DEFECTED GROUND BASED MODIFIED PATCH

ARRAY FOR MULTIBAND APPLICATION

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
&
MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR

i
DEFECTED GROUND BASED MODIFIED PATCH
ARRAY FOR MULTIBAND APPLICATION

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Under
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR
BY
SLOKE JAIN (University Roll no: 12015002002010)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. DR. PRASHANT RANJAN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR

ii
 Approval Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Defected Ground based Modified Patch Array
for Multiband Application” submitted by Sloke Jain (Roll:12015002002010) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from University of Engineering and Management, Jaipur was
carried out in a systematic and procedural manner to the best of our knowledge. It is a bona fide
work of the candidate and was carried out under our supervision and guidance during the academic
session of 2015-2019.

_______________________
Prof. Dr. Prashant Ranjan
Project Guide, Associate Professor (ECE)
UEM, JAIPUR

_______________________ ______________________
Prof. Sandip Das Prof. Dr. Aniruddha Mukherjee
HOD (ECE) Dean
UEM, JAIPUR UEM, JAIPUR

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The endless thanks goes to Lord Almighty for all the blessings he has showered on

to me, which has enabled me to write this last note in my research work. During the

period of my research, as in the rest of my life, I have been blessed by Almighty with

some extraordinary people who have spun a web of support around me. Words can

never be enough in expressing how grateful I am to those in credible people in my

life who made this thesis possible. I would like an attempt to thank them for making

my time during my research in the Institute a period I will treasure.

I am deeply indebted to my research supervisor, Professor Dr. Prashant Ranjan for

presenting me such an interesting thesis topic. Each meeting with him added in

valuable aspects to the implementation and broadened my perspective. He has

guided me with his invaluable suggestions, lightened up the way in my darkest times

and encouraged me a lot in the academic life.

SLOKE JAIN

iv
 ABSTRACT

In the recent years the development in communication systems requires the development of

minimal weight, low cost, and low profile antenna that is capable of maintaining high performance

over a wide spectrum of frequencies. They have the capability to integrate with microwave circuits

and therefore they are very well suited for applications such as cell devices, WLAN applications,

navigation systems and many others. This technological trend has focused much effort into the

design of a microstrip patch antenna.

The aim of this Thesis is to design and simulate a rectangular microstrip patch array antenna using

HFSS software "High Frequency Structure Simulator" and compare the performance of two

elements patch arrays. In this Thesis shows the design simulation of rectangular microstrip single

element patch antenna and double element patch antenna array using FR-4 dielectric material with

microstrip line feeding. The presented antenna has resonance frequency of 2.45 GHz which will

be suitable for WLAN/Wi-Fi application. The length and width of ground plane and patch is

calculated respectively and it is kept same in defected ground structure and various slots of

different shape have been made in ground plane and patch. The results are analyzed with proposed

defected ground structure based modified patch array and simple patch array. A comparative study

related to antenna parameters like return loss, radiation pattern, and 3D polar plot is also presented

in this thesis.

v
 Table of Contents

List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................4
1. CHAPTER MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA .....................................................................................7
1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................7

1.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA: ...........................................................................................8

1.2.1 ADVANTAGE OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA .................................................................. 9

1.2.2 DISADVANTAGE OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA: ...................................................................... 10
1.2.3 APPLICATION OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA: .......................................................................... 10
1.3 ANTENNA BASIC PARAMETERS: ......................................................................................... 11

1.3.1 Resonant Frequency: .......................................................................................................... 11

1.3.2 Input Impedance: ................................................................................................................ 12
1.3.3 VSWR & REFLECTED POWER : ............................................................................................. 13
1.3.4 BANDWIDTH........................................................................................................................ 14
1.3.5 Radiation Intensity: ............................................................................................................. 14
1.3.6 Radiation ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.3.7 Radiation Pattern: ............................................................................................................... 17
1.3.8 S-parameters ....................................................................................................................... 21
1.3.9 Directivity ............................................................................................................................ 21
1.3.10 Aperture efficiency.............................................................................................................. 22
1.3.11 Antenna efficiency .............................................................................................................. 23
1.3.12 Gain ..................................................................................................................................... 23
1.4 RADIATION MECHANISM OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA .............................................. 24

1.5 DESIGN SPECIFICATION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ................................................. 24

1.5.1 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................ 25

1.6 Types of feeding technique ................................................................................................ 28

1
 1.6.1 Microstrip (Offset Microstrip) Line Feed ............................................................................ 28
1.6.2 Coaxial feed ......................................................................................................................... 29
1.6.3 Aperture Coupled Feed ....................................................................................................... 30
1.6.4 Proximity Coupled Feed ...................................................................................................... 31
2. CHAPTER MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY........................................................................ 33
2.1 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY: .............................................................................. 33

2.2 ADVANTAGES:................................................................................................................... 33

2.3 DISADVANTAGES: ............................................................................................................. 34

2.4 APPLICATIONS................................................................................................................... 34

2.5 TYPES OF ARRAYS.............................................................................................................. 34

2.6 FREQUENCY RANGE........................................................................................................... 35

2.7 RADIATION PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 35

2.7.1 Broad Side Radiation ........................................................................................................... 36

2.7.2 End-fire array ...................................................................................................................... 36
2.8 TWO ELEMENT ARRAY ....................................................................................................... 37

3. CHAPTER SIMULATION OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE ELEMENT PATCH ARRAY .................................. 41

3.1 ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGN: ................................................................................................. 41

3.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: ............................................................................................... 44

3.2.1 SINGLE ELEMENT PATCH ARRAY: ........................................................................................ 44

3.2.2 Double element patch array ............................................................................................... 46
3.2.3 Design Simulation and Result discussion of Single element patch array............................ 49
3.2.4 Design Simulation and Result discussion of Double element patch array.......................... 53
4. CHAPTER Defected Ground and Modified Patch Antenna Array for Multiband Application ......... 57
4.1 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE BASED MODIFIED PATCH ARRAY FOR TRIPLE BAND
APPLICATION… ......................................................................................................................... 57

4.1.1 Rectangular slot in ground .................................................................................................. 57

4.1.2 Triangular slot in ground plane ........................................................................................... 59
4.1.3 Triangular slot in each patch .............................................................................................. 61
4.1.4 Truncating a triangle from each vertex of patch ................................................................ 62

2
 4.1.5 Truncating two triangle from each patch ........................................................................... 64
4.1.6 Truncating four triangle from each patch ........................................................................... 66
4.1.7 Loop antenna ..................................................................................................................... 67
4.1.8 Hexagonal slot in patch ....................................................................................................... 68
4.1.9 Circular slot in ground (Radius=5.5mm) ............................................................................. 69
4.1.10 Circular slot in ground (Radius=12mm) ............................................................................. 70
4.1.11 Hexagonal slot in patch and circular slot in ground............................................................ 71
4.2 COMPARISION BETWEWN VARIOUS DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE BASED MODIFIED
PATCH ARRAY: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………72

