PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS

1. Principle of Stewardship and Role of Nurses as Stewards

- Nurse leaders, including clinical nurse educators, who exercise

stewardship at the point of service, may facilitate practising
nurses' articulation of their shared value priorities,
including respect for persons' dignity and self-determination,
as well as equity and fairness.

a. Personal
b. Social
c. Ecological
d. Biomedical

2. Principle of Totality and its Integrity

- The principle of totality states that all decisions in medical

ethics must prioritize the good of the entire person, including
physical, psychological and spiritual factors. ... The
principle of totality is used as an ethical guideline by
Catholic healthcare institutions.

a. Ethico-Moral Responsibility of Nurses in Surgery

b. Sterilization and Mutilation

- Sterilization refers to any process that eliminates, removes,
kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological
agents.
- Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that
involve partial or total removal of the external female
genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for
non-medical reasons.

c. Preservation of Bodily Functional Integrity

d. Issues on Organ Donation

- Organ donation is when a person allows an organ of their own to
be removed and transplanted to another person, legally, either
by consent while the donor is alive or dead with the assent of
the next of kin.
Donation may be for research or, more commonly, healthy
transplantable organs and tissues may be donated to be
transplanted into another person.
Common transplantations include kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas,
intestines, lungs, bones, bone marrow, skin, and corneas. Some
organs and tissues can be donated by living donors, such as a
kidney or part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the
lungs or part of the intestines, but most donations occur after
the donor has died.

3. Principle of Ordinary and Extraordinary Means

- Ordinary and extraordinary treatment. Ordinary measures are

those that are based on medication or treatment which is
directly available and can be applied without incurring severe
pain, costs or other inconveniences, but which give the patient
in question justified hope for a commensurate improvement in
his health.

4. Principle of Personalized Sexuality

- Sex is a social necessity for the procreation of children and

their education in the family so as to expand the human
community and guarantee its future beyond the death of
individual members. Teaches that God created persons as male and
female and blessed their sexuality as a great and good gift.