Lecturer :

2ND ASSESSMENT Sunarsih, ST MEng PhD

INTEGRATED SHIP PROPULSION, MANOEUVRING Student : IBNU QOYYIM
NRP : 04211850012001
AND NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Class :A
(ME 185507) Score :

Course Title : Integrated Ship Propulsion, Manoeuvring and Navigation System (ME 185507)
Course Learning : Students are able to develop understanding and application of the principles of
Outcomes modern ship propulsion, manoeuvring and navigation system broadly pertaining to
technical concepts, characteristics and various applications, discussions about
pros & cons in relation to complex analyses of energy, environment and safety
aspects.
Sub-Course Learning : Students are able to examine the principles of safe navigation
Outcomes
Topic : Ship navigation
Assessment Indicator :  Understanding on the concept of safe navigation
 Ability to analyse factors yielding safe navigation
 Ability to evaluate supports for safe navigation
Form of Assessment : Written – Take home quiz
Instruction/Question/ :
Marking Scheme

Safe navigation is of utmost importance. Several factors affecting the process involve human capital, technical
resources and environmental conditions, and the interactions between the three. Inevitably, navigation
regulations, procedures and maritime safety systems play important roles in ensuring the successful of a safe
navigation.

1. Discuss marine navigational principles and best practices for a safe navigation. [30M]
Navigation system is a system that allows the crew to know accurately about the direction, location
or position of the ship itself, certain objects or targets (around it, both in terms of various
positions) on the surface and below the sea level. The principle of navigation on a cruise is the
process of sending ships from one place to another smoothly safely and efficiently.
Throughout history, the navigation method has undergone a method development. This is done in
order to improve safety and facilitate work. Some navigation types include:
• Dead Rekoning (DR)
Determine the position by advancing the position known to know the distance.
• Piloting
Involves navigation in limited waters with frequent or constant positioning relative to the nearest
geographical and hydroelectric features.
• Calestial Navigation
It involves reducing the sky meter taken by the sextant to the position line using a calculator or
computer or manually with the almanac and table.
• Radio Navigation
Use radio waves to position through variations of electronic devices.
• Radar Navigation
Use radio waves to determine the distance from an object.
• Satellite Navigation
Use radio signals from satellites to position.
With the development of increasingly sophisticated navigation tools still cannot guarantee the ship
is protected from accidents, because the important role is a navigator. A navigator on a passenger
ship is different from a navigator on a warship. In a stage of the navigation process there are many
factors that influence so as to produce safe navigation. Some of these factors are human, technical,
and environmental.
2. Identify and elaborate human capital, technical resources and environmental factors as well as [30M]
interactions between them in yielding a safe navigation.
In a stage of the navigation process there are many factors that influence so as to produce safe
navigation. Some of these factors are human, technical, and environmental. Here is an explanation
of some of these factors and how they interact with each other in creating a safe navigation:
• Humans
In the operation of a vehicle there must be human involvement in it. Therefore, when you want to
create a success in safe navigation, the human resources must be given good training or
certification.
The introduction and training of a navigator to operate a navigation device is very necessary, not
only that handling in an emergency must also be trained. Navigators also vary on each type of ship,
cargo ship navigator, passenger ship navigator, warship navigator, tug boat navigator, etc. Each
ship has its own procedure.
• Technical
Technical resources here consist of the navigation tools themselves, each tool has its own function.
For example, echosounders for measuring ocean depth, GPS for viewing positions, AIS for viewing
ship lanes and ship data, and radar for viewing objects around the ship.
These navigation tools provide information to the navigator, so the navigator can determine the
course of a safe navigation process. So when you want to start a journey, every time you check it
functionally. Other information that is not less important is weather or environmental information
on the shipping lane. This information can be obtained from one of the navigation tools.
• Environment
Environment is the final deciding factor for a safe navigation. Whatever effort is made by the
navigator cannot change the conditions of the shipping environment. Therefore, before starting to
sail, a navigator must check the environmental conditions on the path to be passed, so that it can
be ascertained the trip to be safe.
From the description above, it can be seen that the three factors above have a relationship
between one another in creating a safe navigation. Competent humans must be supported by tools,
and that determines the environmental conditions that will be faced.

3. Justify the roles of navigation regulations, procedures and maritime safety systems in ensuring the [30M]
successful of a safe navigation.
Navigation that was originally very free throughout the world, is now set. There are many types of
vehicle traffic regulations. Which is entirely based on Navigation Rules: International Inland.
International regulations (title 33 USC Chap. 30) have been included in the Convention of the
International Regulation for Preventing of Collision at Sea of 1972 (COLREGS '72) and are effective
on 15 July 1977, which in Indonesian is known as International Regulations Preventing Collisions in
Laut (PIMTL) in 1972. COLREG 1972 is IMO Resolution Number A. 464 (XII) concerning regulations
that apply internationally and must be obeyed and carried out in full by all ships, ship owners,
skipper, and crew to prevent accidents at sea . COLREG 1972 was signed by all IMO members in
October 1972 in London. Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic country in the world, later became
one of the 47 countries that participated in the signing. After the signing of a change to domestic
regulations regarding navigation, this effort culminated with the enactment of regulations in land
navigation in 1980.
In COLREG this has regulated the overall rules and procedures on board, especially in the navigation
section. Besides COLREG there are other regulations such as Safety of Live at Sea 1974 (SOLAS). In
these regulations, the standardization of navigation equipment must be included which must be
on board to support sailing safety. The standard of ship navigation equipment also varies in each
water condition, in this regulation the condition of the waters is divided into A1, A2, A3, and A4.
The role of this regulation has been very effective in reducing ship accidents but several accidents
can occur due to factors of human neglect and the environment itself.
Some procedures that can be done before traveling so that it can guarantee the success of safe
navigation are as follows:
• Full control is in the hands of the navigator, therefore a navigator must be competent and able
to adjust to technological developments. Control of human resources is very important especially
when in an emergency situation.
• Seeing the condition of the waters to be crossed, be it traffic, water conditions, and weather
conditions. First the navigator must ensure that the depth of the water is safe to pass, the traffic
is not crowded, the weather is safe, and all systems are functioning normally. The second accepts
a situation which looks superficial but the ship can still maneuver. The third is ready for waters
that have a limited view, heavy traffic, and narrow waters such as dikanal or river. Fourth is the
most serious, where the view is very limited, the ship cannot maneuver perfectly, and in heavy
traffic.
• Pilots or ship drivers must have the knowledge to control the ship when needed, for example
when in the port.
• The navigator checks all navigation equipment, he can make a checklist to ensure all standard
equipment is available and can operate normally.
• Prepare travel plans, namely the ship's route, so as not to enter prohibited areas.
• Monitor the position on the compass a.gar according to the destination
As a whole, the maritime regulations have been detailed in terms of navigation components and
standard shipping procedures to ensure the success of ship navigation.