NeuroRehabilitation 41 (2017) 687–694 687

DOI:10.3233/NRE-172239
IOS Press

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III:

Normative data for Spanish-speaking
pediatric population
L. Olabarrieta-Landaa , D. Riverab , J.A. Ibáñez-Alfonsoc , N. Albaladejo-Blázquezd ,
P. Martı́n-Loboe , I.D. Delgado-Mejı́af , L. Larag , B.V. Rabago Barajash , A.M. Rodriguez Salgadoi ,
L.A. Paredes Quispej , I. Romero-Garcı́ak , J. Velázquez-Cardosol , C. Garcı́a de la Cadenam ,
I. Fernandez-Agisg,n , A. Padilla-Lópezo , G.P. Hernández Agurciap , A. Marı́n-Moralesq ,
A. Corral San Josér and J.C. Arango-Lasprillab,s,∗
a Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
b BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
c Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucı́a, Sevilla, Spain
d Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
e Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Logroño, Spain
f Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (UAA), Asunción, Paraguay
g Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
h Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS), Guadalajara, México
i National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery INN, Havana, Cuba
j Universidad Católica San Pablo, Arequipa, Perú
k Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de San Germán, Puerto Rico
l Instituto Nacional de Neurologı́a y Neurocirugı́a, MVS, Ciudad de México, México
m Departamento de Psicologı́a, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
n Research Center CERNEP, Almeria University, Almerı́a, Spain
o Laboratorio de Psicofisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,

Mexicali, México
p Escuela de Ciencias Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
q CIMCYC-The Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
r Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Servicio de Psicologı́a Clı́nica, Quito, Ecuador
s IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

Abstract.
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) in Spanish-speaking
pediatric populations.
METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador,
Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the PPVT-III
as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. PPVT-III scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard
deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in
the analyses.

∗ Address for correspondence: Juan Carlos Arango Lasprilla,

Ph.D., BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Univer- Plaza de Cruces s/n. 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain. Tel.:
sity Hospital, IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, +34 946006000/Ext. 7963; E-mail: jcalasprilla@gmail.com.

1053-8135/17/$35.00 © 2017 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
688 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that scores increased
linearly as a function of age. In addition, age2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Paraguay. Models
showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parent(s)
had a MLPE ≤12 years in all countries, except for Cuba, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Sex affected scores for Chile, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsy-
chologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the PPVT-III when used in pediatric populations.

Keywords: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

1. Introduction (PPVT-R) was developed, which sought to reduce

Vocabulary is generally defined as the knowledge a
person has regarding words and their meaning (Butler
et al., 2010). Two types of vocabulary are identified:
expressive vocabulary, which alludes to the words
that a person can produce, and receptive vocabulary,
which refers to the words that are acquired visually or
aurally; that is, words that can be learned by hearing
someone or by reading (Burger & Chong, 2011).
Vocabulary development in children is fundamen-
tal for adequate school progress. Studies have shown
that deficiencies in this aspect interfere with aca-
demic success resulting in reading comprehension
difficulties (Pearson, Hiebert, & Kamil, 2007; Stahl
& Fairbanks, 1986), and subsequent problems in
the acquisition of new vocabulary. Studies also indi-
cate that the vocabulary level attained by children
is related to their overall linguistic and cognitive
abilities (Feldman et al., 2005; Fernald, Perfors, &
Marchman, 2006; Marchman & Fernald, 2008).
One of the most frequently utilized instruments
in the measurement of vocabulary is the Peabody
Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) (Pankratz,
Morrison, & Plante, 2004; Stockman, 2000). The test
was developed to measure receptive vocabulary and
to quickly determine verbal aptitude in a wide range
of ages (2 years and a half to 90 years old; Dunn,
Dunn, & Arribas, 2010). The test involves present-
ing four images while the examiner says a word. The
examinee must then indicate which image best rep-
resents the word said by the examiner (Dunn et al.,
2010). The test advantages include quick adminis-
tration time (between 10–15 minutes) and little oral
communication from the examiner or the examinee,
who can simply point to the answers. Accordingly,
this test is particularly valuable for use with persons
who are illiterate or those with aphasia, autism or
cerebral palsy (Dunn et al., 2010).
The first edition was published in the United States
of America (USA; Dunn, 1959) and was normed on
Caucasian children. Later, in 1981, the PPVT revised
gender, religion or race bias. At that time, the norm-
ing sample included children as well as adults in the
USA (2 years and a half to 40 years of age), and two
parallel forms were created (Forms L and M). For the
third edition, in 1997, a concerted effort was made
to include minority populations in the USA, such
as Asians, African Americans, Hispanics and Native
Americans. At this time, the age range was extended
to 90 years of age. The USA edition has two parallel
forms (Forms A and B), but the version from Spain
only has one. According to the authors of the manual,
this decision was prompted by their understanding
that in the Hispanic context, the psychologist rarely
needs two parallel versions to evaluate one aptitude
(Dunn et al., 2010). For the Spanish norming, a total
of 2,550 persons representing 19 provinces in Spain
were included (Dunn et al., 2010). Lastly, the most
recent version was published in 2007, the PPVT-IV.
However, currently there is no version of that edition
for Spain or any Latin American country. For that
reason, the PPVT-III was used in the present study.
The PPVT-III was developed with the aim of being
a culturally valid instrument. For that reason, as was
previously mentioned in this document, the norming
samples were broader and included ethnic minority
representatives. This resulted in a third edition, which
is the least culturally biased when compared to other
versions of the PPVT. Evidence of adequate perfor-
mance of this test has been obtained in studies with
ethnic minority participants. For example, Washing-
ton and Craig (1999) found that the PPVT-III was an
appropriate instrument for use with African Amer-
ican children. Haitana, Pitama, & Rucklidge (2010)
found the same with a sample of Maori children. Even
so, there are researchers who argue that the inclusion
of minority groups in the standardization sample does
not free an instrument from cultural biases (Haitana
et al., 2010). For example, a vocabulary test is based
on the knowledge of word meaning, which can
change depending on cultural experience (Stockman,
2000). This implies that word meaning can vary
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
between people of different linguistic communities
due to cultural nuances.
One must remember that the PPVT was initially
created for use with English-speaking persons in the
USA. Although it was translated into Spanish, and a
Hispanic American version has been available since
1986 (Dunn, Lugo, Padilla, & Dunn, 1986), the stan-
dardization of the PPVT-III was carried out only in
Spain. For that reason, the use of the Spaniard norms
in Latin American countries may not be adequate,
even with the commonality of the Spanish language.
Not only is their cultural background different, so
is the frequency with which a specific word is used
in each country. For example, the word “calcetı́n”
[sock] is known by most Spanish-speakers, but it is
not a frequently used word in Colombia, where it
is commonly referred to as “media”. Today, many
professionals in Latin American countries utilize the
PPVT-III version from Spain. However, despite its
frequent use, norms for the PPVT-III are not available
for Latin American countries. This makes it necessary
to provide normative data for this population.
Furthermore, even though normative data is avail-
able for the population of Spain, it dates to the
year 2003. Language changes overtime, and thus, the
degree of difficulty of the PPVT-III stimuli may have
transformed due to the frequency in the use of words
by the current population. Words can change their
meaning or can be substituted for others of increased
present-day use. For example, several years ago the
word “jolgorio” [revelry] was commonly utilized, but
currently it is seldom used, and “fiesta ruidosa” [noisy
party] is more commonplace. Thus, updated norms
are also required for the population of Spain.
In view of the previously stated information,
obtaining updated and adequate norms for each pop-
ulation is necessary. For that reason, the objective of
the present study was to develop normative data for
children and adolescents of nine countries in Latin
America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Hon-
duras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and
Spain.
2. Method
2.1. Participants
The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children
recruited from Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, and
Spain. Participants were selected according to the fol-
689
lowing criteria: a) between 6 and 17 years of age,
b) born and currently lived in a country where the
study was conducted, c) Spanish as primary language,
d) an IQ ≥80 on the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence
(TONI-2, Brown, Sherbenou, & Johnsen, 2009), and
e) scored <19 on the Children’s Depression Inventory
(CDI, Kovacs, 1992).
Children with history of neurologic or psychiatric
disorders, as reported by the participant’s parent(s),
were excluded due to its effects on cognitive perfor-
mance. Participants in the study were from public
and private schools, and signed an informed consent.
Socio-demographic and participant characteristics
for each of the countries’ samples have been reported
elsewhere (Rivera & Arango-Lasprilla, 2017). Ethics
Committee approval was obtained for the study in
each country.
2.2. Instrument administration
The PPVT-III has the dual purpose of measur-
ing receptive vocabulary and serving as a screening
method for verbal aptitude for children two and a
half years and older (Bell, Lassiter, Matthews, &
Hutchinso, 2001). The test consists of 4 training
sheets and 192 test sheets arranged in order of increas-
ing difficulty (Dunn & Dunn, 1997). Each test sheet
includes 4 black and white images, of which the par-
ticipant has to select the image that best corresponds
to the word prompt (Dunn et al., 2010). To get the total
score subtract the number of errors from the ceiling
item.
2.3. Statistical analyses
Detailed statistical analyses used to generate the
normative data for the PPVT-III Total score are
described in Rivera & Arango-Lasprilla (2017).
In summary, the scores were standardized using
multiple linear regressions analyses by means of
a four-step procedure. 1) First, the PPVT-III Total
scores were computed by means of the final multiple
regression models. The full regression models
included as predictors: age, age2 , sex, and mean level
of parental education (MLPE). Age was centered
(= calendar age – mean age in the sample by country)
before computing the quadratic age term to avoid
multicollinearity (Aiken & West, 1991). Sex was
coded as male = 1 and female = 0. The MLPE variable
was coded as 1 if the participant’s parent(s) had >12
years of education or 0 if participant’s parent(s) had
≤12 years of education. If predicted variables were
690 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

