57

Differential Equations

This Chapter “Differential Equations” is taken from our:

ISBN : 9789386629036
58

3 Differential Equations
INTRODUCTION where P and Q are function of x only
A differential equation is an equation which in values differential Solution : y . e ò
pdx
= ò Q . eò
pdx
dx + C
coefficient or differentials or it is an equation which contains
independent variable, dependent variables end their derivatives
eò
pdx
is called I.F
w.r.t. independent variables.
Ordinary differential equation D.E. in which all differential \ Solution : y (IF) = ò Q . (IF) dx + C
coefficients has reference to a single independent variable.
Sample Problem
Eg.
dy
+ xy = 0 Solve (x + y2)dx = y dy
dx dy
Partial differential equation : DE in which there are two or more Sol. Þ y = x + y2
dx
independent variables and partial differential coefficients w.r.t.
any of them. dy x + y2
=
dx y
x 2 ¶z ¶z
Eg. + xy =0 x
¶x ¶y = +y
y
Order of DE : It is the order of the highest derivative in the equation.
dy 1
Degree of DE : It is the degree of the highest derivative in the - ´x =y
equation dx y
when the final equation is free from radicals and fractional powers. 1
\ P= - Q=y
3 y
éd2 yù
Eg. ê 2 ú + x
ë dx û
¶y
¶x
=5 Here order = 2, degree = 3 I.F. = e ò P.dx

-1
ò y
dx
First order equations =e
Solution of first order, first degree differential equations -1
1. Variable separable form = e–log y = e log y
Basic form : f (x) dx + g(y) dy = 0 1
=
y
Solution : ò f ( x) dx + ò g ( y ) dy = C

Sample Problem
\ Solution is y.(IF) = ò Q . (IF) dx + C
1 1
y´
Solve x + sin y
dy
=0
Þ
y
=
y ò
dx + C y.
dx
1=x+C
Sol. x dx + sin y dy = 0
3. Homogeneous differential equation
x2 dy f ( x, y )
- cos y = C Basic form : =
2 dx f( x, y )
2. Linear differential equations Take y = vx
A D.E. is called linear of the dependent variable and its
dy dv
differential coeff. occur only in the first degree and not Solution : =v+x
multiplied together. dx dx
dy
Basic form : + Py = Q
dx
 59
Sample Problem Solution :
Solve x2 dy + 2y(x + 2y) dx = 0
æaö æbö
dy -2 y ( x + 2 y ) Case 1 : ç ÷ ¹ ç ÷
= è a¢ ø è b¢ ø
dx x2
Put x = X + h and y = Y + g
Sol. Take y = vx
bc¢ - b¢c ca¢ - c¢a
dy - 2( x + 2vx ) where, h = ,g= (ab¢ – a¢b ¹ 0)
= (vx ) ab¢ - a¢b ab¢ - a¢b
dx x2
-2 - 4v æa bö
= ( vx) Case 2 : ç = ÷
x è a¢ b¢ ø
-2(1 + 2v ) a b 1
= ( vx) = –2v (1 + 2v) Let = = \ a¢ = am, b¢ = bm
x a¢ b¢ m
dy dv
By equation, = v+x dy ax + by + c
dx dx \ =
dx m(ax + by ) + c¢
dv
\ v+x = – 2v – 4v2 Put ax + by = t and solve by variable separable method.
dx
5. Exact differential equation
dv A DE of form M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 is said to be exact if
Þ x = – 4v2 – 3v
dx its left hand meter is exact differential of some function
u(x, y).
dv dx
= If the DE is M dx + N dy = 0 and du = M dx + N dy then the
-v (4v + 3) x
solution is u(x, y) = 0
dv dx Theorem : The necessary and sufficient condition for DE
=-
v (4v + 3) x M dx + N dy = 0
Integrating, ¶M =¶N
ò
dv
= -ò
dx
to be exact is that
¶y ¶x
v (4v + 3) x
The solution of M dx + N dy = 0 is

Þ ò
æ -1 ö é 4
ç ÷ê
1ù
- ú dv = – ln x + C
è 3 ø ë 4v - 3 v û
ò M dx +N ¢dy =C N¢-terms of N not containing x.
\ y = constant terms containing x = 0.
æ -1 ö é (4v - 3) ù
ç ÷ ê ln - ln v ú = – ln x + C Sample Problem
è 3 øë 4 û 3 2 3 2 2 4
Show that (x + xy + y ) dx + (x y + 3xy + y ) = 0 is exact
æ -1 ö æ (4v - 3) ö and solve it.
ç ÷ ç ln ÷ = – ln x + C
è 3 øè 4v ø
¶m
Sol. m = x3 + xy2 + y3 = 2xy + 3y
2
æ æyö ö ¶y
4ç ÷ - 3 ÷
æ –1 ö çç è ø
x ÷ = –ln x + C
ç ÷ ln ¶N
è 3 øç æ yö ÷ N = x2y + 3xy2 + y4 = 2xy + 3y
2
ç 4 ç ÷ ÷
è è xø ø ¶x

æ ö
çèln 4 y4-y3x ÷ø=ln x +C '
3 Q ¶m = ¶N , the equation is exact.
¶x ¶x

4 y - 3x 3 Now, ò ( x3 + xy 2 + y3 ) dx + y4 dy = C
Þ = x × C¢¢
4y
3 æ x4 x2 y2 y5 ö
4y – 3x = 4x y × C¢¢ Þç + + xy3 + ÷ = C
4. Equation reducible to homogeneous form è4 2 5ø
6. Equations reducible to exact equations
dy ax + by + c
Basic form : = If the DE is not exact, it can be made so by multiplying by a
dx a¢ x + b¢ y + c¢
factor called integrating factor (IF).
60
Rules to find IF. H I G H E R O R D E R LI N E A R D I F F E R E N T I A L
Rule 1: EQUATI ONS
I.F. of a homogeneous equation M dx + N dy = 0
Linear DE are those in which the dependent variable and its
1
IF =
Mx N y + derivatives appear only in first degree and are not multiplied
together.
Rule 2: General form of linear DE :
I.F. of equation of form f1 (x, y) y dx + f2 (x, y) x dy = 0
-1 y -2 y
IF =
-
1
Mx N y
dny
dx n
+P 1
dn
d x n -1
+P 2
dn
d x n -2
+ ...... + pn y = X

Rule 3:
1 æ¶
M ¶Nö
P1, P2, P3,......, Pn X are functions of X only.
If M dx + N dy = 0 and ç - ÷ = f (x) then
N è¶y ¶ø
x d d2x
Let is denoted by D, 2
by D2 etc.
dx dx
IF = e ò
f ( x ) dx
Rule 4: Then above equation can be written as :
1 æç¶N -¶M ö÷ = f (y) then Dny + P; Dn–1 y + ...... + Pn y = X
If M dx + N dy = 0 and
m è¶x ¶y ø Þ f (D) y = X

IF = e ò
f ( y ) dy

To find solution for the equation.

