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Entrepreneurship through Fish Farms in Cachar District of Assam: A

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
Volume 4, No. 3, March 2015
Entrepreneurship through Fish Farms in Cachar District of
Assam: A Systematic Identification of Impediments
Swapnali Chetia Phukan, Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Assam University, Silchar
Dr. Arup Barman, Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Assam University, Silchar
ABSTRACT
Entrepreneurship in fish farming sector is a neglected
issue from the perspective of entrepreneurship
development efforts. Government of India as well as the
government of Assam at present is giving importance to
this sector considering the potentiality of aquaculture in
achieving economic growth. The need is to achieve the
sustainable growth in agricultural output as a whole .The
District Cachar of Assam has vast fisheries potential.
Considering the potentiality and vast market demand of
this sector in Cachar district effort is made to attain a
scenario of fish farming business in the district through
case based explorations.
Keywords:
Aquaculture, Entrepreneurship, Challenges
INTRODUCTION
Fish farming is an allied practice of agriculture and the
principal part of Aquaculture. The activities related to fish
farming are operated in a complex diversified
environment. Focus is needed in strategic policy making
and governance for the development and sustainability of
this sector. The small scale fisheries are contributing
significantly in most rural areas of developing countries
for food security and income generation (FAO 2010). This
sector contributes in massive livelihood benefits for the
rural poor. In contribution to the global production,
Aquaculture sector in India is growing. The sustainable
development of the inland fisheries sector is an ardent
issue for the benefit of the small scale fish farmers. The
fish farmers need to carry out their fish farming business
enterprisingly for stability and growth in their income in
this business. Entrepreneurship is needed among the small
scale fish farmers for the overall development. Fish
farming is one of the fastest growing industries, since fish
as a food staple has carved a global importance (Erondu,
2005). The small-scale farmers can generate more income
from a small area of land by doing fish farming in
comparison to other crops. The per hectare annual income
from fish production is much higher than that of crop
production and fish culture may appear to be a viable
proposition for small and marginal farmers. Small scale
farming entrepreneurship can help to reduce hunger and
poverty (Mishra, 2008). A fish farmer can be an
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entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship in fish farming has been
connected with a progressive modernization of farming
activity and is connected with multifunctional rural
development (Sancho, 2010). Small enterprises in rural
areas play a major role in the rural economy as they ensure
higher economic prosperity to rural people than that of
large companies dominating economy with little or no
ownership of local people (Lyson, 2004).
Progressive fish farmer are those farmers who are fit and
able to move their farming business to the future. Usually
a farms being progressive or not depend on the following
factors- history of fixed capital investment, proven
experience of expansion, tendency to accept innovation
and innovate, farm output, focus on market,
communication with the larger farming community about
farming. Since fish farming is done in an aquatic
environment, risk factors are high in this business. The
demographic profile of fish farmers also adds as risks in
some cases of fish farming (Phukan et. al., 2013).
Cachar district of Assam is blessed with large numbers of
water resources suitable for Pisciculture development. Fish
farming activity in Cachar district is carried out by various
kinds of farmers: the landless, marginal, small farmers and
those who produce in large scale. Irrespective of the size
or volume of business resources, some fish farmers are
doing fish farming business progressively. Considering the
potentialities and complexities of fish farming business in
Cachar district of Assam, entrepreneurship generation in
fish farming is needed to be explored. This study is aimed
to explore the business scenario of fish farming in Cachar
district.
CACHAR DISTRICT: TOPOGRAPHY,
AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITION, FISH
BUSINESS AND MARKET
SEGMENTATIONS
Cachar district is situated in the southern part of the state
of Assam in North-East India, between longitudes 92º24’
E and 93º15’ E and latitudes 24º22’N and 25º8’N East and
35 meters above mean sea level. In the north, Cachar is
bounded by the state of Meghalaya & parts of Dima Hasau
district, in the south by Mizoram state, in the east by the
state of Manipur and in the west by Hailakandi district of
Assam and Bangladesh. The total geographical area of the
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
Volume 4, No. 3, March 2015
district is 37,861.1 Sq. Km. Cachar District comes under
the Barak Valley Zone comprising 8.9% of the state area
and 11.7 % of the state population. As per district
administration data, being one of the 27 districts of Assam,
