Telecommunication

Chaper three
1. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N or SNR) is the most widely used
parameter for measurement of signal quality in the field of
transmission
2.
3.
4. (S/N)dB = level(signal in dBm) − level(noise in dBm).
S/N = +3dBm -(-39dBm) = 3dBm + 39dBm = 42dBm
5. The circuit loudness rating (CLR) is also needed
6.
7. The three basic impairment are:
Amplitude (or attenuation) distortion
Phase distortion
Noise
8.
9. Phase distortion is caused by Noise
10. Four types are:
i. Thermal noise
ii. Inter modulation noise
iii. Impulse noise
iv. Crosstalk
11. Pn = -204 dBW/Hz + NFdB + 10 log B.
-204 dBW/Hz + 3 dB + 10 log(1 x 106 )
=-204 dBW/Hz + 3 dB + 60 dB
=-141 dBW
 Chapter two
1.
2. Chemical energy
3. Xxxxxx
4.
5.
6.
7. 850 MHZ = 0.3529 m , 7GHZ = 0.0429 m
8. 3𝜋/2 = 270 while 𝜋/4 = 45
9.
10. Modulation is a process whereby certain characteristics of a
wave, often called the carrier, are varied or selected in
accordance with a modulating function.
11. the three generic forms of modulation are:
i. amplitude modulation
ii. frequency modulation
iii. phase modulation
12. The information content of an analog signal is conveyed by
the value or magnitude of some characteristic(s) of the signal.
While the information content of a digital signal is concerned with
discrete states of the signal.
13. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
14. the total capacity of a 9-bit binary code is 512, while the
total capacity of a 12-bit binary code is 4096
15. a) Wire pair b) Coaxial cable c)Fiber-optic cable d)Radio
16. Loss can be defined as the dissipation of signal strength as a
signal travels along a wire pair, or any other transmission medium
for that matter. The opposite of loss is gain.
17. To prevent crosstalk.
 Chapter one
1. Telecommunication is the transmission of signals at long distance.
2. End users provide the inputs to the network and are recipients of
network outputs.
3. A node is a junction in a transmission system where lines & trunks
meet. It carries out switching function
4. A connectivity links an end user to a node.
5. The three phases of telephone call are:
I. Call set up
II. Information exchange
III. Call take down
6.
7. Subscriber loops connect end-users (subscriber) to a local serving
switch.
8. Battery provides current.
9. Address signaling is the dialing of the telephone number of the
called subscriber.
10. Trunk is a transmission path between exchanges or central
office. Where subscriber loop is pair of copper wires connecting
the battery and switch out to the subscriber premises and then to
the subscriber instrument.
11. The theoretical numbering capacity of 10,000.
12. the common colloquial name for an NPA code is area codes
13. tandem is switch is used to interconnect other switches
14. grade of service is the proportion of total calls usually during
busy hour that cannot be completed immediately
15.
16. Busy hour is the interrupted period of 60 minutes during the
day when traffic offered is maximum
17. Simplex is one way operation, there Is no reply channel
provided. Half duplex is a transmission over a circuit cable of
transmitting in either direction but no reply in one direction at a
time. Full duplex is simultaneous two way independent
transmission on a circuit in both direction.
18.
19.
20. A full mesh is a network in which every switch in the
network is connected to all other switches (or nodes) in the
network.
21. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
22. Traffic relation is the traffic intensity that we can expect
between two known points.
23. Xxxxx
24. Xxxx
25. Six Qos items include:
 Can connectivity be achieved?
 Delay before receiving dial tone (dial tone delay).
 Post dial(ing) delay
 Availability of service tones
 Correctness of billing.
 Reasonable cost of service to the customer.