1. Auxiliary equation, AE = Dn + P, Dn–1+ ...... + Pn = 0
Solve for D and find roots m1, m2,......
2. Obtain the complementary function as follows :
Roots of AE CF
m1x m2 x m3 x
1. Real and different roots (m1, m2, ... all unequal) c1e + c2 e + c3 e ...
2. Real roots and two of them equal (m1= m2, m3, m4,...) (c1 + c2 x ) e m1x + c3e m3 x + c4e m4 x + ...

3. A pair of imaginary roots (a + ib, a – ib, m3, m4 ...) (c1 cos bx + c2 sin bx) eax + c3e m3 x + ...
4. 2 pairs of equal imaginary roots (a ± ib, a ± ib, m5, m6 ...) [( c1 + c2 x ) cos bx + ( c3 + c4 x ) sin bx ]e ax + c5 e m5 + c6 e m6 x + ...

TIPS : Case 2:
If f (a) = 0 When X = sin (ax + b)
x 1
PI = e ax ; f (a) ¹ 0 PI = sin ( ax + b ) Put D2 = – a2
f ¢(a) f (D2 )
Case 3:
If f ¢(a) = 0
When X = cos (ax + b)
x2 1
PI = e ax PI = cos (ax + b) 2
Put b = – a
2
f ²(a)
f (D 2 )
3. Find the particular integral (PI) Case 4:
1 When X = Xm
PI = .X
f (D) 1
PI = x m = [ f (D)-1 ] ´ x m
Case 1: f (D)
When X = eax Find [f (D)]–1 by binomial theorem in ascending
æ 1 ö ax 1 ax powers of D.
PI = ç ÷ e = e ; f (a) ¹ 0
è f (D) ø f (a)
 61
Case 5:
1
When x = eax . V (V is a function fx) PI = . sin (2 x + 5)
D.( - 22 )+1
1
PI = e ax V 1
f (D) = sin (2 x + 5)
1 - 4D
1
= e ax .V (1 + 4D)
f (D + a) = sin (2 x + 5)
(1 + 4D) (1 - 4D)
1
Then find value of .V as in above cases. (1 + 4D)
f (D + a) = sin (2 x + 5)
1 - 16D2
Case 6:
When X is a functions of x (1 + 4D)
= sin (2 x + 5) D2 = – a2
65
1
PI = .X
f (D) sin (2 x + 5) + 4D sin (2 x + 5)
=
65
1
Resolve into partial fractions and operate each partial sin (2 x + 5) + 4 cos (2 x + 5) ´ 2
f (D) =
65
fraction on X by using
æ d ö
e ax
1
X = e ax X e - ax . dx. ç sin x = cos x÷
f (D – a ) ò è dx ø

4. The general solution is : sin (2 x + 5) + 8 cos (2 x + 5)

=
y = CF + PI 65
Sample Problem Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation
1. Find general solution of equation (D2 + 4D + 3) y = e2x
dn y d n -1 y dy
Sol. D = 1, 3 Equation is : x n + k1.x n -1 + ...... + kn -1 x .
n n -1 dx
CF = C1ex + C2e3x dx dx
+ kn y = X
1 2x
PI = e X is a function of x.
D2 + 4D + 3
This can be reduced to linear DE with constant coeff. by
t
substituting x = e or log x = t
1
= 2 e2 x
2 + 4´ 2 + 3 æ dy ö æ d2y ö
Then x ç ÷ = Dy x2 ç ÷ = D(D – 1) y etc.
1 2x è dx ø è dx 2 ø
= e
15
Legendre’s homogeneous linear equation

+b) æçèddx y ö÷ø+k (ax +b) - . æçèddx -y ö÷ø

\ Solution is y = C1ex + C2e3x +
e2 x
n
n - n 1
n 1
Equation is : (ax
15 n 1 n 1
3
2. Find the PI of (D + 1) y = sin (2x + 5)
+ ... + kn y = X
1
Sol. PI= . sin (2 x + 5) This can be reduced to linear equation with constant coeff. by
D3 +1 substituting ax + b = et or t = log (ax + b)
1 dy
= . sin (2 x + 5) Then (ax + b ) = a Dy
2 dx
D.D +1
2 2
Put D = – a Here a = 2
dy 2
( ax + b) 2 2
= a D(D – 1)y etc.
2
dx
62

¢()
1. The solution of the first order differential equation 5. With initial condition x(1) = 0.5, the solution fo the

+x =t is
x t = –3x(t), x(0) = x0 is [2005, 1 mark] dx
–3t –3 differential equation t [2012, 1 mark]
(a) x(t) = x0 e (b) x(t) = x0 e dt

()=
1
(c) x t x0 e
–
3 (d) x(t) = x0 e–t (a) x =t -12 (b) x =t -12
2

2. ¢()+ ¢()+
For the equation x t 3x t 2x t 5, the solution ()=
x(t) approaches which of the following values as t ® ¥?
[2005, 2 marks]
(c) x =t2
2
(d) x =2t
5
(a) 0 (b) d2 x
2 6. The solution for the differential equation = -9x ,
(c) 5 (d) 10 dt 2

dx
3. For the differential equation
d2 x
dt 2
+6 dxdt + 8x = 0 with
with initial conditions x(0) = 1 and
dt t =0
= 1 , is

