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HOPPER DESIGN
Hopper
-a tapering container, working with a hopping motion, through which grain passed into
a mill
-a usually funnel-shaped container in which bulk materials such as grain, rock or coal,
are stored in readiness for dispensation
*However, the word hopper literally means a part of a powder storage vessel.
a.) core or funnel flow : the flow pattern is described as last in, first out.
: there is an active channel down the center of the vessel but
powder stagnates along the hopper and bin walls.
: steeper hopper walls – smaller hopper half angles – encourage
mass as oppose to funnel flow.
b.) mass flow : the flow pattern is often described as first in, first out.
: flow tends to be relatively consistent and the full capacity of the bin is
used.
: the bulk density of the discharged powder is constant and practically
independent of the height in the silo.
: stresses are generally low throughout the mass of solids, giving low
compaction of the powder.
: there are no stagnant regions in the mass flow hopper.
: the risk of product degradation is small compared with the case of the
core flow hopper.
DISADVANTAGES:
a.) friction between the moving solids and the silo and hopper walls
result in erosion of the wall, which gives rise to contamination of the
solids by the material of the hopper wall
a.) Rat Holing/Piping : is where a central void develops above the discharge outlet in
place of the active flow channel.
: the collapse of rat holes can cause significant mechanical
damage and/or excessive aeration of the powder.
b.) Flooding : where the powder becomes fluid-like and flows uncontrollably
c.) Segregation : the separation of particles on the basis of size
d.) Flow is Too Slow: the material does not exit from the hopper fast enough to
feed follow on processes.
e.) No Flow Due To Arching or Doming: the material is cohesive enough that the
particles form arch bridges or domes that hold overburden
material in place and stop the flow completely.
f.) Flushing : flushing occurs when the material is not cohesive enough t o
forma stable dome, but strong enough that the material
discharge rateslows down while air tries to penetrate into the
packed material toloosen up some of the material.
: the resulting effect is a sluggish flow of solids as the air
penetrates in a short distance freeing a layer of material and the
process starts over with the air penetrating into the freshly
exposed surface of material
g.) Incomplete Emptying : dead spaces in the bin can prevent a bin from complete
discharge of the material
h.) Time Consolidation : for many materials, if allowed to sit in a hopper over a long
period of time the particles tend to rearrange themselves so that
they become more tightly packed together
i.) Caking : refers to the physiochemical bonding between particles what
occurs due to changes in humidity
: moisture in the air can react with or dissolve some solid
materials such as cement and salt. When the air humidity
changes the dissolved solids re-solidify and can cause particles
to grow together.
DESIGNING A HOPPER
To design a storage hopper, the following materials and properties are needed:
Internal Friction Coefficient
Wall Friction Coefficient
Permeability
Compressibility
Other factors that should be considered include temperature and moisture content along with
phase diagrams if caking may be a problem.
(Eq. 1)
As commonly practiced, the coefficient of friction is expressed as the “angle” of wall friction
given by φ as
φ=arctan(μ) (Eq.2)
WHERE:
At steady state (no accelerations, or neglecting inertial terms) the sum of the forces must equal
zero. This gives the balance of forces as :
(Eq.3)
Which Reduces to,
(Eq.4)
From physics we relate the shear stress at the wall to the lateral normal stress acting in the
radial direction at the wall,Pw , with the coefficient of friction, μ,
(Eq.5)
Substituting Eq. 5 to Eq. 4,
(Eq.6)
Janssen solved this equation (H.A. Janssen, VersucheüberGetreidedruck in Silozellen,
VereinDeutcherIngenieure, Zeitschrift, 39, August 1985, 1045-1049) by assuming that the
vertical normal stress is proportional to the lateral normal stress, where,
(Eq.7)
(Eq. 8)
Equation 6 is integrated with the boundary condition that Pv=0 at z=0, to obtain,
(JANSSEN EQUATION)
PROBLEMS:
K, the Janssen Coefficient, is assumed to be 0.4. Substituting these quantities into Eq. 9 we get
the vertical stress at the bottom of the silo:
(b) If the silo was filled with water instead of granular solids, the pressure at depth H is given by
Depending on whether a conical or symmetric slot opening hopper the remaining parameters
in the equation are given in the table below:
k = constant, typically 1.3 <k < 2.9 with k = 1.4 if not discharge rate data are available.
