1
An Adaptive Fault Location Technique Based on
PMU for Transmission Line
FAN Chunju DU Xiuhua LI Shengfang YU Weiyong
Dep. of Electrical Engineering Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200030, China
ABSTRACT A new adaptive fault location technique based on
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) for transmission line is
presented in this paper. Voltage and current phasors of both
terminals of the transmission line are obtained through PMU. The
online parameter-calculation algorithm is adopted to obtain the
practical operating parameters when fault occurs, solving the
problems that parameters provided by electric power company is
different from the practical parameters because of the running
environment and the operation history. The suddenly changed
voltage and current are utilized to obtain suddenly changed
positive voltage and current components to solve the system’s
impedance at the fault time. The on-line calculated system’s
impedance and parameters of the line are employed in the fault
location equation and the fault location accuracy is high. The
proposed fault location method is applied in single transmission
line, parallel transmission line as well as teed transmission line.
Extensive EMTP simulations as well as practical system data
testing results have shown that the proposed technique accurately
locate the fault point adaptively, not influenced by factors such as
operation mode, fault resistance at fault point, fault type, prefault
load and fault distance.
Index Terms-Fault Location, Phasor Measurement Unit
(PMU), Line Parameters, Transmission line, Teed line
I. INTRODUCTION
Fault location for transmission line can be classified into
one-terminal method [1-4] and multi-terminal method [5-8]. The
location method that uses one-terminal information is very
difficult to overcome the influence of the change of
remote-terminal system impedance and fault resistance on
location accuracy. The fault location method that uses
multi-terminal information is not influenced by these factors
and is accurate in theory, but the asynchronous problem of the
data in these terminals is difficult to be solved. And the fault
location is only valid to some transmission lines, such as single
transmission line, parallel lines and teed lines. Reference [6]
proposes a new method for fault location in parallel
double-circuit multi-terminal transmission lines. Although one
equation can be used for all types of fault, classification of fault
types and selection of fault phase are not required, the
proposed methods do not have enough accuracy when the fault
occurs across both circuits of a parallel double-circuit line.
References [7] and [8] propose a method based on Phase
Measurement Unit (PMU) device. Line parameters can be
on-line calculated by data from PMU device, but the location
accuracy is based on the accuracy of the given system’s
impedance. References [12] proposed a new fault location for
three terminal transmission line. The location accuracy based
1-4244-1298-6/07/$25.00 ©2007 IEEE.
on measurements of PMUs can be improved greatly. But, the
equivalent generation’s impedance is assumed very exact. The
setting value of the source’s impedance influences the location
accuracy.
Power system is generally a symmetrical three-phase
system. If symmetrical component method is used to decompose
the asymmetrical phase measurement, all the calculation can be
carried out according to single-phase condition for the
asymmetry caused by asymmetrical fault and asymmetrical
load. In this paper, superimposed electrical components such as
voltages and currents are utilized to obtain suddenly changed
positive components of voltage and current when fault occurs
in the transmission line. The superimposed voltage and current
are employed to calculate the equivalent source’s impedance of
the line at the fault time that exactly reflects the generation
mode of the power system. The data of the terminals need not
be synchronous because the electrical measurement based on
online calculated source’s impedance is synchronous.
When power system operates normally, overcurrent occurs
in the transmission line because of the fault of the other part in
the system. The overcurrent will change the sag of the line
which will change the parameters of the line. On the other
hand, the surrounding environments such as the humidity and
temperature make the impedance and admittance of the line
being different from the parameters provide by the Power
Bureau. In this paper, positive sequence impedance and
admittance of the line are calculated by data from PMU.
Lumped parameter model including the influence of distributed
capacitance is adopted for fault location. Extensive simulation
results and practical fault data from the fault recorder of the
East China Power Bureau have shown that the fault location
accuracy is very high.
II. SOLUTION OF SYSTEM IMPEDANCE
The principle of superposition in the linear network theory
separates a post-fault network into the prefault network and the
superimposed network[12]. The superimposed electrical
measurements are utilized in the location method to reduce the
effect of pre-fault load current on location accuracy. The
symmetrical components are adopted to resolve the coupling
effect among interphases of the transmission line.
The superimposed phase network can be transformed into
sequence electrical measurements network that is indicated in
Fig 1. Assume that the superimposed phase measurements are
 2

dU& Mj , dI& Mj , dU& Nj and dI&Nj , (j indicates the phase A, B

. .
∆ U Mi DZ i (L − D)Z i
F ∆ U Ni
and C) which can be transformed into symmetrical . . .

