1.

When I (hear) ____________ the noise, I (look) ____________ out of the window, but I couldn’t see
what (happen) ____________.
2. I (find) ____________ myself in a rather difficult situation. It (start) ____________ to rain, and the
temperature (fall) ____________ rapidly, I (wear) ____________ only light summer clothes and it was a
long way back to the road.
3. While they (examine) ____________ the results for the second time, the scientists (notice)
____________ a pattern which they (previously overlook) ____________.
4. I (stare) ____________ out of the tent at the worsening weather. The rain (still fall) ____________ and it
(grow) ____________ colder. Luckily I (pack) ____________ warm clothes so I (not think)
____________ that I was in any danger.
5. When I (return) ____________ to the hospital for a checkup, the doctor who (see) ____________ me
could hardly believe how much I (progress) ____________, since he (not expect) ____________ my
condition to improve.
6. A man (drown) ____________ while he (try) ____________ to save a small girl who (fall)
____________ into a fast-flowing river. He could not be rescued by onlookers because the local council
(remove) ____________ safety equipment, because vandals (repeatedly steal) ____________ them.
7. People in London in the mid-nineteenth century greatly (fear) ____________ cholera. At this time
doctors (believe) ____________ that cholera (circulate) ____________ through the air, and (not realize)
____________ that all the rime raw sewage (enter) ____________ the water supply, and that the disease
(spread) ____________ through the domestic water system. Although in the 17th and 18th centuries
London (possess) ____________ a water supply system and a sewage system which were adequate for a
small city, the population (now rise) ____________ year by year and the authorities (do) ____________
little to keep pace with the changing situation. Broken water pipes and sewage pipes often (flow)
____________ into one another, and most sewage (end up) ____________ in the River Thames, which
was the main source of drinking water for thousands. Between 1831 and 1867 a series of severe
outbreaks (occur) ____________. In the outbreak of 1848-49, there were over 30,000 cases of the
disease in London, and 15,000 people (die) ____________. By the mid 1860s the situation (improve)
____________ mainly because by then engineers (work on) ____________ the construction of a
completely new sewage system, which they (complete) ____________ in 1875, and which is still in use
today.
8. In a surprise announcement, the Governor of the Central Bank (announce) ____________ his
resignation. “I (spend) ____________ eight years in this post,” he (tell) ____________ reporters, “and I
(feel) ____________ that this is the time to move on.” The Governor, who previously (hold)
____________ the post of Professor of Economics at Cambridge University, (now consider)
____________ a return to academic life.
9. Since the flu virus (make) ____________ its appearance in last year, the Health Authority (prepare)
____________ to respond to a pandemic, and local hospitals (already draw up) ____________ detailed
plans. In March the Authority (start) ____________ to stockpile essential supplies, and more recently
(also begin) ____________ the process of creating a pool of extra staff from people who (already work)
____________ for the organization, in order to deal with any possible staff shortages.
10. When we (consider) ____________ how many thousands of years humans (live) ____________ with
dogs, it is surprising that the serious scientific study of the interaction between animals and humans
(only recently begin) ____________. There (always be) ____________ plenty of anecdotal evidence, but
serious research into this relationship is relatively recent. The question is whether (there be)
____________ any real health benefits in owning a dog. Recently researchers (look) ____________ at
this in more detail, and results (seem) ____________ to suggest that dogs can indeed help to improve
our health. Dog-owners (recover) ____________ more rapidly from stress and have lower heart rates
and blood pressure. Taking the dog for a walk is good exercise, as you will know if you (ever own)
____________ a dog, and the social connections made through having a dog are beneficial to old people.
 As one subject comments in the report, “Since I (get) ____________ my dog, my life (change)
____________ out of all recognition. I (meet) new people, and as far as my health is concerned, I (never
feel) ____________ fitter. I (never think) ____________ a dog could make so much difference!” Some
researchers (also investigate) ____________ links between health and other types of pet, and some
(believe) ____________ their results prove that even a pet snake or rat is good for the health.
11. In recent years in the U.K. the number of cases of the viral disease mumps (rise) ____________
dramatically. In 1988, with the introduction of a new vaccine, the number of infections (fall)
____________ dramatically, and rates (stay) ____________ low until 2003. Since that time, there (be)
____________ a rapid increase followed by another slow fall in the number of cases. Since the
publication of the above figures, the rate (fall) ____________ back again to round about 7,000 cases per
year. What exactly (cause) ____________ the rise in the first place? Although older adults (not receive)
____________ the new MMR vaccination, they (probably have) ____________ the disease in
childhood, and so (already build up) ____________ some immunity. On the other hand, those born
between 1983 and 1986, before the new MMR vaccine (start) ____________ to take effect, (receive)
____________ no exposure to the disease in the community because the vaccine (largely eliminate)
____________ it from the vaccinated age group, and so this group of young adults, now in their early
20s, (not acquire) ____________ any immunity. To make matters worse, by the end of the century
uptake of the MMR vaccine (also begin) ____________ to fall, mainly as a result of controversy over its
safety. In the 2009 figures it (stand) ____________ at around 80%, well below the immunity level of
95% recommended by the World Health Organization.
12. Dear Paul,
I (receive) ____________ your message to us all about the seminar on Friday. I (work) ____________
on my presentation for the last week, and (now finish) ____________ it, so I (be) ____________ happy
to be one of the first to present it. However, I (make) ____________ an appointment to see the university
careers advisor immediately after the seminar, so I will need to leave on time.
I’d like some advice about my presentation. At last week’s lecture you (say) ____________ that we
should use visual aids as much as possible. I (not find) ____________ anything to use. Is it essential? I
(do) ____________ a lot of presentations before, and I feel OK about this one. In my last presentation, I
(use) ____________ the overhead projector, and I want to do this again – this (count) ____________ as
a visual aid?
One last question: I (go) ____________ to Professor Russell’s lecture yesterday, and (learn)
____________ quite a lot that is relevant to this course. Is it okay to refer to another course in my
presentation? I (wonder) ____________ about this – maybe it is better to stick to the materials and
references you (give) ____________ us. I hope you can let me know.
13. Last year my friends (arrange) ____________ for us to try fire-walking, which is when you walk on hot
coals. I (always be) ____________ fascinated by it and I (hear) ____________ people say it was an
unforgettable experience. I was very excited when I (arrive) ____________ on the day, although
beforehand I (feel) ____________ a little frightened! My friends and I (come) ____________ in the
hope that by the end of the day we would be able to say we (walk) ____________ across hot, burning
coals.
Our teacher was very good, and by teatime we (learn) ____________ a great deal and (prepare)
____________ the files. I (expect) ____________ to be terrified when the time came to walk, but as I
(take off) my shoes and socks I (not feel) ____________ afraid. I (approach) ____________ the coals as
all my friends before me (do) ____________, and started walking! I could feel the heat, but as I (step)
____________ back onto the grass at the other end I (know) ____________ the coals (not burn)
____________ my feet at all. As I (hope) ____________, all my friends (manage) ____________ the
walk and none of us were burnt. The whole experience (be) ____________ amazing, and I just wished I
(do) ____________ it sooner.