The termpkd accounts for the wall effect where the particles do not fully flow at the
perimeter of the outlet.
D = outlet diameter (m). For non-circular outlets the hydraulic diameter is used
Fine particles (d < 500 microns) tend to flow slower by a factor of 100 to 1000 than that predicted
p
by the Johanson equation. The reason for this is the effect of air drag on the motion of the particles
is much greater for fine particles.
Particle beds need to dilate (increase distance between particles) before the powder can flow. This
means air must penetrate into the bed through the bottom surface of the hopper as the powder moves
through the constriction formed by the conical walls. For fine particles the pore diameters in the
powder bed are small and there is a significant amount of air drag that resists the powder motion.
Carleton gives an expression for predicting the velocity of the solids as ( Powder Tech., 6, 91-96,
1972)
CONVEYOR BELTS
Conveyor Belt
-moves the raw materials after they have been funneled through the hopper
-one of its common application is sorting and transporting raw materials in mines
-the belt may be slanted upward or downward to facilitate loading into trucks or other
long-term containment systems
-the function of a belt conveyor is to continuously transport bulk materials of a mixed
or homogeneous sort, a variable distance of some metres to tens of kilometres
*One of the principal components of the conveyor is the elastomer belt which has a double
function :
- to contain the conveyed material
- to transmit the force necessary to move the load.
*The most competitive of other transport systems is certainly that of using lorries. With respect
to the latter, the belt conveyor presents the following advantages :
- reduction in numbers of personnel
- reduction in energy consumption
- long periods between maintenance
- independence of the system to its
surrounds
- reduced business costs
Drive pulley
The shell face of the conventional drive pulley or the motorised drum may be left as normal
finish or clad in rubber of a thickness calculated knowing the power to be transmitted. The
cladding may be grooved as herringbonedesign ; or horizontal grooves to the direction of travel
; or diamond grooves ; all designed to increase the coefficient of friction and to facilitate the
release of water from the drum surface. The drum diameter is dimensioned
according to the class and type of belt and to the designed pressures on its surface.
Return pulleys
The shell face does not necessarily need to be clad except in certain cases, and the diameter is
normally less than that designed for the drive pulley.
Rollers
Support the belt and are guaranteed to rotate freely and easily under load. They are the most
important components of the conveyor and represent a considerable value of the whole cost.
The correct sizing of the roller is fundamental to the guarantee of the plant efficiency and
economy in use.
Tension units
The force necessary to maintain the belt contact to the drive pulley is provided by atension unit
which may be a screw type unit, a counterweight or a motorised winch unit. The counterweight
provides a constant tensional force to the belt independent of the conditions. Its weight
designed according to the minimum limits necessary to guarantee the belt pull and to avoid
unnecessary belt stretch. The designed movement of the counterweight tension unit is derived
from the elasticity of the belt during its various phases of operation as a conveyor. The
minimum movement of a tension unit must not be less than 2% of the distance between the
centres of the conveyor using textile woven belts, or 0.5% of the conveyor using steel corded
belts.
Hopper
The hopper is designed to allow easy loading and sliding of the material in a way to absorb the
shocks of the load and avoids blockage and damage to the belt. It caters for instantaneous
charging of load and its eventual accumulation.The hopper slide should relate to the way the
material falls and its trajectory and is designed according to the speed of the conveyor. Lump
size and the specific gravity of the charge and its physical properties such as humidity,
corrosiveness etc. are all very relevant to the design.
Cleaning devices
The system of cleaning the belt today must be considered with particular attention to reduce
the need for frequent maintenance especially when the belt is conveying wet or sticky materials.
Efficient cleaning allows the conveyor to obtain maximum productivity. There are many types
and designs of belt cleaners. The most straight forward simple design is that of a straight scraper
blade mounted on rubber supports.
Conveyor covers
Covers over the conveyor are of fundamental importance when it is necessary to protect the
conveyed material from the atmosphere and to guarantee efficient plant function.
REFERENCES:
Bradley, MSA, et. al. Methods for Design of Hoppers. Silos, Bins and Bunkers for Reliable
Gravity Flow, for Pharmaceutical, Food, Mineral and Other Applications.The Wolfson
Centre for Bulk Solids Handling Technology University of GreenwichChatham,
UK.pp.1-10