∆ I Mi I fi ∆ I Ni
components according to the symmetrical components method:
Z MSi DYi Rf Z NSi
−1 (L − D)Yi
⎧ ∆ U& M i = M ⋅ d U& M j
⎪ &
−1 M j
⎪ ∆ I& M i = M ⋅ dI
⎨ −1
N j (1)
⎪ ∆U N i = M
& ⋅ d U& Fig. 1 superimposed network of transmission lines
N j

−1
⎪⎩ ∆ I&N i = M ⋅ d I& III. PARAMETERS’ CALCULATION BASED ON PMU

where, M is transformation matrix for symmetrical The sag of the transmission line is changed by the
components, surrounding environment and operation history such as

⎡ 1 1 ⎤
1 3 overcurrent and overload. Increasing the current causes the
,α = e
o
1 2 ⎥ =− + j conductor temperature to increase and, hence, the conductors
1 ⎢ j120
2 2
M = α α
⎢ 1 ⎥
3 to elongate and sag [17]. The resistance changes as the
1 α 2
α
temperature of the line. The reactance is related with the
; i indicate the i th sequence, i=0,1,2, namely zero, positive and distance between the phase lines which is changed when the

negative sequence respectively; j indicate the
namely phase A, B and C.
If the distributed capacitance is considered, the sequence
network of transmission lines for superimposed electrical
sequence components of one line can be obtained as Fig. 1.
Where, Z MSi , Z NSi are the equivalent source’s impedances of
side M and N respectively. These values are changed according
to the change of generation mode of the system. Generally, these
equivalent impedances are provided by the Power Bureau and is
changed ceaselessly. If these impedances can be calculated on
line, the electrical measurements used in the fault location
equation can reflect the practical operation mode and the data
of the two terminals need not be synchronous. It is very important
to obtain the equivalent system’s impedances of the line.
In Fig 1, Z MSi , Z NSi are the source’s sequence impedance
j th phase, sag of the line is changed. Joe-Air Jiang ,et.al in [8] indicates
that from many researches in the field of fault location at
earlier stage, uncertainty about the line parameters is one of the
most severe factors that could impact on the fault location
accuracy. The effect of uncertainty of the parameters on
location accuracy is high, some times up to 6.7% if the
parameters used in fault location varies 20% of the practical
parameters. In practice, the line parameters will vary not only
with the environmental conditions but also with the system
operation situations. It is difficult to precisely presage what will
happen to the line parameters with the transmission line in
service. The parameters provided by the Power Bureau is very
ideal and do not reflect the operation history of the line. When
power system operates normally, PMU monitors the voltage of
the bus M, N and current of the line. The measured pre-fault
phase and amplitude of the voltages and currents can be
employed to calculate the parameters of the line.

of transmission line MN; ∆U Mi , ∆U Ni are the superimposed A. Single line

The lumped parameter model is employed for calculation of
sequence voltage of bus M and N; ∆I Mi , ∆I Ni are the parameters of line in this paper. The online calculated
superimposed sequence current from bus M, N to the line MN; parameters can adapt to the generation mode and higher
D is the distance between bus M and fault point F; L is the total accuracy can be achieved. The π type equivalent circuit is
length of the line; Z i and Yi are the parameters of the line MN; shown in Fig 2.

Z MS UM . Z . U N Z NS
terminals of transmission line can be calculated by . IM IN .
superimposed sequence voltage and current according to the EM EN
 3

PMU_M PMU_N
∆U& ∆U& Y/2
Z MS i = & M i , Z NS i = & N i (2) Y/2
∆I M i ∆I Ni

The calculated equivalent source’s impedance can reflect the

generation mode of the system when fault occurs in the line.
The location based on this impedance can overcome the error Fig 2. π-type equivalent circuit model
resulting from the source’s impedance.
 4

U& MFi = U& NFi e jδ (6)

When the transmission line is operating in steady state, the Where, δ is the asynchronous phase angle. The modulus
line parameters can be solved according to Equation (3): value of the two items of equation (6) is equal, namely

