Project Report on

CYCLIC STRESS STRAIN RESPONSE OF

FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Submitted by
KHEM CHAND GURJAR
(2013CE10351)

Under the overall supervision of

Dr. D. R. Sahoo

A report of CVD 411 - Project Part I submitted

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
November 2016

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 Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page no.
no.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Objectives and scope of work 2
Chapter 2 Literature review
2.1. Literature review 3
Chapter 3 Experimental procedure
3.1. Procedure 7
3.2. Experimental setup 9
3.3. Packing density and optimum amount of 12
material
Chapter 4 Results
4.1 Results 15
4.2 Conclusion 28
4.3. Future scope of work 29
References 30

List of Tables
Table no. Description Page no.
3.1 Bulk Density for different fraction of aggregate 12
3.2 Mix Proportion for M25 Grade Concrete 14
3.3 Mix design for all cylinders 14
4.1 Compressive strength of all sample 15
4.2 Average Failure Strength and load for different 15
Fiber content
4.3 Maximum strain and stress for different fibre 15
content
 List of Figures
Figure no. Description Page no.
3.1 Mix in formwork 8
3.2 Apparatus setup 9
3.3 Crack propagation after failure of cylinder that 1% fiber content 10
3.4 Crack propagation after failure of Cylinder that 0.5% Fiber 10
content
3.5 Crack propagation after failure of Cylinder that 0% Fiber content 11
4.1 Compressive strength vs Fiber content 16
4.2 Standard Deviation vs % fiber content 16
4.3 Strength vs % fiber content 17
4.4 Bulk density vs weight fraction 17
4.5 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-1 18

4.6 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-2 18

4.7 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-3 19
4.8 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-4 19

4.9 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-5 20

4.10 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-6 21
4.11 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-7 21
4.12 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-8 22
4.13 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-9 23
4.14 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-10 23
4.15 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-11 24
4.16 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-12 24

4.17 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-13 25

4.18 Average Stress vs Strain for 0% fiber content 26
4.19 Average Stress vs Strain for 0.5% fiber content 27
4.20 Average Stress vs Strain for 1% fiber content 28

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 Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1. INTRODUCTION:
The strength of concrete has been a matter of concern for quite some time in the modern history
of construction. Apart from the conventional mix designs that have been studied thoroughly, the
new study of increased concrete strength has been on the advent of admixtures to be used in
concrete.

A lot of admixtures have come up .These are basically of two types one are chemical admixture
the other are mineral admixtures these have their own roles to play for the increased strength of
concrete. These admixtures have increased the efficiency in terms of their quantity being used
per kg of concrete.

Different admixtures have their different properties while enhances the strength and quality of
concrete. Some admixture retard the settling or hardening time some increase the workability of
the mixture, some increase the compressive strength of the soil, some help in binding the mixture
while others help reduce the void ratio and remove air bubbles.

The one that has been considered here is steel fibers. Steel fibers are primarily used to increase
the compressive strength of the concrete. The steel fibers are added as some given volume
percent of the mix design and the added fibers are uniformly mixed in the bulk.

The steel fibers basically get into the bulk of the concrete and provide increased tensile strength.
These small steel fibers in the bulk take the tension when the specimen is loaded and thus they
provide increased compressive strength.

The steel fibers help increasing the strength but simple steel fibers are not the only variable to be
considered here, the shape and size if the fibers also matter. The straight fibers work different at
smaller level whereas twisted fibers hold on to the bulk of the concrete much more efficiency
this working far more efficiently at smaller levels and increasing strength.

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The main uses of the fibres are in joints where the maximum tension comes thus if concrete
reinforced with steel is used in these junctions then the efficiency of the design would increase.

Apart from these using these fibers reinforced concrete in places of high tension bar
reinforcement can be decreased along with the thickness of the structural element

The study of the effect of the steel fibers is basically being done by doing a mix design which is
then reinforced with different volume percent of the steel fibers and then their compressive
strength is compared with the normal concrete from this we get the optimum value of fiber
reinforcement that will provide the maximum strength.