not statistically significant in the multivariate model Table 1

with an alpha of 0.05, the non-significant variables Final multiple linear regression models for PPVT-III
were removed and the model reanalyzed. A final B Std. t Sig. R2 SDe
regression model was conducted: ŷi = B0 + B1 · Error (residual)
   2 Chile
Age − x̄Age by country i +B2 · Age − x̄Age by country i
Constant 114.704 1.981 57.902 <0.001 0.551 20.356
+ B3 · Sexi + B4 · MLPEi . 2) Residual scores were Age 6.367 0.306 20.780 <0.001
calculated based on the final model (ei = yi − ŷi ). Age2 –0.262 0.100 –2.631 0.009
3) Residuals were standardized using the residual MLPE 6.285 2.236 2.811 0.005
Standard Deviation (SDe ) value provided by the Sex 9.427 2.118 4.451 <0.001
Cuba
regression model: zi = ei /SDe . 4) Standardized
Constant 133.599 1.006 132.797 <0.001 0.721 12.962
residuals were converted to percentile values using Age 5.856 0.193 30.365 <0.001
the standard normal cumulative distribution function. Age2 –0.456 0.063 –7.206 <0.001
This four-step process was applied to PPVT-III Total Ecuador
score separately for each country. Constant 116.563 1.948 59.844 <0.001 0.655 14.145
For all multiple linear regression models, the Age 5.508 0.241 22.881 <0.001
Age2 –0.483 0.080 –6.034 <0.001
following assumptions were evaluated: a) multi- MLPE 6.266 1.889 3.317 0.001
collinearity by the values of the Variance Inflation Sex 4.098 1.681 2.438 0.015
Factor (VIF), which must not exceed 10, and the Guatemala
collinearity tolerance values, which must not exceed Constant 103.874 2.066 50.279 <0.001 0.460 18.012
the value of 1 (Kutner, Nachtsheim, Neter, & Li, Age 6.276 0.528 11.882 <0.001
MLPE 9.077 2.964 3.062 0.003
2005), and b) the existence of influential values Sex 6.222 2.601 2.392 0.018
by calculating the Cook’s distance. The maximum Honduras
Cook’s distance value was related to a F (p, n − p) Constant 118.294 1.554 76.146 <0.001 0.625 15.403
distribution. Influential values are considered when Age 6.171 0.284 21.765 <0.001
percentile value is equal or higher than 50 (Cook, Age2 –0.410 0.091 –4.487 <0.001
MLPE 4.014 1.830 2.194 0.029
1977; Kutner et al., 2005). All analyzes were Mexico
performed using SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp., Constant 113.878 1.146 99.366 <0.001 0.667 16.194
Armonk, NY). Age 6.218 0.153 40.519 <0.001
Age2 –0.521 0.051 –10.272 <0.001
MLPE 10.849 1.079 10.059 <0.001
3. Results Sex 3.755 1.071 3.506 <0.001
Paraguay
Constant 114.672 2.300 49.855 <0.001 0.465 23.707
The final multivariate linear regression models for Age 6.130 0.396 15.481 <0.001
the ten country-specific PPVT-III Total scores were MLPE 10.000 2.876 3.476 0.001
significant (see Table 1). In all countries, the PPVT- Peru
Constant 127.990 1.396 91.651 <0.001 0.665 17.105
III Total scores increased linearly as a function of Age 6.843 0.286 23.898 <0.001
age. The PPVT-III Total scores for Chile, Cuba, Age2 –0.405 0.094 –4.310 <0.001
Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Puerto Rico
Spain were also affected by a quadratic age effect. Constant 120.607 1.915 62.977 <0.001 0.601 17.169
Age 5.686 0.367 15.491 <0.001
Children from Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Age2 –0.266 0.120 –2.209 0.028
Mexico, Paraguay, and Spain who had parent(s) with Spain
a MLPE >12 years obtained higher PPVT-III Total Constant 129.260 1.114 115.992 <0.001 0.691 15.411
score than children who had PPVT-III Total score Age 6.819 0.149 45.819 <0.001
Age2 –0.452 0.048 –9.394 <0.001
with a MLPE ≤12 years. The child’s sex affected the MLPE 6.390 1.033 6.184 <0.001
PPVT-III Total scores for Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Sex 3.892 0.992 3.924 <0.001
Mexico, and Spain, so that boys achieved higher Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
score than girls. The amount of variance these pre-
dictors explained in PPVT-III Total scores ranged
from 46.0% (in Guatemala) to 72.1% (in Cuba). ≤1.131; collinearity tolerance values did not exceed
The assumptions of multiple linear regression anal- the value of 1) or influential cases (the maximum
ysis were met for all final models. There was not Cook’s distance value was 0.184 in a F(3,212) distri-
multicollinearity (the VIF values were below 10; VIF bution which correspond to percentile 9).
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
3.1. Normative procedure
Norms (e.g., a percentile score) for the PPVT-III
Total scores by country were established using the
four-step procedure described in the statistical anal-
ysis section. An example will be provided to facilitate
understanding of the procedure used to obtain the per-
centile associated with a score on this test. In order to
identify the percentile score for an 8-year-old Mexi-
can girl who scored 102 on the PPVT-III and whose
parent(s) have a MLPE of 14 years. The steps to obtain
the percentile for this score are: 1) Find Mexico in
Table 1, which provides the final regression models
by country for the PPVT-III Total score. Next, use the
B weights to create an equation that will allow for
obtaining the predicted total score for this child using
the coding provided in the statistical analysis section.
The corresponding B weights are multiplied by the
centered age (= calendar age – mean age in the Mex-
ican sample which is equal to 11.4 years), centered
age2 (= calendar age – mean age in the Mexican sam-
ple which is equal to 11.4 years)2 , MLPE code based
on the 12 years of education threshold, and sex which
was coded as male = 1 and female = 0. See Rivera &
Arango-Lasprilla (2017) to find the mean age of each
country’s sample. The result is then added to the con-
stant generated by the model in order to calculate the
predicted value.
In the case of the 8-year-old Mexican girl, the pre-
dicted PPVT-III Total score would be calculated using
the following equation: ŷi = 113.878 + [6.218 ·
(Agei −11.4)]+[−0.521 · (Agei − 11.4)2 ]+(3.755
· Sex) + (10.849 · MLPE). The child’s age is 8 and
the child’s sex is female, so the sex value is 0. The
MLPE (14 years) is split into either ≤12 years (and
assigned a 0) or more than 12 years (and assigned a 1)
in the model. Since the parent(s) of the hypothetical
child in the example have 14 years of education, the
MLPE value is 1. Thus, the predicted value equation
is: ŷi = 113.878 + [6.218 · (8 − 11.4)] + [−0.521 ·
(8 − 11.4)2 ] + (3.755 · 0) + (10.849 · 1) = 113.878
+ (−21.141) + (−6.022) + 0 + 10.849 = 97.564.
2) In order to calculate the residual value (indicated
with an e in the equation), subtract the actual
PPVT-III Total score (she scored 102) from the
predicted value we just calculated (ei = yi − ŷi ). In
this case, it would be ei = 102 − 97.564 = 4.436. 3)
Next, consult the SDe column in Table 1 to obtain the
country-specific SDe (residual) value. For Mexico,
it is 16.194. Using this value, we can transform the
residual value to a standardized z score using the
equation zi = ei /SDe . In this case, the values are
691
4.436/16.194 = 0.273. This is the standardized z
score for an 8-year-old Mexican girl who scored
102 on the PPVT-III Total score who has parent(s)
with a MLPE of 14 years. 4) The last step is to
use the tables available in most statistical reference
books (e.g., Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006) to
convert z scores to percentiles. In this example, the z
score (probability) of 0.273 corresponds to the 61st
percentile.
3.2. User-friendly normative data
The four-step normative procedures explained
above offer the clinician the ability to determine an
exact percentile for a child who has a specific score on
the PPVT-III Total score. However, this method can
be prone to human error due to the number of required
computations by hand. To enhance user-friendliness,
the authors have completed these steps for a range of
raw scores based on age, sex, and MLPE and created
tables for clinicians to more easily obtain a percentile
range/estimate associated with a given raw score on
this test. These tables are available by country in the
Appendixes. In order to obtain an approximate per-
centile for the above example (converting a raw score
of 102 on the PPVT-III Total score for a Mexican
girl who is 8 years old and whose parent(s) have
14 years of education) using the simplified norma-
tive tables provided in the Appendixes, the following
steps must be followed. (1) First, identify the appro-
priate table ensuring the appropriate country. In this
case, the table for the PPVT-III Total score for female
of Mexico can be found in Table A10. (2) Next, the
table is divided based on MLPE (≤12 vs. more than
12 years of education). Since the parent(s) had 14
years of education, we will use the upper section of
the table for >12 years of MLPE. (3) Find the appro-
priate age of the child, in this case, 8 years old. (4)
Next, look in the 8 years’ age column to find the
approximate location of the raw score obtained on
the test. Within the 8 years’ column, the score of
102 obtained by this Mexican girl corresponds to an
approximate percentile of 60.
The percentile obtained using this user-friendly
table sometimes could be slightly different than the
hand-calculated, more accurate method (61st vs. 60th )
because the user-friendly table is based on a limited
number of percentile values. Individual percentiles
cannot be presented in these tables due to space lim-
itations. If the exact score is not listed in the column,
you must estimate the percentile value from the list
of raw scores available.
692 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
4. Discussion
The purpose of the present study was to obtain
normative data for the PPVT-III for children and
adolescents from nine Latin American countries
(Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mex-
ico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. The
final regression models for the PPVT-III accounted
for 46.0% and 72.1% of the variance.
There are very few normative data studies pub-
lished for the PPVT-III, thus comparison with the
existing literature is complicated. The age variable
was significantly related to the Total scores of the
PPVT-III, such that scores increased linearly as
children become older. This gradual increase in per-
formance as age advances is in line with the results
of a normative study carried out in Spain (Dunn
et al., 2010). The authors reported a gradual increase
in the total score of the PPVT-III, with an increase
being especially noticeable between the ages of 12
and 16, until stabilization begins at the age of 17,
especially between 19 and 20 years of age (Dunn
et al., 2010). Results of the present study showed a
curvilinear relationship of age and relative scores on
the PPVT-III (reference score was a 6-year-old boy
with high-educated parents). This relationship indi-
cates that relative scores increase as age advances,
with the most prominent increase in younger children
than older ones. For example, the difference in rela-
tive scores for a 6-year-old boy with high-educated
parents (reference value) compared to a 7-year-old
with the same characteristics ranges from 6.8% to
14% percent depending on country of origin, while
the difference in relative scores for a 14-year-old with
those same characteristics compared to a 15-year-old
is only 1.8% to 4.5%.
This gradual increase in PPVT-III scores coin-
cides with studies that have attempted to determine
the development of vocabulary during childhood,
adolescence, and adulthood. For example, Biemiller
and Slonim (2001) estimated that English-speaking
children in the second grade knew an average of
5,200 words and attaining 8,400 words by the fifth
grade. According to Guerra, Williamson, & Lucas-
Molina (2012), vocabulary continues to expand