. . 1
. . . 2 . 2 (∆ I Mi − ∆ U Mi DYi ) × ((Z MSi // ) + DZ i ) (7)
2(I + I N ) , U M −U N (3) DYi
Y = M
Z =
. . . . . . . .
+U −U 1
U M N U N I M M I N = (∆ I Ni − ∆U Ni ( L − D)Y ) × ((Z // ) + (L − D)Z )
i NSi i
(L − D)Yi
& &
Where, I M and I N are phase currents from bus M to bus N Equation (7) is an equation about distance D between bus M

and fault point. In the equation, all the other electrical

during normal operation respectively;
voltages at terminal M and N during normal operation
respectively. If PMUs are installed in the system, voltages and
currents at both terminals of the line ( U M ,U N , I M , I N ) are
known quantities, and then parameters (Z, Y) of the π
equivalent circuit can be calculated on line through equation (3).
B. Parallel line
U& M and U& N are phase measurements are obtained and the solution of Equation (7)
can be used to obtain the value of D. This equation is a high
ordered equation about D [10], and this equation is redundant
. . . .
because this equation is a complex equation that can be
separated into two equations. However, complex voltage and
currents are used together to solve the equation. The solution of
this equation can be simplified to some extent.
When fault occurs in the transmission line MN, the change
trace of modulus values of U& MFi and U& NFi as the D (The total

This algorithm can be extended to double circuit lines. For length is 200km) is calculated and drawn in Fig 3. In Fig. 3,
each circuit, positive sequence impedance and admittance are
continuous line indicates the change of the modulus value of U&
respectively calculated according to equation (3). The averaged
; imaginary
MFi line indicates the change of the modulus
value is the positive parameters of the double circuit line. Since
&
. . . . value of U NFi . From Fig.3, Equation (7) has only one and
U M ,U N , I M , I N are influenced by mutual inductance
unique solution. So the solution of equation (6) must be unique.
between lines and phases, mutual-inductance factor has been
considered when the positive parameters are calculated. Assuming the step length is ∆d , and then D can be searched in
Therefore, perfect result can be achieved when they are used in the range of 0- L in order to get least differential value of the
fault location of double circuit lines. modulus value of two terminals of equation in equation (7).

C. Teed lines
Moreover, the method of online calculating parameters of
transmission line can also extended to teed lines. Table 4 shows
the provided parameters and the calculated parameters and the
Voltage (V)

relative error.

IV. FAULT LOCATION SCHEME

In Fig. 1, the sequence voltages at the fault resistance can be
solved from the suddenly changed sequence voltages at bus M,
N and currents flowing in the transmission from Bus M, N
(Considering the distributed capacitance by lumped
parameters) respectively, as shown in equation (4) and (5):

. . .
1 Distance between Fault point and bus M (km)
( DY ) ((Z // ) DZ )
i × MSi
U MFi = ∆ I Mi − ∆U Mi + i (4) Fig.3 curve of fault voltage
DYi

. . .
1 In the fault location algorithm, in order to ensure the location
( (L D)Y ) ((Z // ) (L D)Z )
 5
i × NSi
U NFi = ∆ I Ni − ∆U Ni − + − (5) accuracy, all the electrical measurements are based on power
(L − D)Yi
i

If the data of the two terminals are completely synchronous,
the voltages at the fault resistance calculated from Bus M and
Bus N must be equal. In fact, the data of the two terminals are
not completely synchronous, and hence, it is assumed that the
phase difference of the two voltages is δ, and then equation (6)
exists:
frequency components. The filter characteristic influences the
location accuracy to some extent. However, in the proposed
method, the parameters and the equivalent source’s impedance
are all calculated by the same filtering method, which employs
the band-pass filter pulsing Fourier filter. The error caused by
the filtering can be decreased to the least.
In order to avoid phase selection, positive sequence
 6

measurements are used to implement fault location as the 30 32.17 1.085 29.13 -0.435
Three-
positive sequence voltage and current exist when any kind of 90 89.325 -0.3375 89.625 -0.185
phase fault
fault occurs. 150 147.505 -1.2475 148.75 -0.625
The provided parameters of the line is
The flow chart of the fault location based on PMU is shown Z1=Z2=0.02+j0.29Ω/km, C1=0.013 µF/km; The %-error is
in Fig.4 related to the entire line length. The calculated parameters of the
line according to the voltage, current from PMU is
Pre- and P o st-f ault P h aso rs(U M , Pre- and P o st-f ault P h aso rs(U N , Z1=Z2=0.0134+j0.2800Ω/km, C1 =0.0122 µF/km. From Table
I M ) F ro m P M U _ M I N ) F ro m P M U _ N
1, the fault location accuracy is high when the online calculated