5. CHAPTER CONCLUSION & REFERENCES.................................................................................... 76

5.1 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 76

5.2 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 77

3
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1: ANTENNA .................................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 1.2: Microstrip Antenna.......................................................................................................................9
Figure 1.3: Variation of impedance of antenna. ...................................................................... ……………12
Figure1.4: Fringe Effect I..............................................................................................................................16
Figure 1.5: Fringe Effect II............................................................................................................................17
Figure 1.6: Radiation Pattern.......................................................................................................................18
Figure 1.7: Radiation Pattern in 3D……………………………………………………………..................18
Figure 1.8: Radiation Pattern in 2D..............................................................................................................19
Figure 1.9: Lobe Formation……………………………………………………………………..................20
Figure 1.10: Microstrip Patch antenna.........................................................................................................25
Figure 1.11: Line feed...................................................................................................................................29
Figure 1.12: Coaxial feed..............................................................................................................................30
Figure 1.13: Aperture couple feed…………………………………………………………………………31
Figure 1.14: Proximity couple feed………………………………………………………………………...32
Figure 2.1: Radiation Pattern………………………………………………………………………………35
Figure 2.2- Broad side array and End fire array .......................................................................................... 36
Figure 2.3: Two element Array……………………………………………………………….……………37
Figure 2.4: Far field………………………………………………………………………………………...38
Figure 3.1- Microstrip patch antenna ......................................................................................................... 42
Figure 3.2- Geometry of single element Patch array .................................................................................. 42
Figure 3.3- Geometry of 2×1 patch array ................................................................................................... 43
Figure 3.4- Return loss (in dB) and -10 dB bandwidth. ............................................................................... 45
Figure 3.5- Directivity .................................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 3.6- Far-field gain pattern ................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 3.7- Return loss (in dB) and -10 dB bandwidth ................................................................................ 47
Figure 3.8- Directivity .................................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 3.9- Far-field gain pattern ................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 3.10- Design of Performed Single element Array Antenna.............................................................. 50
Figure 3.11- Radiation Pattern of performed single element array antenna ............................................. 50
Figure 3.12- Reflection coefficient of performed single element array antenna ....................................... 51
Figure 3.13- Design of Double element patch array ................................................................................... 53
Figure 3.14- Radiation Pattern of performed double element patch array ............................................... 54
Figure 3.15- Return loss (S11) of performed Double element patch array ................................................ 54
Figure 3.16- 3D polar plot of performed double element array ................................................................. 55
Figure 4.1- Design of Rectangular slot in ground ........................................................................................ 57
Figure 4.2- Reflection coefficient of Rectangular slot in ground ................................................................ 58
Figure 4.3- Reflection coefficient of Triangular slot in ground plane ......................................................... 60
Figure 4.4- Design of Triangular slot in each patch..................................................................................... 61
Figure 4.5- Reflection efficient of Triangular slot in each patch ................................................................. 61
Figure 4.6- Truncating a triangle from each vertex of patch ...................................................................... 62
Figure 4.7- Reflection coefficient of truncating a triangle from each vertex of patch ............................... 63
Figure 4.8- Truncating two triangle from each patch ................................................................................. 64
Figure 4.9- Reflection Coefficient of Truncating two triangle from each patch ......................................... 65
Figure 4.10- Design of Truncating four triangle from each patch............................................................... 66

4
Figure 4.11- Reflection Coefficient of Truncating four triangle from each patch....................................... 66
Figure 4.12- Design of Loop antenna .......................................................................................................... 67
Figure 4.13- Reflection Coefficient of Loop antenna .................................................................................. 67
Figure 4.14- Design of Hexagonal slot in patch........................................................................................... 68
Figure 4.15- Reflection coefficient of Hexagonal slot in patch ................................................................... 68
Figure 4.16- Design of Circular slot in ground (Radius=5.5mm) ................................................................. 69
Figure 4.17- Reflection coefficient of Circular slot in ground (Radius=5.5mm).......................................... 69
Figure 4.18- Design of Circular slot in ground (Radius=12mm) .................................................................. 70
Figure 4.19- Reflection coefficient of Circular slot in ground (Radius=12mm)........................................... 70
Figure 4.20- Design of Hexagonal slot in patch and circular slot in ground ............................................... 71
Figure 4.21- Reflection coefficient of Hexagonal slot in patch and circular slot in ground ........................ 71

5
 List of Tables

Table I- Dimensions of single element patch array..................................................................................... 43

Table II- Dimensions of 2×1 Patch array .................................................................................................... 44
Table III- simulated results of single and double element (RMPA)............................................................. 48
Table IV- Table of comparison between Reference paper results and simulated results of single element
patch array .................................................................................................................................................. 52
Table V- Comparison of double element patch array ................................................................................. 56
Table VI- Table of comparison for every performed of antenna ................................................................ 75

6
 1. CHAPTER MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
1.1 INTRODUCTION

An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice

versa. Antennas are an indispensable part of any wireless communication system. In today’s

scenario, Although, antenna as a device is not new to common man, but understanding the

background Concept involved in the working of this device will certainly help in designing new

versatile Antennas, in order to meet the stringent requirements of wireless communication

engineers. In any wireless communication system, after a radio frequency (RF) signal has been

generated in a transmitter, some means must be used to radiate this signal through space to a

receiver. The device that does this job is the antenna [1]. The transmitter signal energy is sent into

space by a transmitting antenna, the RF signal is then picked up from space by a receiving antenna.

The RF energy is transmitted into space in the form of an electromagnetic field. As the travelling

electromagnetic field arrives at the receiving antenna, a voltage is induced into the antenna

(Usually a conductor) [2]. The RF voltages induced into the receiving antenna are then passed into

the receiver and converted back into the transmitted RF information. So, antennas can be thought

of as a “transducer” that converts radio waves into electrical currents and voltages and vice versa.

More specifically, these are devices designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic energy

efficiently in a prescribed manner [3].

There are various types of antenna

1. Wired antenna

2. Travelling wave antenna

3. Reflector antenna.

7
4. Aperture antenna.

5. Microstrip antenna

Figure 1.1: ANTENNA

1.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA:

A patch antenna is a low-profile directional radio antenna that is used for indoor locations covering

single-floor offices, stores and small studios. It is mounted on a small, rectangular, flat surface and

consists of two metallic plates placed upon each other. One plate is larger than the other, which is

called ground plane and has a dielectric layer in the middle [1].

A patch antenna is also known as a panel, flat panel or microstrip antenna.

8
 Figure 1.2- Microstrip patch antenna

1.2.1 ADVANTAGE OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Following are the benefits or advantages of Microstrip Antenna:

i) They operate at microwave frequencies where traditional antennas are not feasible to

be designed.

ii) This antenna type has smaller size and hence will provide small size end devices.

iii) The microstrip based antennas are easily etched on any PCB and will also provide easy

access for troubleshooting during design and development. This is due to the fact that

microstrip pattern is visible and accessible from top. Hence they are easy to fabricate

and comfortable on curved parts of the device. Hence it is easy to integrate them with

MICs or MMICs.

iv) As the patch antennas are fed along centerline to symmetry, it minimizes excitation of

other undesired modes.