1.2. Objective and scope of work:

The objective of the project is to study the effect of fibre reinforcement in concrete and how it
affects its mechanical properties. The work to be done in the project is that mix design is to be
prepared for different volume fractions of steel fibre; this is then used to cast samples of
cylinder. Then the property tested in the project would be cyclic loading and unloading of these
fibre reinforced concrete samples. The obtained hysteresis graphs would then be used in order to
in the optimum fibre reinforcement for concrete to provide the maximum strength and the
minimum energy loss.

Thus as a new addition to concrete with reinforcement steel fibre reinforcement would be studied
and the optimum volume percent would be determined in the project. This would help us make
concrete more effective to take tension as well as increase in its compressive strength

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 Chapter 2

Literature Review
2.1 . Literature review:
There has been lot of work done in the area of fiber reinforced concrete. these have basically
been in the area where the concrete is reinforced with fiber at different percentages and then
different concrete tests are done on them to determine the effectiveness of the fiber.

One these researches have been done by Hamid Pesaran Behbahani, Behzad Nematollahi[1] in
their paper FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF STEEL-FIBER-ADDED-RC (SFARC) BEAMS
WITH C30 AND C50 CLASSES OF CONCRETE.

The basic work done by them was to prepare mix design samples of C30 and C50 concrete with
different % of steel fiber. These can be 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%.

After this was done three types of tests were done by them theses were compressive strength test,
flexural strength test and vebe time test.

These test were primarily done to test how different samples of fiber reinforced concrete respond
to these tests. The objective was to find the optimum percent of steel fiber such that it comes in
the best possible intersection of the following tests.

Apart from this some other researchers adopted some different testing methodoly to assess the
effectiveness of the FRP concrete.

Work done by Unified cyclic stress–strain model for normal and high strength concrete
confined with FRP T. Yu., B. Zhang , J.G. Teng[2] Shows that they adopted cyclic testing
mechanism for the testing of FRP concrete.

Their basic philosophy was also simple that they made samples of different % of fire
reinforcement and in order to determine the optimum design they did the cyclic loading tet in
which the hysteresis loss or energy loss can be easily determined.

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These tests were conducted on short cylinder samples but some work has also been done on the
long FRP concrete columns, these include work done by cabarello Morrison in which not doing
the conventional test on cylinder samples of given dimension they tested the long slender
columns which were reinforced with steel fibres to test the effectiveness in this case.

Now some practical applications of the FRP concrete was studied this s done by N. Ganesan,
P.V. Indira and Ruby Abraham[3] in their paper “Steel fibre reinforced high performance
concrete beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading”. Till now all studies were done on
samples but nothing was tested in practice. The beam column junction is one of the most critical
joints which face maximum tension and thus reinforcement provided at these joints.

They studied the effect of steel fibre reinforced concrete being used at these joints such that they
would be able to take the tensile load more effectively. In order to carry this out they made
samples of beam column junction and carried out cantilever loading on them.

These were all tests that were done and experimental nature of the FRP concrete was studied.

However theory on the design of concrete by using FRP concrete rather than simple concrete
was also a area where some work has been done .This is done by L. Lam, J.G. Teng[4] in their
research paper Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete in which the FRP
concrete was studied and the theory or mathematical formulation for the stress and strain induced
in the concrete due to fibre reinforcement was determined.

Concrete mix design by Packing Density Narasimha Raj, Suresh G Patil and B. Bhattacharjee[5]
Mix design using packing density is new method of mix design, to get optimum packing density
of concrete, particles should be selected according to voids between larger particles is filled by
smaller particle and so on, in order to obtain a dense and stiff particle structure.
Higher degree of particle packing leads to minimum voids, maximum density and cement and
water required will be less.