[2014, Set-1, 1 mark]

dx
initial conditions x(0) = 1 and = 0, the solution is 1 2
dt t =0 (a) t2 + t + 1 (b) sin 3t + cos 3t +
3 3
[2010, 2 marks] 1
(a) x(t) = 2e–6t – e–2t (b) x(t) = 2e–2t – e–4t (c) sin 3t + cos 3t (d) cos 3t + t
3
(c) x(t) = –e–6t + 2e–4t (d) x(t) = e–2t + 2e–4t
4. With K as a constant, the possible solution for the first 2 d2 y dy
7. Consider the differential equation x +x -y= 0.
2
=e dx dx
dy –3x
order differential equation is[2011, 1 mark] Which of the following is a solution to this differential
dx
equation for x > 0? [2014, Set-2, 1 mark]
(a)
1
– e –3x K
3
+ (b)
1
– e3x K
3
+ (a) ex
(c) 1/x
(b) x2
(d) In x
(c) –3e–3x + K (d) –3e–x + K
 63

1. The order of the differential equation of all circles of

radius r, having centre on y-axis and passing through the
origin is
8. Solution of
dy
dx
=– xy at x = 1 and y = 3 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) x – y2 = 2 (b) x + y2 = 4
(c) 3 (d) 4
(c) x2 – y2 = –2 (d) x2 + y2 = 4
d2 x
2. The degree of the differential equation + 2x3 is dy
dt 2 9. Solution of the differential equation 3y + 2x = q
dx
(a) 0 (b) 1
represents a family of
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) ellipses (b) circles
dy (c) parabolas (d) hyperbolas
3. The solution for the differential equation = x2y with
dx 10. The differential equation whose solution is
the condition that y = 1 at x = 0 is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 is (a is a constant)

(a)
y =e 2x1 (b) In y ()= x3
3
+4 (a)
é æ dy ö 2 ù
ê1 + çè ÷ø ú = a
3
2
2d y
ë dx û dx 2

4.
(c) In y ()=
x2
2
(d)
y e
x3
3
A body originally at 60° C cools down to 40° C in 15
=
é æ dy ö 2 ù
3
2 æd yö
2 2

(b) ê1 + èç ø÷ ú = a ç 2 ÷
minutes when kept in air at a temperature of 25°C. What ë dx û è dx ø
will be the temperature of the body at the end of 30
minutes? 3 2
2 æd yö
2
é æ dy ö ù
(a) 35.2° C (b) 31.5° C (c) ê1 + çè dx ÷ø ú = a çè 2 ÷ø
(c) 28.7° C (d) 15° C ë û dx

d2y (d) None of these

5. The general solution of + y = 0 is 11. The order and degree of the differential equation
dx 2

+4 æçèdydx ö÷ø +y = 0
(a) y = P cos x + Q sin x (b) y = P cos x 3
d3 y 2
(c) y = P six x (d) y = P sin2 x are respectively
dx 3
¶h +k ¶h
2 2
6. The equation k t
¶x ¶z 2 z 2 = 0 can be transformed (a) 3 and 2
(c) 3 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(d) 3 and 1
¶h +¶h
2 2 12. The solution to the ordinary differential equation
to
¶x ¶z 2 2 = 0 by substituting
t d2 y
+dxdy – 6y = 0 is
(a) x =x k =
2
k z k dx
t (b) xt x x
x kz (a) y = c1e3x + c2e–2x (b) y = c1e3x + c2e2x
–3x
(c) y = c1e + c2e –2x (d) y = c1e–3x + c2e–2x
(c) xt =x kx
(d) xt =x kz
13. The partial differential equation that can be formed from

æ =¶z and q =¶z ö

kz kx
7. Three values of x and y are to be fitted in a straight line
in the form y = a + bx by the method of least squares.
z = ax + by + ab has the form with p çè ¶x y÷
¶ø
Given: åx = 6, åy = 21, åx2 = 14 and åxy = 46, the values (a) z = px + qy (b) z = px + pq
of a and b are respectively
(c) z = px + qy + pq (d) z = qy + pq
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 1 (d) 3 and 2
64
20. Find the degree of the differential equation
14. The solution of the differential equation
dy
+ y
= x, with
éê æd y ö ùú d y
5
dx x 3 2

êë1 +çèdx ÷ø úû =dx .

3 2
the condition that y = 1 at x = 1, is
3 2

(a) y =
2
3x 2
+
x
3
(b) y=
x 1
+
2 2x (a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 5 (d) 15
(c) y =
2 x
3 3
+ (d) y =
2 x2
3x 3
+ 21. What is the order of the above D.E.
(a) 1 (b) 0
15. The solution of the ordinary differential equation (c) 2 (d) 3
22. The particular integral of the equation
dy (D2 + D – 6) y = e2x
+ 2y = 0 for the boundary condition, y = 5 at x = 1 is
dx
x 2x 1 2x
(a) y = e–2x (b) y = 2e–2x (a) e (b) xe
(c) y = 10.95e –2x (d) y = 36.95e–2x 5 5
(c) x e2x (d) e 2 x
16. Transformation of linear form by substituting v = y1 – n 23. What is the general solution of the equation
dy (D2 + 3D + 2)y = ex?
of the equation + p(t) y = q(t) yn; n > 0 will be
dt x x
(a) c1 ex + c2 e2x (b) e
dv 5
(a) + (1 – n)pv = (1 – n)q
dt x x x x
(c) c1 ex + e (d) c1 ex + c2 e2x + e
dv 5 5
(b) + (1 – n)pv = (1 + n)q 24. The degree of the differential equation is
dt

éê æd y ö ùú d y
dv 14
(c) + (1 + n)pv = (1 – n)q 3 3

êë4 +çèdx ÷ø úû =dx

3 2
dt
3 2
dv
(d) + (1 + n)pv = (1 + n)q
dt
(a) 3 (b) 14
17. Bio transformation of an organic compound having
concentration (X) can be moulded using an ordinary (c) 42 (d) 2
25. What is the order of the above differential equation?
dx (a) 2 (b) 3
differential equation + kx2 = 0, where k is a reaction
dt (c) 1 (d) 14
rate constant. If x = a, at t = 0, the solution of the 26. Singular solution of p = log (px – y) is
equation is (a) y = log x – 1 (b) y = x (log x – 1)