during middle childhood, reaching 40,000 words dur-
ing adolescence (18 years). Sullivan & Brown (2014)
also reported a progressive increase in vocabulary
in people aged 16 to 42 years. In addition, vocabu-
lary is quite resistant to decline during normal aging,
which can remain stable and even improve over time
(Harada, Love, & Triebel, 2013).
The MLPE was also associated with PPVT-III
Total scores. Van der Elst, Hurks, Wassenberg, Meijs,
& Jolles (2011) were the first to use MLPE as a
variable associated with verbal fluency tests in their
normative data study. Van der Elst et al. (2011)
reported that children whose parent(s) had a higher
educational level did better on these tests as compared
to children whose parent(s) had a lower educational
level. Normative studies on the PPVT-III have not
developed norms using this variable but a number
of studies have looked at its influence on perfor-
mance. For example, educational level of parent(s) of
African-American children was related to the score
obtained by children in the PPVT-III, such that chil-
dren whose parent(s) had completed high school or
college, scored higher than children whose parent(s)
had not finished high school (Washington & Craig,
1999).
The fact that parents’ educational level influences
the score obtained by children in the PPVT-III is
not surprising since research has shown that vocab-
ulary level obtained by children depends to a large
extent on the environment in which they developed.
For example, children from higher socioeconomic
backgrounds had a higher level of vocabulary than
those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (Hoff,
2003). Similarly, children’s scores on the vocabulary
task of the British Ability Scales battery depended
heavily on parental education (Becker, 2011). Thus,
children whose parent(s) had a high educational level
had a broader vocabulary than children whose parents
had a lower educational level. In addition, this study
showed that early schooling of children positively
influenced the development of vocabulary, but only
in those children whose parent(s) had a lower educa-
tional level. It seems that the way parent(s) interact
with their children and the stimulation they offer
(e.g. reading books) is helpful for language devel-
opment as well as the socioeconomic level (Becker,
2011).
Finally, the variable gender was associated with
performance in the PPVT-III, such as males achieves
higher scores than females. Dunn et al. (2010)
found that gender had a small influence on PPVT-
III Total scores, thus only norms based on age were
created.
4.1. Limitations and future directions
The study has some limitations. First, only children
whose primary language was Spanish were recruited.
Therefore, the results of this study cannot be general-
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
ized to children who speak a region-specific language
in addition to Spanish. This is noteworthy because
many countries in Latin America and Spain are mul-
tilingual (Chamoreau, 2014; Garrido Medina, 2007).
Future studies should develop norms in the languages
spoken in these countries.
Second, the results of this study cannot be gen-
eralized to other Latin American countries such as
Argentina, Bolivia, Panama or Venezuela. Future
studies should obtain normative data for the PPVT-III
in the Latin American countries not represented in the
present study. This will offer a more comprehensive
accounting of normative data in this region.
Third, the samples collected in Chile, Mexico,
Paraguay, Puerto Rico, and Spain represent data from
several areas of the countries, for the rest of the
countries of the study only children from a spe-
cific area were recruited. It would have been ideal
to recruit children from different areas of all the
countries represented. Future studies should expand
the data from this study with samples from differ-
ent regions within the countries. Likewise, most of
the children were recruited from urban areas, thus
future studies should include more children from
rural areas.
Fourth, the PPVT-III can be applied to children
under the age of 6 and adults up to the age of 90;
thus, future studies could obtain normative data for
children between the ages 2 and a half and 5, and
adults between the ages 18 and 90. Finally, norma-
tive data were generated using healthy children and
adolescents. Future studies should include clinical
samples (e.g., children and adolescents with brain
damage, epilepsy, etc.) in order to obtain cutoff points
and to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the
PPVT-III.
4.2. Implications and conclusions
The level of vocabulary acquisition is an important
aspect to assess during neuropsychological evalua-
tion, since vocabulary is closely related to reading
comprehension and academic success. Professionals
in Latin America and Spain often use the PPVT-
III as a measure of vocabulary in both children and
adults during their clinical work. Now, profession-
als from nine countries in Latin America and Spain
have normative data available for the PPVT-III for
children and adolescents. Availability of these norms
will be valuable for professionals in these countries
and enhance the evaluation and diagnosis for these
groups.
693
Conflict of interest
None to report.
Supplementary material
The Appendix tables are available in the electronic
version of this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/
NRE-172239.
References
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression:
Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Becker, B. (2011). Social disparities in children’s vocabulary in
early childhood. Does pre-school education help to close the
gap? The British Journal of Sociology, 62(1), 69-88.
Bell, N. L., Lassiter, K. S., Matthews, T. D., & Hutchinson,
M. B. (2001). Comparison of the peabody picture vocab-
ulary test—Third edition and Wechsler adult intelligence
scale—Third edition with university students. Journal of Clin-
ical Psychology, 57(3), 417-422.
Biemiller, A. & Slonim, N. (2001) Estimating root word vocab-
ulary growth in normative and advantaged populations:
Evidence for a common sequence of vocabulary acquisition.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(3), 498-520.
Brown, L., Sherbenou, R. J., & Johnsen, S. K. (2009). Test de
inteligencia no verbal TONI-2. Madrid: TEA ediciones.
Burger, A., & Chong, I. (2011). Receptive vocabulary. In S. Gold-
stein & J. A. Naglieri. Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and
Development. Springer US.
Butler, S., Urrutia, K., Buenger, A., Gonzalez, N., Hunt, M., &
Eisenhart, C. (2010). A Research Synthesis: A Review of the
Current Research on Vocabulary Instruction. National reading
Technical Assistance Center, RMC Research Corporation.
Chamoreau, C. (2014). Diversidad lingüı́stica en México.
Amerindia - Langues du Mexique, 37(1), 3-20.
Cook, R. D. (1977). Detection of influential observation in lin-
ear regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15-18. doi: 10.2307/
1268249
Dunn, L. M. (1959). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Minneapo-
lis: American Guidance Service.
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Examiner’s manual for the
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Third Edition. Circle Pines,
Minn.: American Guidance Service.
Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M. & Arribas, D. (2010). PPVT-III Peabody
Test de vocabulario en imágenes. Manual. Madrid: TEA Edi-
ciones.
Dunn, L. M., Lugo, D. E, Padilla, E. R., & Dunn, L. M. (1986).
Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes Peabody. American Guidance
Service; Circle Pines, MN.
Feldman, H. M., Dale, P. S., Campbell, T. F., Colborn, D. K.,
Kurs-Lasky, M., Rockette, H. E., & Paradise, J. L. (2005).
Concurrent and predictive validity of parent reports of child
language at ages 2 and 3 years. Child Development, 76(4),
856-868.
694 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
Fernald, A., Perfors, A., & Marchman, V. A. (2006). Picking
up speed in understanding: Speech processing efficiency and
vocabulary growth across the 2nd year. Developmental Psy-
chology. 42(1):98-116.
Garrido Medina, J. C. (2007). Multilingüismo y lengua externa e
interna en la polı́tica lingüı́stica en España. Anuario de estudios
filológicos, 30, 131-149.
Guerra, N. G., Williamson, A. A., & Lucas-Molina, B. (2012).
Normal development: Infancy, childhood, and adolescence. In
J. M. Rey (ed), IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent
Mental Health (pp. 1-39). Geneva: International Association
for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
2012.
Haitana, T., Pitama, S., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2010). Cultural biases in
the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III: Testing Tamariki in
a New Zealand Sample. New Zealand Journal of Psychology,
39(3), 24-34.
Harada, C. N., Love, M. C. N., & Triebel, K. L. (2013). Normal
cognitive aging. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 29(4), 737-752.
Hoff, E. (2003). The specificity of environmental influence:
Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development
via maternal speech. Child Development, 74(5), 1368-1378.
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children Depression Inventory CDI (Manual).
Toronto: Multihealth systems.
Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., Neter, J., & Li, W. (2005).
Applied linear statistical models (5th ed.). New York: McGraw
Hill.
Marchman, V. A., & Fernald, A. (2008). Speed of word
recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict
cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood. Develop-
mental Science, 11(3), F9-F16. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
7687.2008.00671.x
Pankratz, M., Morrison, A., & Plante, E. (2004). Difference in stan-
dard scores of adults on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
(Revised and Third Edition). Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 47(3), 714-718.
Pearson, P. D., Hiebert, E. H., & Kamil, M. L. (2007). Vocabulary
assessment: What we know and what we need to learn. Reading
Research Quarterly, 42(2), 282-296.
Rivera, D., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (2017). Methodology for the
development of normative data for Spanish Speaking pediatric
population. NeuroRehabilitation.
Stahl, S. A., & Fairbanks, M. M. (1986). The effects of vocabulary
instruction: A model-based meta-analysis. Review of Educa-
tional Research, 56(1), 72-110.
Stockman, I. J. (2000). The new Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-
III: An illusion of unbiased assessment? Language, Speech &
Hearing Services in Schools, 31(4), 340-353.
Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium
of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and com-
mentary. American Chemical Society.
Sullivan, A. & Brown, M. (2014). Vocabulary from adolescence
to middle-age. Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University of
London.
Van der Elst, W., Hurks, P., Wassenberg, R., Meijs, C., & Jolles, J.
(2011). Animal Verbal Fluency and Design Fluency in school-
aged children: Effects of age, sex, and mean level of parental
education, and regression-based normative data. Journal of
Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(9), 1005-1015.
doi: 10.1080/13803395.2011.589509
Washington, J. A., & Craig, H. K. (1999). Performances of at-
risk, African American preschoolers on the peabody picture
vocabulary test-III. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services
in Schools, 30(1), 75-82.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III: Normative Data
for Spanish Speaking Pediatric Population

