ASME Valve Standards

An overview of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers -

ASME - valve standards

Common valve standards from American Society of Mechanical Engineers -

ASME:

 ASME A105/105M - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings

for piping applications
 ASME A181/181M - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings
for General purpose piping
 ASME A182/182M - Standard Specification for forged or rolled alloy-
steel pipe flanges, forged fittings and valves and parts for high-
temperature service
 ASME A727/727M - Standard specification for carbon steel forgings
for piping components with inherent notch toughness
 ASME A961 - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for
Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
 ASME B462 - Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS
N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367, and UNS R20033
Alloy Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Corrosive
High-Temperature Service
 ASME B834 - Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated
Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel- Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367)
and Nickel- Chromium Molybdenum Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625)
Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
 ASME D5500 - Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of
Unleaded Automotive Spark-ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve
Deposit Formation
 ASME F885 - Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for
Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to 2 El-1996 R(1996)
 ASME F992 - Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates El-1997
R(1997)
 ASME F993 - Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices El-
1997 R(1997)
 ASME F1020 - Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for marine
Applications El-1996 RI'1996)
 ASME F1098 - Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for
Butterfly Valves - NPS 2 to 24 EI-1993 R(1993)
 ASME F1271 - Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in
Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections Applications EI-1995 R
(1995)
 ASME F1370 - Standard Specification for Pressure Reducing valves
for Water Systems, Shipboard
 ASME F1508 - Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief
Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquid Services
 ASME F1565 - Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves
for Steam Service
 ASME F1792 - Standard Specification for Special Requirements for
Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service
 ASME F1793 - Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves
(Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV) for Air or Nitrogen Service
 ASME F1794 - Standard Specification for Hand operated, Globe-Style
Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
 ASME F1795 - Standard specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves
for Air or Nitrogen Systems
 ASME A230 - Standard specification for steel wire oil - tempered
carbon valve spring quality
 ASME A232 - Standard specification for chromium - vanadium alloy
steel valve spring quality
 ASME A350 - Standard specification for forged or rolled carbon and
alloy steel flanges forged fittings and valves and parts for low -
temperature service
 ASME A338 - Standard specification for ultrasonic examination of
heavy steel forgings
 ASME A694 - Standard specification for forgings carbon and alloy
steel for pipe flanges fittings valves and parts for high - pressure
transmission service
 ASME A404 - Standards specification for forged or rolled alloy - steel
pipe flanges forged fittings and valves and parts specially heat treated
for high temperature service
 ASME A522 - Forged or rolled 8% and 9% nickel alloy steel flanges
fittings valves and parts for low - temperature service
Converting kW/ton to COP or EER

How to convert between kW/ton, COP and EER

The efficiency of chillers depends on the energy consumed. Absorption chillers are
rated in fuel consumption per ton cooling. Electric motor driven chillers are rated in
kilowatts per ton cooling.

KW/ton = 12 / EER

KW/ton = 12 / (COP x 3.412)

COP = EER / 3.412

COP = 12 / (KW/ton) / 3.412

EER = 12 / KW/ton

EER = COP x 3.412

If a chillers efficiency is rated at 1 KW/ton, the COP=3.5 and the EER=12

Cooling Load in - kW/ton

The term kW/ton is common used for large commercial and industrial air-
conditioning, heat pump and refrigeration systems.

The term is defined as the ratio of the rate of energy consumption in kW to

the rate of heat removal in tons at the rated condition. The lower the kW/ton
the more efficient the system.

kW/ton = Pc / Er (1)

where

Pc = energy consumption (kW)

Er = heat removed (ton)

Coefficient of Performance - COP

The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the basic unit less parameter used to report
the efficiency of refrigerant based systems.

The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the ratio between useful energy

acquired and energy applied and can be expressed as:

COP = Eu / Ea (1)

where

COP = coefficient of performance

Eu = useful energy acquired

Ea = energy applied

COP can be used to define both cooling efficiency or heating efficiency as for a heat
pump.

 For cooling, COP is defined as the ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate
of energy input to the compressor.

 For heating, COP is defined as the ratio of rate of heat delivered to the rate
of energy input to the compressor.

COP can be used to define the efficiency at a single standard or non-standard rated
condition or a weighted average seasonal condition. The term may or may not
include the energy consumption of auxiliary systems such as indoor or outdoor fans,
chilled water pumps, or cooling tower systems. For purposes of comparison, the
higher the COP the more efficient the system.

COP can be treated as an efficiency where COP of 2.00 = 200% efficient For unitary
heat pumps, ratings at two standard outdoor temperatures of 47°F and 17°F (8.3°C
and -8.3°C) are typically used.

Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER

The Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER - is a term generally used to define the cooling
efficiency of unitary air-conditioning and heat pump systems.

The efficiency is determined at a single rated condition specified by the appropriate

equipment standard and is defined as the ratio of net cooling capacity - or heat
removed in Btu/h - to the total input rate of electric energy applied - in watt hour.
The units of EER are Btu/w.h.

EER = Ec / Pa (1)

where
 EER = energy efficient ratio (Btu/w.h)

Ec = net cooling capacity (Btu/h)

Pa = applied energy (w.h)

This efficiency term typically includes the energy requirement of auxiliary systems
such as the indoor and outdoor fans and the higher the EER the more efficient is the
system.

Calculating Cooling Loads

Calculating chiller and cooling tower refrigeration in tons

Chiller Refrigeration Tons

A chiller refrigeration ton is defined as:

 1 refrigeration ton = 12,000 Btu/h = 3,025.9 k Calories/h

Cooling Tower Tons

A cooling tower ton is defined as:

 1 cooling tower ton = 15,000 Btu/h = 3,782 k Calories/h

Heat Load and Water Flow

A water systems heat load in Btu/h can be calculated as:

h = 500 q dt (1)

where

h = heat load (Btu/h)

q = water volume flow rate (gal/min)

dt = temperature difference (oF)

Example - Water Chiller Cooling

Water flows with 1 gal/min and 10oF temperature difference. The ton of
cooling load can be calculated as:

Cooling load = 500 (1 gal/min) (10oF) / 12,000

= 0.42 ton
Copper Tubes - Dimensions and Working Pressures

Dimensions and working pressures of copper tubes according BS

(British Standard) 2871:1972

Dimensions and working pressure of copper tubes according BS 2871:1972 can be found
in the table below:

Table X Table Y Tabel Z

Half hard light gauge Half hard an Hard drawn thin wall
tube annealed tube tube
Nominal Outside
bore Diameter
(mm) (mm) Maximum Maximum Maximum
Thickness
Thickness working Thickness working working
(mm) pressure (mm) pressure pressure
(mm)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

6 6 0.6 13.3 0.8 14.4 0.5 11.3

8 8 0.6 9.7 0.8 10.5 0.5 9.8

10 10 0.6 7.7 0.8 8.2 0.5 7.8

12 12 0.6 6.3 0.8 6.7 0.5 6.4

15 15 0.7 5.8 1 6.7 0.5 5

18 18 0.8 5.6 1 5.5 0.6 5

22 22 0.9 5.1 1.2 5.7 0.6 4.1

28 28 0.9 4 1.2 4.2 0.6 3.2

35 35 1.2 4.2 1.5 4.1 0.7 3

42 42 1.2 3.5 1.5 3.4 0.8 2.8

54 54 1.2 2.7 2 3.6 0.9 2.5

67 67 1.2 2 2 2.8 1 2

76.1 76.2 1.5 2.4 2 2.5 1.2 1.9

108 108.1 1.5 1.7 2.5 2.2 1.2 1.7

133 133.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6

159 159.4 2 1.5 1.5 1.5