Cachar district comprises of two Sub-divisions namely
Silchar and Lakhipur Sub-Divisions. Next to this, there are
five Revenue Circles (Tahsils), namely Silchar, Lakhipur,
Sonai, Udharbond and Katigorah. Furthermore, from
developmental angle, the district comprises of 15
Community Development Blocks.
Considering the soil, water and ecological conditions and
agricultural practices, Cachar district is divided into five
zones or Agro Ecological Situations (AES) , namely AES1
(Alluvial flood free), AES2 (Alluvial flood prone),
AES3(Piedmont and plantation crop growing),
AES4(Beels and Hawars), and AES5(Hills and Forest)
(ATMA, 2005).
The district Cachar is blessed with immense fisheries
potential. The fish farmers’ source of livelihood is only
fish farming and they have been practicing fish farming in
a traditional way, however in due course of time through
intervention of various sources including the Fisheries
Department of Government of Assam, have started Semi-
intensive fish farming. As per the census in the year 2011
the district has a population of around 17.39 lakh. The
WHO recommends per capita fish consumption of fish in
India should be 11kg/year. Based on the WHO
recommendation the demand for fish in the district is
around 19000 MT. However since the district is dominated
largely by fish eating people the market demand based on
consumption pattern i.e., frequency of consumption is
estimated to be around 35000 MT (Fisheries Department,
Cachar, Assam). During the year 2012-13, the district
Cachar has achieved a production of 23000 MT from all
sources of production which fulfils the demand based on
WHO requirements. However there is a shortfall of around
12000 MT if considered the demand in the market. If
proper fund is made available on time and other resources
like manpower and infrastructure, the district will become
not only become self sufficient in terms of fish production
but will also exceed the market demand.
As per the Official data, the total water area for fish
production in Cachar District is 27699.37 Hector. The
water bodies can be categorised as ponds, beel, river,
swamp, low laying, paddy field channels, forest and tea
garden fisheries etc.
The production statistics shows an increasing trend of fish
production apart from the year 2009-10. Carp Seed is
produced through breeding in happa and in eco-hatchery.
In happa breeding very less amount of seeds are produced.
Major portion of seeds are produced in eco-hatchery. In
the district of Cachar, there are eight eco hatcheries, under
private sector and one government hatchery.
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Table1: Cachar District Water Resource
Water Resources Number Water Area (in Ha.)
Private Ponds & Tanks 21197 6310
Beel Fisheries 135 3792.57
River Fisheries 43 2398.8
Swamps/Low lying 268 14000
Paddy fields Channels 691 968
Forest Fishery 91 245
Tea Garden Fisheries 81 280
Reservoirs 0 0
Total 22401 27699.37
The major fish market in the district is Fatak bajar
wholesale and retail fish market (New Market) under
Silchar development block. The market is situated at a
distance of 0.05 kilometres from motorable road. The
nearest State Highway to this market is Lakhipur road.
Silchar Municipality Board manages it. As per the
departmental data source, the annual volume of fish traded
in Fatak Bajar Wholesale fish market is 7000-8000 MT
and the fish species traded are Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Hilsa,
Pangasius, Bagarius, Silver carp, Grass carp, Common
carp, etc., and all kinds of local varieties. Challani fishes
(Fishes imported from outside state) share about 85% and
other share is of local varieties such as Puthi, Tengra,
Borali, Gorai, Mua etc. The fishes for wholesale comes
from Andra Pradesh, West Bengal, Agartala, Bangladesh
and local area of Cachar district, and these fishes are sold
to the destinations of Mizoram, Karimganj, Hailakandi and
surrounding small towns of Cachar distict. The available
infrastructure in Fatak Bazar Wholesale and Retail Fish
Market is market building. Ice factory is available under
private sector, situated in nearby market. The board
provides the license as a whole seller by taking Rs 50/-
annually. There is no facility for water supply, toilet,
bathroom, urinal and rest house etc., even there is no
parking place. However, it is the biggest market in the
Barak Valley. Fish markets should be modern and in
hygienic condition. In the entire Cachar district there are
35 numbers of government-developed fish markets
available, covering each developmental block, involved in
retail trade.
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS
The primary data for the study are collected randomly and
purposefully from two hundred (200) numbers of fish
farmers who are doing fish farming in a progressive way
calculated statistically from the population database. These
fish farmers are surveyed from covering all the fifteen (15)
numbers of developmental blocks of the district during the
year 2013-2014. From these two hundred (200) surveyed
fish farmers, some cases of fish farming business are
selected for further understanding of the scenario and thus,
twenty three (23) selected cases of fish farming are
considered covering all the development block areas of the
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 82
Volume 4, No. 3, March 2015

