0.02
W1.5 MW10 0.138 0.051 0.060 0.045 0.03 0.015
W1.4 MW9 10 0.134 0.049 0.056 0.042 0.028 0.014
page 7
Concrete
Straight Tension Development Length, inches, per ACI 318-05 sections 12.2 and 21.5.4
Bar fc' = 2500 fc' = 3000 fc' = 4000 fc' = 5000 fc' = 6000
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 24 18 22 17 19 15 17* 20 13* 15 16* 20 12* 15
#4 32 24 29 22 25 19 23 17 21 16
#5 39 30 36 28 31 24 28 22 26 20
#6 47 36 43 33 37 29 34 26 31 24
#7 69 53 63 48 54 42 49 38 45 34
#8 78 60 72 55 62 48 56 43 51 39
#9 88 68 81 62 70 54 63 48 57 44
#10 98 75 90 69 78 60 69 54 63 49
#11 108 83 98 76 85 66 76 59 70 54
#14 137 105 125 96 108 84 97 75 89 68
#18 176 135 161 124 139 107 125 96 114 88
Notes: This table assumes: (a) normal weight concrete, (b) uncoated bars, and
(c) either (clear spacing ≥ db and clear cover ≥ db, with stirrups or ties) or (clear spacing ≥ 2 db and clear cover ≥ db)
"Top bars" are horizontal bars with > 12" of concrete placed below them.
All entries, except the ones marked with an asterisk (*), meet section 21.5.4 for high seismic capacity.
Tension Lap Splice Length, Class B, inches, per ACI 318-05 section 12.2 and 12.15
Bar fc' = 2500 fc' = 3000 fc' = 4000 fc' = 5000 fc' = 6000
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 31 24 28 22 25 19 22* 26 17* 20 22* 26 16* 20
#4 41 32 38 29 33 25 29 23 27 21
#5 51 39 47 36 41 31 36 28 33 26
#6 61 47 56 43 49 37 44 34 40 31
#7 89 69 81 63 71 54 63 49 58 45
#8 102 78 93 72 81 62 72 56 66 51
#9 115 88 105 81 91 70 81 63 74 57
#10 127 98 116 90 101 78 90 69 82 63
#11 140 108 128 98 111 85 99 76 90 70
#14
Not permitted
#18
Notes: Same as for the straight tension development table just above.
90° Hooked Bar Tension Development Length, inches, per ACI 318-05 sections 12.5 and 21.5.4
fc' = 2500 fc' = 3000 fc' = 4000 fc' = 5000
Bar
Non-seismic Non-seismic Non-seismic Non-seismic
Size Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic
Confined Others Confined Others Confined Others Confined Others
#3 6 7 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6
and end cover ≥ 2"
#4 7 9 10 7 8 9 6 7 8 6 6 7
Side cover ≥ 2.5"
#5 9 11 12 8 10 11 7 9 10 6 8 9
#6 11 13 14 10 12 13 8 10 11 8 9 10
#7 12 15 17 11 14 15 10 12 13 9 11 12
#8 14 17 19 13 16 17 11 14 15 10 12 14
#9 16 19 21 14 18 19 12 15 17 11 14 15
#10 17 21 24 16 20 22 14 17 19 12 15 17
#11 19 24 26 17 22 24 15 19 21 14 17 18
#3 8 9 7 9 6 8 6 7
#4 10 12 9 11 8 10 7 9
#5 12 15 11 14 10 12 9 11
Use Use Use Use
#6 15 18 14 17 12 15 11 13
non- non- non- non-
#7 17 21 16 20 14 17 12 15
seismic seismic seismic seismic
#8 20 24 lengths 18 22 lengths 16 19 lengths 14 17 lengths
#9 22 27 20 25 18 22 16 20
#10 24 30 22 28 19 24 17 22
#11 27 33 25 31 21 27 19 24
#14 42 42 39 39 34 34 30 30
N/A N/A N/A N/A
#18 54 54 50 50 43 43 39 39
Notes: This table assumes normal weight concrete and uncoated bars.