G. Campione, N. Miraglia and M. Papia[6] in their paper the mechanical properties of steel fibre
reinforced lightweight concrete with pumice stone or expanded clay aggregates is studied. In this
using mix deign first the pumice stone and the clay aggregates are incorporated in the concrete

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mix and as the concrete is already reinforced with steel fibre different samples are prepared with
varying volume fraction of the steel fibre.
Then tests are done on these samples in which the most primary test that is conducted is cyclic
loading and unloading, then each of these samples with steel reinforcement and aggregates and
pumice stone and clay aggregates is evaluated for strength.

Then the other type of loading which is done is flexure testing, in this rather the normal brittle
failure which is seen in concrete in t his case due to fibres the failure is more of ductile
behaviour. Also split cylinder test is conducted on these samples so as to check the tensile
strength of these samples.

Ozgur Eren and Khaled Marar[7] in their paper studied the effects of silica fume and steel fibre
on fibre reinforced concrete. The tests or the properties which are basically tested in this study
are the mechanical properties like surface abrasion or impact resistance or the tensile or
compressive strengths.
The main conclusions which can be inferred from this are that as the fibre content increases the
impact resistance also increases irrespective of silica fume content or fibre aspect ratios. Also the
tensile and compressive strength increases as steel fibres content increases.

By J. A. O. Barros[8] in his study examined the tensile behaviour of concrete which is

reinforced with steel fibres. In the tensile testing of the fibre reinforced concrete three point
loading was done and the flexure model was being determined.

The flexure model so developed and the steel fibres taking the stress along with the strain and
stress distribution was actually experimentally validated by using slab samples in which the thin
samples of slab were reinforced with steel fibres and crack pattern and deflection were analysed
due to the tensile loading.

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Serdar Aydın[9] his research he studied the effects of fibre strength on the fracture characteristics
of normal and high strength concrete.
The experiments in which the effects of the steel fibre on the strength of concrete was examined
were compressive strength, modulus of elasticity experiments, splitting cylinder experiment to
measure the tensile strengthened flexure test .

In all these cases the fibre reinforced concrete showed considerably higher strength as compared
to normal concrete and due to the steel fibres present in the mix the ductile strength also
increased and the split cylinder test showed considerably higher strength as compared to normal
concrete.

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 Chapter 3
Experimental Study
3.1. Experiment Procedure:
1. First of all the packing density experiment was done in which different ratio of fine and
coarse aggregate were mixed in mould and weighed this was done for various ratios of
fine and coarse aggregate namely 20:80, 30:70 and so on.
2. From this the graph of Bulk density vs Ratio of fine and coarse aggregate was plot and
the maximum bulk density was determined.
3. This bulk density was then use to carried out mixed design.
4. The mixed design was used to cast cylinder samples this was done for 3 types of
cylinders with different percentage of steel fibers; these were 0%, 0.5% and 1%. The
dimensions of the cylinder sample were 150mm diameter x 300 mm Height.
5. These samples were then curried for 28days after which testing was done.
6. Samples were cynically loaded in which the load was first increased and then decreased
thus obtaining a hysteresis graph. This was done for different load cycle like 10, 20 and
30...so on till 60 ton.
7. The hysteresis graph obtain each of these sample was then studied.

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Figure 3.1 Mix in formwork

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3.2. Experimental setup:

Figure 3.2 Apparatus setup

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 Figure 3.3Crack propagation after failure of Cylinder that 1% Fiber content

Figure3.4. Crack Propagation after Failure of cylinder that 0.5% fiber content

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Figure3.5. Crack Propagation after Failure of cylinder that 0% fiber content

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3.3. Packing Density and Optimum amount of material
Mix Design for M25 grade concrete (Packing Density):

FA : CA W2 W2-W1 Bulk Density(gm/cc)

(20:80) 38.24 26.37 1.758
(30:70) 39.26 27.39 1.826
(35:65) 39.65 27.78 1.852
(40:60) 40.13 28.26 1.884
(45:55) 39.94 28.07 1.871333333
(50:50) 39.68 27.81 1.854
60:40) 38.6 26.73 1.782
(70:30) 37.2 25.33 1.688666667
Table 3.1 Bulk Density for different fraction of aggregate