district. Secondary data are found basically from the (81.82%), Katigorah (77.78%) and Binnakandi (71.43%).
District Fishery Development Office, Cachar in the forms OBC category respondents are maximum in Binnakandi
of reports and books etc. block (40%) and Schedule Tribe category respondents are
maximum in Lakhipur block (40%).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
From the twenty three (23) numbers of selected business
The demographic profile of the fish farmers show that fish cases of Cachar district it is seen that the fish farmers are
farming business is done by person who are 40 years and in the age group of 40 years and above and they are below
above of age in most cases (185 out of 200). Female 10th standard by education except one 10th standard pass.
involvement in fish farming business activities is almost Again, only one fish farmer, who is found 10 th standard
nil in terms of manual labour for pond preparation, pass, is in the age group of 30 to 40 years. Most of them
production, harvesting and marketing. Most of the fish belong to Hindu fisherman community, who are doing fish
farmers are educationally below 10th standard (96%), apart farming business as their livelihood since ancestral days.
from few exceptions. Out of 200 respondents, 8 numbers Family types of the fish farmers are equally joint and
of respondents are 10th standard pass and others are below nuclear with minimum four (4) to maximum twelve (12)
10th standard. Majority of the 10th standard pass fish numbers of members. Fish farming is the main agricultural
farmers (5 out of 8) belong to the age group of 30 to 40 activity and cultivation of paddy, vegetables and livestock
years. Among the fish farmers surveyed from 15 numbers are other agricultural activities.
of developmental blocks in Cachar district, 52% fish
farmers belong to Schedule Caste community (104 out of The fish farming business cases show that the fish farmers,
200 respondents). Next majority accounts for General whether small farmer or large scale farmer are doing
community with 36.5% (73 out of 200). 8.5% (17 out of business progressively despite of the business challenges
200respondents) of the fish farmers belong to Other they are facing. The annual production of fishes in their
Backward Class and 3% (6 out of 200respondents) belong fish farms is minimum 1500 to 3142.86 kilogram
to Schedule Tribe community. Schedule caste category maximum per hector of water area. The average
respondents are found mostly in blocks like Rajabazar production is thus, 2411.04 kilogram per hector annually.
(100%), Tapang (80%), Borkhola (79.17%) and The average annual production per hector of water area is
Barjalenga (73.33%). General category respondents are fund as shown in Table 2 below:
maximum in blocks like Sonai (100%), Udharbond
Table 2: Average Annual Production of Fish Farming Business Cases
Case Serial Annual income In Average annual Water area Average annual production
Blocks
number Thousand Rupees production in Kilogram in Hector in Kilogram per Hector
1 Baskandi 95 1200 0.4 3000.00
2 Kalain 300 2000 0.75 2666.67
3 Silchar 250 3000 1 3000.00
4 Rajabazar 200 2500 1 2500.00
5 Salchapra 200 2500 1.2 2083.33
6 Binnakandi 200 2000 1.2 1666.67
7 Tapang 250 4500 1.5 3000.00
8 Silchar 300 2800 1.5 1866.67
9 Lakhipur 250 3000 1.5 2000.00
10 Palonghat 300 3000 1.5 2000.00
11 Narsingpur 300 3800 1.8 2111.11
12 Borkhola 400 5500 2 2750.00
13 Sonai 500 5500 2 2750.00
14 Udharbond 200 3000 2 1500.00
15 Barjalenga 500 6500 2.5 2600.00
16 Katigorah 500 6000 2.5 2400.00
17 Barjalenga 700 7500 3 2500.00
18 Borkhola 600 7000 3 2333.33
19 Borkhola 500 6500 3 2166.67
20 Borkhola 600 7000 3 2333.33
21 Kalain 1000 8500 3 2833.33
22 Tapang 800 11000 3.5 3142.86
23 Barjalenga 600 9000 4 2250.00