"Confined" hooks are within ties or stirrups with spacing ≤ 3 db
"Seismic" hooks meet ACI 318 21.5.4 and must terminate within the confined core of a column or boundary element.
page 8
Concrete
Reinforcement Hooks per ACI 318-02 sections 7.1, 7.2, and 21.4
C
6
db
>
3"
Detailing Detailing H
Dimension Dimension
Detailing Dimension
db db
D
db
J
øD
B D
ø 12 db
4 db> 2.5"
D
ø
B
STANDARD 90° HOOK
180° HOOK 12 db
90° Stirrup
Bar db 90° Std Hook 180° Std Hook or Tie 135° Stirrup or Tie
Size B D B D J B D C D H
inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches
1 1 1 1
#3 0.375 6 2 ⁄4 4 2 ⁄4 3 4 1 ⁄2 4 1 ⁄2 3
1 1 5 1
#4 0.5 8 3 4 ⁄2 3 4 4 ⁄2 2 4 ⁄8 2 3 ⁄4
3 3 1 7 1
#5 0.625 10 3 ⁄4 5 3 ⁄4 5 6 2 ⁄2 5 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 4
1 1 1 3 1 1
#6 0.75 12 4 ⁄2 6 4 ⁄2 6 12 4 ⁄2 8 ⁄8 4 ⁄2 5 ⁄8
1 1 1 5 1
#7 0.875 14 5 ⁄4 7 5 ⁄4 7 14 5 ⁄4 9 ⁄8 5 ⁄4 6
1 7
#8 1.0 16 6 8 6 8 16 6 11 ⁄8 6 6 ⁄8
1 1 1 3
#9 1.128 19 9 ⁄2 10 ⁄2 9 ⁄2 11 ⁄4
3 3 3 1
#10 1.27 22 10 ⁄4 11 ⁄4 10 ⁄4 13 ⁄4
3
#11 1.41 24 12 13 12 14 ⁄4
1 1 1 3
#14 1.693 31 18 ⁄4 17 ⁄2 18 ⁄4 21 ⁄4
1 1
#18 2.257 41 24 23 ⁄4 24 28 ⁄2
Minimum Clear Cover for Non-Prestressed Bars in Cast-In-Place Concrete - per ACI 318 7.7.1
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth: 3"
Concrete exposed to earth or weather: Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
1
#6 through #18 bars 2" #14 & #18 bars 1 ⁄2"
1 3
#5, W31 wire, and smaller 1 ⁄2" #11 bars and smaller ⁄ 4"
page 9
Foundations
Footing Soil Pressure
When soil pressure is assumed to be distributed linearly, then
P Mc
When the resultant is within the kern, use σ = ±
A I
B D D
C C C
L D
c = kern distance = 6 c = kern distance = 8 c = kern distance = 0.122 D
When the resultant is outside the kern, then soil pressure is distributed over only part of the footing surface.
σ σ σ σ
B
3a Ds
D
D
L P P P
a= -e σmax = c2 σmax = c2 A σmax = c2 A
2 D2 circle octagon
2P e e e
σmax = D 2
c1 c2 c1 c2 c1 c2
3aB D D
0.000 - 1.00 0.000 - 1.00 0.000 - 1.00
0.025 - 1.30 0.025 - 1.20 0.025 - 1.20
0.050 - 1.60 0.050 - 1.40 0.050 - 1.41
0.075 - 1.90 0.075 - 1.60 0.075 - 1.61
0.083 1.00 2.00 0.100 - 1.80 0.100 - 1.82
0.100 0.915 2.21 0.125 1.00 2.00 0.122 - 2.00
0.11 0.870 2.34 0.150 0.910 2.23 0.125 0.98 2.02
0.12 0.832 2.48 0.175 0.830 2.48 0.150 0.90 2.23
0.13 0.796 2.63 0.200 0.755 2.76 0.175 0.83 2.46
0.14 0.766 2.80 0.225 0.685 3.11 0.200 0.77 2.71
0.15 0.736 2.97 0.250 0.615 3.55 0.225 0.71 3.02
0.16 0.707 3.16 0.275 0.550 4.15 0.250 0.65 3.39
0.17 0.680 3.37 0.294 0.50 4.69 0.275 0.60 3.84
0.18 0.654 3.61 0.300 0.485 4.96 0.300 0.54 4.38
0.19 0.628 3.85 0.325 0.420 6.00 0.322 0.50 4.97
0.20 0.604 4.14 0.350 0.360 7.48 0.325 0.49 5.08
0.21 0.582 4.44 0.375 0.295 9.93 0.350 0.42 6.41
0.22 0.561 4.47 0.400 0.235 13.9 0.375 0.36 8.25
0.23 0.54 5.14 0.425 0.175 21.1 0.400 0.30 10.8
0.24 0.521 5.54 0.450 0.120 38.3 0.425 0.26 14.4
0.25 0.50 6.00 0.475 0.060 96.1 0.450 0.22 18.9
0.30 0.40 9.38 0.500 0.00 ∞ 0.475 0.19 24.4
0.35 0.30 16.7 0.500 0.17 30.4
0.40 0.20 37.5 0.541 0.00 ∞
0.45 0.10 150
0.50 0.00 ∞
page 10
Foundations
Footing Soil Pressure, continued
This continues to assume rigid footings with linear soil distributions
eb
B
P
σmax = c B L
Ref: The coefficients for the square, circular, and rectangular footings come from Winterkorn and Fang,
Foundation Engineering Handbook. Octagon coefficients are by R Kok.