Appendix tables
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A1. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for CHILE: BOYS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 120.9 129.8 138.3 146.2 153.7 160.6 166.9 172.8 178.1 182.9 187.2 190.9
90 113.5 122.5 131.0 138.9 146.3 153.2 159.6 165.4 170.8 175.5 179.8 183.6
85 108.6 117.6 126.1 134.0 141.4 148.3 154.7 160.5 165.9 170.7 174.9 178.7
80 104.6 113.6 122.0 130.0 137.4 144.3 150.6 156.5 161.8 166.6 170.9 174.6
MLPE > 12 years

70 98.1 107.0 115.5 123.4 130.9 137.8 144.1 150.0 155.3 160.1 164.4 168.1
60 92.6 101.5 110.0 117.9 125.4 132.3 138.6 144.5 149.8 154.6 158.9 162.6
50 87.5 96.5 104.9 112.9 120.3 127.2 133.5 139.4 144.7 149.5 153.8 157.5
40 82.4 91.4 99.8 107.8 115.2 122.1 128.4 134.3 139.6 144.4 148.7 152.4
30 76.9 85.9 94.3 102.3 109.7 116.6 122.9 128.8 134.1 138.9 143.2 146.9
20 70.4 79.4 87.8 95.8 103.2 110.1 116.4 122.3 127.6 132.4 136.7 140.4
15 66.3 75.3 83.8 91.7 99.1 106.0 112.4 118.2 123.5 128.3 132.6 136.3
10 61.4 70.4 78.9 86.8 94.2 101.1 107.5 113.3 118.6 123.4 127.7 131.5
5 54.1 63.1 71.5 79.5 86.9 93.8 100.2 106.0 111.3 116.1 120.4 124.1

95 114.6 123.6 132.0 140.0 147.4 154.3 160.6 166.5 171.8 176.6 180.9 184.6
90 107.2 116.2 124.7 132.6 140.0 146.9 153.3 159.1 164.5 169.3 173.5 177.3
85 102.4 111.3 119.8 127.7 135.2 142.1 148.4 154.3 159.6 164.4 168.7 172.4
80 98.3 107.3 115.7 123.7 131.1 138.0 144.3 150.2 155.5 160.3 164.6 168.3
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 91.8 100.8 109.2 117.2 124.6 131.5 137.8 143.7 149.0 153.8 158.1 161.8
60 86.3 95.3 103.7 111.7 119.1 126.0 132.3 138.2 143.5 148.3 152.6 156.3
50 81.2 90.2 98.6 106.6 114.0 120.9 127.2 133.1 138.4 143.2 147.5 151.2
40 76.1 85.1 93.5 101.5 108.9 115.8 122.2 128.0 133.3 138.1 142.4 146.1
30 70.6 79.6 88.1 96.0 103.4 110.3 116.7 122.5 127.8 132.6 136.9 140.6
20 64.1 73.1 81.5 89.5 96.9 103.8 110.1 116.0 121.3 126.1 130.4 134.1
15 60.0 69.0 77.5 85.4 92.8 99.7 106.1 111.9 117.2 122.0 126.3 130.1
10 55.1 64.1 72.6 80.5 87.9 94.8 101.2 107.0 112.4 117.2 121.4 125.2
5 47.8 56.8 65.3 73.2 80.6 87.5 93.9 99.7 105.0 109.8 114.1 117.8
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
2
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A2. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for CHILE: GIRLS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 111.4 120.4 128.9 136.8 144.2 151.1 157.5 163.3 168.7 173.5 177.7 181.5
90 104.1 113.1 121.6 129.5 136.9 143.8 150.2 156.0 161.3 166.1 170.4 174.1
85 99.2 108.2 116.7 124.6 132.0 138.9 145.3 151.1 156.4 161.2 165.5 169.3
80 95.1 104.1 112.6 120.5 127.9 134.8 141.2 147.1 152.4 157.2 161.4 165.2
MLPE > 12 years

70 88.6 97.6 106.1 114.0 121.4 128.3 134.7 140.5 145.9 150.7 154.9 158.7
60 83.1 92.1 100.6 108.5 115.9 122.8 129.2 135.0 140.4 145.2 149.4 153.2
50 78.0 87.0 95.5 103.4 110.8 117.7 124.1 130.0 135.3 140.1 144.3 148.1
40 73.0 81.9 90.4 98.3 105.8 112.7 119.0 124.9 130.2 135.0 139.2 143.0
30 67.5 76.4 84.9 92.8 100.3 107.2 113.5 119.4 124.7 129.5 133.8 137.5
20 60.9 69.9 78.4 86.3 93.7 100.6 107.0 112.9 118.2 123.0 127.2 131.0
15 56.9 65.9 74.3 82.3 89.7 96.6 102.9 108.8 114.1 118.9 123.2 126.9
10 52.0 61.0 69.4 77.4 84.8 91.7 98.1 103.9 109.2 114.0 118.3 122.0
5 44.7 53.6 62.1 70.0 77.5 84.4 90.7 96.6 101.9 106.7 111.0 114.7

95 105.1 114.1 122.6 130.5 137.9 144.8 151.2 157.0 162.4 167.2 171.4 175.2
90 97.8 106.8 115.3 123.2 130.6 137.5 143.9 149.7 155.0 159.8 164.1 167.9
85 92.9 101.9 110.4 118.3 125.7 132.6 139.0 144.8 150.2 155.0 159.2 163.0
80 88.9 97.8 106.3 114.2 121.7 128.6 134.9 140.8 146.1 150.9 155.2 158.9
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 82.3 91.3 99.8 107.7 115.1 122.0 128.4 134.3 139.6 144.4 148.6 152.4
60 76.8 85.8 94.3 102.2 109.7 116.5 122.9 128.8 134.1 138.9 143.1 146.9
50 71.8 80.7 89.2 97.1 104.6 111.5 117.8 123.7 129.0 133.8 138.1 141.8
40 66.7 75.7 84.1 92.1 99.5 106.4 112.7 118.6 123.9 128.7 133.0 136.7
30 61.2 70.2 78.6 86.6 94.0 100.9 107.2 113.1 118.4 123.2 127.5 131.2
20 54.7 63.6 72.1 80.0 87.5 94.4 100.7 106.6 111.9 116.7 121.0 124.7
15 50.6 59.6 68.0 76.0 83.4 90.3 96.7 102.5 107.8 112.6 116.9 120.6
10 45.7 54.7 63.2 71.1 78.5 85.4 91.8 97.6 102.9 107.7 112.0 115.7
5 38.4 47.4 55.8 63.8 71.2 78.1 84.4 90.3 95.6 100.4 104.7 108.4
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
3
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A3. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age for CUBA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 108.9 119.3 128.8 137.4 145.0 151.8 157.7 162.6 166.6 169.8 172.0 173.3
90 104.2 114.6 124.1 132.7 140.4 147.1 153.0 157.9 162.0 165.1 167.3 168.6
85 101.1 111.5 121.0 129.6 137.3 144.0 149.9 154.8 158.9 162.0 164.2 165.5
80 98.5 108.9 118.4 127.0 134.7 141.4 147.3 152.2 156.3 159.4 161.6 162.9
70 94.3 104.8 114.3 122.8 130.5 137.3 143.2 148.1 152.1 155.3 157.5 158.8
60 90.8 101.3 110.8 119.3 127.0 133.8 139.7 144.6 148.6 151.8 154.0 155.3
50 87.6 98.0 107.5 116.1 123.8 130.6 136.4 141.4 145.4 148.5 150.7 152.0
40 84.4 94.8 104.3 112.9 120.5 127.3 133.2 138.1 142.1 145.3 147.5 148.8
30 80.9 91.3 100.8 109.4 117.0 123.8 129.7 134.6 138.6 141.8 144.0 145.3
20 76.7 87.1 96.6 105.2 112.9 119.7 125.5 130.5 134.5 137.6 139.8 141.1
15 74.1 84.5 94.0 102.6 110.3 117.1 122.9 127.9 131.9 135.0 137.2 138.5
10 71.0 81.4 90.9 99.5 107.2 114.0 119.8 124.8 128.8 131.9 134.1 135.4
5 66.3 76.8 86.3 94.9 102.5 109.3 115.2 120.1 124.1 127.3 129.5 130.8