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
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In a comparison of each of the cases of fish farming
business it is seen that the fish farmers deploy various
activities in relation to fish production. Among the
complex business activities, the basic activities they
deploy are mentioned here as pond bed preparation, input
application, harvesting, grading, marketing of the
products, and business record keeping. In carrying out
these activities, the fish farmers need to choose the
proper method of production, distribution channel, avoid
middlemen exploitation, find the proper business way to
maximise profit, avail support in terms of finance and
technical assistance. In accomplishment of these series of
activities they have to face different challenges in terms
of climate, finance, market and production. The fish
farmers in these cases are found that optimum input
application is done by very few fish farmers. Though
many of them have attended training on fish farming all
of them are not applying the proper scientific production
method of fish farming. Most of them are dependent on
their own business skills and experience. Most of these
fish farmers are generating rural employment by
employing hired manual labour in farming activities.
The business activities deployed by the fish farmers of
Cachar district start with their business and in due course
of time the business gets expansion. The cases show that
fish farmers are doing fish farming business as income
generating source and they are doing the expansion of
their business by acquiring more land for fish farming
producing in large scale. Along with the culture of
common Indian major carp fish species, some fish
farmers produce local indigenous small fish species with
higher market value and earn more profit. Business
expansion is also seen in a case of progressive fish
farming, where the fish farmer is doing fish seed
production business also and supplies the fish seeds to
other farmers. The proper help and assistance from the
government department is availed by this farmer.
Business challenges faced by the fish farmers in these
cases are irrespective of water area or business size. In
these cases the fish farming business challenges faced by
the fish farmers of Cachar district are identified under six
distinguished headings such as Financial Challenges
(Awulachew et al 2008, Das 2006, Nam and Thouk 1999),
Technical Challenges (Mkoka 2007) , Ecological
Challenges (Elfitasari 2006, Sukadi 2006), Production
Related Challenges (Akpaniteaku, Weimin and Xinhua
2005), Business Related Challenges (Verheul, Van Stel
and Thurik 2006) and Market Related Challenges
(Elfitasari 2010). Under each heading there are several
related factors, which are rated on a three point rating
scale considering the poor education level and responding
capacity of the fish farmers. The scores given for the
response are ‘+1’ for ‘yes’, ‘0’ for ‘silent’ and ‘-1’ for
‘no’. Thus, here mentioned the total forty seven (47)
numbers of variables under challenges of fish farming are
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as follows: Financial Challenges (Lack of fund, Difficult
to get institutional credit, Lack of knowledge on financial
tools to start Fish Farming Business, Unwillingness to use
available financial tools, Fish farmer’s non familiarity
with lender, Initial cost of digging out new pond is high,
and Cost of fishing net is more); Technical Challenges
(Non availability of Skilled Labour for pond preparation,
Lack of facilities for soil and water testing, Inadequate
training programme on fish culture, Inadequate visit of
extension personnel to farm site, Lack of follow up action
by extension workers, Lack of technological knowhow,
Lack of standardized technology for indigenous fish
species, Lack of knowledge on integrated fish farming and
expansion, and Farm Location is not suitable for
Integrated Fish Farming); Ecological Challenges
(Inadequate land for fish farming, Poaching of fish,
Outbreak of disease, High acidity of soil, Water retention
capacity of soil is low, Monsoon is irregular, Occurrence
of flood, Lack of suitable temperature for growth of fish
throughout the year, Decrease in rainfall and inadequate
water for fish farming, and Poisoning of the water body);
Production related Challenge (Lack of good quality fish
seeds of required size and number at stocking time,
Difficulty in identifying good quality fish seed, Difficult to
get good brooders during breeding, Cost of
fingerlings/carried over seeds is high, Unavailability of
formulated fish feed, Lack of fishery input supplier in the
locality, Cost of fish medicine is high, and Growth of fish
is less); Business related Challenges (Fish farming as a
business is not attractive, Lack of expected result from fish
culture, Risk factor is high to do fish farming business,
Local government support not availed, Lack of knowledge
of social awareness on benefits of Fish farming Business,
and From Fish farming, nothing beyond livelihood is
achieved); and Market related Challenges
(Unavailability of fish market infrastructure, Selling price
at farm front is low, Fish farmer’s inaccessibility to the
fish market, Lack of proper distribution channel,
Exploitation by middlemen, Difficult and expensive to
carry fish for selling to the distant market where price of
fish is more, and Lack of good storage and carriage
facility to the market).
Table 3 depicts the weighted average scores for each
challenge headings. It is seen that in every selected case,
the challenges are always faced irrespective of the
business size, experience and activities. Personally each
case facing the different challenges with an average score
of 0.32 to 0.60. Collectively, the weighted average score
for facing all the challenges by all the selected cases is
0.53. Among all the headings, Market related challenges
are the mostly occurred challenges for the fish farming
business case with the highest score of 0.75. Next
challenge is Financial challenge for the business with a