page 11
Foundations
Allowable Overturning Moment on Drilled Piers - per IBC 2006 sections 1805.7.5.2.1 and 1805.7.5.2.2
f d if d < 12
S1 = 3
4 f otherwise
S3 = {f12d iff otherwise
d < 12
3 3
7.02 b f d 2 - 2 P d if d < 12
Mallow =
(
4.36 (3.51) 3.51
2
) 2 f b d if d < 12
d S3 b 4.25
Mallow = 4.25 = 12 f b d2
0.585 fbd 2Pd
( )
4.36 (0.2925)2 - 0.2925 otherwise 4.25 otherwise
P:\Structural\Technical\Design Aids.doc
page 12
Foundations
Allowable Vertical Load on Drilled Piers -
If you have a heavily loaded pier, hire a geotechnical engineer. This table only gives you really conservative values that
are meant to be used when you have a lightly loaded drilled pier.
Backup Calculations
(Ref: Raymond, "Piled Foundations for Vertical Loads, Geotechnical Engineering, 1997)
Granular Soils
qp = ultimate bearing pressure = γ d Nq, where
γ = unit weight of the soil, which we'll take to be 105 pcf
Nq: Several authors have written papers with values for Np. The most conservative one I can find is Berezantsev
ø= 25 30 35 40
Np = 15 30 75 150
We'll use the most conservative value of Np, which is15.
This formula can be unconservative when d/b > 10, so we'll cap the maximum value at that point.
factor of safety = 3, so
0.105×d×15 1.575 d
qa = allowable bearing pressure = 3 = 3
Skin friction Is assumed to be zero, which is also conservative.
2 2
1 πb πb 2
Pallow = qa Apier - qself Apier= ⁄3 ×1.575 × d × 4 - 0.15 × d × 4 ≈ 0.295 d b
Cohesive Soils
page 13
Steel
Basic Design Values, per AISC 2005 Specification
W-Shapes | ASTM A992, Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi
S-, C-, and MC-Shapes | ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
CONDITION ASD LRFD RELATED INFO
Tension 0.6 Fy Ag ≤ 0.5 Fu Ae 0.9 Fy Ag ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae Ae = An U
Strong Lb ≤ Lp 0.66 Fy Sx 0.99 Fy Sx
See Note 1.
Bending Axis Lb > Lp See Manual or Specification
Lp = 300 ry / Fy
Weak Axis 0.9 Fy Sy 1.35 Fy Sy
Shear (in strong axis) 0.4 Fy Aw 0.6 Fy Aw See Note 2.
P P 2
kL / r ≤ 800 / Fy 0.6 Fy Ag × 0.658 0.9 Fy Ag × 0.658 P = Fy (kL/r) / 286 000
Compression 2 2
kL / r > 800 / Fy 150 000 Ag / (kL/r) 226 000 Ag / (kL/r) See note 3.
Notes:
1. Multiply equations given for Lb ≤ Lp by value in parentheses for W14x90 (0.97), W12x65 (0.98) and W6x15 (0.95)
2. Multiply equations given by 0.9 for W44x230, W40x149, W36x135, W33x118, W30x90, W24x55, W16x26, W12x14 and all
C- and MC- shapes. In weak axis, equation given can be adapted by using Aw = 1.8 bf tf.
3. Not applicable to slender shapes. For C- and MC- shapes, also check Section E4
HSS | ASTM A500 grade B, Rectanglular Fy = 46 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi, Round Fy = 42 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
Pipe | ASTM A53 grade B, Fy = 35 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi
CONDITION ASD LRFD RELATED INFO
Tension 0.6 Fy Ag ≤ 0.5 Fu Ae 0.9 Fy Ag ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae Ae = An U
Rectangular HSS 0.66 Fy S 0.99 Fy S See Note 1.
Bending
Round HSS, Pipe 0.78 Fy S 1.17 Fy S See Note 2.
Rectangular HSS 0.36 Fy Aw 0.54 Fy Aw See Note 3.
Shear
Round HSS, Pipe 0.18 Fy Ag 0.27 Fy Ag See Note 4.
P P 2
kL / r ≤ 800 / Fy 0.6 Fy Ag × 0.658 0.9 Fy Ag × 0.658 P = Fy (kL/r) / 286 000
Compression 2 2
kL / r > 800 / Fy 150 000 Ag / (kL/r) 226 000 Ag / (kL/r) See note 5.
