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Water Encroachment
Water Influx from Aquifers
Why is it important?
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.2
Water Influx from Aquifers
Why is it difficult?
Aquifer Size
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.3
From Material Balance
Material Balance Expression Includes Water Influx:
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.4
Water Influx Mechanism
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.5
Aquifer Expansion
(
We,aq = (c f + cw )∗ (PVaq )∗ piaq − p aq )
Function of,
– Aquifer Size (PVaq = Aquifer Pore Volume)
– Permeability
– Connection of Reservoir and Aquifer
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.1.6
Water Influx Models
Pot Aquifer
Schilthuis Steady-State
Carter-Tracy
Fetkovich Semi-Steady-State
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.7
Pot Aquifer
Pi P
We = (c f + cw ) ⋅ PVaq ⋅ Δp
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.8
Behavior of a Large Aquifer
RESERVOIR 1 2 3 4
AQUIFER
RESERVOIR 1 2 3 4
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.9
Behavior of a Large Aquifer
P4 P3 P2 P1
P production
aquifer reservoir
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.10
Behavior of a Large Aquifer
Pressure Profile Including Initial and Average
Reservoir and Aquifer Pressures
Reservoir Aquifer
pi
p3
p2
pa
p1
rw ro re
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.11
van Everdingen and Hurst
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.12
van Everdingen and Hurst
Based upon the diffusivity equation:
∂ p 1 ∂p φμc ∂p
2
+ =
∂r 2
r ∂r k ∂t
Where: p = pressure
φ = porosity
c = compressibility
k = permeability
μ = viscosity
r = radius
t = time
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.13
Reservoir/Aquifer Boundaries
ra
ro
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.14
Aquifer Pressure Distribution
t=0
Pi
t=1
P t=10
t=100
r
e t=1000
s
s
u
r P
t=infinite
e
ro Radius ra
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.15
van Everdingen Hurst Solution (Field Units)
We = (1.119φ h c r f ) Δp Qd e o
2
Where:
We = cumulative water influx, reservoir bbls
φ = porosity, fraction
h = effective aquifer thickness, ft
ce = total compressibility of the aquifer, cw + cf, psi-1
ro = radius of the hydrocarbon reservoir, ft
f = fraction of the reservoir boundary exposed to
the aquifer (0 < f < 1)
Δp = pressure drop across the original reservoir/aquifer
boundary, psi
Qd = dimensionless cumulative influx term
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.16
Dimensionless Influx, Qd
0.00633 * k t
td =
φ μ w ce ro2
Where:
k = aquifer permeability, md
t = time, days
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.18
Dimensionless Influx, Qd (1)
rd=ra/ro
DIMENSIONLESS WATER INFLUX, Qd
DIMENSIONLESS TIME, td
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.19
Dimensionless Influx, Qd (2)
rd=ra/ro
DIMENSIONLESS WATER INFLUX, Qd
DIMENSIONLESS TIME, td
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.20
Calculation Procedure
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.21
Superposition
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.22
Calculating Δp For Each Time Increment
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.23
Δp is the Difference in the Average Pressures
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.24
Application of Superposition
Water Influx Calculations Let:
0.00633kt (E-constant)
td = = Et
φμ wce ro2
rd = ra/ro
0 4500 -- --
1 4250 4375 125
2 3900 4075 300
3 3500 3700 375
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.25
Application of Superposition Example
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.26
Characterizing the Aquifer
Conventional Method:
Use Historical Pressure and Production Data
Assume N and Calculate We From Material Balance
Assume rd and E (td Constant) to Calculate Σ(ΔpQd )
Use Previous Calculations to Determine Effective
Aquifer Constant C
– C = We,mb / Σ(ΔpQd )
Plot Calculated C With Time
– Is C Constant?
Adjust N, rd and td Factors Until C is Constant
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.27
Characterizing the Aquifer
Conventional Method, Example:
4,000
3,500
rb/psi
Aquifer Constant (B/psi)
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Jan-66 Jan-70 Jan-74 Jan-78 Jan-82 Jan-86 Jan-90 Jan-94 Jan-98 Jan-02
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.28
Characterizing the Aquifer
Havlena and Odeh Method:
F = N (Eo + mEg ) + We
F = W + N(E + mE )
We too small Slope = 1
e o g
F
Eo + mEg We too big
F We
= +N
Eo + mEg Eo + mEg N
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.31
Fetkovich Finite Aquifer
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.32
Productivity Index Analog
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.33
Based Upon Two Equations
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.34
Based Upon Two Equations
⎛ pi ⎞
pa = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟We + pi
⎝ Wei ⎠
Where:
pi = initial aquifer pressure, psi
Wei = encroachable water-in-place at pi, rbbls
We = cumulative water influx, rbbls
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.35
Combine Two Equations
⎛ We ⎞ pr ,n + pr ,n −1
pa ,n −1 = pi ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ pr , n = We = ∑ ΔWe ,n
⎝ Wei ⎠ 2
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.36
Fetkovich Method
h = aquifer thickness, ft
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.37
Aquifers in Numerical Simulation
1. Analytical
– Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich, etc.
– Coupled to edge or bottom of grid
2. Numerical
– Aquifer represented with discrete grid cells
– Each cell can have its own unique properties
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.38
Aquifers in Numerical Simulation
Reservoir Engineering
Aquifers 8.39
Aquifers Summary
dW e
“Pot Aquifer”: We = ct PVaqΔp “Fetkovitch”: = J ( pa − p r )
dt
Assumes Instantaneous Assumes PSS relationship
response (no time dimension) Not applicable for transient
Quick and simple response
Calculates maximum influx
Avoids superposition calculations