high score of 0.65. Ecology related challenges are
weighted with a high score of 0.55. Technical challenges
are having a score of 0.52 and Production and Business
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
Volume 4, No. 3, March 2015
related challenges are having weighted average scores of
0.48 and 0.14 respectively. It is seen that every challenge
headings has been faced by each fish farming business
case in a higher degree.
[Table-3 in Appendix]
RESEARCH AND POLICY
IMPLICATIONS: BASED ON
CHALLENGES
In the field of aquaculture and fish farming many research
projects have been carried out earlier and the technical
aspects of aquaculture development is basically discussed
in those researches. This study is expected to contribute to
a more detailed understanding of the small and large scale
fish farming business entrepreneurial operations of Cachar
district of Assam, the challenges faced by these fish
farmers in relation to fish farming business for income
improvement and sustainability. Necessary
recommendations can be drawn here to for policy
implementation as well as to provide help in the form of
information to the aquaculture industry, government and
fisheries related organisations, academicians, students and
researchers. Based on the challenges it is recommended
for the entire fishing community, government department
of fisheries, department of water resource and department
of irrigation, department of soil conservation, department
of panchayat and rural development, department of
education, NGOs to take necessary actions to meet up
these challenges.
Those fish farmers who are not implementing
entrepreneurial activities are recommended to implement
entrepreneurial activities. The government is
recommended to establish new policies and programmes
for the support of the fish farmers. There should be
development programmes for promoting entrepreneurial
activities in aquaculture. Government should emphasis on
sustainable aquaculture development. Government
intervention is needed for the establishment of Modern
Hygienic Fish Markets with all the facilities for fish
carriage and storage. Government is also recommended to
support the fish farmers and to encourage them by
arranging some appraisal programmes periodically.
Awareness camps on fisheries should be organised in
massive way. It is recommended that, government should
establish plants to promote the production other food
products from fishes and the use of other unutilized fish
parts. The government should support the fish farmers by
providing them financial support and these should reach
every small scale fish farmers. Government should make
policies through which fish farming business trainings are
arranged frequently. State Government Irrigation
Department as well as Dept. of Water Resource is
recommended to take initiative to maintain water
resources suitable for the purpose of fish farming. These
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line departments are recommended to provide information,
arrange training and technical support for water quality
and quantity management for fisheries development. The
Soil Conservation Department is recommended to help the
fish farmers by extending their support in soil testing for
inland water fisheries. The department is recommended to
educate the fish farmers through training and providing
information on suitability of soil for fish farming. The
ongoing scheme under this line department such as
Integrated Watershed Development Project should
emphasize on the development of water bodies for fish
farming technically in collaboration with the Department
of Fisheries. The recommendation for the line Panchayat
and Rural Development department is to utilize their
manpower in collaboration with the fishery department.
The department of education is recommended to create
awareness on the importance of aquaculture through
designing the syllabus and encouraging research in the
field of fisheries and entrepreneurship development is
recommended to be supported, designed and carried out by
the education department.
CONCLUSION
This study was done to draw a scenario of fish farming
business entrepreneurship in Cachar district of Assam. The
preliminary study showed that fish farming business is
done by the fish farmers in a way to earn livelihood and
they are doing it as an ancestral and primary livelihood
source. Due to the demographic background of the fish
farmers and complex and diversified activities associated
with the business, fish farming business is the continuation
of traditional artisan methods. However, in collective
studies of the selected cases of fish farming it is seen that
all the fish farmers are doing fish farming business
progressively though they face constraints and problems.
These challenges are needed to be addressed for the
sustainable development of aquaculture in Cachar district.
The causes of these challenges are discussed as factors and
these factors are affecting the fish farmers. The factors of
challenges are to be mitigated with the intervention of the
concerned authority. The factors under Market, Production
and Business related challenges are controllable factors
unlikely the Ecology and Climate related factors. Climate
and ecological conditions are significant as fish farming
business is dependent on the aquatic environment.
Ecological factors are the major challenges for the both
small and large fish farmers. These problems include
issues such as inadequacy of suitable land for fish farming,
fish disease, lack of water due to low water retention
capacity of soil, irregular monsoon, occurrence of flood,
and decrease in rainfall; less growth of fish.etc. Therefore
business risk in fish farming is always there due to
ecology. However, the need of the hour is to take
necessary and controllable measures to make fish farming
a profitable entrepreneurial activity.
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APPENDIX
Table3: Challenges of Fish Farming faced by the cases
Average scores attained by each case for
Challenges
(total score=10)
(total score=9)
(total score=7)