9
 v) The microstrip patches of various shapes e.g. rectangular, square, triangular etc. are

easily etched [4].

vi) They have lower fabrication cost and hence they can be mass manufactured [4].

vii) They are capable of supporting multiple frequency bands (dual, triple).

viii) They support dual polarization types viz. linear and circular both.

ix) They are light in weight.

x) They are robust when mounted on rigid surfaces of the devices.

1.2.2 DISADVANTAGE OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA:

i) The spurious radiation exists in various microstrip based antennas such as microstrip

patch antenna, microstrip slot antenna and printed dipole antenna.

ii) It offers low efficiency due to dielectric losses and conductor losses [4].

iii) It offers lower gain [4].

iv) It has higher level of cross polarization radiation.

v) It has lower power handling capability.

vi) It has inherently lower impedance bandwidth.

vii) The microstrip antenna structure radiates from feeds and other junction points.

1.2.3 APPLICATION OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA:

i) Used in mobile satellite communication system.

ii) Direct broad cast television (DBS).

iii) Wireless LAN’s.

iv) Feed elements in coaxial system

10
 v) GPS system.

vi) Missiles and telemetry.

vii) UHF Patch Antennas for Space

1.3 ANTENNA BASIC PARAMETERS:

The basic communication parameters are discussed in this chapter to have a better idea about the

wireless communication using antennas. The wireless communication is done in the form of

waves. Hence, we need to have a look at the properties of waves in the communications.

We are going to discuss about the following parameters -

i. Resonant Frequency

ii. Input Impedance

iii. VSWR & reflected power

iv. Bandwidth

v. Radiation intensity

1.3.1 Resonant Frequency:

A radio antenna is a form of tuned circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance, and as a

result it has a resonant frequency. This is the frequency where the capacitive and inductive

reactance cancel each other out. At this point the antenna appears purely resistive, the resistance

being a combination of the loss resistance and the radiation resistance. [3].In case of antenna with

more than one band in such cases the frequency which have maximum return loss is considered

to be the resonant frequency of that antenna.

11
 Figure 1.3- Variation of impedance of antenna.

The capacitance and inductance of an RF antenna are determined by its physical properties

and the environment where it is located. The major feature of the antenna design is its

dimensions. It is found that the larger the antenna or more strictly the antenna elements,

the lower the resonant frequency [5]. For example antennas for UHF terrestrial television

have relatively small elements, while those for VHF broadcast sound FM have larger

elements indicating a lower frequency. Antennas for short wave applications are larger

still.

1.3.2 Input Impedance:

According to the standard definition, the approximate value of impedance of a transmitter,

when equals the approximate value of the impedance of a receiver, or vice versa, it is

termed as Impedance matching.

12
Impedance matching is necessary between the antenna and the circuitry. The impedance of

the antenna, the transmission line, and the circuitry should match so that maximum power

transfer takes place between the antenna and the receiver or the transmitter [3].

A resonant device is one, which gives better output at certain narrow band of frequencies.

Antennas are such resonant devices whose impedance if matched, delivers a better output.

The power radiated by an antenna, will be effectively radiated, if the antenna impedance

matches the free space impedance. For a receiver antenna, antenna’s output impedance

should match with the input impedance of the receiver amplifier circuit. For a transmitter

antenna, antenna’s input impedance should match with transmitter amplifier’s output

impedance, along with the transmission line impedance. The unit of impedance (Z) is

Ohms.

1.3.3 VSWR & REFLECTED POWER :

According to the standard definition, the ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum

voltage in a standing wave is known as Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.

If the impedance of the antenna, the transmission line and the circuitry do not match with

each other, then the power will not be radiated effectively. Instead, some of the power is

reflected back [3].

The key features are -

i) VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. It is also called as SWR.

ii) The higher the impedance mismatch, the higher will be the value of VSWR.

iii) The ideal value of VSWR should be 1:1 for effective radiation.

13
 iv) Reflected power is the power wasted out of the forward power. Both reflected

power and VSWR indicate the same thing.

1.3.4 BANDWIDTH

According to the standard definition, a band of frequencies in a wavelength, specified for

the particular communication, is known as bandwidth. The signal when transmitted or

received, is done over a range of frequencies. This particular range of frequencies are

allotted to a particular signal, so that other signals may not interfere in its transmission.

Bandwidth is the band of frequencies between the higher and lower frequencies over which

a signal is transmitted [6].

The particular frequency within a frequency band, at which the signal strength is maximum,

is called as resonant frequency. It is also called as center frequency (𝑓𝑐 ) of the band. The

higher and lower frequencies are denoted as fH and fL respectively.

1.3.5 Radiation Intensity:

Radiation intensity is defined as the power per unit solid angle Radiation emitted from an

antenna which is more intense in a particular direction, indicates the maximum intensity of

that antenna. The emission of radiation to a maximum possible extent is nothing but the

radiation intensity [7]. Radiation Intensity is obtained by multiplying the power radiated

with the square of the radial distance.

𝑈 = 𝑟 2 × 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑

Where, U is the radiation intensity, r is the radial distance, Wrad is the power radiated.

14
The unit of radiation intensity is Watts/steradian.

1.3.6 Radiation

Radiation is the term used to represent the emission or reception of wave front at the

antenna, specifying its strength. In any illustration, the sketch drawn to represent the

radiation of an antenna is its radiation pattern. One can simply understand the function and

directivity of an antenna by having a look at its radiation pattern. The power when radiated

from the antenna has its effect in the near and far field regions. Graphically, radiation can

be plotted as a function of angular position and radial distance from the antenna [7]. This

is a mathematical function of radiation properties of the antenna represented as a function

of spherical co-ordinates, E (θ, Ø) and H (θ, Ø).It is one of the most important antenna

parameter of antenna designing. In upcoming section all different kind of antenna radiation

effect like fringe effect, Radiation pattern in 2D, 3D and lobe formation and many other

parameters are discussed in vivid detail.

15
1.3.6.1 Fringe effect:

Fringing fields increase due to increase in antenna width, substrate height and due

to decrease in substrate dielectric constant. As fringing field’s increases then gain,

bandwidth and efficiency are improved due to increase in radiated power [3].

Figure 1.4: Fringing Effect I

Due to this fringing effect the effective length of antenna increases, for a half

wavelength long rectangular microstrip antenna, the fringing fields at both sides are of

opposite polarity (since they are half wavelength apart or 180 degrees apart in phase).

Therefore, if the fringing fields at both edges are decomposed into orthogonal

components, the vertical components cancel out due to opposite polarity, while the

horizontal component stays intact. This gives rise to 2 radiating slots on the edges,

which is the major reason for the radiation mechanism of a microstrip antenna

16
 Figure 1.5: Fringing Effect II

1.3.7 Radiation Pattern:

The energy radiated by an antenna is represented by the Radiation pattern of the antenna.

