Section 2 Colligative Properties of

Dilution Solutions

• m1v1=m2v2
Example:
1. A 345mL sample of 1.5M NaCl
solution was boiled until 250 mL was
left. What is the concentration of the
sample left?
2. How much water must be added to
500 mL of 2.4M KCl solution to dilute it
to 1.0 M?
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Dilution Solutions

PRACTICE!!!!
1. To perform an experiment, you need
0.300 L of 6.0 M nitric acid. You go to the
acid cabinet and discover that you have
100 mL of concentrate. Will you have
enough acid to complete the experiment?
Show your calculation.
2. What volume of concentrated ammonium
hydroxide (14.4M) is needed to make 250
mL of 0.5 M NH4OH?
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Preview
• Objectives
• Colligative Properties of Solutions
• Vapor-Pressure Lowering
• Freezing-Point Depression
• Boiling-Point Elevation
• Osmotic Pressure
• Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Lesson Starter

The ice cream is an old-fashioned

homemade kind ice cream. The kind
of where the maker has a tub full of
mix of ingredients immersed in a
bigger tub filled with ice and salt. But
why salt? Why the ice cream vendor
does add salt to the ice?
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Objectives
• List four colligative properties, and explain why
they are classified as colligative properties.

• Calculate freezing-point depression, boiling-point

elevation, and solution molality of nonelectrolyte
solutions.

• Calculate the expected changes in freezing point

and boiling point of an electrolyte solution.

• Discuss causes of the differences between

expected and experimentally observed colligative
properties of electrolyte solutions.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Colligative Properties of Solutions

• Properties that depend on the concentration of solute

particles but not on their identity are called colligative
properties.

• Vapor-Pressure Lowering

• Freezing-Point Depression

• Boiling-Point Elevation

• Osmotic Pressure
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Vapor-Pressure Lowering

• A nonvolatile substance is one that has little

tendency to become a gas under existing conditions.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Vapor Pressures of Pure Water and a Water Solution

 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Vapor-Pressure Lowering: Sample Problem

1. Calculate the vapor pressure lowering, DP, when 80.0
mL of glycerol (C3H8O3) is added to 500.0 mL of water
at 50 oC. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of
pure water is 92.5 torr and its density is 0.988 g/mL. The
density of glycerol is 1.26 g/mL.
2. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by
dissolving 218 g of glucose (C6H12O6 ) in 460 mL of
water at 30°C. What is the vapor-pressure lowering? The
vapor pressure of pure water at 30°C is 31.82 mmHg
and the density is 0.996 g/mL.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Vapor-Pressure Lowering: Practice!!!!

1. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution
made by dissolving 82.4 g of urea (CH4N2O) in
212 mL of water at 35°C. What is the vapor-
pressure lowering if the vapor pressure of
water is 32.2 torr?
2. The vapor pressure of water at 80 degrees
Celsius is 355 Torr. Calculate the vapor
pressure of an aqueous solution made by
dissolving 50 grams of ethylene glycol
(C2 H6 O2 ) in 50 grams of water.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Osmotic Pressure

• A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of

some particles while blocking the passage of others.

• The movement of solvent through a semipermeable

membrane from the side of lower solute concentration
to the side of higher solute concentration is osmosis.

• Osmotic pressure is the external pressure that must

be applied to stop osmosis.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Osmotic Pressure
SAMPLE PROBLEM:

* The average osmotic pressure of

seawater is about 30.0 atm at 25°C.
Calculate the molar concentration of an
aqueous solution of sucrose (C12H22O11)
that is isotonic with seawater.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:

* A solution is prepared by dissolving 35.0 g

of hemoglobin (Hb) in enough water to
make up 1 L in volume. If the osmotic
pressure of the solution is found to be
10.0 mmHg at 25°C, calculate the molar
mass of hemoglobin. (1 atm=760mmHg)
APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED: SEATWORK!!

1. A 202-mL benzene solution

containing 2.47 g of an organic
polymer has an osmotic pressure
of 8.63 mmHg at 21°C. Calculate
the molar mass of the polymer.
2. Calculate the vapor pressure of a
solution made by dissolving 82.4 g of urea
(CH4N2O) in 212 mL of water at 35°C. What
is the vapor-pressure lowering if the vapor
pressure of water is 32.2 torr?
3. The vapor pressure of water at 80
degrees Celsius is 355 Torr. Calculate the
vapor pressure of an aqueous solution
made by dissolving 50 grams of ethylene
glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) in 50 grams of water.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression
• The freezing-point depression, ∆tf , is the
difference between the freezing points of the pure
solvent and a solution of a nonelectrolyte in that
solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of the solution.