(total score=8)

(total score=6)

(total score=7)

Total Weighted
Production
Ecological
Technical
Financial

Business

Cases Blocks scores out Average for

Market

of 47 each case

1 Baskandi 3 4 4 3 0 1 15 0.32
2 Kalain 5 3 6 4 1 5 24 0.51
3 Silchar 3 5 4 4 1 3 20 0.43
4 Rajabazar 5 3 6 4 2 5 25 0.53
5 Salchapra 5 5 4 4 2 4 24 0.51
6 Binnakandi 5 5 6 2 2 7 27 0.57

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 International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 86
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Average scores attained by each case for

Challenges

(total score=10)
(total score=9)
(total score=7)

(total score=8)

(total score=6)

(total score=7)
Total Weighted

Production
Ecological
Technical
Financial

Business
Cases Blocks scores out Average for

Market
of 47 each case

7 Tapang 5 7 6 4 -1 7 28 0.60
8 Silchar 5 5 6 4 -1 5 24 0.51
9 Lakhipur 5 5 6 4 1 5 26 0.55
10 Palonghat 5 5 6 4 1 5 26 0.55
11 Narsingpur 5 5 6 4 0 4 24 0.51
12 Borkhola 5 1 5 4 -1 7 21 0.45
13 Sonai 5 5 6 4 1 5 26 0.55
14 Udharbond 5 6 6 6 1 4 28 0.60
15 Barjalenga 5 5 6 2 1 5 24 0.51
16 Katigorah 3 3 4 4 1 7 22 0.47
17 Barjalenga 2 5 6 4 2 7 26 0.55
18 Borkhola 5 5 6 4 1 5 26 0.55
19 Borkhola 5 5 4 4 1 6 25 0.53
20 Borkhola 5 5 6 4 1 7 28 0.60
21 Kalain 5 3 6 6 1 7 28 0.60
22 Tapang 5 5 6 4 1 5 26 0.55
23 Barjalenga 4 7 6 2 1 5 25 0.53
Total score 105 107 127 89 19 121 568
Out of 161 207 230 184 138 161 1081
Weighted Average for 0.65 0.52 0.55 0.48 0.14 0.75 0.53
each challenge

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