(a) x = ae–kt
1 1
(b)
x a
=+ kt 27.
(c) y = x log x – 1 (d) y = x log x
The solution of the differential equation will be of form

18.
(c) x = a (1 – e–kt ) (d) x = a + kt
The differential equation of all ellipses centred at the
d2 x
dt 2
+4dx
dt
+4x =0
(+ ) (b) (c +c t )e
origin is
(a) y2 + xy12 - y y1 = 0 (b) xy y2 + x y12 - y y1 = 0 (a) c1 c2 t e –4t 1 2
–2t

(c) y y2 + x y12 - x y1 = 0 (d) none of these (c) c 1 e 4t (d) c 1 e 2t

3 y
19.
2 2 x
The solution of y dx - x dy + 3x y e dx = 0 is 28. Solution curve of the equation y¢ = 2 – which passes
x
x 3 x 3 through point (1, 2) is given by
(a) + ex = C (b) - ex = 0
y y 1 1
(a) y = x + (b) y = x –
x x
x 3
(c) - + ex = C (d) None of these
y 1
(c) y2 = x + +2 (d) y = x2 – x + 2
x
 65

29. The solution of

d2 y
+2dy + 17y = 0; y(0) = 1,
34. Consider the D.E
dy
dx
=(1 +y ) x . The general solution
2

dx 2 dx with constant c is
æçpö÷ = 0 in the range of 0 < x < p is given by
=tan æçèx2 ö÷ø+c
dy
èø
2
2æ x ö
dx 4 4 (a) y (b) y = tan ç + c ÷
è2 ø

(a) e æ çècos 4x +14 sin 4xö÷ø

–x æxö æ x2 ö
(c) y = tan 2 ç ÷ + c (d) y = tan 2 ç + c÷
è 2ø è 2 ø
æ
(b) e çcos 4x – sin 4x÷
1 ö dy
è ø
x
35. The differential equation y + x = a (a is any constant)
4 dx

æçcos x – 1 sin xö÷ represents

è 4 ø
–4x (a) a set of circles having centre on the y-axis
(c) e
(b) a set of circles centre on the x-axis
æçcos 4x – 1 sin 4xö÷ (c) a set of ellipses
è ø
–4x
(d) e

( )
4 (d) none of these.
36. The order of the differential equation whose general
30. e C cos 3x +C sin 3x +C e is general solution
–x
1 2 3
2x
solution is given by y = (c1 + c2 )cos( x + c3 ) - c4e x +c5 ,
of where c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 are arbitrary constants, is
d3 y (a) 5 (b) 4
(a) + 4y = 0
dx 3 (c) 3 (d) 2
d3 y 37. The order of the differential equation associated with the
(b) + 8y = 0
dx 3 primitive y = c1 + c2e x + c3e-2 x+c4 , where c1, c2, c3, c4 are
d3 y arbitrary constants, is
(c) – 8y = 0
dx 3 (a) 3 (b) 4

+
d3 y d 2 y dy (c) 2 (d) none of these
(d) –2 –2=0
dx 3 dx 2 dx xdy
+ y = x 4 with condition y (1) = 6/5
¶u +u ¶u =¶u is a
38. The solution of
2 dx
31. The partial differential equation
¶t ¶x ¶x 2
x4 1 4x4 4
(a) Linear equation of order 2 (a) y= + (b) y = +
5 x 5 5x
(b) non-linear equation of order 1
(c) linear equation of order 1 x4 x5
(d) non-linear equation of order 2 (c) y= +1 (d) y = +1
5 5
2 dy d2y 39. It is given that y¢¢+ 2y¢ + y = 0, y (0) = 0 and y (1) = 0.
32. Consider the differential equation x – 4y = 0+x
dx 2 What is y (0.5)?
dx
with the boundary condition y (0) = 0 and y (1) = 1. The
dy
complete solution of the differential equation is 40. The solution of = y 2 with initial value y (0) = 1 is
dx
æ px ö bounded in the interval is
(a) x 2 (b) sin ç ÷
è 2 ø (a) – ¥ £ x £ ¥ (b) – ¥ £ x £ 1
æ px ö –x æ px ö (c) x < 1, x > 1 (d) – 2 £ x £ 2
(c) ex sin ç ÷ (d) e sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
¶2f
dy 2
41. The solution of the D.E. + 2 xy = e – x with y (0) = 1 is
dx
33. Let f = yx, what is
¶¶
x y
at x = 2, y = 1?

(a) 0 (b) ln 2 (a) (1 + x )e x

2
+
(b) (1 x)e – x
2

1 2 2
(c) 1 (d) (c) (1 – x )e x (d) (1 – x )e – x
ln 2
66
50. The solution of y(x – y)dy – y2dx = 0 is
d2y
4dy
42. For + + 3 y = 3e 2 x , the PI is y y
dx 2 dx -
(a) y = ce x (b) y = ce x
1 2x 1 2x
(a) e (b) e -
x x
15 5 (c) y (d) y = ce y
y = ce
(c) 3e2x (d) c1e–x + c2e–3x
51. If x = A cos (mt – a), then the differential equaion satisfying
dv k this relation is
43. The solution of + v = – g is
dt m
dx d2 x
k
- t
k
- t (a) =1- x2 (b) = -a 2 x
mg mg dt dt 2
(a) v= ce m - (b) v = c - e m
k k
k
- t mg mg
k
t (c)
dt
d2 x
2
= -m 2 x (d)
dx
dt
=-m x 2
(c) =c-
ve m (d) =c- ve m
k k 52. The maximum value of the solution y(t) of the DE
44. The complete solution of the ordinary DE
y(t) + &&y (t ) = 0 with initial conditions y(0) = 1, y& (0) = 1 for
d2y
dx 2
+ p
dy
dx
+q y =0 is y = C1 e–x + C2 e–3x then p t ³ 0 is
and q are
(a) p = 3, q = 3 (b) p = 3, q = 4 53. The solution of the DE
dx
d2y
2
+6 dydx +9 y =9 x +6 with c1
(c) p = 4, q = 3 (d) p = 4, q = 4
45. Which of the following is the solution of a DE and c2 as constants is
(a) y = (c1x + c2) e–3x
d2y dy (b) y = c1e3x + c2e–3x
+p + (q + 1) = 0? where p = 4, q = 3 (c) y = (c1x + c2)e–3x + x
2 dx
dx
(d) y = (c1x + c2) e3x + x
(a) e –3x (b) xe –x
–2x 54. With the initial condition x (1) = 0.5, the solution of the
(c) xe (d) x 2 e –2x
dx
dy D.E; t + x = t is
46. The solution of the DE + y 2 = 0 is dt
dx
1 2 1
1 – x3 (a) x=t – (b) x = t –
(a) y= (b) y = +c 2 2
x+c 3
(c) cex (d) The equation is non linear t2
(c) xt = (d) x = t/2
47. The order and degree of the differential equation 2
3/ 2 dy
é æ dy ö 2 ù 55. Consider the D.E. + y = e x with y(0) = 1. The value of
ê1 + çè ÷ø ú dx
r= ë
dx û are respectively y (1) is
d2y
1
dx 2 (a) e + e–1 (b) (e – e –1 )
2
(a) 2, 2 (b) 2, 3
1
(c) 2, 1 (d) none of these (c) (e + e –1 ) (d) 2 (e – e–1)
2
48. The degree of the differential equation satisfying
¶2j ¶2j ¶j ¶j
2 2
56. The partial differential equation + + + = 0 has
1 - x + 1 - y = a( x - y ) is ¶x2
¶y 2 ¶x ¶y
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) degree 1 order 2 (b) degree 1 order 1
(c) 3 (d) none of these (c) degree 2 order 1 (d) degree 2 order 2