Notes:
Size Limits for Nominal Wall Thickness
1. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (see Section F7). 5 1 3 5 1 3 1
Rectangular HSS, in* ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄8
2. Not applicable if D/t > 2030/Fy (See Section F8). 1
3. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (See Section G5). Flange 18 14 10 9 7 5 3 ⁄2
Bending
4. Not applicable if Lv/D > 75 (See Section G6). Web 20 20 20 18 14 10 7
5. For rectangular HSS, if limit at right is exceeded, use QFy in Shear 20 20 20 18 14 10 7
place of Fy, where Q = Qa from Section E7.2 Compression 20 16 12 10 8 6 4
*Table only covers up to 64-in. periphery limit in ASTM A500
Shear (N bolts, per shear plane) 0.2 Fu Ab 0.3 Fu Ab Multiply by 1.25 for X bolts.
Slip Resistance (Class A, STD holes) 0.14 Fu Ab 0.21 Fu Ab Per slip plane. See Note 1.
Bearing 0.6 Fu Lc t ≤ 1.2 Fu db t 0.9 Fu Lc t ≤ 1.8 Fu db t See Note 2.
Shear (all welds except CJP) 0.3 FEXX Aw 0.45 FEXX Aw See Note 3.
Welds
Block Shear 0.3 Fu Anv + 0.5 Ubs Fu Ant 0.45 Fu Anv + 0.75 Ubs Fu Ant See Note 4.
kL / r ≤ 25 0.6 Fy A 0.9 Fy A -
Compression
kL / r > 25 Same as for W-shapes with Ag = A. -
Notes:
1. Serviceability check. For Class B surface, multiply by 1.43. For OVS or SSL holes, multiply by 0.85. For LSL, multiply by 0.7.
2. For LSL holes parallel to the direction of load, multiply by 0.83.
3. For fillet welds, multiply by 1.5 for transverse loading (90° load angle). For other load angles, see Section J2.
4. For calculation purposes, Fu Anv cannot exceed Fy Agv. Ubs = 1 for a uniform tension stress; 0.5 for non-uniform tension stress.
page 14
Steel
Wrench Clearance
A E
B B
F H
edge of fillet
E
S
R
wa
sh
er
Nut Dimensions Washer Wrench Clearance Minimum Edge
Bolt Heavy Hex (& A325) outside radius Open End Socket or Impact Distance, E
Size Sheared Rolled
F S H round clipped A B A B
Edges Edges
inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches
1 7 7 3 3 7 7 3
⁄2 ⁄8 1.01 0.504 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4
5 1 11 9 1 1 5 1 7
⁄8 1 ⁄16 1.227 0.631 ⁄16 ⁄16 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 1 1 ⁄8 ⁄8
3 1 3 11 5 7 1 1
⁄4 1 ⁄4 1.443 0.758 ⁄4 ⁄16 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 2 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 1
7 7 7 13 7 1 3 1 1
⁄8 1 ⁄16 1.66 .885 ⁄8 ⁄16 2 ⁄8 2 2 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄2 * 1 ⁄8
5 7 1 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 ⁄8 1.876 1.012 1 ⁄8 3 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄4 * 1 ⁄4
1 13 1 1 3 5 5 1
1 ⁄8 1 ⁄16 2.093 1.139 1 ⁄16 1 3 ⁄2 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 2 1 ⁄2
1 1 1 5 1 7 3 1 5
1 ⁄4 2 2.309 1.251 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 3 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄4 2 ⁄4 1 ⁄8
3 3 1 1 7 5 1 3 1 3
1 ⁄8 2 ⁄16 2.526 1.378 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 3 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 3 ⁄8 1 ⁄4 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄4
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 7 5 7
1 ⁄2 2 ⁄8 2.742 1.505 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄16 4 ⁄4 2 ⁄8 3 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄8
3 3 1
1 ⁄4 2 ⁄4 3.175 1.759 2 3 2 ⁄8
1 1 1 1
2 3 ⁄8 3.392 1.886 2 ⁄4 3 ⁄2 2 ⁄2
1
*These may be 1 ⁄4" at the ends of beam connection angles and shear end plates.
