Lecture Objectives

To derive general equations applicable

Gas Liquid Contact Operations to gas-liquid contact operations
Continuation To apply the general equations to the
MSH (5th ed.) Ch. 23 p.738 following gas-liquid contact operations:
Adiabatic Humidification
Evelyn R. Laurito, Ph.D. Dehumidification
Lola Domnina B. Pestaňo, Ph.D. Cooling Tower Operation

©UST Ch.E. Department

Gas Liquid Contact Operations

(A Review)
Usual Equipment: Packed Tower
Nomenclatures that are used interchangeably in Air Out Water In
our class notes on Gas-Liquid Contact: 1. Adiabatic Humidification – air is cooled
by water resulting in the evaporation of
some water under adiabatic conditions
Y = H =absolute humidity 2. Dehumidification – saturated air is cooled
by water resulting in the condensation of
some water vapor from the air
H = i = Humid Enthalpy 3. Cooling Tower Operation – water is cooled
by the air resulting in the evaporation of
PA = Pw = vapor pressure of some air
water vapor
©UST Ch.E. Department Air In Water Out ©UST Ch.E. Department

Nomenclature General Equations

t2, Y2 L2, w = dry air rate = constant t2, Y2 L2,
T2 L = water rate = variable T2 Water Balance:
w w
T = water temperature w Y =  L
t = air temperature Mass Transfer Equation:
Y = absolute humidity of air w Y = ky a S Z YLM
Cs = humid heat of air
Heat Transfer Equation:
H = air enthalpy
h = water enthalpy w CS  t = UG a S Z TLM
Z = height of packing or chamber length Enthalpy Balance:
S = cross-sectional area = /4 D2 w  H =  (L h)
w ky = MTC based on Y w
t1, Y1 L1, UG = over-all air based HTC t1, Y1 L1,
©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department
T1 T1

1
 Application to Adiabatic Humifidication Adiabatic Humidification in PC
air i water
t2, Y2 L2, T Y = Yi - Y
Yi
w Yi = YS at Ti
Y T=t-T
t
At adiabatic conditions:
Ti T Ti = T = tas = twb
tas1 = tas2
WB: w(Y2 – Y1) = L2 – L1 = E = M Y2
MTE: w(Y2 – Y1) = k’ a S Z YLM
Y1
HTE: w CS(t1 – t2) = UG a S Z TLM
Y1 - Y2 T1 - T2
YLM= TLM=
w Y1 T1 t2 t1
ln ln
t1, Y1 L1, T M Y2 T2
(make up water) ©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department

Application to Dehumidification Dehumidification in PC

i
t2, Y2 L2, Y = Y - Yi
T2 Y
w Yi = YS at Ti
t Yi
T=t-T
Ti T For simplification: Y1
Assume Ti = T

WB: w(Y1 – Y2) = L1 – L2 = C Y2

MTE: w(Y1 – Y2) = ky a S Z YLM
HTE: w CS(t1 – t2) = UG a S Z TLM
Y1 - Y2 T1 - T2
YLM= TLM=
Y1 T1 t2 t1
w ln ln
Y2 T2
t1, Y1 L1, EB: w (H1 – H2) = L1 h1 – L2 ©UST
h2 Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department
T1

Application to Cooling Tower Operation Cooling Tower Operation in PC

i
t2, Y2 L2, Y = Yi - Y
T2 Yi
w Yi = YS at Ti
Y T
T=T- t
Ti
t For simplification:
Assume Ti = T

WB: w(Y2 – Y1) = L2 – L1 = E Y2

MTE: w(Y2 – Y1) = ky a S Z YLM
HTE: w CS(t2 – t1) = UG a S Z TLM
Y1
Y1 - Y2 T1 - T2
YLM= TLM=
Y1 T1
w ln ln t1 t2
Y2 T2
t1, Y1 L1, EB: w (H2 – H1) = L2 h2 – L1 h1 ©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department
T1