Radiation Patterns are diagrammatical representations of the distribution of radiated energy

into space, as a function of direction. Let us look at the pattern of energy radiation. The

figure given above shows radiation pattern of a dipole antenna. The energy being radiated

is represented by the patterns drawn in a particular direction. The arrows represent

directions of radiation [6].The radiation patterns can be field patterns or power patterns.

The field patterns are plotted as a function of electric and magnetic fields. They are plotted

on logarithmic scale.

17
 The power patterns are plotted as a function of square of the magnitude of electric and

magnetic fields. They are plotted on logarithmic or commonly on dB scale.

Figure 1.6: Radiation Pattern

1.3.7.1 Radiation Pattern in 3D

The radiation pattern is a three-dimensional figure and represented in spherical coordinates (r, θ,

Φ) assuming its origin at the center of spherical coordinate system. It looks like the following

figure –

Figure 1.7: Radiation Pattern in 3D

18
1.3.7.2 Radiation Pattern in 2D
Two-dimensional pattern can be obtained from three-dimensional pattern by dividing it into

horizontal and vertical planes. These resultant patterns are known as Horizontal pattern and

Vertical pattern respectively.

Figure 1.8 -Radiation Pattern in 2D

The figures show the Omni directional radiation pattern in H and V planes as explained above.

H-plane represents the Horizontal pattern, whereas V-plane represents the Vertical pattern.

1.3.7.3 Lobe Formation

In the representation of radiation pattern, we often come across different shapes, which

indicate the major and minor radiation areas, by which the radiation efficiency of the antenna

is known.

19
To have a better understanding, consider the following figure, which represents the radiation

pattern of a dipole antenna.

Figure 1.9: Lobe Formation

Here, the radiation pattern has main lobe, side lobes and back lobe.

The major part of the radiated field, which covers a larger area, is the main lobe or major lobe.

This is the portion where maximum radiated energy exists. The direction of this lobe indicates

the directivity of the antenna. The other parts of the pattern where the radiation is distributed

side wards are known as side lobes or minor lobes. These are the areas where the power is

wasted. There is other lobe, which is exactly opposite to the direction of main lobe. It is known

as back lobe, which is also a minor lobe. A considerable amount of energy is wasted even

here.

20
1.3.8 S-parameters

It describe the input-output relationship between ports (or terminals) in an electrical

system. For instance, if we have 2 ports (intelligently called Port 1 and Port 2), then S12

represents the power transferred from Port 2 to Port 1. S21 represents the power transferred

from Port 1 to Port 2. In general, SNM represents the power transferred from Port M to

Port N in a multi-port network [3].

A port can be loosely defined as any place where we can deliver voltage and current. So,

if we have a communication system with two radios (radio 1 and radio 2), then the radio

terminals (which deliver power to the two antennas) would be the two ports. S11 then

would be the reflected power radio 1 is trying to deliver to antenna 1. S22 would be the

reflected power radio 2 is attempting to deliver to antenna 2. And S12 is the power from

radio 2 that is delivered through antenna 1 to radio.

1.3.9 Directivity

According to the standard definition, the ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the

subject antenna to the radiation intensity of an isotropic or reference antenna, radiating the

same total power is called the directivity. An Antenna radiates power, but the direction in

which it radiates matters much. The antenna, whose performance is being observed, is

termed as subject antenna [1].Its radiation intensity is focused in a particular direction,

while it is transmitting or receiving. Hence, the antenna is said to have its directivity in that

particular direction. The ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction from an antenna to

the radiation intensity averaged over all directions, is termed as directivity.

21
If that particular direction is not specified, then the direction in which maximum intensity

is observed, can be taken as the directivity of that antenna. The directivity of a non-isotropic

antenna is equal to the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation

intensity of the isotropic source.

The radiated power is a function of the angular position and the radial distance from the

circuit. Hence, it is expressed by considering both the terms θ and Ø.

1.3.10 Aperture efficiency

According to the standard definition, Aperture efficiency of an antenna, is the ratio of the

effective radiating area (or effective area) to the physical area of the aperture. An antenna

has an aperture through which the power is radiated. This radiation should be effective with

minimum losses. The physical area of the aperture should also be taken into consideration,

as the effectiveness of the radiation depends upon the area of the aperture, physically on

the antenna [3].

The mathematical expression for aperture efficiency is as follows −

Where, 𝜀𝐴 is Aperture Efficiency., 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 is effective area. 𝐴𝑝 is physical area.

22
1.3.11 Antenna efficiency

According to the standard definition, Antenna Efficiency is the ratio of the radiated power

of the antenna to the input power accepted by the antenna. Simply, an Antenna is meant to

radiate power given at its input, with minimum losses. The efficiency of an antenna

explains how much an antenna is able to deliver its output effectively with minimum losses

in the transmission line.

The mathematical expression for antenna efficiency is given below −

Where 𝜂𝑒 is the antenna efficiency, 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 is the power radiated, 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 is the

input power for the antenna.

1.3.12 Gain

According to the standard definition, Gain of an antenna is the ratio of the radiation

intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power

accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically. (That means in all directions). Simply,

gain of an antenna takes the directivity of antenna into account along with its effective

performance. The term antenna gain describes how much power is transmitted in the

direction of peak radiation to that of an isotropic source.

23
 The equation of gain, G is as shown below.

𝐺 = 𝜂𝑒𝐷

Where, G is gain of the antenna. ηe is the antenna’s efficiency, D is the directivity of the

antenna

1.4 RADIATION MECHANISM OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

The sole functionality of an antenna is power radiation or reception. Antenna (whether it

transmits or receives or does both) can be connected to the circuitry at the station through a

transmission line. The functioning of an antenna depends upon the radiation mechanism of a

transmission line. A conductor, which is designed to carry current over large distances with

minimum losses, is termed as a transmission line. For example, a wire, which is connected to an

antenna. A transmission line conducting current with uniform velocity, and the line being a

straight one with infinite extent, radiates no power.

1.5 DESIGN SPECIFICATION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

The microstrip, or patch, antenna is a relatively new development that was originally patented in

1955 but did not find broad application for almost two decades. Construction of a microstrip

antenna embodies a dielectric substrate with a ground-plane conductor on one side and a thin,

radiating conductor element on the opposite side (Fig. 1.10) in which the radiating element is a

rectangular conductor attached directly to a microstrip feed line.

