Framed-Truss Systems For Large Span Industrial Structures: A Dissertation

FRAMED-TRUSS SYSTEMS FOR LARGE SPAN
INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fylfiliment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
©f
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(p ith Specialization yin Structural Engineering)
By
MAHESH GAMI
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN, INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE - 247 667 '(INDIA)
JULY, 2012
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this dissertation entitled
FRAMED-TRUSS SYSTEMS FOR LARGE SPAN INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology
in Civil Engineering with specialization in Structural Engineering submitted in the
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, is an
authentic record of my own work carried out for a period from July 2010 to June, 2012
under the supervision of Dr. J. Prasad, Associate Professor and Dr. Bhupindar singh,
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee.
The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the award
of any other Degree.

Date: July 04, 2012 (Mahesh Gami)
Place:IIT Roorkee
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
JA ~~
1)r. BhupIkdar Singh Dr. Jag rasad
Associate Professor, Associate Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee, IIT Roorkee,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere indebtedness to my

guides, Dr.Jagadish Prasad, Associate Professor, and Dr. Bhupindar Singh, Associate
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee for
their kind cooperation and encouragement that they have given me to bud new ideas in
tackling the various situations while doing the dissertation work. Their undying
determination to get the best out of their students served as inspiration for completion of
this report. Their unique way of explaining things using examples related to day to day
life are truly praiseworthy.
I am also grateful to my friends and Family who actively got involved in providing me
with vital support and encouragement whenever I needed.
MAHESH GAMI
ABSTRACT
Large span (30-60m) Industrial Roofing systems have traditionally been done
through conventional simply supported Truss systems using open sections such as Angle,
Channel and I-section. This needs a large height for the truss system so as to create high
moment resisting capacity by members which are capable of carrying axial forces only.
The large space between the bottom chord and the ridge remains unutilized (5-7m height)
and provides a very large projected area for the wind pressure to act. As a consequence to
this, the truss spacing is reduced so as to deal with comparatively low values of load. Use
of closed form tubular sections has helped in meeting some requirements up to some
span. In the recent time, however, framed truss made in high strength steel (300-35OMPa
as against 250 for hot rolled section) hollow sections has become quite popular. The roof
slop of the framed truss is generally in the range of 5°-7° as against l00-150 for
conventional trusses. The roofing system of an industrial building comprises elements
such as Purlins and roof sheeting. All these elements transfer the imposed loads through
flexural actions to rafter of framed truss. To deal with large moment on account of very
large spans with force couple action large liver arm (truss depth) is required. Also, the
moment in the rafter of the frame varies in a parabolic profile with respect to span and
hence a constant truss depth becomes inefficient in comparison with trapezoidal shaped
framed truss. This type of manufacturing has now become feasible and cost-effective.
This category of work in steel is referred to as Pre-Engineered Building (PEB).
In the present thesis work, framed truss have been studied for their performance
for the span of 30 and 40m. The rafter inclination has been kept in the low range of 5°-7°
with a column height of 6m and frame spacing about 5-6m. The elements of rafter such
as Eva depth, ridge depth, and number of panels for various web patterns have been
varied in the suitable range to study their impact/influence on the ridge deflection and
finally the percent capacity utilization of various members. The results have been
presented in a lucid manner in a combination of graphical and tabular form.
Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------ II
ABSTRACT ------ III
FIGURES ------ VI
TABLES ------ VII
NOMENCLATURE ------ VIII
NOTATIONS ------ IX
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General ----- 01
1.2 Breif Review of Assosiated Literature ----- 04
1.3 Critical Coments 05
1.4 Problem definition ----- 05
1.5 Scope of work ----- 05
1.6 Organisation of thesis. ----- 06
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 General ------ 07
2.1.1 Hollow sections ------ 07
2.1.2 Cold Formed steel ------ 08
2.2 Literature review on Cold-formed Steel sections ------ 11
2.3 Literature review on Tubular trusses ------ 12
2.4 Critical coments ------ 13
2.5 Justification of the problem ------ 13
3. THEORITICAL PART
3.1 General ------ 14
3.2 Selection of member cross-section ------ 14
3.3 Frrned-truss system ------ 15
3.4 Design criteria
3.4.1 Behaviour of light gauge sections ------ 15
3.4.2 Effective design width of stiffed elements ------ 18
3.4.3 Tension member ------ 19
LP/
3.4.4 Compression ------ 20
3.5 Relative Merites of tubular sections ------ 22
3.6 Deflection Criteria ------ 25
4. PROBLEM UNDER STUDY
4.1 Common Data ------ 26
4.2 Materials used and their properties ------ 26
4.3 Detail explination of the problem considered ------ 26
4.4 Analysis ------ 29
4.5 Sequence of the study ------ 30
5. RESULTS
5.1 Results for 30m span
5.1.1 Effect of increasing Eva & Ridge depth ------ 32
5.1.2 Effect of Roof angle ------ 36
5.1.3 Effect of number of panels ------ 37
5.2 Results for 40m span
5.2.1 Effect of increasing Eva & Ridge depth ------ 41
5.2.2 Effect of Roof angle ------ 45
5.2.3 Effect of number of panels ------ 46
5.3 Design of typical Framed Truss ------ 50
5.3.1 Design of typical framed truss for 30m span ------ 53
5.3.2 Design of typical framed truss for 40m span ------ 56
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Aim of study ------ 59
6.2 Discussion and conclusions ------ 59
6.3 Scope for futer study ------ 61
REFERENCES ------ 62
LIST OF FIGURES
Title Figure .No Page
Typical Pre-engineered building 1.1 3
Various terminologies used for Framed-Truss 1.2 3
Nature of axial forces in Framed-truss members-
-for gravity loading, with different web patterns 3.1 16
Buckling coefficients for flat rectangular plates 3.2 17
Effect of increasing depth at Eave and Ridge