49. The order of the differential equation whose solution is

y = a cos x + b sin x + C e–x is
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) none of these
 67

PAST GATE QUESTIONS EXERCISE ìït =0 and x =1

d2 x
+6 dxdt + 8x = 0, Given ídx
¢() ïîdt =0 at t =0
3. (b)
dx dt 2
1. (a) x t = –3x(t) Þ = –3x
dt

ò =ò
Auxiliary equation of (D2 + 6D + 8)x = 0 is
dx m2 + 6m + 8 = 0
Þ – 3 dt (on integrating)
x (m + 2) (m + 4) = 0 Þ m = –2, –4
Þ log x = –3t + log c CF = c1 e–2t + c2 e–4t
Þ x = ce–3t ... (i) and PI = 0
But at (t = 0) and (x = x0), So, the complete solution is
Þ x0 = ce0 x = CF + PI
Þ (c = x0) x = c1 e–2t + c2 e–4t ... (i)
Then, from equation (i),
dx
x = x0 e–3t = –2c1 e–2t – 4c2 e–4t ... (ii)
dt

¢¢()t +3x ¢()t +2x ()t =5

or x(t) = x0 e–3t. At t = 0 and x = 1,
2. (b) Given, x From equation (i),
1 = c1 + c2 ... (iii)
+ +2x =5
2
d x dx dx
Þ 3
dt dt At = 0 and t = 0;
æ dö
dt
(D + 3D + 2)x = 5; where çD = ÷
From equation (ii),
è dt ø
2
Þ 0 = –2c1 – 4c2
Auxiliary equation Þ c1 + 2c2 = 0 ... (iv)
m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 Þ c2 = –1 and c1 = 2
(m + 1) (m + 2) = 0 Hence, x = 2e–2t – e–4t
m = –1, –2 or x(t) = 2e–2t – e–4t.
Then, CF = c1 e–t + c2 e–2t
ïìíQ PI = Q ïüý =
=(D +1)(5 D +2) îï F (D)þï
dy
and PI 4. (a) e –3x
dx
dy = e–3x dx
1 é Dù
= 5(1 + D) . ê1 + ú
–1 Taking integration on both sides,
2ë 2û
–1

( ) +K =– 13 e +K.
e –3x –3x

5 2
æ D D
1 – D +D ... ¥ç1 – +
2
¥ö÷ø
y=
–3
=
2 è 2 4 ...
5. (d) Given differential equation is

=
5
2
( )
1......... (Q containing the higher terms of D) t
dx
dt
+x =t
PI =52 Þ
dx
+xt =1
So, the complete solution is x = CF + PI dt

x = c1 e–t + c2 e–2t +
5
2 It’s IF is =
e
ò =e =t;
1
t
dt
log t
The value of x at t ® ¥ is
5 Solution is x(IF) = ò(IF)tdt
x = c1 e–¥ + c2 e–¥ +
2 xt = ò1.tdt
5
x=0+0+
=t2 +c
2 2
Þ xt
5
x= .
2
68
Given : x(1) = 0.5
dy dy
3. (d) = x2 y Þ = x2dx
1
+ dx y

ò =ò
Þ 0.5 = c
2 dy
x 2 dx
Þ c=0 y
Hence required solution is x 3
log y = +c
3
=t2
2
x.t x3
\ y= c e3 ×
Þ x =2t when y = 1, x = 0
1 = e0 × c Þ c = 1

d2x 4. (b)
dq = – k(q – q0)
6. (c) = – 9x dt
dt 2 \ q = qc + c . e– k . t
D2 + 9 = 0
D= ±3i
when q = 60°, t = 0, q0 = 25°
60 = 25 + ce°
x = A cos 3t + B sin 3t \ c = 35
Putting, x(0) = 1
1 =A \ q = qc + 35 . e– kt
At t = 15, q = 40° C
dx 40 = qc + 35e– k . 15
= –A.3. sin 3t + 3B cos 3t
dt 3
\ e–15k =
dx
1 = 7
dt t 0= At t = 30 min
q = 25 + 35 × e– k × 30
1 = – 3 sin 0 + 3 B cos 0
æ3 ö
= 25 + 35 × ç ÷
2