24
 Figure 1.10-Microstrip Patch Antenna

1.5.1 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA CONSTRUCTION

In a properly designed microstrip antenna, the radiation intensity is in a direction normal

to the radiating element (i.e., broadside). For the rectangular microstrip antenna, the

length, L, is typically one-third to one-half wavelength long, depending on the substrate

relative dielectric constant, which is commonly 2.0 to 10.0. The lower values of dielectric

constant yield higher efficiency. The substrate height, h, is another a critical parameter with

respect to efficiency and bandwidth. It’s also important in terms of reducing undesired

propagation modes at the conductor edges and within the substrate [3].Several techniques

are available for the introduction of RF energy to the radiating microstrip via the feed-line

structure. In some cases, alterations in the feed-line structure have the potential for

attendant changes to the efficiency, gain, and bandwidth of the microstrip antenna. The

most common feed structure for the rectangular microstrip antenna is direct attachment at

25
the radiating edge. The rectangular microstrip antenna geometry is most popular. However,

alternate shapes (e.g., circular and triangular), provide utility in certain applications. Thin

strips for the implementation of half-wavelength dipoles are attractive for increasing the

operational bandwidth. To maintain brevity, the emphasis within this tutorial is restricted

to microstrip antennas of rectangular geometry.

The graphic of Figure 1.10 represents the rectangular microstrip antenna with the various

parameters identified. Note specifically the radiating electric-field configuration at each

edge of the microstrip conductor. Because the effective length of the microstrip conductor

is a half-wavelength, the electric field is at maximum at the left and right edges due to the

effective open circuit and the repeating field pattern at half-wavelength intervals.

1.5.1.1 RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA—RADIATING EDGES:

The radiation intensity is significantly influenced by the conductor length, L, and width, W,

and to a lesser extent the substrate height, h.The microstrip conductor is located at the

boundary of two dielectric materials: the substrate below the conductor and the air above.

Since part of the electric field is located within the substrate material and part in the air, the

relative dielectric constant of the substrate must be modified to accommodate the influence

of the dielectric boundary. The accommodation is represented by the mathematical

definition of the effective dielectric constant. In addition to the influence of the dielectric

substrate and air boundary, the impact of fringing of the electric field at the edges of the

26
conductor must be accommodated [5]. Electric field fringing at conductor edges may be

accurately modeled by lumped-element capacitors that effectively increase the electrical

length of the conductor at each edge by an incremental length, ΔL. The incremental length

is represented mathematically:

Thus, the effective electrical length of the conductor may be written:

As mentioned earlier, the electrical length of the microstrip conductor at resonance is λ/2.

Therefore, accounting for the fringing, the resonant frequency, fo, or corrected operating

frequency, frc, may now be written:

The rectangular microstrip antenna is uniquely represented by the transmission-line model,

which provides a simple analysis method as well as an intuitive understanding of the

radiation mechanics and other operational parameters. It’s also instructive to examine the

relative magnitude of the E-field below the conductor to gain additional physical insight.

27
 That brings us to Figure 1.5. Note specifically the E-field fringing at each end of the

microstrip line, as well as the dual dielectric occupancy mentioned earlier.

1.6 Types of feeding technique

The four most popular feed techniques used are the microstrip line, coaxial probe (both

contacting schemes), aperture coupling and proximity coupling (both no contacting schemes).

1.6.1 Microstrip (Offset Microstrip) Line Feed

In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the

microstrip patch as shown in figure below. The conducting strip is smaller in width as

compared to the patch.

This kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same

substrate to provide a planar structure. An inset cut can be incorporated into the patch in

order to obtain good impedance matching without the need for any additional matching

element. This is achieved by properly controlling the inset position [8].

Hence this is an easy feeding technique, since it provides ease of fabrication and simplicity

in modeling as well as impedance matching. However as the thickness of the dielectric

substrate increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation also increases, which

28
hampers the bandwidth of the antenna. This type of feeding technique results in undesirable

cross polarization effects [8].

Figure 1.11: Line feed

1.6.2 Coaxial feed

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is one of the most common techniques used for feeding

microstrip patch antennas. As seen from figure below, the inner conductor of the coaxial

connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the

outer conductor is connected to the ground plane [8]. Coaxial feed the main advantage of

this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired position inside the

patch in order to obtain impedance matching. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has

low spurious radiation effects. However, its major disadvantage is that it provides narrow

bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled into the substrate. Also,

for thicker substrates, the increased probe length makes the input impedance more

29
 inductive, leading to matching problems. By using a thick dielectric substrate to improve

the bandwidth, the microstrip line feed and the coaxial feed suffer from numerous

disadvantages such as spurious feed radiation and matching problem.

Figure 1.12: coaxial feed

1.6.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

In aperture coupling as shown in figure below the radiating microstrip patch element is

etched on the top of the antenna substrate, and the microstrip feed line is etched on the bottom

of the feed substrate in order to obtain aperture coupling. The thickness and dielectric

constants of these two substrates may thus be chosen independently to optimize the distinct

electrical functions of radiation and circuitry. The coupling aperture is usually centered

30
under the patch, leading to lower cross-polarization due to symmetry of the configuration

[8]. The amount of coupling from the feed line to the patch is determined by the shape, size

and location of the aperture. Since the ground plane separates the patch and the feed line,

spurious radiation is minimized Aperture coupled feed generally, a high dielectric material

is used for bottom substrate and a thick, low dielectric constant material is used for the top

substrate to optimize radiation from the patch. This type of feeding technique can give very

high bandwidth of about 21%. Also the effect of spurious radiation is very less as compared

to other feed techniques. The major disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult

to fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness.

Figure 1.13- Aperture couple feed

1.6.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme. As

shown in figure 1.14, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is between

the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate. The main

advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and provides

very high bandwidth of about 13%, due to increase in the electrical thickness of the

microstrip patch antenna. This scheme also provides choices between two different

31
dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the individual

performances [8].

Figure 1.14- Proximity Couple Feed

32
 2. CHAPTER MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY
2.1 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY:

An antenna, when individually can radiate an amount of energy, in a particular direction,

resulting in better transmission, how it would be if few more elements are added it, to produce

more efficient output. It is exactly this idea, which led to the invention of Antenna arrays. An

antenna array is a radiating system, which consists of individual radiators and elements. Each of

this radiator, while functioning has its own induction field. The elements are placed so closely

that each one lies in the neighboring one’s induction field. Therefore, the radiation pattern

produced by them, would be the vector sum of the individual ones [9]. The spacing between the

elements and the length of the elements according to the wavelength are also to be kept in mind

while designing these antennas. The antennas radiate individually and while in array, the

radiation of all the elements sum up, to form the radiation beam, which has high gain, high

directivity and better performance, with minimum losses [9].