1. Bulk Density of coarse aggregate 10mm and fine aggregate 4.75 mm:

Bulk Density =

W1 = Empty weight of mould

W2 = weight of aggregate+ weight of mould

Maximum Bulk Density = = 1.884 gm/cc

2. Void content = = = 28.2%

3. Packing density:

Maximum Packing Density =

Packing Density for 10mm aggregates = = 0.426gm/cc

Packing Density for 4.75mm aggregates = = 0.284gm/cc

Total Packing Density = 0.426+0.284 = 0.710 gm/cc

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Determination of paste content:

To get workable and high performance concrete provide minimum paste content.

Void content = 1-0.710 =0.29

Paste content 10% in excess of void content:

Paste content = 0.29*1.1 = 0.319

Volume of aggregate = 1-0.319 = 0.681 cc

Total solid volume of aggregate = = 0.380 cc

Weight of 10mm aggregate = =1075.26kg/m3

Weight of 4.75mm aggregate = =716.8kg/m3

For M25 concrete W/C = 0.43

In binding material we also use 20% fly ash, 20% silica fume of cement

So, Total Binder content = c+0.20c+0.20c = 1.40c

W= 0.602C

Total Paste content = = 1.080c

Cement content = =295.37kg/m3

Fly Ash content = = 59.07kg/m3

Silica fume content = = 59.07kg/m3

Water content = 0.602 x 295.37 = 177.8kg/m3

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Now Final Mix

Constituents Density(kg/m3)
Water 177.8
Cement(43grade) 295.37
CA 10mm 1075.26
FA 4.75mm 716.8
Silica Fume 59.07
Fly Ash 59.07

Table 3.2 Mix Proportion for M25 Grade Concrete

Mix Design for 5 Cylinders:

Volume of 5 Cylinders = 26507.188cc

Table 3.3 Mix design for all cylinders

For 0.5% Steel For 1% Steel For 0% Steel

Fibre Fibre Fibre
Constituents Weight(kg) Weight(kg) Weight(kg)
Water 5.184 5.184 5.184
Cement(43grade) 8.612 8.612 8.612
CA 10mm 31.35 31.35 31.35
FA 4.75mm 20.9 20.9 20.9
Silica Fume 1.723 1.723 1.723
Fly Ash 1.723 1.723 1.723
Steel Fibre 1.3 2.6 0
Admixture 32gm 32gm 32gm

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 Chapter 4

Result and Conclusion

4.1. Results:
Table 4.1 Compressive strength of all samples

Sample Fibre Compressive

Number Content Strength(MPa)
HPFRC-1 0 21.52
HPFRC-2 0 27.18
HPFRC-3 0 24.91
HPFRC-4 0 23.78
HPFRC-5 0 21.52
HPFRC-6 0.50% 31.70
HPFRC-7 0.50% 28.31
HPFRC-8 0.50% 29.44
HPFRC-9 1% 69.08
HPFRC-10 1% 74.17
HPFRC-11 1% 73.60
HPFRC-12 1% 71.34
HPFRC-13 1% 72.47

Table 4.2 Average Failure Strength and load for different Fiber content

Steel Fibre Strength(MPa) Failure Load(kN)

0% 23.78 420
0.50% 29.81 526.67
1% 72.13 1274

Table 4.3 Maximum strain and stress for different fibre content

Fiber Maximum Strain

Stress(MPa)
Content (%)
0% 0.196 24.91
0.5 0.374 29.44
1 0.299 33.97

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 80.00
70.00
Compressive Strength (MPa)

60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0% 0.5% 1%

% Fiber content

Figure 4.1 Compressive strength vs Fiber content

Standard Deviation
3

2.5

2
Standard Deviation

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
% Fiber Content

Figure 4.2 Standard Deviation vs % fiber content

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 Strength vs % Fiber content
80

