Shawn Andrei R.

Nale VII-2 3/4/19

The Atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly

known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained
by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on
Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist
on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation,
warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse
effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and
night (the diurnal temperature variation). By volume, dry air
contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen,0.93% argon,
0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water
vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and
atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial
plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial
atmospheres.

The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15×1018 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi;
36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no
definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. The Kármán line, at 100 km (62 mi), or
1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric
effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75
mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature
and composition.

The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers
in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann.

An Atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmos), meaning

'vapour', and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning 'ball' or 'sphere') is a layer
or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material
body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. An
atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject
to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (about 78%),

oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%) , carbon dioxide (0.04%)
and other gases in trace amounts. Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration; nitrogen is fixed by
bacteria and lightning to produce ammonia used in the construction of nucleotides and amino acids; and
carbon dioxide is used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. The atmosphere helps to
protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays.
The current composition of the Earth's atmosphere is the product of billions of years of biochemical
modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.

The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star and typically includes the portion above
the opaque photosphere. Stars with sufficiently low temperatures may have outer atmospheres with
compound molecules.