2.2 ADVANTAGES:

i) The following are the advantages of using antenna arrays −

ii) The signal strength increases

iii) High directivity is obtained

iv) Minor lobes are reduced much

v) High Signal-to-noise ratio is achieved

vi) High gain is obtained

33
 vii) Power wastage is reduced

viii) Better performance is obtained

2.3 DISADVANTAGES:

i) The following are the disadvantages of array antennas −

ii) Resistive losses are increased

iii) Mounting and maintenance is difficult

iv) Huge external space is required

2.4 APPLICATIONS

i) The following are the applications of array antennas −

ii) Used in satellite communications

iii) Used in wireless communications

iv) Used in military radar communications

v) Used in the astronomical study

2.5 TYPES OF ARRAYS

The basic types of arrays are:

i) Collinear array

ii) Broad side array

iii) End fire array

iv) Parasitic array

v) Yagi-Uda array

34
 vi) Log-periodic array

vii) Turnstile array

viii) Super-turnstile array

ix) Broad side array

The antenna array in its simplest form, having a number of elements of equal size, equally

spaced along a straight line or axis, forming collinear points, with all dipoles in the same

phase, from the same source together form the broad side array [9].

2.6 FREQUENCY RANGE

The frequency range, in which the collinear array antennas operate is around 30 MHz to

3GHz which belong to the VHF and UHF bands.

2.7 RADIATION PATTERN

The radiation pattern of array antenna is bi-directional and right angles to the plane. The

beam is very narrow with high gain.

Figure 2.1 Radiation Pattern

35
2.7.1 Broad Side Radiation

The figure 2.1 shows the radiation pattern of the broad side array. The beam is a bit wider

and minor lobes are much reduced in this.

2.7.2 End-fire array

The physical arrangement of end-fire array is same as that of the broad side array. The

magnitude of currents in each element is same, but there is a phase difference between

these currents [3]. There is no radiation in the right angles to the plane of the array because

of cancellation. The first and third elements are fed out of phase and therefore cancel each

other’s radiation. Similarly, second and fourth are fed out of phase, to get cancelled. The

usual dipole spacing will be λ/4 or 3λ/4. This arrangement not only helps to avoid the

radiation perpendicular to the antenna plane, but also helps the radiated energy get diverted

to the direction of radiation of the whole array. Hence, the minor lobes are avoided and the

directivity is increased. The beam becomes narrower with the increased elements.

Figure 2.2 - Broad side array and End fire array

36
2.8 TWO ELEMENT ARRAY

Let us assume, that two infinitesimal horizontal dipole antennas positioned along the z-axis. The

total field of the array is determined by the vector addition of the fields radiated by the individual

elements [3]. The electric field pattern in the y-z plane for one element is given by:

𝑗𝜂𝑘𝐼0 𝑙 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐸= sin 𝜓
4𝜋 𝑟

Where, sin 𝜓 = √1 − cos2 𝜓 = √1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙

Figure 2.3- Two element array

37
Total field from the two elements is given by:

β is the phase difference of the feed of the two elements.

𝑟1, 𝑟2 Are the distances to the observation points as shown in figure below.

The far field approximation of this two element array problem can be given by (see Fig.4)

Figure 2.4 - Far Field

38
Then the total field radiated by the array can be expressed as

The total field of the array is equal to the product of the field created by a single element

located at the origin and factor which is called array factor (AF). Thus, for a two element

array of constant amplitude, the array factor is [3]

The normalized AF is expressed as:

39
So, the far field of a uniform two element array of identical elements can be expressed as:

The concept described in is called "pattern multiplication" and it is valid for arrays with

any number of identical elements. So each array has its own array factor. The total pattern,

therefore, can be controlled via the single–element pattern or via the AF. The array factor

(AF) of an array can be obtained by replacing the actual elements with isotropic sources.

The AF, in general, depends on:

 Relative excitation (magnitudes and phases)

 Spacing between the elements

 Number of elements

40
 3. CHAPTER SIMULATION OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE
ELEMENT PATCH ARRAY

In the previous chapters we have discussed theoretical aspect of Microstrip antenna and array

antenna its advantage disadvantage and applications.

In this section we will discuss about the single microstrip patch array and a double element patch

array designed by us using HFSS taking reference from the paper [4] further as we move ahead in

this section we will compare the result of reference paper and paper simulated by us.

3.1 ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGN:

In the presented antenna design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and 2×1 patch array

its dimension material of substrate and various other parameters are discussed as following.

 Substrate used-Flame retardant-4(FR-4).

 Dielectric constant-3.8

 Thickness-1.5mm

 Loss tangent-0.02

 Resonance frequency-2.45 GHz.

This section deals with the design parameters of microstrip antenna. Figure 3.1 shows a

basic structure of microstrip patch antenna. The antenna mainly consists of radiating patch,

dielectric substrate, feed line and a ground plane [4]

41
 Figure 3.1- Microstrip patch antenna

Geometry of single element patch array (Design and Performance Analysis of Rectangular

Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.45 GHz) is presented as follows.

Figure 3.2- Geometry of single element Patch array

42
Variables Values(mm)

L 31.03

W 39.52

Ls 15.7

Ws 3.19

Lg 60

Wg 80

Table I- Dimensions of single element patch array

The same dielectric and operating frequency 2.45 GHz have been used to design 2×1 patch

array-

Figure 3.3- Geometry of 2×1 patch array

Geometry of 2×1 patch array (Design and Performance Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip

Patch Antenna at 2.45 GHz) is presented as follows.

43
 Following table represents dimension of 2×1 patch array.

Variables Values(mm)

L 31.03

W 39.52

W1 3.18

W2 0.8

Table II- Dimensions of 2×1 Patch array

3.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The presented rectangular patch antennas are designed according to the dimensions presented in

TABLE I and TABLE II. The antenna parameters are investigated and optimized to obtain the

best return loss, directivity, gain etc. Best dimensions are used to design proposed antenna. All

the simulations are done using CST Microwave Studio 2010 by the author.

3.2.1 SINGLE ELEMENT PATCH ARRAY:

The simulated results for the single element rectangular microstrip patch antenna. It can be seen

that the minimum return loss of the antenna is -38.5 dB at 2.45 GHz. It has a -10 dB bandwidth of

59 MHz. The far-field radiation pattern shows that the directivity and gain of the antenna is 7.48

dBi and 5.49 dB respectively. The total antenna efficiency can be calculated as 73.40%. The gain

pattern shows that, main lobe magnitude is 5.5 dB, main lobe direction is 0.0 deg, 3dB angular

beamwidth (i.e HPBW) is 90.2 deg and side lobe level is -15.0 dB [4].

44
Figure 3.4- Return loss (in dB) and -10 dB bandwidth.

Figure 3.5- Directivity

45
 Figure 3.6- Far-field gain pattern

3.2.2 Double element patch array

Following figures mentioned below shows the return loss, bandwidth, directivity and gain of

the 2×1 element patch array. Simulated return loss of the antenna is -37.67 dB and antenna

return loss is -10 dB or lower from 2.408 GHz to 2.488 GHz. So this antenna can be used in 2.4

GHz band WLAN system. Gain and directivity of the patch array is 8 dB and 9.88 dBi

respectively. Efficiency of the patch array is approximately 80.97%. The far-field gain pattern

shows that main lobe magnitude is 8.0 dB, main lobe direction is 4.0 deg, 3 dB angular

beamwidth is 84.8 deg and side lobe level is -15.7 dB [4].