B = 1
3
= 25 + 35 . e(– 15k) × 2
è7 ø
q = 31.5° C.
1
x = cos3t + sin 3t d2 y
3 5. (a) +y=0 i.e. D2y + y = 0
dx 2
7. (c) x2
d2y
dx 2
+x dydx -y = 0 is cauchy – Euler equation (D2 + 1)y = 0
A.E. is m2 + 1 = 0 Þ m = ± i
\ CF = e0x (P cos x + Q sin x)
d PI = 0
Þ (q2 – 1) . y = 0 where q = and z = log x, x = ez
dz \ y = CF + PI = P cos x + Q sin x.
A.E : m2 – 1 = 0 Þ m = –1, 1
¶2 h ¶ 2h
\ Solution is y = C1e–z + C2ez =
C1
x
+C x
2
6. (d) kt ×
¶x 2
+ kz ×
¶z 2
=0

1 ¶2 h
+ ¶ ×éê¶h × ¶x ùú
¶ æ ¶h ö
\
x
is a solution
¶x t2 ¶x ë¶x ¶x û
¶x t çè ¶x t ÷ø
=
t t
PRACTICE EXERCISE
æ¶ ¶x öæ¶h ¶x ö ¶h ×æ¶x ö
= ç × ÷ç × ÷ =
2 2
1. (a) The equation of a family of circles of radius r
passing through the origin and having centre on y- è¶x ¶x øè¶x ¶x ø ¶x çè¶x ÷ø
t t
2
t
axis is
¶h =¶h ×æç¶x ö÷
2 2 2

¶x ¶x è¶x ø
t
\
( x - 0) 2 + ( y - r ) 2 = r 2 Þ x 2 + y 2 - 2 ry = 0 2 2
t

This is one parameter family of circles so its æ¶h ´æ¶x ö ö+k ¶h

çè¶x çè¶x ÷ø ÷ø ¶z
2 2 2
differential equation is of order one. t
\ kx 2 z 2 =0
2. (b) Degree = 1. t
 69
æ ö öæ¶h ö
çè涶xx ÷øö è綶xh ø÷+èçækk
2 æ1 + p ö 2

÷øçè¶z ÷ø = 0
2 2
t z dy d2y
From (iii), y – k = - ç ÷ , where p = ,q = 2 .
2
x
2 è q ø dx dx
t

¶h +¶h 2 2
Putting the value of y – k in (ii), we get x – h =
(1 + p 2 ) p
For getting final equations as
¶x ¶z 2
t
2
= 0, then q
Substituting the values of x – h and y – k in (i), we get
æç¶x ö÷ =k 2 2
é æ dy ö 2 ù
3 2

è¶x ø k æ 1 + p2 ö 2 æd yö
t z 2
2 2
çè q ÷ø (1 + p ) = a Þ ê1 + ç ÷ ú = a çè 2 ÷ø
x ë è dx ø û dx
¶x = k which is the required differential equation.
¶x k
t z

æ ö é ù
\

çèdxd y ÷ø +16 êêçèædxdy ÷øö +y úú = 0.

3 2 3
x
2
11. (a)
\
xt
= kz
\ xt = x .
kz
.
3
ë û
x kx kx 12. (c) D2 + D – 6 = 0
7. (d) Two equations to evaluate a and b in equation An auxillary equation, m2 + m – 6 = 0
y = a + bx are: m = –3, 2
åy = Na + b åx Þ 21 = 3a + 6b CF = c1 e–3x + c2 e2x
åxy = a åx + b å x2 Þ 23 = 3a + 7b PI = 0
Solving we get, a = 3, b = 2. y = CF + PI = c1 e–3x + c2 e2x.
13. (a)
8. (d)
dy
dx
– =
x
y 14. (d)
dy
+xy = x
dx
\ y dy = –x dx
y2 –x
=
2 IF = e
ò =x 1
x
dx

y . IF = òx ×IF ×dx
\ +c
2 2
\ 2 2

ò
x + y = 2c
x = 1, y = 3 yx = x 2 dx
\ 1 + 3 = 2c
\ c=2 x3
\ x2 + y2 = 4. yx = + c when y = 1, x = 1
3
dy 1
9. (c) 3y + 2x = 0 1= +c
dx 3
\ 3y dy + 2x dx = 0
\
2
\ y=
x2
+3x2 .
=
2 2 c=
3y x 3 3
Integrating, –2 +c
2 2 dy
15. (d) + 2y = 0
3y 2 dx
\ x2 +
ò
=c
2 2dx
= e2x

ò ×( )× +
IF = e
+æy2c ö = 1
2 2
x
\ \ y . IF = Q IF dx c
çè3 ÷ø
ò× × +
c
= 0 e2x dx c
\ it is an ellipse. \ y = ce–2x
10. (b) We have (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2. ...(i) when x = 1, y = 5
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 5 = c × e–2
dy \ c = 5e2
2( x - h) + 2( y - k ) =0 \ y = 5e2 . e–2x = 36.95e–2x.
dx
dy
dy 16. (a) + p(t)y = q(t) yn
Þ ( x - h) + ( y - k )=0 ...(ii) dt
dx v = y1 – n
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get Differentiat with respect to t,
2
æ dy ö d2y dy dy
1+ ç ÷ + ( y - k) 2 = 0 ...(iii) = (1 – n)y–n .
è dx ø dx dt dt
70
= (1 – n) y–n (q(t) yn – p(t) y)
= (1 – n) q(t) – (1 – n) p(t) y1 – n éêæd y ö ùú 3 5
æd y ö 15

êëçèdx ÷ø úû , çèdx ÷ø
3 3
= (1 – n) q(t) – (1 – n) p(t) v i.e.
3 3
dv
\ + (1 – n)pv = (1 – n)q. \ degree is 15.
dt
21. (d)
dx
17. (b)
dt
+ kx2 = 0
22. (a) PI =
D 2
1
+D – 6 ×e =x ×
2D
1
+1 e
2x 2x
dx
Þ = – kx2
dt

ò =ò
dx
x2
– kdt
\
1
2 2 1
x
e2x = e2x .
PI = x
5 ´+
1 1
– = – kt + 23. 2
(d) D + 3D + 2 = 0
x c
D = 1, 2
1 1
x c
+ = kt CF = c1 ex + c2 e2x