2
 Examples Adiabatic Humidification t1=45oC t2=30oC
t2, Y2 L2, T
GL 2  1200kg / m2  hr
1. An adiabatic humidifier will be used to cool air at 45oC to w
2
30oC. Make up water is available at 25oC. Assume an Gw  1000kg / m2  hr
entering water mass velocity of 1200 kg/m2-hr and dry
air mass velocity of 1000 kg/m2-hr. Over-all heat transfer UGa  200W / m3  K
coefficient based on the air is 200 W/m3-K. If the air enters
at 2000 L/min, determine: q=2000 L/min
a) Absolute Humidities of entering and exit air
a) Absolute humidities of
b) Mass Rates of Entering and Make Up Water
entering and exit air(Y1, Y2)
c) Column Diameter
d) Height of Packing b) Mass rates of entering
e) Mass Transfer Coefficient, kya and make up water(L2, M)
w 1 T=25oC c) Column Diameter, D
t1, Y1 L1, T M d) Z, height of packing
(make up water)
©UST Ch.E. Department
e) kya, Mass transfer coeff
©UST Ch.E. Department

Adiabatic Humidification Adiabatic Humidification

a) Absolute humidities of entering and exit air(Y1, Y2)
Pw  MA  Similarly, @t2 = 30oC, P=101.325kPa
Y   
P  Pw  MB 
Pw2 = Pwb – [6.5 x 10-4(1 + 0.000944Twb)]P(t2 - Twb)
Pw = Pwb – [6.5 x 10-4(1 + 0.000944Twb)]P(t - Twb)
Pw1  18  Pw2 = 1.822kPa
At adiabatic conditions: Y1   
Ti = T = tas = twb=25oC P  Pw1  29 
Pw 2  MA 
P=1atm=101.325kPa Y2   
Pwb=3.1699kPa (Table 2-5)
P  Pw 2  MB 
@t1 = 45oC, P=101.325kPa Y1  0.01136

Pw1 = Pwb – [6.5 x 10-4(1 + 0.000944Twb)]P(t1 - Twb) Y2  0.01785

Pw1 = 1.822kPa ©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department

Adiabatic Humidification in PC

tas=twB=25oC
H2=0.01785

tas1 = tas2
Y2

H1=0.01136 Y1

t2 t1
t2=30oC t1=45oC
©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department

3
 4S
Adiabatic Humidification Adiabatic Humidification c) D 

b) Mass rates of entering and make up water(L2, M)
d) Z, height of packing D  0.408m
L 2  GL 2  S WB: w(Y2 – Y1) = L2 – L1 = E = M w  Gw  S
HTE: w CS(t1 – t2) = UG a S Z TLM·3.6 Y Y 
VH = R T [1/MB + Y/MA]/P GL 2  1200kg / m2  hr CSm  1.005  1.884 1 2 
T  T2 )  2 
Volumetric rate (q) = w VH Tlm  1
Gw  1000kg / m2  hr  T 
ln 1 
(0.08205)(t1  273)  1 Y1   T2  Substituting Values:
VH      0.916 L 2  GL 2  S
1  29 18 
t1=45 t2=30 CSm  1.033
( 2000)(60) L2  157.172kg / hr
w
q
1000 Y1  0.01136 Y2  0.01785 Tlm  10.82
VH  0.916
 130.977kg / hr
M= w(Y2 – Y1)
S  0.131m2 w  130.977 wC sm ( t1  t 2 )
w Z Z= 1.988m
S  0.131m 2 M  0.84996kg / hr UGa S Tlm©UST
 3.6Ch.E. Department
Gw ©UST Ch.E. Department UGa  200W / m3  K

TEMPERATURE PROFILE Adiabatic Humidification

e) kya, Mass transfer coeff
T1 = T1 - t1 = 20 T2 = T2 - t2 = 5 MTE: w(Y2 – Y1) = ky a S Z YLM Y1  Y2 Y1= Y i - Y
YLM  1
Y
ln 1
Y2 Y2=Y i - Y 2
t1=45
Y1  0.01136 Y2  0.01785 S  0.131 w  130.977 z  1.988
t2=30
T=25 T=25 Yi or Hi = YS or Hs Note: Yi = YS at Ti
Substituting Values:

Ps  18  w (Y1  Y2 )
20  5 Hi sor Yi 
H    0.02005 k ya 
T1 - T2 P  Ps  29 
TLM= Tlm   10.82o C SZ Ylm
T1  20 
ln ln 
T2  5  Ylm  0.004716 kya= 692.184 kg water/hr-m3-H
©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department

Examples Dehumidification GL 2  2000 kg / m 2  hr

t2, Y2 L2, T2
w Gw  1000kg / m2  hr
2 t1=40oC t2=30oC
2. A dehumidifier will be used to cool saturated air at 40oC to
30oC. Water is available at 20oC. Assume an entering water T=Ti=20oC=T2 UGa  200W / m3  K
mass velocity of 2000 kg/m2-hr and dry air mass velocity of
q=2000 L/min
1000 kg/m2-hr. Over-all heat transfer coefficient based on
the air is 200 W/m3-K. If the air enters at 2000 L/min, determine: a) Absolute humidities of
a) Absolute Humidities of entering and exit air entering and exit air(Y1, Y2)
b) Mass Rates of Entering and Exit Water b) Mass rates of entering
c) Exit Temperature of Water and exit water(L2, L1)
d) Column Diameter c) Exit Temp of water, T1
e) Height of Packing 1 d) Column Diameter, D
w
f) Mass Transfer Coefficient, kya e) Height of Packing, Z
t1, Y1 L1, T1
f) Mass transfer coeff, kya
©UST Ch.E. Department
©UST Ch.E. Department

4
 Dehumidification
a) Absolute humidities of entering and exit air(Y1, Y2) H1=0.04879

PS  MA 
Ys   
P  PS  MB 

H2=0.02715
t1 = 40oC, PS1=7.3849kPa t2 = 30oC, PS2=4.247kPa

PS1  18  PS 2  18 
YS1    YS 2   
P  PS1  29  P  PS 2  29 

Y1  0.04879 Y2  0.02715

©UST Ch.E. Department t2=30oC t1=40oC ©UST Ch.E. Department

Dehumidification in PC Dehumidification
b) Mass rates of entering and exit water(L2, L1 )

L 2  GL 2  S WB: w(Y1 – Y2) = L1 – L2 = C w  Gw  S

VH = R T [1/MB + Y/MA]/P GL 2  2000 kg / m 2  hr
Y1 Volumetric rate (q) = w VH
Gw  1000kg / m2  hr
(0.08205)(t1  273)  1 Y1 
Y2 VH      0.955 L 2  GL 2  S
1  29 18 
( 2000)(60) L 2  251.258kg / hr
q 1000
w   125.629kg / hr
VH 0.955 L1 = L2 + w(Y1 – Y2)
t2 t1
w
S  0.126m 2 L1  253.98kg / hr
©UST Ch.E. Department Gw ©UST Ch.E. Department

4S
Dehumidification Dehumidification d) D  D  0.39995m

c) Exit temperature of water(T1)
e) Z, height of packing
H or i = 1.005 t +Y (1.884 t +2501) h  Cp  T Y Y 
HTE: w CS(t1 – t2) = UG a S Z TLM·3.6 CSm  1.005  1.884 1 2 
EB: w (H1 – H2) = L1 h1 – L2 h2  2 
T1  T2 )
T2  20o C Tlm 
 T 
H1  i1  1.005t1  Y1(1.884t1  2501) L 2  251.258kg / hr ln 1  UGa  200W / m3  K
 T2 
H2  i2  1.005t 2  Y2 (1.884t 2  2501) L1  253.98kg / hr Substituting Values:
t1=40 t2=30
h2  4.184(T2  0) h2  83.68 t1  30o C t 2  40o C CSm  1.077
T1=28.229oC T2=20oC
w(i1  i2 )  L 2 h 2 Tlm  10.862
h1  h1  118.109 Y1  0.04879 Y2  0.02715
L1
h1 wC sm ( t1  t 2 )
(T1  0)  S  0.126m2 w  125.629 Z Z= 1.377 m
4.184 T1  27.625 C
o
©UST Ch.E. Department
UGa S Tlm ©UST
 3.6Ch.E. Department