46
Figure 3.7- Return loss (in dB) and -10 dB bandwidth

Figure 3.8- Directivity

47
 Figure 3.9- Far-field gain pattern

Performance Single element Double element

parameters

Resonant 2.451 2.451

frequency(Ghz)

Return loss(db) -38.5 -37.67

Directivity(db) 7.48 9.88

Gain(db) 5.49 8.0

Input impedance 50.63 49.33

VSWR 1.02 1.02

Bandwidth(MHz) 59 79.2

Table III-Simulated results of single and double element (RMPA)

48
TABLE III shows all the simulated results of single and double element (RMPA). It can be seen

that for both antenna structures; return loss, radiation pattern, gain, directivity, VSWR and BW

show reasonable characteristics. VSWR of the proposed model is found to be almost 1 at 2.45 GHz

and bandwidth is 59 MHz and & 79.2 MHz respectively. Use of double element has increased the

antenna gain and directivity than the single element antenna. Also it can be observed clearly that

the beamwidth of the major lobe has become narrower in 2×1 patch array. BW of patch array is

also larger than single element antenna. Therefore, antenna performance has improved in 2×1

patch array, which justifies the theory [4].

3.2.3 Design Simulation and Result discussion of Single element patch array

The below mentioned figures represents design of single patch array microstrip antenna in HFSS

13 the dimension of antenna are same as shown in Table 1,microstrip line fed is used here and

its feeding position is exactly in the middle of the patch length for best matching of impedance.

The antenna is kept exactly in the middle of the Radiation box which is assigned with radiation

boundary. The conducting ground and patch are kept Perfect E-plane. For excitation we have

used lumped port.

49
 Figure 3.10- Design of Performed Single element Array Antenna

3.2.3.1 Radiation pattern

The radiation pattern of single element patch array has been shown below

Figure 3.11- Radiation Pattern of performed single element array antenna

50
3.2.3.2 Reflection coefficient (S11)

Figure 3.12- Reflection coefficient of performed single element array antenna

S11 of the single patch array antenna has been shown in the above mentioned figure 3.12 it has

resonance frequency of 2.45 GHz and at 2.45 GHz it has return loss of -7db.

51
 3.2.3.3 Comparison between Reference paper results and simulated results of single
element patch array

Parameters Paper result Simulated result

Reflection

Coefficien

t S11

Radiation

pattern

Table IV- Table of comparison between Reference paper results and simulated results of single element
patch array

The above mentioned table IV shows comparison of our reference paper [4] and our design of

single element patch array microstrip antenna, from the table we can conclude that the obtained

output is almost matching with the desired output, slight deviation in the output is observed reason

52
for this that the reference paper [4] has been designed in CST microwave studio and our antenna

is designed in HFSS 13.

3.2.4 Design Simulation and Result discussion of Double element patch array

The below mentioned figure represents design of double element patch array microstrip antenna

in HFSS 13 the dimension of antenna are same as shown in Table II, microstrip line fed is used

here and its feeding position is exactly in the middle of the patch length for best matching of

impedance. Both the patch have exactly same dimension and they exact replica of each other.

The distance between both the patch is 30.61mm (which is quarter wavelength). The antenna

is kept exactly in the middle of the Radiation box which is assigned with radiation boundary.

The ground and patch are kept Perfect E. For excitation we have used wave port here.

Figure 3.13- Design of Double element patch array

53
3.2.4.1 Radiation pattern

Figure 3.14- Radiation Pattern of performed double element patch array

The above mentioned figure 3.14 shows radiation pattern of double element patch array it has

main lobe at 15 deg.

3.2.4.2 Return loss (S11) of Double element patch array

Figure 3.15- Return loss (S11) of performed Double element patch array

54
 The mentioned figure 3.15 shows return loss of double element patch array microstrip antenna it

has minimum return loss of -24.5dB at 2.375 GHz.

3.2.4.3 3D polar plot

Figure 3.16- 3D polar plot of performed double element array

3D polar plot of double element patch array is shown in the above figure.

55
3.2.4.4 Comparison of double element patch array
Parameter Paper result Simulated result

S11

Radiation

pattern

3D polar

plot

Table V- Comparison of double element patch array

The above mentioned table V shows comparison of our reference paper [4]and our design of

double element patch array microstrip antenna, from the table we can conclude that the obtained

output is almost matching with the desired output, slight deviation in the output is observed reason

behind this is the reference paper [4] has been designed in CST microwave studio and our antenna

is designed in HFSS 13.

56
 4. CHAPTER Defected Ground and Modified Patch Antenna

Array for Multiband Application

In the previous chapter we have deigned simulated and compared the result of single element patch

array antenna and double element patch array antenna in this chapter we will discuss defected

ground structure based modified patch array for triple band application and study how shape of

different slots effects the resonance frequency and the reflection coefficients of a microstrip patch

array antenna.

4.1 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE BASED MODIFIED PATCH ARRAY

FOR TRIPLE BAND APPLICATION

4.1.1 Rectangular slot in ground

Figure 4.1- Design of Rectangular slot in ground

In the above mentioned diagram a rectangular slot in the ground plane have been made, the

dimension of the rectangular slot is 5mm×6mm due to this slot in ground plane we are

57
getting three bands at frequencies 2.175Ghz, 2.375Ghz and 2.55ghz respectively with

return loss of -20db,-24db and -19db respectively, the return loss is shown in the figure

mentioned below

Figure 4.2- Reflection coefficient of Rectangular slot in ground

58
4.1.2 Triangular slot in ground plane

In the above mentioned diagram a equilateral triangular slot in the ground plane have been

made, the dimension of the triangular slot is 12mm each due to this slot in ground plane

we are getting three bands at frequencies 2.125Ghz, 2.375Ghz and 2.55ghz respectively

with return loss of -20db,-40db and -24db respectively, the return at 2.375Ghz gets

increased Comprehensively to -40db and return loss at other two frequencies decreases

significantly.

59
Figure 4.3- Reflection coefficient of Triangular slot in ground plane

60
4.1.3 Triangular slot in each patch

Figure 4.4- Design of Triangular slot in each patch

In the above mentioned diagram a triangular slot in each of the path have been made exactly

in the center of the two patch, due to this slot in patch we are getting three bands at

frequencies 2.1Ghz, 2.35Ghz and 2.5Ghz with return loss of -22.5db,-35db and -27.5db

respectively, with slot in patch the small change in resonance frequency is observed.

Figure 4.5- Reflection efficient of Triangular slot in each patch

61
4.1.4 Truncating a triangle from each vertex of patch

Figure 4.6- Truncating a triangle from each vertex of patch

In the above mentioned diagram a triangle have been truncated from each of the vertex of

the patch due to this truncation in patch vertex we are getting three bands at frequencies

2.15Ghz, 2.4Ghz and 2.55Ghz with return loss of -21db,-25db and -19db respectively, with

truncation in patch vertex a small change in resonance frequency is observed and return

loss is observed but significant enhancement in bandwidth is observed.