page 15
Steel
V
ASD - All Bolted Double Clip Angle Connections - Available Strength, Ωn, in kips
Leh 1¼"
page 16
Steel
LRFD - All Bolted Double Clip Angle Connections - Available Strength, øVn, in kips
Leh 1¼"
page 17
Steel
Gr 36 Anchor Rod Strength, kips
Tension
ASD LRFD
28 42
1¼"ø
24 36
Without
Grout
20 30
With
Grout
1"ø
16 24
7
⁄8"ø
12 18
¾"ø
8 12
5
⁄8"ø
1
⁄2"ø
4 6
0
LRFD: 0 6 12 18 24 30
ASD: 0 4 8 12 16 20
Shear
page 18
Steel
Anchor Rod Strength for ASTM F1554 Rods
per AISC Design Guide 1 (2nd Ed.), AISC Steel Construction Manual 13th Ed. & AISC 341-05
Heavy Rn
ASD, Ω LRFD, øRn
Rod Rod Hex
Size Area Bearing Gr 36 Gr 55 Gr 105 Gr 36 Gr 55 Gr 105
Area Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear
2 2
in. in in kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips
1
⁄4 0.0491 0.167 1.07 0.57 1.38 0.74 2.30 1.23 1.60 0.85 2.07 1.10 3.45 1.84
3
⁄8 0.110 0.299 2.39 1.28 3.09 1.65 5.16 2.75 3.59 1.91 4.64 2.48 7.73 4.13
1
⁄2 0.196 0.467 4.26 2.27 5.51 2.94 9.19 4.90 6.39 3.41 8.27 4.41 13.8 7.35
5
⁄8 0.307 0.671 6.68 3.56 8.63 4.61 14.4 7.68 10.0 5.34 13.0 6.91 21.6 11.5
3
⁄4 0.442 0.911 9.61 5.13 12.4 6.63 20.7 11.1 14.4 7.69 18.6 9.95 31.1 16.6
7
⁄8 0.601 1.22 13.1 6.97 16.9 9.02 28.2 15.0 19.6 10.5 25.4 13.5 42.3 22.5
1 0.785 1.50 17.1 9.11 22.1 11.8 36.8 19.6 25.6 13.7 33.1 17.7 55.2 29.4
1
1 ⁄8 0.994 1.81 21.6 11.5 28.0 14.9 46.6 24.9 32.4 17.3 41.9 22.4 69.9 37.3
1
1 ⁄4 1.23 2.24 26.8 14.3 34.6 18.5 57.7 30.8 40.1 21.4 51.9 27.7 86.5 46.1
3
1 ⁄8 1.48 2.66 32.2 17.2 41.6 22.2 69.4 37.0 48.3 25.8 62.4 33.3 104 55.5
1
1 ⁄2 1.77 3.13 38.5 20.5 49.8 26.6 83.0 44.3 57.7 30.8 74.7 39.8 124 66.4
3
1 ⁄4 2.41 4.17 52.4 28.0 67.8 36.2 113 60.3 78.6 41.9 102 54.2 169 90.4
2 3.14 5.35 68.3 36.4 88.3 47.1 147 78.5 102 54.6 132 70.7 221 118
1
2 ⁄4 3.98 6.69 86.6 46.2 112 59.7 187 99.5 130 69.3 168 89.6 280 149
1
2 ⁄2 4.91 8.17 107 57.0 138 73.7 230 123 160 85.4 207 110 345 184
3
2 ⁄4 5.94 9.80 129 68.9 167 89.1 278 149 194 103 251 134 418 223
3 7.07 11.4 154 82.0 199 106 331 177 231 123 298 159 497 265
1
3 ⁄4 8.30 13.3 181 96.3 233 125 389 208 271 144 350 187 584 311
1
3 ⁄2 9.62 15.3 209 112 271 144 451 241 314 167 406 216 676 361
3
3 ⁄4 11.0 17.5 239 128 309 165 516 275 359 191 464 248 773 413
4 12.6 19.9 274 146 354 189 591 315 411 219 532 284 886 473
Notes: 1. Underlying equations: Tn = 0.75 Fu Ab; Vn = 0.5×0.8 Fu Ab; ø = 0.75; Ω = 2.0
2. This table assumes grout under the baseplate and includes a 0.8 factor on the shear capacity.
If there is no grout under your baseplate, multiply shear values by 1.25.
3. If you use Gr 36 rods, heavy hex heads, and fc' ≤ 4000 psi; then bearing never controls. Don't use a washer.
1
Portland Bolt can forge heads onto bolts that are sized up to 2 ⁄2" diameter.
4. AISC approaches seismic design differently than ACI. If your loads are found in accordance with AISC 341-
05, then you don't have to use the extra 0.75 factor in ACI 318-05 appendix D section D3.3.3.