4
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A4. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for ECUADOR: BOYS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 106.3 116.5 125.8 134.1 141.5 147.8 153.3 157.7 161.2 163.7 165.2 165.8
90 101.2 111.5 120.7 129.0 136.4 142.8 148.2 152.6 156.1 158.6 160.2 160.7
85 97.8 108.1 117.3 125.6 133.0 139.4 144.8 149.2 152.7 155.2 156.8 157.3
80 95.0 105.2 114.5 122.8 130.2 136.5 141.9 146.4 149.9 152.4 153.9 154.5
MLPE > 12 years

70 90.5 100.7 110.0 118.3 125.6 132.0 137.4 141.9 145.3 147.9 149.4 150.0
60 86.6 96.9 106.2 114.5 121.8 128.2 133.6 138.0 141.5 144.0 145.6 146.2
50 83.1 93.3 102.6 110.9 118.3 124.6 130.1 134.5 138.0 140.5 142.1 142.6
40 79.6 89.8 99.1 107.4 114.7 121.1 126.5 131.0 134.4 137.0 138.5 139.1
30 75.8 86.0 95.3 103.6 110.9 117.3 122.7 127.1 130.6 133.1 134.7 135.3
20 71.2 81.5 90.7 99.0 106.4 112.8 118.2 122.6 126.1 128.6 130.2 130.8
15 68.4 78.6 87.9 96.2 103.6 109.9 115.3 119.8 123.3 125.8 127.3 127.9
10 65.0 75.2 84.5 92.8 100.2 106.5 112.0 116.4 119.9 122.4 123.9 124.5
5 59.9 70.2 79.4 87.7 95.1 101.4 106.9 111.3 114.8 117.3 118.9 119.4

95 100.0 110.3 119.6 127.9 135.2 141.6 147.0 151.4 154.9 157.4 159.0 159.6
90 94.9 105.2 114.5 122.8 130.1 136.5 141.9 146.3 149.8 152.3 153.9 154.5
85 91.6 101.8 111.1 119.4 126.7 133.1 138.5 142.9 146.4 148.9 150.5 151.1
80 88.7 99.0 108.2 116.5 123.9 130.3 135.7 140.1 143.6 146.1 147.7 148.3
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 84.2 94.4 103.7 112.0 119.4 125.7 131.1 135.6 139.1 141.6 143.1 143.7
60 80.4 90.6 99.9 108.2 115.5 121.9 127.3 131.8 135.3 137.8 139.3 139.9
50 76.8 87.1 96.4 104.7 112.0 118.4 123.8 128.2 131.7 134.2 135.8 136.4
40 73.3 83.5 92.8 101.1 108.5 114.8 120.3 124.7 128.2 130.7 132.2 132.8
30 69.5 79.7 89.0 97.3 104.6 111.0 116.4 120.9 124.4 126.9 128.4 129.0
20 65.0 75.2 84.5 92.8 100.1 106.5 111.9 116.4 119.8 122.4 123.9 124.5
15 62.1 72.4 81.6 90.0 97.3 103.7 109.1 113.5 117.0 119.5 121.1 121.7
10 58.7 69.0 78.2 86.6 93.9 100.3 105.7 110.1 113.6 116.1 117.7 118.3
5 53.6 63.9 73.2 81.5 88.8 95.2 100.6 105.0 108.5 111.0 112.6 113.2
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
5
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A5. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for ECUADOR: GIRLS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 102.2 112.4 121.7 130.0 137.4 143.7 149.2 153.6 157.1 159.6 161.2 161.7
90 97.1 107.4 116.6 124.9 132.3 138.7 144.1 148.5 152.0 154.5 156.1 156.6
85 93.7 104.0 113.2 121.5 128.9 135.3 140.7 145.1 148.6 151.1 152.7 153.3
80 90.9 101.1 110.4 118.7 126.1 132.4 137.8 142.3 145.8 148.3 149.8 150.4
MLPE > 12 years

70 86.4 96.6 105.9 114.2 121.5 127.9 133.3 137.8 141.2 143.8 145.3 145.9
60 82.5 92.8 102.1 110.4 117.7 124.1 129.5 133.9 137.4 139.9 141.5 142.1
50 79.0 89.3 98.5 106.8 114.2 120.5 126.0 130.4 133.9 136.4 138.0 138.5
40 75.5 85.7 95.0 103.3 110.6 117.0 122.4 126.9 130.4 132.9 134.4 135.0
30 71.7 81.9 91.2 99.5 106.8 113.2 118.6 123.1 126.5 129.0 130.6 131.2
20 67.1 77.4 86.6 94.9 102.3 108.7 114.1 118.5 122.0 124.5 126.1 126.7
15 64.3 74.5 83.8 92.1 99.5 105.8 111.2 115.7 119.2 121.7 123.2 123.8
10 60.9 71.1 80.4 88.7 96.1 102.4 107.9 112.3 115.8 118.3 119.8 120.4
5 55.8 66.1 75.3 83.6 91.0 97.4 102.8 107.2 110.7 113.2 114.8 115.3

95 95.9 106.2 115.5 123.8 131.1 137.5 142.9 147.3 150.8 153.3 154.9 155.5
90 90.9 101.1 110.4 118.7 126.0 132.4 137.8 142.2 145.7 148.2 149.8 150.4
85 87.5 97.7 107.0 115.3 122.6 129.0 134.4 138.9 142.3 144.8 146.4 147.0
80 84.6 94.9 104.1 112.4 119.8 126.2 131.6 136.0 139.5 142.0 143.6 144.2
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 80.1 90.3 99.6 107.9 115.3 121.6 127.0 131.5 135.0 137.5 139.0 139.6
60 76.3 86.5 95.8 104.1 111.4 117.8 123.2 127.7 131.2 133.7 135.2 135.8
50 72.7 83.0 92.3 100.6 107.9 114.3 119.7 124.1 127.6 130.1 131.7 132.3
40 69.2 79.4 88.7 97.0 104.4 110.7 116.2 120.6 124.1 126.6 128.2 128.7
30 65.4 75.6 84.9 93.2 100.6 106.9 112.3 116.8 120.3 122.8 124.3 124.9
20 60.9 71.1 80.4 88.7 96.0 102.4 107.8 112.3 115.7 118.3 119.8 120.4
15 58.0 68.3 77.5 85.9 93.2 99.6 105.0 109.4 112.9 115.4 117.0 117.6
10 54.6 64.9 74.2 82.5 89.8 96.2 101.6 106.0 109.5 112.0 113.6 114.2
5 49.5 59.8 69.1 77.4 84.7 91.1 96.5 100.9 104.4 106.9 108.5 109.1
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
6
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A6. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for GUATEMALA: BOYS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 119.2 125.5 131.8 138.0 144.3 150.6 156.9 163.1 169.4 175.7 182.0 188.2
90 112.7 119.0 125.3 131.6 137.8 144.1 150.4 156.7 162.9 169.2 175.5 181.8
85 108.4 114.7 121.0 127.2 133.5 139.8 146.1 152.3 158.6 164.9 171.2 177.4
80 104.8 111.1 117.4 123.6 129.9 136.2 142.5 148.7 155.0 161.3 167.6 173.8
MLPE > 12 years

70 99.0 105.3 111.6 117.9 124.1 130.4 136.7 143.0 149.2 155.5 161.8 168.1
60 94.2 100.5 106.7 113.0 119.3 125.6 131.8 138.1 144.4 150.7 156.9 163.2
50 89.7 96.0 102.2 108.5 114.8 121.1 127.3 133.6 139.9 146.2 152.4 158.7
40 85.2 91.5 97.7 104.0 110.3 116.6 122.8 129.1 135.4 141.7 147.9 154.2
30 80.3 86.6 92.9 99.1 105.4 111.7 118.0 124.2 130.5 136.8 143.1 149.3
20 74.5 80.8 87.1 93.4 99.7 105.9 112.2 118.5 124.8 131.0 137.3 143.6
15 70.9 77.2 83.5 89.8 96.0 102.3 108.6 114.9 121.2 127.4 133.7 140.0
10 66.6 72.9 79.2 85.4 91.7 98.0 104.3 110.6 116.8 123.1 129.4 135.7
5 60.1 66.4 72.7 79.0 85.2 91.5 97.8 104.1 110.3 116.6 122.9 129.2

