ABSTRACT

Depression is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how to feel. Its

symptoms are trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, weight loss or gain. We are filling the

questionnaire to 20 participants, half were boys and half were girls. The questions were

dependent. All questions were dependent over the past months and mental condition of the

participants. The most innovative aspect of SDQ is its inclusion of a factor that measures

anxiety, agitation, irritability and anger. So we calculate the results then the rate of the

depression in male is higher than female, which disapprove our claim

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 INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that
negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act fortunately, it is also
treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activates once enjoyed. It
can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to
function at work and at home.
OR

An illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts and that affects the way a person eats,
sleeps, feels about himself or herself, and thinks about things. Depression is not the same as a
passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away.
People with depression cannot merely 'pull themselves together' and get better. Without
treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can
help most people with depression

TYPES

• Major Depussive Disorder

• Persistent Depussive Disorder
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Bipolan Disorder
• Psychotic Disorder
• Postpartum Disorder
• Premenstrual Dysphonic Disorder
• Atypical Depression

SYMPTOMS
• Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
• Change in appetite – weight loss or gain
• Trouble sleeping or Sleeping too much
• Loss of energy or increased fatigue
• Feeling worthless and guilty
• Thoughts of death or suicide
• Anger or irritability
• Backless behavior

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1. Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.
A bleak outlook—nothing will ever get better and there’s nothing you can do to
improve your situation.

2. Loss of interest in daily activities.

You don’t care anymore about former hobbies, pastimes, social activities, or sex.
You’ve lost your ability to feel joy and pleasure.

3. Appetite or weight changes.

Significant weight loss or weight gain—a change of more than 5% of body weight
in a month.

4. Sleep changes.
Either insomnia, especially waking in the early hours of the morning, or
oversleeping.

5. Anger or irritability.
Feeling agitated, restless, or even violent. Your tolerance level is low, your
temper short, and everything and everyone gets on your nerves.

6. Loss of energy.
Feeling fatigued, sluggish, and physically drained. Your whole body may feel
heavy, and even small tasks are exhausting or take longer to complete.

7. Self-loathing.
Strong feelings of worthlessness or guilt. You harshly criticize yourself for
perceived faults and mistakes.

8. Reckless behavior.
You engage in escapist behavior such as substance abuse, compulsive gambling,
reckless driving, or dangerous sports.

9. Concentration problems.
Trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering things.

10. Unexplained aches and pains.

An increase in physical complaints such as headaches, back pain, aching muscles,
and stomach pain.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW 1:

Women greater risk of depression is one of the most consistent findings in psychiatric
epidemiology. The possible explanation was tested using a sample of couples where, because
they had experience a life event that was saver for both members, both the women and men were
at risk at depression. There was no evidence to suggest that the rage of depression among women
in this sample was the result of a measurement art affect. The women were only at greater risk of
depression including events involving children, housing and reproduction and then only when
there were clear gender differences in associated roles. Such a pacific difference cannot be
explained easily as a result of biological differences.
The conclusion is that the women’s greater risk of depression is a consequence of gender
difference in roles which leads to differences is the experience of life event.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2:

Depression and painful symptoms commonly occur together; we conducted a literature

review to determine the prevalence of both conditions and the effects of comorbidity on
diagnosis, clinical outcomes and treatment. The prevalence of pain in depressed cohorts and
depression in pain cohorts are higher than when these conditions are individually examined. The
presence of pain negatively affects the recognition and treatment of depression. When pain is
moderate to severe, impairs function, and is refractor to treatment it is associated with more
depressive symptoms and worse depression outcomes (e.g. lower quality of life, decreased work
function and increased health care utilization). Similarly, depression in patients with pain is
associated with more pain complaints and greater impairment. Depression and pain share
biological pathways and neurotransmitters, which has implications for the treatment of
depression and pain simultaneously is necessary for improved outcomes.

