Name : Upie Pamulasri

Reg. Number : A1M2 16 070

Class :B
Subject : TEFL II

1. Behaviorism Theory

Behaviorism is a theory which observes a certain condition by giving a stimulus to

something to produce a positive or negative response. Observing a condition here for
example observing a habit by giving a treatment that is stimulus and see the response.

Behaviorism is included in the school of learning bell psychology which influences

the practice of learning or known as behavioristic flow. This flow Sculpting k emphasizes the
right of a behavior or habit that is formed as a result of learning. Where the model of the
relationship is stimulus and response. So the role of the students are passive because teachers
provide stimulus was constantly for example habituation or the formation of behavior
expected to achieve a positive response and also require reinforcement to strengthen customs
or the student's behavior so that it is expected to last longer than the punishment that results
in the student losing motivation so that the habits that are maintained don't last long.

Implication this theory, students adjusted at a distance goal, characteristics of learners,

media or teaching facilities. and one of the main points in this theory assumes that knowledge
has an objective, the objective meaning that knowledge is certain, unchanging. So learning
according to this theory is gaining knowledge and teaching is a process of knowledge
transfer. So that the learning interaction is only one direction, namely teacher-center.

So this theory match to practice skills, speed, accuracy, spontaneity, and so on. For
example improving students' speaking ability when studying foreign language, or improving
computer skills, swimming sports, cooking and so on. And also this theory is very suitable to
be applied to the children's play-group or others that still need adult roles are set, or
habituation of children to good behavior and be happy if awarded such as candy or so on.
 2. Cognitivism Theory

Cognitivism learning theory is a theory that emphasizes a learning process because

basically learning is a process that comes from the human mind. So that causes a process
between mental activities that occur in humans as a result of the process of active interaction
with the environment to obtain a change in the form of knowledge and understanding.

This theory emphasizes that learning individual factors is more important without
underestimating environmental factors. Therefore both factors are very important because
individuals and environmental factors interact to try to recognize the environment, analyze
various problems, and find new information. And also when this interaction process occurs is
a continuous interaction through the process of assimilation and accommodation . In learning
in this theory it is recommended to use concrete media because children cannot think
abstractly.

One of the characters of this theory is Jean Peaget. Jean Peaget explained about
several stages cognitive development of children who are. The first In terms of the acquisition
of mother tongue , Piaget argues that the child besides imitating is also active and creative in
mastering his mother tongue; then existence of cognition as the ability to master language;
and that cognition has a structure that changes according to individual abilities and efforts
and also genetically function , born from birth .

The implications of Piaget's cognitive development theory in learning are: Language

and ways of thinking children are different from adults. Therefore teachers must adjust to the
way children think, because children will understand because we use easy-to-understand
language. And also the teacher must help the child to be able to interact with the environment
as well as possible so that he can easy discussion with friends.
 3. Humanistic theory

From the sources that I read, this theory wants to humanize human beings in the
expert by psychology Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow . They argue that all humans in this
world at birth have the urge to achieve what they want and behave regularly or consistently
according to themselves.

This theory in learning, where students must have the ability to direct themselves
to be able to learn independently, while motivating themselves in learning not just being
passive in the learning process. And also assess that learning is very important for himself.

So indirectly, I understand that the theory of humanistic emphasis on how a

student could control him to be able to learn independently because it was students organize
and motivate him to be able to achieve the learning objectives in want, and students involving
all parts of domains, namely cognitive, afaktif and psychomotor . In other words, this
learning approach that uses the humanistic flow emphasizes the importance of emotions or
feelings. To that end, humanistic learning methods lead to right in an attempt to hone the
values of cooperation students, help each other, and benefit, honesty and creativity to be
applied in the learning process.

But in this theory it has disadvantages, for example, this theory allows students to find
it difficult to understand their own potential. This happens because educators are too
'releasing' students in exploring themselves. Then students who are not interested in
participating in the learning process will be left behind by other students who already have
the intention to learn and improve themselves. And if students are not diligent in following
the learning process, it is likely that he will have difficulty following the learning process
because it is still lagging in the initial stages. And the last If students experience ignorance or
lack of understanding of learning content and are not immediately handled by educators, the
learning process by these students can be hampered.
 4. Constructivism Theory

This theory explains that when we want to create a new knowledge, or build new
ideas or concepts based on previous knowledge or knowledge in the past. In other words,
learning involves a person's knowledge that has existed from his own experience by himself .
Thus, constructivist learning according to me where we can connect our knowledge or
construct our knowledge involving prior knowledge so that it can give birth to new, more
complete knowledge.

In the application of this theory in the learning process teachers act as facilitators who
convince students to find out the principles themselves and construct knowledge by solving
realistic problems. Students themselves must be proactive in finding and discovering that
knowledge, and experience the learning process themselves by finding and finding it. Here,
gu ru understanding is needed about what students already know, or what is called initial
knowledge, so that the teacher can appropriately present the appropriate teaching material.

But in this theory it has the disadvantage that the teacher feels it is difficult to provide
concrete and realistic examples in the learning process. In this case the teacher must have
high creativity in delivering the material. Especially in this case the history teacher is less
able to bring past values to be applied in the present. Then the teacher does not want to
change in using the learning model. The teacher feels comfortable with traditional learning
models, namely the lecture model. The teacher's view of students is likened to students such
as empty vessels that need to be filled by the knowledge that the teacher has. The teacher
feels that using a traditional model can get high scores, so there is no need to use other
learning models.
 5. Connectivism Theory

This theory is exist as a form of progress in an era where technology has influenced in
all aspects including in the world of education. Similarly, the theory of Connetivism is where
technology is used as a learning medium in the learning process, making it easier for students
to learn flexibly.

Connectivity is driven by understanding that is based on rapid altering foundations.

New information is continually being acquired. The ability to differentiate between important
and unimportant information is vital. The ability to recognize new information alters the
landscape based decisions made is also critical.

For example that we can use to explain this theory is that using media technology as a
learning medium, such as Edmodo, we can apply it in class, for example using blended
learning methods that combine online classes with conventional classes.

But there is one weakness in applying this theory into the learning process into the
classroom, one of which is the readiness of technology and internet networks because as we
know that internet connection is needed in applying this theory because it is a supporting tool,
where as we see the Indonesian state is so wide the unequal welfare affects many regions
which are still difficult to use the internet so that if applied this theory in their class it is very
difficult to implement.

So the conclusion that can be obtained is, that this theory is very helpful for students
but back again to the readiness of technology whether it is ready or not, because if it is not yet
it will be difficult to apply this theory to the learning process.