62
Figure 4.7- Reflection coefficient of truncating a triangle from each vertex of patch

63
4.1.5 Truncating two triangle from each patch

Figure 4.8- Truncating two triangle from each patch

In the above mentioned diagram two triangle have been truncated from the two opposite

vertex of the patch due to this truncation in patch vertices we are getting three bands at

frequencies 2.15Ghz, 2.4Ghz and 2.57Ghz with return loss of -17db,-27db and -18db

respectively, with truncation in patch vertices. In the first band a decrease in return loss is

observed here.

64
Figure 4.9- Reflection Coefficient of Truncating two triangle from each patch

65
4.1.6 Truncating four triangle from each patch

Figure 4.10- Design of Truncating four triangle from each patch

In the above mentioned diagram a triangle have been truncated from each of vertex of the

patch due to this truncation in patch vertices we are getting three bands at frequencies

2.15Ghz, 2.475Ghz and 2.56Ghz with return loss of -14db,-31db and -20b respectively,

with truncation in patch vertices decrease in return loss of first and last resonant frequency

whereas increase in the return loss second resonant frequency is observed.

Figure 4.11- Reflection Coefficient of Truncating four triangle from each patch

66
 4.1.7 Loop antenna

Figure 4.12- Design of Loop antenna

In the above mentioned design two loops slots have been made in each of the patch due to presence

of this loop slot in each of the patch we are getting only one band at 1.4Ghz with return loss of -

28db, with loop antenna in each resonance frequency decreased comprehensively to 1.4Ghz.

Figure 4.13- Reflection Coefficient of Loop antenna

67
4.1.8 Hexagonal slot in patch

Figure 4.14- Design of Hexagonal slot in patch

In the above mentioned diagram a hexagonal slot in each of the patch have been made due

to presence of hexagonal slot we are getting one band at 1.48GHz with return loss of -

13dB .

Figure 4.15- Reflection coefficient of Hexagonal slot in patch

68
4.1.9 Circular slot in ground (Radius=5.5mm)

Figure 4.16- Design of Circular slot in ground (Radius=5.5mm)

In the above mentioned diagram a circular slot in the ground plane have been made, the

radius of the circular slot is 5.5mm due to this slot in ground plane we are getting three

bands at frequencies 2.07Ghz, 2.25Ghz and 2.45ghz respectively with return loss of -25db,

-25db and -16db respectively, with this circular slot we are getting nearly same bandwidth

and return loss at first two resonance frequency. The return loss is shown in the figure

mentioned below

Figure 4.17- Reflection coefficient of Circular slot in ground (Radius=5.5mm)

69
4.1.10 Circular slot in ground (Radius=12mm)

Figure 4.18- Design of Circular slot in ground (Radius=12mm)

In the above mentioned diagram a circular slot in the ground plane have been made, the

radius of the circular slot is 5.5mm due to this slot in ground plane we are getting two bands

at frequencies 1.85Ghz and 1.95Ghz respectively with return loss of -12db and -17db

respectively, with increase in radius of circular slot the resonance frequency changes

drastically ad the return loss decreases but bandwidth enhancement is observed.

Figure 4.19- Reflection coefficient of Circular slot in ground (Radius=12mm)

70
 4.1.11 Hexagonal slot in patch and circular slot in ground

Figure 4.20- Design of Hexagonal slot in patch and circular slot in ground

In the above mentioned diagram three circular slot of radius 6mm in ground plane and a hexagonal

slot in each of the patch have been made due to presence of hexagonal and circular slot we are

getting two band at 1.8 GHz and 1.95 GHz with return loss of -15db and -10db respectively.

Figure 4.21- Reflection coefficient of Hexagonal slot in patch and circular slot in ground

71
 4.2 COMPARISION BETWEWN VARIOUS DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE
BASED MODIFIED PATCH ARRAY:

Designs 3D Polar Plot S11 No of

bands
1. Slot in middle of grd 3

2. Loop 1

3.Radius=12mm 2

4. Radius of the circles 6mm 1

72
5. Radius 5.5mm 3

6. Truncating one vertex of 3

each patch

7. truncating two opposite 3

vertex of rectangular patch

73
8. Truncating every vertex 3
of rectangular patch

9. triangle slot in ground 3

plane

10. Hexagonal slot in each 1

patch

74
11. Small triangular slot in 3
each patch

Table VI- Table of comparison for every performed of antenna

The above table shows a detailed comparison of various defected ground structure based modified

patch array, it shows how shape of slot, position of slot in ground or in patch can affect the

resonance frequency return loss and 3D polar plot.

75
 5. CHAPTER CONCLUSION & REFERENCES
5.1 CONCLUSION

This thesis mainly focus on design and analysis of single and double element rectangular

microstrip patch antenna and defected ground structure based modified patch array in this we

project we have designed various antennas such as hexagonal patch antenna for this we are getting

resonance frequency at 1.85 GHz for circular slot antenna we are getting resonance frequency at

1.95GHz for loop antenna we are getting resonance frequency at 1.4GHz the main observation

we can draw from this defected ground based modified array is that by cutting slots of different

shapes and sizes at ground and patch the resonance frequency changes so as its radiation pattern

and 3D polar plot.

The antenna’s which has been designed can be used for W-LAN/Wi-Fi application which work on

frequency range of 2.4-2.5 Ghz and single element and double element patch array has resonance

frequency of 2.45GHz and with defected ground structure based modified patch array for

triangular slot antenna and for truncated antennas we are getting there resonance frequency in

range of 2.3-2.5Ghz hence they can be used for W-LAN/Wi-Fi application

76
5.2 REFERENCES

[1] “NPTEL,” [Online]. Available: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103065/51.

[2] “Tutorialspoint,” [Online]. Available:

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/antenna_theory/antenna_theory_basic_parameters.htm.

[3] “Antenna Theory,” [Online]. Available: http://www.antenna-

theory.com/antennas/patches/patch3.php.

[4] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory: analysis and design, hoboken: NJ: Wiley, ISBN 047166782X
(hbk.), 2005.

[5] K. J. Daniel, Antennas, New Year, 1988.

[6] Warren L. Stutzman, Gary A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, canada, 2012.

[7] Sourabh Bisht, Shweta Saini, Dr Ved Prakash, Bhaskar Nautiyal, “Study The Various
Feeding Techniques of Microstrip Antenna,” International Journal of Emerging Technology
and Advanced Engineering, vol. 4, no. 9, p. 7, 2014.

[8] Nusrat Jahan Shimu and Anis Ahmed, “Design and Performance Analysis of Rectangular,”
5th International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), p. 5, 2016.

[9] Xi-Wang Dai, Tao Zhou, and Guan-Feng Cui, “Dual-Band Microstrip Circular Patch
Antenna,” IEEE, p. 4, 2015.

[10] “Electronics Hub,” [Online]. Available: https://www.electronicshub.org/types-of-antennas/.

77
78