95 110.1 116.4 122.7 129.0 135.2 141.5 147.8 154.1 160.3 166.6 172.9 179.2
90 103.7 109.9 116.2 122.5 128.8 135.0 141.3 147.6 153.9 160.1 166.4 172.7
85 99.3 105.6 111.9 118.2 124.4 130.7 137.0 143.3 149.5 155.8 162.1 168.4
80 95.7 102.0 108.3 114.6 120.8 127.1 133.4 139.7 145.9 152.2 158.5 164.8
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 90.0 96.2 102.5 108.8 115.1 121.3 127.6 133.9 140.2 146.4 152.7 159.0
60 85.1 91.4 97.7 103.9 110.2 116.5 122.8 129.0 135.3 141.6 147.9 154.1
50 80.6 86.9 93.2 99.4 105.7 112.0 118.3 124.5 130.8 137.1 143.4 149.6
40 76.1 82.4 88.6 94.9 101.2 107.5 113.8 120.0 126.3 132.6 138.9 145.1
30 71.2 77.5 83.8 90.1 96.3 102.6 108.9 115.2 121.4 127.7 134.0 140.3
20 65.5 71.7 78.0 84.3 90.6 96.8 103.1 109.4 115.7 122.0 128.2 134.5
15 61.9 68.1 74.4 80.7 87.0 93.2 99.5 105.8 112.1 118.4 124.6 130.9
10 57.5 63.8 70.1 76.4 82.6 88.9 95.2 101.5 107.8 114.0 120.3 126.6
5 51.1 57.3 63.6 69.9 76.2 82.4 88.7 95.0 101.3 107.5 113.8 120.1
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
7
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A7. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for GUATEMALA: GIRLS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 113.0 119.3 125.5 131.8 138.1 144.4 150.6 156.9 163.2 169.5 175.8 182.0
90 106.5 112.8 119.1 125.3 131.6 137.9 144.2 150.4 156.7 163.0 169.3 175.5
85 102.2 108.5 114.7 121.0 127.3 133.6 139.8 146.1 152.4 158.7 164.9 171.2
80 98.6 104.9 111.1 117.4 123.7 130.0 136.2 142.5 148.8 155.1 161.3 167.6
MLPE > 12 years

70 92.8 99.1 105.4 111.6 117.9 124.2 130.5 136.8 143.0 149.3 155.6 161.9
60 88.0 94.2 100.5 106.8 113.1 119.3 125.6 131.9 138.2 144.4 150.7 157.0
50 83.5 89.7 96.0 102.3 108.6 114.8 121.1 127.4 133.7 139.9 146.2 152.5
40 79.0 85.2 91.5 97.8 104.1 110.3 116.6 122.9 129.2 135.4 141.7 148.0
30 74.1 80.4 86.6 92.9 99.2 105.5 111.7 118.0 124.3 130.6 136.8 143.1
20 68.3 74.6 80.9 87.2 93.4 99.7 106.0 112.3 118.5 124.8 131.1 137.4
15 64.7 71.0 77.3 83.6 89.8 96.1 102.4 108.7 114.9 121.2 127.5 133.8
10 60.4 66.7 73.0 79.2 85.5 91.8 98.1 104.3 110.6 116.9 123.2 129.4
5 53.9 60.2 66.5 72.7 79.0 85.3 91.6 97.8 104.1 110.4 116.7 122.9

95 103.9 110.2 116.5 122.7 129.0 135.3 141.6 147.8 154.1 160.4 166.7 173.0
90 97.4 103.7 110.0 116.3 122.5 128.8 135.1 141.4 147.6 153.9 160.2 166.5
85 93.1 99.4 105.7 111.9 118.2 124.5 130.8 137.0 143.3 149.6 155.9 162.1
80 89.5 95.8 102.1 108.3 114.6 120.9 127.2 133.4 139.7 146.0 152.3 158.5
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 83.7 90.0 96.3 102.6 108.8 115.1 121.4 127.7 134.0 140.2 146.5 152.8
60 78.9 85.2 91.4 97.7 104.0 110.3 116.5 122.8 129.1 135.4 141.6 147.9
50 74.4 80.7 86.9 93.2 99.5 105.8 112.0 118.3 124.6 130.9 137.1 143.4
40 69.9 76.2 82.4 88.7 95.0 101.3 107.5 113.8 120.1 126.4 132.6 138.9
30 65.0 71.3 77.6 83.8 90.1 96.4 102.7 108.9 115.2 121.5 127.8 134.0
20 59.2 65.5 71.8 78.1 84.4 90.6 96.9 103.2 109.5 115.7 122.0 128.3
15 55.6 61.9 68.2 74.5 80.7 87.0 93.3 99.6 105.9 112.1 118.4 124.7
10 51.3 57.6 63.9 70.2 76.4 82.7 89.0 95.3 101.5 107.8 114.1 120.4
5 44.8 51.1 57.4 63.7 69.9 76.2 82.5 88.8 95.0 101.3 107.6 113.9
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
8
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A8. Normative data for the PPVT-III stratified by age and MLPE for HONDURAS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 104.4 114.4 123.6 132.0 139.6 146.3 152.2 157.3 161.6 165.1 167.7 169.6
90 98.8 108.9 118.1 126.5 134.0 140.8 146.7 151.8 156.1 159.5 162.2 164.0
85 95.1 105.2 114.4 122.8 130.3 137.1 143.0 148.1 152.4 155.9 158.5 160.3
80 92.1 102.1 111.3 119.7 127.3 134.0 139.9 145.0 149.3 152.8 155.4 157.2
MLPE > 12 years

70 87.1 97.2 106.4 114.8 122.3 129.1 135.0 140.1 144.4 147.8 150.5 152.3
60 83.0 93.0 102.2 110.6 118.2 124.9 130.8 135.9 140.2 143.7 146.3 148.1
50 79.1 89.2 98.4 106.7 114.3 121.1 127.0 132.1 136.4 139.8 142.5 144.3
40 75.3 85.3 94.5 102.9 110.5 117.2 123.1 128.2 132.5 136.0 138.6 140.4
30 71.1 81.1 90.3 98.7 106.3 113.0 119.0 124.1 128.4 131.8 134.5 136.3
20 66.2 76.2 85.4 93.8 101.4 108.1 114.0 119.1 123.4 126.9 129.5 131.4
15 63.1 73.1 82.3 90.7 98.3 105.0 111.0 116.1 120.4 123.8 126.5 128.3
10 59.4 69.4 78.6 87.0 94.6 101.3 107.3 112.4 116.7 120.1 122.8 124.6
5 53.9 63.9 73.1 81.5 89.0 95.8 101.7 106.8 111.1 114.6 117.2 119.0

95 100.4 110.4 119.6 128.0 135.6 142.3 148.2 153.3 157.6 161.1 163.7 165.5
90 94.8 104.9 114.1 122.4 130.0 136.8 142.7 147.8 152.1 155.5 158.2 160.0
85 91.1 101.2 110.4 118.8 126.3 133.1 139.0 144.1 148.4 151.8 154.5 156.3
80 88.0 98.1 107.3 115.7 123.2 130.0 135.9 141.0 145.3 148.8 151.4 153.2
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 83.1 93.1 102.4 110.7 118.3 125.1 131.0 136.1 140.4 143.8 146.5 148.3
60 79.0 89.0 98.2 106.6 114.1 120.9 126.8 131.9 136.2 139.7 142.3 144.1
50 75.1 85.1 94.3 102.7 110.3 117.0 123.0 128.1 132.4 135.8 138.5 140.3
40 71.3 81.3 90.5 98.9 106.4 113.2 119.1 124.2 128.5 132.0 134.6 136.4
30 67.1 77.1 86.3 94.7 102.3 109.0 115.0 120.1 124.3 127.8 130.5 132.3
20 62.2 72.2 81.4 89.8 97.4 104.1 110.0 115.1 119.4 122.9 125.5 127.3
15 59.1 69.1 78.3 86.7 94.3 101.0 106.9 112.1 116.3 119.8 122.4 124.3
10 55.4 65.4 74.6 83.0 90.6 97.3 103.3 108.4 112.6 116.1 118.7 120.6
5 49.8 59.9 69.1 77.5 85.0 91.8 97.7 102.8 107.1 110.6 113.2 115.0
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
9
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A9. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for MEXICO: BOYS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 106.3 117.6 127.9 137.1 145.3 152.5 158.6 163.7 167.7 170.7 172.6 173.5
90 100.4 111.8 122.0 131.3 139.5 146.6 152.8 157.8 161.9 164.8 166.8 167.7
85 96.5 107.9 118.2 127.4 135.6 142.8 148.9 153.9 158.0 161.0 162.9 163.8
80 93.3 104.6 114.9 124.2 132.4 139.5 145.6 150.7 154.7 157.7 159.7 160.6
MLPE > 12 years