C a lc ulate th e para m e te rs o f equivalent system’s impedance is employed in fault location; the

th e lin e b y p r e fa u lt P h a s o rs
location accuracy is greatly improved if online calculated
parameters are employed in the location method.
S uperim posed electrical
m easurem en ts Extr actor
b) Verification of field data from East China Power
S y m m et rical Bureau
Tran sf orm ation
In order to verify the fault location accuracy of the proposed
C a lc u la tio n o f S o u rc e ’s p o s itiv e method, field data from East China Power Bureau is employed
im pedance Z M S 1and Z N S 1 in the location method. The fault location result based on
different parameters is shown in Table 2.
Fault lo cation based on th e calculated
p aram e te rs and so urce’s im pedance Table 2 Fault location results by field data from East China
Power Bureau
Fig.4 Flow chart of fault location Length
Practical Locat
Fault of the Error
Faulted Line fault point ion
V. VERIFICATION OF THE ALGORITHM time line (%)
(km) result
(km)
1) Single transmission line
Wunan- 29/04
143 16.046 16.52 0.237
Pingyao /2001
a) EMTP Simulation
Lanting- 07/07
139 30.6 30.4 -0.1
In order to verify the adaptivity of the fault location method Shuanglong /2001
for the long transmission line, the length of the line is 200km. Shuanglong- 24/08
173.158 53.984 52.6 -0.69
The fault type includes single phase to ground fault, phase-to- Ouhai /2001
phase fault, phase-to-phase ground fault and three-phase fault. From Table 2, the fault location accuracy for field data is very
The fault resistance is 200Ω for the ground fault and 5Ω for the high. The related error of the location is less than 1%.
phase-to-phase fault. In order to describe the advantages of the Table 3 Location results using different line parameters
Practical Location results
on-line calculated parameters, the different fault location result Fault fault
Location results
based on Error
based on provided parameters and on-line calculated parameters based on provided Error (%)
type distance calculated (%)
parameters (km)
are shown in Table 1. (km) parameters(km)
24 24.96 0.8 24.36 0.3
Table 1. Fault location results of using different line parameter IAG
108 107.16 -0.7 107.58 -0.35
48 48.48 0.4 48.06 0.05
Fault location IAB
Fault location 108 107.46 -0.45 107.52 -0.4
result based
Practical result based 48 48.48 0.4 48.06 0.05
Error on on-line Error IABG
Fault type fault point on provided 108 107.46 -0.45 107.52 -0.4
(%) calculated (%)
(km) parameters
parameters 24 23.22 -0.65 23.7 -0.25
(km) IABC
(km) 108 107.52 -0.4 107.58 -0.35
Single 10 14.4050 2.2025 10.88 0.44 IA 48 48.72 0.6 48.3 0.25
phase to IIB 108 107.94 -0.05 108.00 0.00
30 33.24 1.62 30.17 0.085
ground 50 52.09 1.045 49.48 -0.26 48 48.72 0.6 48.3 0.25
IA
fault 90 88.38 -0.81 90.08 0.04 IIBG 108 107.88 -0.1 108.00 0.00
10 13.995 1.9975 10.46 0.23 12 12.3 0.25 11.7 -0.25
Phase-to- IAB
30 32.875 1.4375 29.80 -0.10 IICG
phase fault 108 107.7 -0.25 107.76 -0.2
90 88.2050 -0.8975 89.9050 -0.0475
IABC 12 12.24 0.2 11.64 -0.3
Phase-to- 10 13.655 1.8275 10.11 0.055 IIAG
phase 50 51.555 0.7775 48.93 -0.535 48 47.52 -0.4 47.82 -0.15
ground
90 88.17 -0.915 89.875 -0.0625
fault
 7

IABC 12 12.24 0.2 11.7 -0.25 currents and voltages of the sound branches to obtain the
IIABG 48 47.58 -0.35 47.94 -0.05 equivalent Bus of T’ instead of bus T. The teed line can then be
2) Parallel transmission line treated as the single transmission line because the system is
In order to show the influence of line parameters to location equivalent to a single line with two terminals of X and T’. Fault
accuracy, the given parameters and the calculated parameters location result from EMTP simulation is shown in Table 5. The
are used for fault location respectively. The fault resistance is ground fault resistance is 100Ω; the phase-to-phase fault
300Ω for ground fault and 5Ω for phase to phase fault. The resistance is 5Ω.
length of the parallel transmission line is 120km. Location Table 5 Fault location result based on different parameters
results under various fault conditions using different
parameters are shown in Table 3: Location
The location results in Table 3 shows clearly that the Practical
result based on Error
deviation of line parameters influences location results Fault type fault
calculated (%)
significantly. point(km)
parameters(km
20 20.26 0.13
3) Fault type
50 50.055 0.03
4) Teed transmission line Single-phase
90 89.96 -0.02
Ground
190 189.28 -0.36
. . 90 89.35 -0.325
T Iy
Ix Lx Ly Phase-to-phase
. . 150 149.31 -0.345
Ey
fault
Ex Z xs U x . U y Z ys 190 189.50 -0.25
Iz 90 89.06 -0.47
. E Phase-to-phase
Lz 150 149.11 -0.445
ground fault
U z zsZ z 190 189.39 -0.305
Fig.5 simulation model for T-type line 100 98.02 -0.99
Three- phase
150 148.48 -0.76
EMTP simulation model of teed line is shown in Fig 4. The fault
190 189.095 -0.4525
length of line x, y, z is 200km, 110km and 90km respectively.
From Table 5, the fault location accuracy is very high
The system’s impedances of three terminals are in the irrespective of the fault type. Because the calculated
following: parameters are used, the fault location accuracy is improved
X Side: Positive impedance: Z XS1 =j90 Ω; Zero greatly. For the HIF fault, the fault location for teed line is also