LITERATURE REVIEW 3:

Anxious disorder define as Major Depression disorder (MDD) with high line of anxiety
symptoms, may represent a relatively common depressive such type, with distinctive features the
objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anxious depression.
The prevalence of anxious depression in this population was 46 patients with anxious
MDD were significantly more likely to be older employed, less education, more severely
depressed and to have suicidal ideation before and after adjustment of severity of depression. As
far as concurrent, patients with anxious depression were significantly more likely to endorse
symptoms related to generalized anxiety obsessive compulsive, panic, agoraphobia,
hypochondriasis and somatoform disorders fore and after adjustment of severity depression.

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 HYPOTHESIS
Depression rate is higher in women as compare to men

METHODOLOGY
PARTICIPANTS:
We conducted a survey with in a university as there were no specifications regarding any
particular organization and no age limits. There were total 20 participants, half were boys and
half were girls. We distributed questionnaires among all departments of our university.

MATERIAL:
We used questionnaires as material. There were 20 questions in every questionnaire, each
questions has six options, which participants just had to tick mark. The questions were dependent
over the past month mood and mental condition of the participants.

PROCEDURE:
As we did our research on our own university so we went through different departments
and asked them if they’re interested in filling up the research paper. There was no enforcement
of somebody was interested we provide them a questionnaire each member of a group explained
a questionnaire to the participant and help if they were asked any confusion. Our questionnaire
consists of 20 questions. Our total participants were 20 in which half were boys and half were
girls and we distributed them among any departments.

RESULT:

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 3.5+8.2+3.5+4.2+0.6+1.6
Mean of male Participants:
20
21.6
=
20
= 1.08%
2.9+8.3+3.5+3.1+1.4+0.1
Mean of Female Participants:
20
19.3
=
20
= 0.965%
After Analysis our result we reached to the conclusion that depression rate in men is 1.08% and
in women is 0.965% so, depression rate in male is higher than female which disapprove our
claim.

DISCUSSION:

This study examined the validity and reliability of a novel scale, the SDQ, which was
developed to more fully capture the heterogeneity of symptom presentations of depressive
disorders than current, widely used scales for MDD. The SDQ Full Scale had excellent internal
consistency, low mean inter-item correlation, and good temporal stability.

Correlations were obtained to examine the relationships of the SDQ Full Scale and
subscales with the BDI, BAI, and SBQ-R. The SDQ Full Scale had strong significant
correlations with all the concurrent validity scales, but was most strongly associated with
depression, as measured by the BDI (.85).

The SDQ Subscales were all strongly correlated with depression (BDI), but also revealed
a meaningful pattern of secondary correlations (anxiety, agitation, irritability, and anger) had the
highest correlations with anxiety (BAI, .70)
suicide, self-harm, and worthlessness) had a high correlation with depression (BDI, .75)
suicide (SBQ-R, .57) and lower correlation with anxiety (.56).

The most innovative aspect of SDQ is its inclusion of a factor that measures anxiety,
agitation, irritability, and anger.

The administration of that assesses depressive symptoms as well as anxiety symptoms

would best guide treatment. Although scales of depression that include items measuring anxiety
and tension exist, the number of items addressing these areas is low, and the scales tend to omit
other important features of depression.

Nonetheless, future studies are needed to further evaluate the level of understanding of
the items and their content validity. An additional limitation is the fact that the factor analysis
was conducted among young, generally healthy, college students with low levels of depressive
symptoms.

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LITERATURE REVIEW:
The review of major depressive disorder is a comprehensive account of genetic,
bi9ochemical and neurophysiologic changes that have been implicated in the disorder. No single
mechanism can account for all the clinical variations in this condition. The monoamine oxidase
theory can explain many of the actions of antidepressants, but genetic factors, stress, and
phychosocial factors also play part in depression.

REFERENCE:
• Fava M,etal. Psychol Med
• James Y.Zazroo, Angela C Edwards and George W. Brown
• Mathew J Bair, Rebecca L Robinson, Wagne Katon, Kurt Kroenke
• RH Belmaker, Galila Agam