70 88.1 99.4 109.7 119.0 127.2 134.3 140.4 145.5 149.5 152.5 154.5 155.4
60 83.7 95.1 105.4 114.6 122.8 130.0 136.1 141.1 145.2 148.2 150.1 151.0
50 79.7 91.0 101.3 110.6 118.8 125.9 132.0 137.1 141.1 144.1 146.1 147.0
40 75.7 87.0 97.3 106.5 114.7 121.9 128.0 133.0 137.1 140.1 142.0 142.9
30 71.3 82.6 92.9 102.1 110.3 117.5 123.6 128.7 132.7 135.7 137.6 138.5
20 66.1 77.4 87.7 97.0 105.2 112.3 118.4 123.5 127.5 130.5 132.4 133.4
15 62.9 74.2 84.5 93.7 101.9 109.1 115.2 120.3 124.3 127.3 129.2 130.1
10 59.0 70.3 80.6 89.8 98.0 105.2 111.3 116.4 120.4 123.4 125.3 126.2
5 53.1 64.5 74.8 84.0 92.2 99.4 105.5 110.5 114.6 117.6 119.5 120.4

95 95.4 106.7 117.0 126.3 134.5 141.6 147.7 152.8 156.8 159.8 161.8 162.7
90 89.6 100.9 111.2 120.4 128.6 135.8 141.9 147.0 151.0 154.0 155.9 156.8
85 85.7 97.0 107.3 116.5 124.7 131.9 138.0 143.1 147.1 150.1 152.0 152.9
80 82.5 93.8 104.1 113.3 121.5 128.7 134.8 139.8 143.9 146.9 148.8 149.7
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 77.3 88.6 98.9 108.1 116.3 123.5 129.6 134.7 138.7 141.7 143.6 144.5
60 72.9 84.2 94.5 103.8 112.0 119.1 125.2 130.3 134.3 137.3 139.3 140.2
50 68.9 80.2 90.5 99.7 107.9 115.1 121.2 126.2 130.3 133.3 135.2 136.1
40 64.8 76.1 86.4 95.7 103.9 111.0 117.1 122.2 126.2 129.2 131.2 132.1
30 60.4 71.8 82.0 91.3 99.5 106.6 112.8 117.8 121.9 124.8 126.8 127.7
20 55.2 66.6 76.9 86.1 94.3 101.5 107.6 112.6 116.7 119.7 121.6 122.5
15 52.0 63.3 73.6 82.9 91.1 98.2 104.3 109.4 113.4 116.4 118.4 119.3
10 48.1 59.5 69.7 79.0 87.2 94.3 100.4 105.5 109.5 112.5 114.5 115.4
5 42.3 53.6 63.9 73.1 81.3 88.5 94.6 99.7 103.7 106.7 108.6 109.5
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
10
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A10. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for MEXICO: GIRLS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 102.5 113.8 124.1 133.4 141.6 148.7 154.8 159.9 163.9 166.9 168.9 169.8
90 96.7 108.0 118.3 127.5 135.7 142.9 149.0 154.1 158.1 161.1 163.0 163.9
85 92.8 104.1 114.4 123.6 131.8 139.0 145.1 150.2 154.2 157.2 159.1 160.0
80 89.5 100.9 111.2 120.4 128.6 135.8 141.9 146.9 151.0 154.0 155.9 156.8
MLPE > 12 years

70 84.4 95.7 106.0 115.2 123.4 130.6 136.7 141.8 145.8 148.8 150.7 151.6
60 80.0 91.3 101.6 110.8 119.0 126.2 132.3 137.4 141.4 144.4 146.3 147.2
50 75.9 87.3 97.6 106.8 115.0 122.2 128.3 133.3 137.4 140.4 142.3 143.2
40 71.9 83.2 93.5 102.8 111.0 118.1 124.2 129.3 133.3 136.3 138.2 139.1
30 67.5 78.9 89.1 98.4 106.6 113.7 119.8 124.9 128.9 131.9 133.9 134.8
20 62.3 73.7 84.0 93.2 101.4 108.6 114.7 119.7 123.8 126.8 128.7 129.6
15 59.1 70.4 80.7 90.0 98.2 105.3 111.4 116.5 120.5 123.5 125.5 126.4
10 55.2 66.5 76.8 86.1 94.3 101.4 107.5 112.6 116.6 119.6 121.6 122.5
5 49.4 60.7 71.0 80.2 88.4 95.6 101.7 106.8 110.8 113.8 115.7 116.6

95 91.7 103.0 113.3 122.5 130.7 137.9 144.0 149.0 153.1 156.1 158.0 158.9
90 85.8 97.2 107.4 116.7 124.9 132.0 138.1 143.2 147.2 150.2 152.2 153.1
85 81.9 93.3 103.6 112.8 121.0 128.1 134.3 139.3 143.4 146.3 148.3 149.2
80 78.7 90.0 100.3 109.6 117.8 124.9 131.0 136.1 140.1 143.1 145.1 146.0
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 73.5 84.8 95.1 104.4 112.6 119.7 125.8 130.9 134.9 137.9 139.9 140.8
60 69.1 80.5 90.8 100.0 108.2 115.4 121.5 126.5 130.6 133.6 135.5 136.4
50 65.1 76.4 86.7 96.0 104.2 111.3 117.4 122.5 126.5 129.5 131.4 132.3
40 61.0 72.4 82.7 91.9 100.1 107.3 113.4 118.4 122.5 125.5 127.4 128.3
30 56.7 68.0 78.3 87.5 95.7 102.9 109.0 114.1 118.1 121.1 123.0 123.9
20 51.5 62.8 73.1 82.3 90.5 97.7 103.8 108.9 112.9 115.9 117.8 118.7
15 48.3 59.6 69.9 79.1 87.3 94.5 100.6 105.7 109.7 112.7 114.6 115.5
10 44.4 55.7 66.0 75.2 83.4 90.6 96.7 101.8 105.8 108.8 110.7 111.6
5 38.5 49.9 60.2 69.4 77.6 84.7 90.9 95.9 100.0 102.9 104.9 105.8
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
11
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A11. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for PARAGUAY
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 129.2 135.4 141.5 147.6 153.7 159.9 166.0 172.1 178.3 184.4 190.5 --
90 120.7 126.8 132.9 139.1 145.2 151.3 157.5 163.6 169.7 175.9 182.0 188.1
85 115.0 121.1 127.3 133.4 139.5 145.6 151.8 157.9 164.0 170.2 176.3 182.4
80 110.3 116.4 122.5 128.6 134.8 140.9 147.0 153.2 159.3 165.4 171.6 177.7
MLPE > 12 years

70 102.7 108.8 114.9 121.1 127.2 133.3 139.5 145.6 151.7 157.8 164.0 170.1
60 96.3 102.4 108.5 114.7 120.8 126.9 133.1 139.2 145.3 151.4 157.6 163.7
50 90.3 96.5 102.6 108.7 114.9 121.0 127.1 133.3 139.4 145.5 151.6 157.8
40 84.4 90.5 96.7 102.8 108.9 115.1 121.2 127.3 133.5 139.6 145.7 151.8
30 78.0 84.1 90.3 96.4 102.5 108.7 114.8 120.9 127.1 133.2 139.3 145.4
20 70.4 76.6 82.7 88.8 95.0 101.1 107.2 113.3 119.5 125.6 131.7 137.9
15 65.7 71.8 77.9 84.1 90.2 96.3 102.5 108.6 114.7 120.9 127.0 133.1
10 60.0 66.1 72.3 78.4 84.5 90.6 96.8 102.9 109.0 115.2 121.3 127.4
5 51.5 57.6 63.7 69.9 76.0 82.1 88.2 94.4 100.5 106.6 112.8 118.9

95 119.2 125.4 131.5 137.6 143.7 149.9 156.0 162.1 168.3 174.4 180.5 186.7
90 110.7 116.8 122.9 129.1 135.2 141.3 147.5 153.6 159.7 165.9 172.0 178.1
85 105.0 111.1 117.3 123.4 129.5 135.6 141.8 147.9 154.0 160.2 166.3 172.4
80 100.3 106.4 112.5 118.6 124.8 130.9 137.0 143.2 149.3 155.4 161.6 167.7
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 92.7 98.8 104.9 111.1 117.2 123.3 129.5 135.6 141.7 147.8 154.0 160.1
60 86.3 92.4 98.5 104.7 110.8 116.9 123.1 129.2 135.3 141.4 147.6 153.7
50 80.3 86.5 92.6 98.7 104.9 111.0 117.1 123.3 129.4 135.5 141.6 147.8
40 74.4 80.5 86.7 92.8 98.9 105.1 111.2 117.3 123.5 129.6 135.7 141.8
30 68.0 74.1 80.3 86.4 92.5 98.7 104.8 110.9 117.1 123.2 129.3 135.4
20 60.4 66.6 72.7 78.8 85.0 91.1 97.2 103.3 109.5 115.6 121.7 127.9
15 55.7 61.8 67.9 74.1 80.2 86.3 92.5 98.6 104.7 110.9 117.0 123.1
10 50.0 56.1 62.3 68.4 74.5 80.6 86.8 92.9 99.0 105.2 111.3 117.4
5 41.5 47.6 53.7 59.9 66.0 72.1 78.2 84.4 90.5 96.6 102.8 108.9
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
12
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A12. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age for PERU
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 100.4 111.7 122.2 131.9 140.7 148.8 156.0 162.5 168.1 172.9 176.9 180.1
90 94.3 105.6 116.0 125.7 134.6 142.6 149.9 156.3 162.0 166.8 170.8 174.0
85 90.2 101.4 111.9 121.6 130.5 138.5 145.8 152.2 157.8 162.7 166.7 169.9
80 86.7 98.0 108.5 118.2 127.1 135.1 142.4 148.8 154.4 159.2 163.3 166.5
70 81.3 92.6 103.0 112.7 121.6 129.6 136.9 143.3 149.0 153.8 157.8 161.0
60 76.6 87.9 98.4 108.1 117.0 125.0 132.3 138.7 144.3 149.2 153.2 156.4
50 72.4 83.7 94.1 103.8 112.7 120.7 128.0 134.4 140.1 144.9 148.9 152.1
40 68.1 79.4 89.9 99.5 108.4 116.5 123.7 130.2 135.8 140.6 144.6 147.8
30 63.5 74.8 85.2 94.9 103.8 111.8 119.1 125.5 131.2 136.0 140.0 143.2
20 58.0 69.3 79.8 89.5 98.3 106.4 113.6 120.1 125.7 130.5 134.5 137.7
15 54.6 65.9 76.4 86.0 94.9 103.0 110.2 116.6 122.3 127.1 131.1 134.3
10 50.5 61.8 72.3 81.9 90.8 98.8 106.1 112.5 118.2 123.0 127.0 130.2
5 44.3 55.6 66.1 75.8 84.6 92.7 99.9 106.4 112.0 116.8 120.8 124.0