Tc
5. When combining shear and tension, Tc' = 1.3 Tc - V V ≤ Tc
c
page 19
Steel
Gauge Thickness
American Wire
Sheet Steel, bare* Aluminum Stainless Gauge Diameter
2
Gauge oz/ft inches mm inches mm inches mm inches mm
6/0 - - - 0.5800 14.73 0.4687 11.90
5/0 - - - 0.5165 13.12 0.4375 11.11
4/0 - - - 0.4600 11.68 0.4062 10.32
3/0 - - - 0.4096 10.40 0.3750 9.53
2/0 - - - 0.3648 9.27 0.3437 8.73
0 - - - 0.3249 8.25 0.3125 7.94 0.3249 8.25
1 - - - 0.2893 7.35 0.2812 7.14 0.2893 7.35
2 - - - 0.2576 6.54 0.2656 6.75 0.2576 6.54
3 160 0.2391 6.07 0.2294 5.83 0.2500 6.35 0.2294 5.83
4 150 0.2242 5.69 0.2043 5.19 0.2344 5.95 0.2043 5.19
5 140 0.2092 5.31 0.1819 4.62 0.2187 5.55 0.1819 4.62
6 130 0.1943 4.93 0.1620 4.11 0.2031 5.16 0.1620 4.11
7 120 0.1793 4.56 0.1443 3.67 0.1875 4.76 0.1443 3.67
8 110 0.1644 4.18 0.1285 3.26 0.1719 4.37 0.1285 3.26
9 100 0.1495 3.80 0.1144 2.91 0.1562 3.97 0.1144 2.91
10 90 0.1345 3.42 0.1019 2.59 0.1406 3.57 0.1019 2.59
11 80 0.1196 3.04 0.0907 2.30 0.1250 3.18 0.0907 2.30
12 70 0.1046 2.66 0.0808 2.05 0.1094 2.78 0.0808 2.05
13 60 0.0897 2.28 0.0720 1.83 0.0937 2.38 0.0720 1.83
14 50 0.0747 1.90 0.0641 1.63 0.0781 1.98 0.0641 1.63
15 45 0.0673 1.71 0.0571 1.45 0.0703 1.79 0.0571 1.45
16 40 0.0598 1.52 0.0508 1.29 0.0625 1.59 0.0508 1.29
17 36 0.0538 1.37 0.0453 1.15 0.0562 1.43 0.0453 1.15
18 32 0.0478 1.21 0.0403 1.02 0.0500 1.27 0.0403 1.02
19 28 0.0418 1.06 0.0359 0.91 0.0437 1.11 0.0359 0.91
20 24 0.0359 0.91 0.0320 0.81 0.0375 0.95 0.0320 0.81
21 22 0.0329 0.84 0.0285 0.72 0.0344 0.87 0.0285 0.72
22 20 0.0299 0.76 0.0253 0.64 0.0312 0.79 0.0254 0.65
23 18 0.0269 0.68 0.0226 0.57 0.0281 0.71 0.0226 0.57
24 16 0.0239 0.61 0.0201 0.51 0.0250 0.64 0.0201 0.51
25 14 0.0209 0.53 0.0179 0.45 0.0219 0.56 0.0179 0.45
26 12 0.0179 0.46 0.0159 0.40 0.0187 0.47 0.0159 0.40
27 11 0.0164 0.42 0.0142 0.36 0.0172 0.44 0.0142 0.36
28 10 0.0149 0.38 0.0126 0.32 0.0156 0.40 0.0126 0.32
29 9 0.0135 0.34 0.0113 0.29 0.0141 0.36 0.0113 0.29
30 8 0.0120 0.30 0.0100 0.25 0.0125 0.32 0.0100 0.25
31 7 0.0105 0.27 0.0089 0.23 0.0109 0.28 0.0089 0.23
32 0.0097 0.25 0.0080 0.20 0.0102 0.26 0.0080 0.20
33 0.0090 0.23 0.0071 0.18 0.0094 0.24 0.0079 0.20
34 0.0082 0.21 0.0063 0.16 0.0086 0.22
35 0.0075 0.19 0.0056 0.14 0.0078 0.20
36 0.0067 0.17 0.0050 0.13 0.0070 0.18
37 0.0064 0.16 0.0045 0.11 0.0066 0.17
38 0.0060 0.15 0.0040 0.10 0.0062 0.16
*For galvanizing, add 0.001 inches.