+3D +2 ×e +×
when x = a, t = 0 1 x 1
PI = = x ex (a = 1)
1
a
+1
c
=0
D2 2D 3

= x ×e
\ c = –a 1 x

=+
1 1 1 1 5
\ – = kt Þ kt .
x a x a x x
18. (b) The equatins of the ellipses centred at the origin are General solution is c1 ex + c2 e2x + e.
5
x2 y2
given by + = 1, where a, b are arbitrary 14
a2 b2 é æ 3 ö ù
3
æ d2 y ö
3
constants. ê4 + ç d y ÷ ú =ç ÷
24. (c) It can be written as ê
Differentiating both sides w.r. to x, we get è dx 3 ø ú è dx 3 ø
ë û
2 x 2 y dy x yy
+ = 0 Þ 2 + 21 = 0 ...(i)
a 2 b 2 dx a b éæ 3 ö3 ù
14
Differentiating (i) w.r.t.x, we get d y
On expanding LHS, there will be a term êç 3 ÷ ú
êç dx ÷ ú
1 y12 y y2
+ + 2 =0 ëè ø û
...(ii)
a2 b2 b
Multiplying (ii) by x and subtracting it from (i), we éd y ù 42

= ê ú
3
get
ëêdx ûú
.
3
1
é y y1 - x y12 - x y y2 ùû = 0 Þ xy y2 + x y12 - y y1 = 0.
2ë
b 25. (b)
19. (c) The given differential equation can be written as 26. (b) p = log (px – y)
y dx - x dy 3 \ (px – y) = ep Þ y = px – ep ... (1)
2
+ 3x 2 e x dx = 0 Difference with respect to p
y
0 = x – ep
æxö x3 x3
Þ d çè y ÷ø + d (e ) = 0 Þ e = C . \ x = ep Þ p = log x
Substitute in (1),

éê æd y ö ùú d y y = log x . x – elog x Þ y = x log x – x

5
3 2

êë1 +çèdx ÷ø úû =dx

3 2 = x(log x – 1).
20. (d)
3 2

Squaring, 27. (b)

d2 x
dt 2
+4 dxdt + 4x = 0

éê æd y ö ùú æd y ö
3 5 2 Þ D2 + 4D + 4 = 0
êë1 +çèdx ÷ø úû =çèdx ÷ø
3 2

3 2
(D + 2)2 = 0
D = –2, –2
On expansion of LHS, there will be a term \ Solution is (C1 + C2 t)e–2t.
 71

28. (a)
dy
+xy = 2 ... (1) = –1 3i+
( )+
dx Solution is:

IF = e
ò =e 1
x
dx
=x log x
y = e–x C1 cos 3x +C 2 sin 3x C3 e2x .

Integrating (1), we get xy = x2 + c 31. (d)

c passes through (1, 2) xdy dy
1 × 2 = 12 + c 32. (a) Let x = ez = \
dx dz
\ c=1
(x2D2 + xD – 4) y = 0
1 [q (q –1) + q – 4] y = 0
\ xy = x2 + 1 \y=x+ . (q2 – 4)y = 0
x
(q + 2) (q – 2) y = 0
29. (a)
d2 y
dx 2
+2 dxdy
+ 17y = 0
Þ y = c1 e2z + c2e–2z = c1x2 + c2x–2
y (0) = 0
Þ 0 = 0 + c2 × 0 \ c2 = 0
Þ (D2 + 2D + 17)y = 0
y(1) = 1
Auxillary equation
Þ 1 = c1 + c2 \ c1 = 1
m2 + 2m + 17 = 0
–2 ± 4 – 4 ´1 ´17 y = x2 .
¶f =xy
2 ´1
m= = –1 ± 4i
¶y
x –1
33. (c) f = yx Þ
CF = e–x (c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x); PI = 0
y = CF + PI ¶æç¶f ö÷=y +x y log y
¶è¶ø
x –1 x
= e–x (c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x) ... (1) x y y
Differentiating (1),
æ¶ f ö =1 +2 1 log1 =1
2
dy
dx
= – e–x (c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x) ç趶ø ÷
x y = = 1
x 2, y 1
2–1 2

+ e–x (– 4c1 sin 4x + 4c2 cos 4x)

dy æçpö÷ = 0 dy
= (1 + y 2 ) xÞ
dy
= xdx
dx 4 èø 34. (d) dx 1+ y2

p Integrating,

Þ 0=
–
–e 4 (c1 cos p+c 2 sin p) ò + =ò dy
(1 y 2 )
+
xdx c Þ tan–1 y = x + c
2

p
( p)
2
+ p+4c
–
e4 – 4c1 sin 2 cos æ x2 ö
\ y = tan ç +c÷
p p
( + )+ ( )
– – è 2 ø
Þ 0= –e 4
–c1 0 e4 0 – 4c 2 35. (b) We have,
Þ c1 – 4c2 = 0 ... (2) dy
y + x = a Þ y dy + x dx = a dx
y(0) = 1; Substituting in (1), dx
1 = e0 (c1 cos 0 + c2 sin 0) Integrating, we get
\ c1 = 1 y2 x2
+ = ax + C Þ x2 + y2 – 2ax + 2 C = 0.
1 2 2
Substituting in (2), c2 =
4 which represents a set of circles having centre on x-
æç +14 sin 4xö÷ø.
axis.
\ Solution is y = e –x cos 4x
è 36. (c) We have, y = (c1 + c2 )cos( x + c3 ) - c4 e x+c5
Þ y = (c1 cos c3 + c2 cos c3) cos x
d3 y
30. (c) – 8y = 0 Þ (D3 – 8)y = 0 -(c1 sin c3 + c2 sin c3 )sin x - c4ec5 e x
dx 3
Þ y = A cos x – B sin x + C ex, where
AE : (m – 2) (m2 + 2m + 4) = 0 A = c1 cos c3 + c2 cos c3, B = c1 sin c3 + c2 sin c3
[a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)]
and C = -c4 e c5
–2 ±2 2
–4 1 4 ´´ –2 ± 4–4 2
It is an equation containing three orbitrary constant.
m=
2 1 ´ =
2 So, the order of the differential equation is 3.
72
37. (a) We have, y = c1 + c2e x + c3e –2 x+c4 42. (b) (D2+ 4D + 3)y = 3e2x
Take D2+ 4D + 3 = 0
Þ y = c1 + c2e x + c3e –2 x × ec4 \ D = – 1, – 3
c yc = c1e–x + c2e–3x
Þ y = c1 + c2e x + c3' e -2 x , where c'3 = c3 e 4 .