13
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A13. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age for PUERTO RICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 103.3 112.0 120.2 127.8 135.0 141.6 147.6 153.1 158.1 162.6 166.5 169.9
90 97.1 105.8 114.0 121.7 128.8 135.4 141.4 147.0 152.0 156.4 160.4 163.8
85 93.0 101.7 109.9 117.5 124.7 131.3 137.3 142.8 147.8 152.3 156.2 159.6
80 89.5 98.3 106.5 114.1 121.2 127.8 133.9 139.4 144.4 148.9 152.8 156.2
70 84.1 92.8 101.0 108.6 115.7 122.3 128.4 133.9 138.9 143.4 147.3 150.7
60 79.4 88.1 96.3 104.0 111.1 117.7 123.8 129.3 134.3 138.7 142.7 146.1
50 75.1 83.8 92.0 99.7 106.8 113.4 119.5 125.0 130.0 134.4 138.4 141.8
40 70.8 79.6 87.7 95.4 102.5 109.1 115.2 120.7 125.7 130.2 134.1 137.5
30 66.2 74.9 83.1 90.8 97.9 104.5 110.5 116.1 121.1 125.5 129.4 132.8
20 60.7 69.4 77.6 85.3 92.4 99.0 105.0 110.6 115.6 120.0 124.0 127.4
15 57.3 66.0 74.2 81.8 89.0 95.5 101.6 107.1 112.1 116.6 120.5 123.9
10 53.2 61.9 70.1 77.7 84.8 91.4 97.5 103.0 108.0 112.5 116.4 119.8
5 47.0 55.7 63.9 71.5 78.7 85.2 91.3 96.8 101.8 106.3 110.2 113.6

14
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A14. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for SPAIN: BOYS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 116.0 127.1 137.4 146.7 155.2 162.7 169.4 175.1 179.9 183.9 186.9 189.0
90 110.4 121.6 131.8 141.2 149.6 157.2 163.8 169.6 174.4 178.3 181.3 183.5
85 106.7 117.9 128.2 137.5 145.9 153.5 160.1 165.9 170.7 174.6 177.6 179.8
80 103.7 114.8 125.1 134.4 142.9 150.4 157.0 162.8 167.6 171.5 174.6 176.7
MLPE > 12 years

70 98.7 109.9 120.1 129.5 137.9 145.5 152.1 157.8 162.7 166.6 169.6 171.8
60 94.6 105.7 116.0 125.3 133.8 141.3 147.9 153.7 158.5 162.4 165.5 167.6
50 90.7 101.9 112.1 121.5 129.9 137.5 144.1 149.8 154.7 158.6 161.6 163.7
40 86.9 98.0 108.3 117.6 126.1 133.6 140.2 146.0 150.8 154.7 157.8 159.9
30 82.7 93.9 104.1 113.5 121.9 129.4 136.1 141.8 146.6 150.6 153.6 155.7
20 77.8 88.9 99.2 108.5 117.0 124.5 131.1 136.9 141.7 145.6 148.7 150.8
15 74.7 85.8 96.1 105.4 113.9 121.4 128.1 133.8 138.6 142.6 145.6 147.7
10 71.0 82.1 92.4 101.7 110.2 117.7 124.4 130.1 134.9 138.9 141.9 144.0
5 65.4 76.6 86.8 96.2 104.6 112.2 118.8 124.6 129.4 133.3 136.3 138.5

95 109.6 120.8 131.0 140.4 148.8 156.3 163.0 168.7 173.5 177.5 180.5 182.6
90 104.1 115.2 125.5 134.8 143.3 150.8 157.4 163.2 168.0 171.9 175.0 177.1
85 100.4 111.5 121.8 131.1 139.6 147.1 153.7 159.5 164.3 168.2 171.3 173.4
80 97.3 108.4 118.7 128.0 136.5 144.0 150.6 156.4 161.2 165.1 168.2 170.3
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 92.3 103.5 113.7 123.1 131.5 139.1 145.7 151.5 156.3 160.2 163.2 165.4
60 88.2 99.3 109.6 118.9 127.4 134.9 141.6 147.3 152.1 156.1 159.1 161.2
50 84.3 95.5 105.7 115.1 123.5 131.1 137.7 143.4 148.3 152.2 155.2 157.3
40 80.5 91.6 101.9 111.2 119.7 127.2 133.9 139.6 144.4 148.3 151.4 153.5
30 76.3 87.5 97.7 107.1 115.5 123.1 129.7 135.4 140.3 144.2 147.2 149.3
20 71.4 82.5 92.8 102.1 110.6 118.1 124.8 130.5 135.3 139.3 142.3 144.4
15 68.3 79.5 89.7 99.1 107.5 115.0 121.7 127.4 132.2 136.2 139.2 141.3
10 64.6 75.8 86.0 95.4 103.8 111.3 118.0 123.7 128.5 132.5 135.5 137.6
5 59.1 70.2 80.5 89.8 98.3 105.8 112.4 118.2 123.0 126.9 130.0 132.1
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
15
 L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III

Table A15. Normative data for the PPVT-III Total score stratified by age and MLPE for SPAIN: GIRLS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 112.1 123.3 133.5 142.9 151.3 158.8 165.5 171.2 176.0 180.0 183.0 185.1
90 106.6 117.7 128.0 137.3 145.7 153.3 159.9 165.7 170.5 174.4 177.4 179.6
85 102.9 114.0 124.3 133.6 142.0 149.6 156.2 162.0 166.8 170.7 173.8 175.9
80 99.8 110.9 121.2 130.5 139.0 146.5 153.1 158.9 163.7 167.6 170.7 172.8
MLPE > 12 years

70 94.8 106.0 116.2 125.6 134.0 141.6 148.2 154.0 158.8 162.7 165.7 167.9
60 90.7 101.8 112.1 121.4 129.9 137.4 144.1 149.8 154.6 158.6 161.6 163.7
50 86.8 98.0 108.2 117.6 126.0 133.6 140.2 145.9 150.8 154.7 157.7 159.8
40 83.0 94.1 104.4 113.7 122.2 129.7 136.3 142.1 146.9 150.8 153.9 156.0
30 78.8 90.0 100.2 109.6 118.0 125.6 132.2 137.9 142.8 146.7 149.7 151.8
20 73.9 85.0 95.3 104.6 113.1 120.6 127.3 133.0 137.8 141.8 144.8 146.9
15 70.8 82.0 92.2 101.6 110.0 117.5 124.2 129.9 134.7 138.7 141.7 143.8
10 67.1 78.3 88.5 97.9 106.3 113.8 120.5 126.2 131.0 135.0 138.0 140.1
5 61.6 72.7 83.0 92.3 100.7 108.3 114.9 120.7 125.5 129.4 132.5 134.6

95 105.7 116.9 127.1 136.5 144.9 152.4 159.1 164.8 169.7 173.6 176.6 178.7
90 100.2 111.3 121.6 130.9 139.4 146.9 153.5 159.3 164.1 168.0 171.1 173.2
85 96.5 107.6 117.9 127.2 135.7 143.2 149.8 155.6 160.4 164.3 167.4 169.5
80 93.4 104.5 114.8 124.1 132.6 140.1 146.8 152.5 157.3 161.3 164.3 166.4
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 88.5 99.6 109.9 119.2 127.6 135.2 141.8 147.6 152.4 156.3 159.3 161.5
60 84.3 95.4 105.7 115.0 123.5 131.0 137.7 143.4 148.2 152.2 155.2 157.3
50 80.4 91.6 101.8 111.2 119.6 127.2 133.8 139.5 144.4 148.3 151.3 153.5
40 76.6 87.7 98.0 107.3 115.8 123.3 130.0 135.7 140.5 144.5 147.5 149.6
30 72.4 83.6 93.8 103.2 111.6 119.2 125.8 131.5 136.4 140.3 143.3 145.4
20 67.5 78.6 88.9 98.2 106.7 114.2 120.9 126.6 131.4 135.4 138.4 140.5
15 64.4 75.6 85.8 95.2 103.6 111.1 117.8 123.5 128.4 132.3 135.3 137.4
10 60.7 71.9 82.1 91.5 99.9 107.4 114.1 119.8 124.7 128.6 131.6 133.7
5 55.2 66.3 76.6 85.9 94.4 101.9 108.5 114.3 119.1 123.0 126.1 128.2
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education.
16
Copyright of NeuroRehabilitation is the property of IOS Press and its content may not be
copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's
express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use.