70

60
Average Compressive Strength

50

40

30

20

10

0
0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1%
% fiber content

Figure 4.3 Strength vs % fiber content

Figure 4.4 Bulk density vs weight fraction

Bulk Density vs Weight fraction

1.9

1.85
Bulk Density(gm/cc)

1.8

1.75

1.7

1.65
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weight fraction of aggregate

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 I. Samples 0% fibre content

Stress vs Strain
25

20

15
Stress(MPa)

10kN Cycle
20kN cycle

10 30kN Cycle
40kN Cycle

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016
Strain

Figure 4.5 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-1

Stress vs Strain
30

25

20
10kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

20kN Cycle
15
30kN Cycle
40kN Cycle
10
50kN Cycle

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Strain

Figure 4.6 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-2

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 Stress vs Strain
30

25

20
10kN Cycle
20kN Cycle
Stress

15
30kN Cycle
40kN Cycle

10 50kN cycle

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Strain

Figure 4.7 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-3

Stress vs Strain
25

20

15 10kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

20kN Cycle
30kN Cycle
10 40kN Cycle
50kN Cycle

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008
Strain

Figure 4.8 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-4

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 25 Stress vs Strain

20

15
Stress(MPa)

10kN Cycle
20kN Cycle

10 30kN Cycle
40kN Cycle

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016
Strain

Figure 4.9 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-5

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 II. Samples 0.5% fibre content

Stress vs strain
35

30

25 10kN Cycle
20kN Cycle
20
Stress(MPa)

30kN cycle
40kN Cycle
15
50kN Cycle

10 60kN Cycle

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Strain

Figure 4.10 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-6

Stress vs strain
30

25

20
10kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

20kN Cycle
15
30kN Cycle
40kN CYcle
10
50kN Cycle

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Strain

Figure 4.11 Stress vs strain for HPFRC-7

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 Stress vs Strain
35

30

25
10kN Cycle
20
Stress(MPa)

20 kN cycle
30 kN cycle
15 40 kN cycle
50 kN cycle
10 60 kN cycle

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Strain

Figure 4.12 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-8

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 III. Samples 1% steel fibre content:

Stress vs Strain
40

35

30

25 60kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

50 kN Cycle
20 40kN cycle
30 kN Cycle
15
20kN Cycle

10 10kN Cycle

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014
strain

Figure 4.13 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-9

Stress vs Strain
40

35

30

25 50 kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

40kN Cycle
20 30kN Cycle
20kN Cycle
15
10kN Cycle
60kN Cycle
10

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
Strain

Figure 4.14 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-10

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 Stress vs Strain
40

35

30

25 10kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

20kN Cycle
20 30kN Cycle
40kN Cycle
15
50kN Cycle
60kN Cycle
10

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Strain

Figure 4.15 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-11

Stress vs Strain
40

35

30

60kN Cycle
25
50
Stress(MPa)

20 40
30
15 20 kN
10 kN
10

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014
Strain

Figure 4.16 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-12

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 Stress vs Strain
40

35

30

25 50 kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

40kN Cycle
20 30kN Cycle
20kN Cycle
15
10kN Cycle
60kN Cycle
10

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
Strain

Figure 4.17 Stress vs Strain for HPFRC-13

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Average Cyclic Loading graph for all samples of 0 %

25 Stress vs Strain

20

15 10kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

20kN Cycle
30kN Cycle
10
40kN Cycle

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Strain

Figure 4.18 Average Stress vs Strain for 0% fiber content

Average Cyclic Loading graph for all samples of 0.5 %

30 Stress vs Strain

25

20
Stress(MPa)

10kN Cycle

15 20kN Cycle
30kN Cycle
40kN Cycle
10
50kN Cycle

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Strain

Figure 4.19 Average Stress vs Strain for 0.5% Fiber Content

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Average Cyclic Loading graph for all samples of 1 %

Stress vs Strain
40

35

30

25 10kN Cycle
Stress(MPa)