=D + =
2x 2x
It is an equation containing three arbitrary constants. 3e 3e 3e 2 x e 2 x
4D +3 4 ++
So, the associated differential equation is of order 3. yp 2
= =
8 3 15 5
1
38. (a) ò dx
IF = e x = elog x = x dv k dv k æ mg ö
43. (a) + v = -g Þ = - çv + ÷
=x5 +c
5 dt m dt m è k ø
xy
dv k
= - dt Þ log æç v +
mg ö k
y (1) = 6/5 Þ è ÷ø = - t + log C
v + mg / k m k m
6 1
\ = +c \c=1
5 5 mg mg
Þ v+ = Ce - k / mt Þ v = Ce - k / mt -
=x5 +1x k k
4
\ solution is y
d2y dy
39. 0 44. (c) +p + qy = 0
2 dx
f (D) = D2 + 2D + 1 = 0 dx
Þ (D + 1)2 = 0 \ (D2 + pD + q)y = 0 Þ f(D)y = Q(x)
\ D = – 1, – 1 y = c1e–x + c2e–3x
y = (c1 + c2x)c–x
y(0) = 0 \ roots of f (D) = 0 is – 1 and – 3
\ 0 = c1 + 0 \ c1 = 0 (D + 1) (D + 3) = 0
y (1) = 0 D2 + 4D + 3 = 0
\ 0 = (c1+ c2)e–1 \ p = 4, q = 3
\ = c2 = 0 45. (c) [D2 + 4D + (3 + 1)]y = 0
\ y = 0, y(0.5) = 0 \ (D2 + 4D + 4)y = 0
dy dy (D + 2)2 y = 0
40. (c) = y 2Þ = dx \ D = – 2, – 2
dx y2
\ y = (c1 + c2x)e–2x
Integrating,
1 –1 c1e -2 x +c2 xe-2 x
ò y 2 dy = ò dx + c Þ y
= x+c
Hence e–2x and xe–2x are independent solution.
y (0) = 1
dy
–1 46. (a) + y2 = 0
\ = 0+c \c=–1 dx
1
dy = –y2dx
–1
Solution is = x –1 dy
y = dx
1 - y2
\ y=
1– x By integration
It is not defined at x = 1.
\ interval is x < 1, x > 1 - y -2 + 1
= x+c
41. (b) I.F = e ò 2 xdx = e x 2 -2 + 1
2 2 2 1
ye x = ò e x e – x dx + c y=
x+c
2
ye x = x + c 47. (a) The given equation when expressed as a polynomial
y(0) = 1 in derivatives is
\ 1=0+c 2 3
æ d2y ö é æ dy ö 2 ù
\ y =xe - +e-x 2
x 2
\c=1
2
r ç 2 ÷ = ê1 + ç ÷ ú
è dx ø ë è dx ø û
=( x +1)e- x2 Clearly, it is a second order differential equation of
degree 2
 73
48. (a) Putting x = sin A and y = sin B in the given relation, we \ – sin t + cos t = 0 Þ tan t = 1
get \ t = p/4
cos A + cos B = a(sin A – sin B) \ maximum value is
Þ A – B = 2 cot–1a Þ sin–1 x – sin–1 y = 2 cot–1 a
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get æpö æpö æpö
y ç ÷ = cos ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ = 2 = 1.414
è4ø è4ø è4ø
1 dy 1
- =0 53. (c) (D2 + 6D + 9)y = 9x + 6
1- x 1 - y dx
2 2
yc = D2 + 6D + 9 = 0
Clearly, it is differential equation of degree one. \ (D + 3)2 = 0
49. (a) y = a cos x + b sin x + ce–x is a three parameter family \ D = –3, –3
of curves so its differential equation is third order yc = (c1x + c2)e–3x
differential equation. 1 1
yp = (Q( x )) = (9 x + 6)
f (D) (D + 3)
dx y ( x - y )
-
=19 éêë1 +D3 ùúû (9x +6)
50. (c) = 2
dy y2
dx x

=91 êëé1 -2 D3 +3 çèæD9 ÷øö– ...úûù(9 x +6)

or, = -1
dy y 2

dx x
or, - = -1
dy y 1 2 1
= (9 x + 6) – . .9
1 9 3 9 = x
- ò dy
1
I.F. = e y
= e- log y = \ y = yc + yp = (c1. x + c2)e–3x + x
y
dx dx 1
54. (c) t +x=t Þ + x =1
1 -1 dt dt t
Solution is x. y = - ò y dy + log c 1
I.F. = e ò t dt = elog t = t

=òtdt +c
x x c
= - log y + log c Þ = log
y y y t2
Solution is xt = +c
x x
2
-
c 1
Þ = e y Þ y = ce y x(1) = 0.5 Þ 0.5 = +c \c=0
y 2
51. (c) Given equation is t2
Þ xt =
x = A cos ( mt - a ) ...(i) 2
(c) If = e ò
dx
Differentiating (i) with respect to t, we get 55. = ex
dx General solutions is y (IF) = ò IF.e x dx + c
= - Am sin ( mt - a )
dt
=e2 +c
2x
Again Differentiatial with respect to t, we get ye x = ò (e x )2 dx + c
d2 x
= - Am cos ( mt - a )
2
...(ii) 1
dt 2 y (0) = 1 \ 1= + c Þ c = 1/2
2
Eliminating ‘A’, between (i) and (ii), we get
e2 x 1 e e –1
d2 x ye x = + \ y (1) = +
= -m 2 x 2 2 2 2
dt 2
which is the required differential equation. ¶2j ¶ 2j ¶j ¶j
56. (a) Given: + + + =0
52. y (t ) + &&
y (t ) = 0 ¶x 2
¶y 2 ¶x ¶y
The general solution is y = c1 cos t + c2 sin t Order is determined by the order of the highest
derivative present in it.
g
y (0) = 1, y (0) = 1 Degree is determined by the degree of the highest order
derivative present in it after the differential equations
\ c1 = 1, c2 = 1 is cleared of radicals and fractions. So, degree = 1 and
\ y = cos t + sin t order = 2
dy
=0
dt