impedance: Z XS 0 =j133 Ω; Y Side: Positive impedance: very high. Table 6 shows the fault location result under
different fault resistance.
Z YS1 =0.54+j18.25 Ω; Zero impedance: Z YS 0 =1.85+j54 Ω; Table 6 The fault location result based on adaptive method
Z Side: Positive impedance: Z ZS1 =j70 Ω; Zero impedance: under different fault resistance
Practical Fault Fault
Z ZS 0 =j100 Ω. Fault type fault point resistance location Error (%)
The online calculated parameters of the three branches and (km) (Ω) (km)
the provided parameters are shown in Table 4: 100 50.055 0.0275
Table 4 The online calculation result of the branches and 50
200 50.175 0.0875
related error
Single-phase 100 159.37 -0.315
160
Ground 300 159.21 -0.395
Provided Calculated Error
Branch 100 189.28 -0.36
parameters parameters (%) 190
Impedance 2.68+j56 2.78+j55.86 0.31 300 188.915 -0.54
XT
Admittance j7.54e-4 j7.6e-4 0.80 90 5 89.105 -0.4475
Impedance 1.5+j30.8 1.66+j31.1 1.10 Phase-to-
YT 150 5 148.93 -0.535
Admittance j4.2e-4 j4.3e-4 2.38 phase fault
190 5 189.035 -0.4825
Impedance 1.21+j25.2 1.12+j25.02 -0.80
ZT Phase-to- 100 89.06 -0.47
Admittance j3.393e-4 j3.356e-4 -1.09 90
phase 200 89.055 -0.4725
When fault occurs on branch XT, the suddenly changed ground fault
voltages and currents are obtained to calculate suddenly changed 100 149.11 -0.445
150
sequence voltages and currents that are used to obtain the 200 149.115 -0.4425
system’s impedance of three terminals. The online calculated 190 100 189.39 -0.305
system’s impedances are then combined with the

200 189.395 -0.3025
90 5 98.02 -0.99
Three-
150 5 148.48 -0.76
phase fault
190 5 189.095 -0.4525
From Table 6, the adaptive location method based on on-line
calculated parameters and generation mode has high accuracy.
The location accuracy is not influenced by factors such as fault
resistance, fault type. When fault resistance is 300Ω, the
location accuracy is high because of the use of the suddenly
changed electrical measurements.
VI. CONCLUSION
Comparing to traditional fault location algorithms, the
presented algorithm can implement adaptive accurate fault
location because of the online calculated parameters and the
equivalent source’s impedance. The parameters of the
transmission line are influenced by weather, operation mode
and asymmetry of the line. The system’s generation mode
changes all the time. The calculated source’s equivalent
impedance reflects the practical generation mode of the system
when fault occurs on the line. The data from PMU are utilized
to implement adaptive fault location based on calculated
parameters of the power system such as source’s impedance and
line’s parameters.
The superimposed positive sequence components are used
to implement fault location of transmission line. For various
grounded faults, the greatest fault resistance is 300Ω. Even if
the fault resistance is very large and the fault current direction
of the receiving terminal is from transmission line to the bus,
the proposed method still has high fault location accuracy.
Extensive EMTP simulations has indicated that the
proposed algorithm is very accurate for single transmission
line, parallel lines and teed line. The location accuracy is not
influenced by factors such as fault resistance, fault type,
generation mode, changed parameters resulted from weather
and operation mode and load flow in the line. The fault location
method has excellent adaptivity of the power system.
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