page 20
Dead Loads
Air Conditioners - Roof Top Units Cement, Portland, loose = 90 pcf
Weight of
2 A/C Weight of
Bldg Area, ft A/C with Clay
Rating A/C only
(ceiling 8'-12') Gas fired dry = 63 pcf
(tons) (no heat)
heater damp = 110 pcf
1200 3 540 335
1600 4 850 415 CMU - see Masonry
2000 5 1200 600
3000 7.5 1800 620 Coke
4000 10 2400 Loose 23 to 32 pcf
4800 12 3600 Calcined 35 - 45 pcf
6000 15 5920 Saturated 55 pcf
8000 20 6050
Note: Lighter units are available. Composition Shingles - see Roofing, Composition
Aluminum Concrete
solid aluminum = 169 pcf solid unreinf. concrete, normal weight = 144 pcf
1" thick = 14.08 psf solid unreinf. concrete, light weight = 84 to 120 pcf
shakes or shingles = 0.39 psf solid reinforced concrete, normal weight = 150 pcf
page 22
Dead Loads
Pipe, Steel
STD XS Sch 40 Sch 80 2" 2" 3"
Nom. 1" Cal
OD Water wall weight wall weight wall weight wall weight Min. Cal Cal
Diam. wool Sil
Sil Sil
in. in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft lbs/ft lbs/ft lbs/ft lbs/ft
3
⁄4 1.050 0.231 0.113 1.13 0.154 1.48 0.113 1.13 0.154 1.48 1.1 0.56 1.7 3.3
1 1.315 0.375 0.133 1.68 0.179 2.17 0.133 1.68 0.179 2.17 1.2 0.63 1.8 3.5
1
1 ⁄2 1.900 0.883 0.145 2.72 0.200 3.63 0.145 2.72 0.200 3.63 1.4 0.79 2.1 4.0
2 2.375 1.45 0.154 3.66 0.218 5.03 0.154 3.66 0.218 5.03 1.5 0.92 2.4 4.4
3 3.50 3.20 0.216 7.58 0.300 10.3 0.216 7.58 0.300 10.3 1.9 1.2 3.0 5.3
4 4.50 5.52 0.237 10.8 0.337 15.0 0.237 10.8 0.337 15.0 2.3 1.5 3.5 6.1
5 5.563 8.67 0.258 14.6 0.355 20.8 0.258 14.6 0.355 20.8 2.6 1.8 4.1 7.0
6 6.625 12.5 0.280 19.0 0.375 28.6 0.280 19.0 0.375 28.6 3.0 2.1 4.7 7.9
8 8.625 21.7 0.322 28.6 0.50 43.4 0.322 28.6 0.500 43.4 3.7 2.6 5.8 9.5
10 10.75 34.2 0.365 40.5 0.50 54.7 0.365 40.5 0.593 64.5 4.5 3.2 7.0 11
12 12.75 49.0 0.375 49.6 0.50 65.5 0.406 53.6 0.687 88.7 5.1 3.7 8.0 13
14 14 59.8 0.375 54.6 0.50 72.2 0.437 63.5 0.750 106 5.6 4.1 8.7 14
16 16 79.2 0.375 62.6 0.50 82.8 0.500 82.9 0.843 137 6.3 4.6 9.8 16
18 18 101 0.375 70.7 0.50 93.5 0.562 105 0.937 171 7.0 5.2 11 17
20 20 126 0.375 78.7 0.50 104 0.593 123 1.031 209 7.7 5.7 12 19
22 22 154 0.375 86.7 0.50 115 1.218 251 8.4 6.3 13 20
24 24 184 0.375 94.7 0.50 126 0.562 171 0.937 297 9.1 6.8 14 22
26 26 217 0.375 103 0.50 136 9.8 7.4 15 24
28 28 253 0.375 111 0.50 147 10 7.9 16 25
30 30 291 0.375 119 0.50 158 11 8.5 17 27
32 32 333 0.375 127 0.50 168 12 9.0 19 29
34 34 376 0.375 135 0.50 179 13 9.5 20 30
36 36 423 0.375 143 0.50 190 13 10 21 32
42 42 579 0.375 167 0.50 222 15 12 24 37
page 23
Dead Loads
Plaster, 1" thick = 8.0 psf Steel Reinforcing Bar
#2 0.167 lbs/ft #8 2.670 lbs/ft
Plaster and Lath = 8.0 psf #3 0.376 #9 3.40
#4 0.668 #10 4.303
Porcelain - enamel on sheet steel = 3.0 psf #5 1.043 #11 5.313
#6 1.502 #14 7.65
Roofing, Composition #7 2.044 #18 13.60
2 - 15# & 1 - 90# = 1.2 + 0.5 = 1.7 psf
3 - 15# & 1 - 90# = 1.35 + 0.5 = 2.2 psf Steel Studs
3 ply & gravel = 5.6 psf