• The molal freezing-point constant (Kf ) is the

freezing-point depression of the solvent in a 1-molal
solution of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.

∆tf = Kfm
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 3 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression, continued

Molal Freezing-Point and Boiling-Point Constants
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression, continued

Sample Problem C
What is the freezing-point depression of
water in a solution of 17.1 g of sucrose,
C12H22O11, in 200. g of water? What is
the actual freezing point of the solution?
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression, continued

Sample Problem C Solution
Given: solute mass and chemical formula =
17.1 g C12H22O11
solvent mass and identity = 200. g water
Unknown: a. freezing-point depression
b. freezing point of the solution
Solution:
1 mol solute
mass of solute (g) 
molar mass of solute (g)

 amount of solute (mol)

 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression, continued

Sample Problem C Solution, continued
Solution:
amount of solute (mol) 1000 g water
  molality
mass of solute (g) 1 kg water

∆tf = Kfm

f.p. solution = f.p. solvent + ∆tf

 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression, continued

Sample Problem C Solution, continued
Solution:
1 mol solute
17.1 g C12H22O11   0.0500 mol C12H22O11
342.34 g C12H22O11

0.0500 mol C12H22O11 1000 g water


200. g water 1 kg water

0.250 mol C12H22O11

  .250 m
kg water
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Freezing-Point Depression, continued

Sample Problem C Solution, continued
Solution:
a. ∆tf = Kfm

∆tf = 0.250 m × (−1.86°C/m) = −0.465°C

b. f.p. solution = f.p. solvent + ∆tf

f.p. solution = 0.000°C + (−0.465°C) = −0.465°C

 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation
• The boiling-point elevation, ∆tb, is the difference
between the boiling points of the pure solvent and a
nonelectrolyte solution of that solvent, and it is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of the
solution.

• The molal boiling-point constant (Kb) is the boiling-

point elevation of the solvent in a 1-molal solution of
a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.

∆tb = Kbm
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation, continued

Sample Problem E
What is the boiling-point elevation of a solution made
from 20.1 g of a nonelectrolyte solute and 400.0 g of
water? The molar mass of the solute is 62.0 g.
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation, continued

Sample Problem E Solution
Given: solute mass = 20.1 g
solute molar mass = 62.0 g
solvent mass and identity = 400.0 g of water
Unknown: boiling-point elevation

Solution:
1 mol solute
mass of solute (g) 
molar mass of solute (g)

 amount of solute (mol)

 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation, continued

Sample Problem E Solution, continued
Solution:
amount of solute (mol) 1000 g water
  molality
mass of solute (g) 1 kg water

∆tb = Kbm
1 mol solute
20.1 g of solute   0.324 mol of solute
62.0 g of solute

0.324 mol of solute 1000 g water mol solute

  0.810  0.810 m
400.0 g water 1 kg water kg water
 Section 2 Colligative Properties of
Chapter 13 Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation, continued

Sample Problem E Solution, continued
Solution:
1 mol solute
20.1 g of solute   0.324 mol of solute
62.0 g of solute

0.324 mol of solute 1000 g water


400.0 g water 1 kg water

mol solute
 0.810  0.810 m
kg water

∆tb = 0.51°C/m × 0.810 m = 0.41°C

SEATWORK!!! DO THIS IN A 1 WHOLE SHEET OF
PAPER BY PAIR..
1. WHAT WILL BE THE BOILING
POINT OF AN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION OF SUCROSE
(C12H22O11) WITH 100 g SUGAR
DISSOLVED IN 500 mL WATER
WITH DENSITY OF 0.998g/mL?
SEATWORK!!! DO THIS IN A 1 WHOLE SHEET OF
PAPER BY PAIR..
2. How many grams of ethylene glycol
should be added to 300g of water to
lower the freezing point by -3
degrees Celsius?
SEATWORK!!! DO THIS IN A 1 WHOLE SHEET OF
PAPER BY PAIR..
3. What is the boiling point of 1 liter of
water containing 25 grams of
sucrose?