5
 TEMPERATURE PROFILE Dehumidification
e) kya, Mass transfer coeff
T1 = T1 - t1 = 11.771 T2 = T2 - t2 = 10 Y1  Y2 Y1=Y 1 –Y i1
MTE: w(Y2 – Y1) = ky a S Z YLM YLM 
Y
ln 1 Y2=Y 2 –Y i2
t1=40 PS  MA  Y2
YS   
T1=27.625
P  PS  MB  Y1  0.04879 Y2  0.02715
t2=30

T2=20 Yi or Hi = YS or Hs Note: Yi = YS at Ti i=interface or s=saturated

From Table 2-5: Calculate:

T1=28.229oC Ps1=3.702kPa Ys1=0.02442=Yi1
T1 - T2 12.375  10 YLM=0.017774
TLM= Tlm  Tlm  11.145 T=Ti=T2=20oC Ps2=2.3393kPa Ys2=0.01467=Yi2
T1  12.375 
ln ln 
T2 w (Y1  Y2 )
 10  k ya  kya= 884.436 kg water/hr-m3-H
©UST Ch.E. Department S Z YLm ©UST Ch.E. Department

Cooling Tower GL 2  1200kg / m2  hr

Examples t2, Y2 L2, T2
w Gw  1000kg / m2  hr
2 t1=20oC 35%RH
3. A cooling tower will be used to cool water at 50oC to 35oC.
Air enters at 20oC, with 35% RH. Assume an entering water T2=50oC T1=35oC UGa  200W / m3  K
mass velocity of 1200 kg/m2-hr and dry air mass velocity of
q=2000 L/min
1000 kg/m2-hr. Over-all heat transfer coefficient based on
the air is 200 W/m3-K. If the air enters at 2000 L/min, determine: a) Absolute humidities of
a) Absolute Humidities of entering and exit air entering and exit air(Y1, Y2)
b) Mass Rates of Entering and Exit Water b) Mass rates of entering and
c) Exit Temperature of the air if it has 80% Humidity exit water(L2, L1)
d) Column Diameter c) Exit Temp of air, t2 if 80%H
e) Height of Packing 1 d) Column Diameter, D
w
f) Mass Transfer Coefficient, kya e) Height of Packing, Z
t1, Y1 L1, T1
f) Mass transfer coeff, kya
©UST Ch.E. Department
©UST Ch.E. Department

Cooling Tower Cooling Tower

a) Absolute humidities of entering and exit air(Y1, Y2) b) Mass rates of entering and exit water(L2, L1 )
Pw Pw  MA  L 2  GL 2  S WB: w(Y1 – Y2) = L1 – L2 = C w  Gw  S
%RH  x100 Y   
PS P  Pw  MB 
VH = R T [1/MB + Y/MA]/P GL 2  1200kg / m2  hr
t1 = 20oC %RH = 35% Y2 = ? t2 not given Volumetric rate (q) = w VH Gw  1000kg / m2  hr

Pw1  0.35  Ps1 (0.08205)(t1  273)  1 Y1 

VH      0.83574
1  29 18  L 2  GL 2  S
t1 = 20oC, PS1=2.3393kPa
( 2000)(60)
q L2  172.302kg / hr
PS1  0.35  18  w  1000  143.58kg / hr
Y1    VH 0.83574
P  (PS1  0.35)  29  Unknown t2, T&E
w L1 = L2 + w(Y1 – Y2)
Y1  0.00506 S  0.14359m 2
©UST Ch.E. Department Gw ©UST Ch.E. Department

6
 c) Exit Temperature of the air if it has 80% Humidity c) Exit Temperature of the air if it has 80% Humidity
Y PS  MA  h  Cp  T
%H  x100 Ys    EB: w (H1 – H2) = L1 h1 – L2 h2
YS P  PS  MB 
t1=20oC Y1  0.00506
H or i = 1.005 t +Y (1.884 t +2501)
WB: w(Y1 – Y2) = L1 – L2 = C EB: w (H1 – H2) = L1 h1 – L2 h2 T2=50oC T1=35oC

H or i = 1.005 t +Y (1.884 t +2501) H1  1.005t1  Y1(1.884t1  2501) To Check:

Trial 1:
Assume t2 = 30oC PS2=4.247kPa %H2 H1  32.9457 H2  1.005t 2  Y2 (1.884t 2  2501)
Y2   YS 2
100 h2  4.184 T2 h2  209.2 H2  2501Y2
PS 2  18  t2 
YS 2   
P  PS 2  29 
Y2  0.8  0.0371 Y2  0.0217 1.005  1.884Y2
h1  4.184 T1 h1  146.44
L1  L 2  w(Y1  Y2 )
YS2  0.02715 t 2  53.94o C  assumed t2
Solve H2:
L1  172.302  143.58(0.00506 0.02977) L 2 h 2  L1h1
H2  H1  H2  110.69 Value is not iterative and does not
L1  169.9128 ©UST Ch.E. Department w converge. ©UST Ch.E. Department

c) Exit Temperature of the air if it has 80% Humidity c) Exit Temperature of the air if it has 80% Humidity
Y PS  MA  h  Cp  T
%H  x100 Ys    EB: w (H1 – H2) = L1 h1 – L2 h2
YS P  PS  MB 
t1=20oC Y1  0.00506
H or i = 1.005 t +Y (1.884 t +2501)
WB: w(Y1 – Y2) = L1 – L2 = C EB: w (H1 – H2) = L1 h1 – L2 h2 T2=50oC T1=35oC

H or i = 1.005 t +Y (1.884 t +2501) H1  1.005t1  Y1(1.884t1  2501) To Check:

Trial 2:
Assume t2 = 35.32oC PS2=5.731kPa %H2
H1  32.977 H2  1.005t 2  Y2 (1.884t 2  2501)
Y2   YS 2
100 h2  4.184 T2 h2  209.2 H2  2501Y2
PS 2  18  t2 
YS 2   
P  PS 2  29 
Y2  0.8  0.0371 Y2  0.02977 1.005  1.884Y2
h1  4.184 T1 h1  146.44
L1  L 2  w(Y1  Y2 )
YS2  0.03721 Solve H2:
t 2  35.299o C Equal to assumed t2
L1  172.302  143.58(0.00506 0.02977) L h  L1h1
H2  H1  2 2 H2  111.908 Y  0.02977 L1  168.754
2
L1  168.754 ©UST Ch.E. Department w ©UST Ch.E. Department

Cooling Tower Operation in PC

H2=0.01785

Y2

H1=0.00506
RH=35%
Y1

t1 t2
t1=20oC t2=35.229oC
©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department

7
 4S
Dehumidification d) D  D  0.39995m TEMPERATURE PROFILE

e) Z, height of packing
T1 = T1 - t1 = 15 T2 = T2 - t2 = 14.701
HTE: w CS(t1 – t2) = UG a S Z TLM·3.6 Y Y 
CSm  1.005  1.884 1 2 
T1  T2 )  2  T2=50

Tlm  t2=35.299
 T  T1=35
ln 1  UGa  200W / m3  K
 T2  t1=20
Substituting Values:
t1=40 t2=30
CSm  1.077
T1=28.229oC T2=20oC
Tlm  10.862 15  14.701
Y1  0.04879 Y2  0.02715 T1 - T2 Tlm 
TLM=
wC sm ( t1  t 2 ) T1  15  Tlm  14.85
S  0.126m ln ln 
w  125.629 Z
2
Z= 1.377 m T2  14.701 
UGa S Tlm ©UST
 3.6Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department

Cooling Tower
e) kya, Mass transfer coeff
Y1  Y2 Y1= Y i1 - Y
YLM  1
MTE: w(Y2 – Y1) = ky a S Z Y LM
Y
ln 1
Y2 Y2=Y i2 - Y 2
PS  MA 
YS   
P  PS  MB  Y1  0.00506 Y2  0.02977
Yi or Hi = YS or Hs Note: Yi = YS at Ti i=interface or s=saturated

From Table 2-5: Calculate: END.

T1=35oC Ps1=3.835kPa Ys1=0.03651
YLM=0.0427198
T=Ti=T2=50oC Ps2=5.629kPa Ys2=0.08617=Ys
w (Y1  Y2 )
k ya  kya=0.108kg water/hr-m3-H
S Z Ylm ©UST Ch.E. Department ©UST Ch.E. Department