4 ply & gravel = 6.0 psf Stone
5 ply & gravel = 6.5 psf 4" = 55 psf
Composition shingles = 2.35 to 5.40 psf 1" = 13.8 psf
Sand Stucco
7
dry to wet = 100 to 120 psf ⁄8" = 10 psf
1" = 11.4 psf
Skylight = 7.0 psf
Terrazzo
1
Slate 1 ⁄2" finish directly on slab 19 psf
1 1
⁄4" thick 9.5 psf 1 ⁄2" finish on 1" mortar bed 30 psf
3
⁄8" thick 14.3 psf 1" finish on 2" concrete bed 38 psf
1 3 1
⁄2" thick 19.0 psf ⁄4" ceramic quarry tile on ⁄2" mortar bed 16 psf
slate roof 5 to 20 psf
Tile
Sprinkler System Acoustical fiber tile (ceiling) 1 psf
dry, without ceiling 1.0 psf Cement - 1" thick 16 psf
3
dry, with ceiling 1.5 psf Ceramic quarry ⁄4" (floor) 10 psf
wet, add 6"ø pipe (32 lbs/LF) or 8"ø pipe (47 lsb/LF) to Linoleum 1.5 psf
above Shingle - clay tile 13 psf
Soft tile 1.0 to 1.5 psf
Stair Treads Spanish 10 psf
Steel
solid steel = 490 pcf
1" thick = 40.8 psf
1
⁄4" thick = 10.2 psf
Steel Grating
Bearing bar size Weight (psf)
3 1
⁄4 x ⁄8 6.0
3 3
⁄4 x ⁄16 7.3
1
1 x ⁄8 7.6
3
1 x ⁄16 9.4
1 1
1 ⁄4 x ⁄8 8.7
1 3
1 ⁄4 x ⁄16 10.9
1 1
1 ⁄2 x ⁄8 9.8
1 3
1 ⁄2 x ⁄16 12.5
3 3
1 ⁄4 x ⁄16 14.0
3
2 x ⁄16 16.8
1 3
2 ⁄4 x ⁄16 18.3
page 24
Dead Loads
2
Water Wood Framing - Douglas Fir at 0.252 lbs/in /ft
Fresh 62.4 pcf PSF
Size PLF
Sea 64.0 pcf 12" o.c. 16" o.c. 24" o.c. 32" o.c. 48" o.c.
Snow, fresh 8 pcf 2x4 1.32 1.0 0.7
Ice 56 pcf 2x6 2.08 1.56 1.04
2x8 2.74 2.06 1.37
Wheat, bulk = 48 pcf 2 x 10 3.50 2.63 1.75
2 x 12 4.25 3.20 2.13
Windows 2 x 14 5.01 3.77 2.50 1.25
Glass, frame, and sash = 8.0 psf 3x8 4.57 1.71 1.14
3 x 10 5.83 2.19 1.46
Wood - at 15% moisture 4x8 6.40 2.40 1.60
Conversion factor 4 x 10 8.16 3.06 2.04
from Douglas Fir Weight (pcf) 4 x 12 3.72 2.48
Ash, commercial white 1.21
Cedar, western red 0.68 Wood - Plywood, Douglas Fir
Cypress, southern 0.97 1
⁄ 4" 0.8 psf
Hemlock, eastern 0.85 5
⁄16" 1.0 psf
Hemlock, western 0.88 3
⁄ 8" 1.1 psf
Fir, Douglas (coast region) 1.00 1
⁄ 2" 1.5 psf
Fir, Douglas (inland) 0.94 5
⁄ 8" 1.8 psf
Oak, commercial reds & whites 1.38 3
⁄ 4" 2.3 psf
Pine, Oregon 0.94 1" 3.0 psf
Pine, southern yellow 1.24 1 ⁄8"
1
3.4 psf
Redwood 0.85
Spruce, Sitka 0.82 Wood
1
1 x 4 cedar siding, ⁄2" thick = 1.1 psf
Wood, wet Douglas Fir = 44 pcf 1
Bevel siding, cedar, ⁄2" average = 1.1 psf
Shake, medium = 3.5 psf
Wood Decking Shake, thick = 5.0 psf
Douglas Fir Hardwood 1" sheathing (ship lap) = 2.3 psf
7
2" 4.7 psf ⁄ 8" 4 psf Shingles = 3.0 psf
7
3" 7.5 psf ⁄8" on sleepers 5 psf
4" 10.3 psf Wood - Truss Joist
6" 15.6 psf TJI 25 2.0 lbs/ft
2
TJI 35 3.3 lbs/ft
Wood Framing - Hem Fir at 0.221 lbs/in /ft (psf) TJI 45 4.8 lbs/ft
Size 12" o.c.16" o.c. 24" o.c. TJL 4.25 lbs/ft
2x4 1.160.87 0.58 TJM 9.0 lbs/ft
2x6 1.821.37 0.91 TJH 12.0 lbs/ft
2x8 2.401.80 1.20 TJ 50 5.0 lbs/ft
2 x 10 3.072.30 1.53 TJ 60 5.75 lbs/ft
2 x 12 3.732.80 1.86
2 x 14 4.393.29 2.20
4x8 5.614.21 2.80
4 x 10 7.155.37 3.58
4 x 12 8.706.53 4.35
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