20kN Cycle
20
30kN Cycle

40kN Cycle
15
50kN Cycle

10 60kN Cycle

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014
Strain

Figure 4.20 Average Stress vs Strain for 1% Fiber content

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4.2 . Conclusion:

1. The compressive strength of the sample with higher % of steel fibre was more.
The approximate strength of 0% sample was about 25MPa the strength of 0.5%
reinforced concrete was about 31MPa and for 1% reinforced concrete sample
72MPa.
2. The strength of the concrete with more % of steel fiber was more because steel
took more part of the load and as its modulus of elasticity is higher which give
increased strength.
3. The crack pattern obtained was diagonal with plane of failure inclined at 45˚.
4. This was because the failure first occurs in concrete which causes the cylinder
sample to fail in compression.
5. The hysteresis graph shows that concrete higher % of steel shows higher strain for
the same amount of load as the compare to those with lower steel content.
6. This is because the steel is more ductile as compare to concrete so its gives more
deformation thus sample with higher steel content deformed more.
7. Energy loss as obtain from hysteresis graph show that sample with higher steel
content cause more loss of energy as compare to 0% concrete samples.
8. The load till which the sample was elastic was more in case of steel reinforced
sample as compare to 0% reinforced concrete and the yield point for these came at
a higher load.
9. The reason such behaviour is due to the highly elastic behaviour of steel which
takes the majority of the load when the sample is tested.

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 4.3. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK:

The work done in this project is based simple steel fibres and their strength is calculated
by cyclic compressive loading. However some further work can also be done in this area
by taking different types of steel fibres theses can be of different shape sizes orientation
and structures.

As these properties change the behaviour of the reinforced concrete change considerably
and effectiveness of the reinforced concrete may increase significantly.

Apart from this some more work can be done on other type of fibres these can be carbon,
basalt, polypropylene, nylon and their effectiveness and trade of between cost and
strength can be evaluated.

The compressive load has been evaluated in this experiment but flexural load and other
workability properties of fibre reinforced concrete is to be also evaluated and so therefore
work in this area can prove to be great help for future use of this type of concrete.

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References:

[1]. Hamid Pesaran Behbahani1, Behzad Nematollahi, Abdul Rahman Mohd. Sam, F. C. Lai
flexural behavior of steel-fiber-added-rc (sfarc) beams with c30 and c50 classes of concrete.
[2]. T. Yu, B. Zhang , J.G. Teng Unified cyclic stress–strain model for normal and high strength
concrete confined with FRP.
[3]. N. Ganesan, P.V. Indira and Ruby Abraham steel fibre reinforced high performance concrete
Beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading.
[4]. J.G. Teng, T. Jiang, L. Lam and Y.Z. Luo Refinement of a design-oriented stress-strain
model for FRP confined concrete.
[5]. Narasimha Raj, Suresh G Patil and B. Bhattacharjee Concrete Mix Design By Packing
Density Method.
[6]. G. Campione, N. Miraglia and M. Papia Mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced light
weight concrete with pumice stone or expanded clay aggregates.
[7]. Özgür Eren, Khaled Marar and Tahir Çelik Effects of Silica Fume and Steel Fibers on Some
Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.
[8]. J. A. O. Barros and J. A. Figueiras flexural behavior of sfrc testing and modeling.
[9]. Serdar Aydın Effects of fiber strength on fracture characteristics of normal and high strength
concrete
[10]. Leila Soufeiani, Sudharshan N. Raman , Mohd Zamin Bin Jumaat, Ubagaram Johnson
Alengaram, Ghasem Ghadyani, Priyan Mendis, Influences of the volume fraction and shape of
steel fibers on fiber reinforced concrete subjected to dynamic loading.
[11]. Hengchun Zhang , Kaibo Zou, Xixian Ji, Changwen Zhang, Fangyu Tang, Xiaoqiang Wu
Mixture design methods for high performance concrete.
[12]. F. Bayramov, T.Aydoner, A. Ilki, C. Tasdemir & M.A. Tasdemir An optimum design for
steel fiber reinforced concretes under cyclic loading.

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