For 30m span for 5° , 6° & 7° roof angles -------- 32 to 35
Effect of roof angles (span: 30m) 5.1.6 36
Effect of number of panels for 30m span

for various web patterns -------- 37 to 40
Effect of increasing depth at Eave and Ridge

For 40m span for 5°, 6° & 7° roof angles -------- 41 to 44
Effect of roof angles (span: 40m) 5.2.6 45
Effect of number of panels for 40m span

For various web patterns -------- 46 to 49
Stress ratio for truss members (span: 30m) -------- 53 to 55
Stress ratio for truss members (span: 30m) -------- 56 to 58
Photos regarding Pre-engineered Buildings, - -------- Appendix-A

Manufacturing of hollow sections and their-
Connections.

LIST OF TABLES
Title Table .No
Cold rolled versus Hot rolled --- 2.1
Chronicle summary of cold-formed-

-steel framing standards ---- 2.2
Values of `k' for various stresses under-
-different boundary conditions ---- 3.1 ----- 18
Effective length of prismatic member ---_ 3.2 ----- 21

Deflection Limits ---- 3.3 ----- 25
Varying range of various parameters -

For the study purpose ---- 4.1 ------- 27
Properties of square Hollow-sections ---- 4.2 ------- 28
F ramed-truss system design data (span: 30m) 5.3.1 ------- 53
Design cross-sections and corresponding-

-frame deflection (30m) 5.3.2 ------- 54
Framed-truss system design data (span: 40m) 5.3.3 ------- 56
Design cross-sections and corresponding-.
-frame deflection (40m) 5.3.4 -- 57
NOMENCLATURE
YS _ Material yield strength
E - Modulus of elasticity of steel

- Poisson's Ratio
- Deflection of plate perpendicular to surface
w - Width of plate
a - length of plate
d - Depth
t - Thickness
k - Buckling coefficients i
A - Area of the cross-section
D - Deflection
W - Weight
A„et - net cross-sectional area
L r, - effective length
- slenderness ratio
cyst - permissible stress in axial tension
Qac - allowable compressive stress
6cr - critical buckling stress
f - elastic critical stress
p - Unit mass of steel
-'max _
' Maximum allowable deflection
nr - Deflection ratio
A - Actual Deflection
VIII
NOTATIONS
Abbreviations
PEB - Pre-Engineered Building
FT - Framed-Truss
SHS - Square-Hollow section
RI-IS - Rectangular-Hollow section
CTS - Cylindrical Tubular section
IX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
The trusses are vector active structural system made up of short and straight lineal
members, in which redirection of forces is effected by vector partition, i.e. by
multidirectional splitting of single force simply to tension or compressive elements. As in
trusses moment is resist by forming force couple. In the simply supported structure the
maximum moment is produced in the middle of span. For the long span simply supported
trusses demand large depth in the middle span to have larger liver arm, due to which the
depth of truss is becomes nearly equal to height of column, which result in higher wind
load and uneconomical structure.
In recent years, framed truss with tubular members have provided practical and
economical design solutions for warehouses, Storage sheds, various factory buildings and
for other civil/military purposes particularly in the span above 30m. The name framed
truss indicates the 'truss is connected with column/s at two vertically separated points i.e.
at top and bottom chord level by pin connection. Due to which the central moment of
simply supported truss is distributed between support and midpoint of span which result
in requirement of small and uniform depth of truss. Both top and bottom chord of framed
truss are sloping and this slope increases the stability and reduces the deflection. The
main advantages of a framed truss are
a) Larger spans possible.

b) Clear height available within the framed structure is more than available in
conventional simply supported truss.
c) Less depth of truss require for given span compared to Simply support truss.
d) Lighter construction for same span when compared to conventional simply
supported truss.
e) It has advantages of both Gable frame and truss system.
f) This configuration reduces the problems associated with the chord members
adjacent to the supports in simply support truss.
The most common form of framed truss is the pinned-base framed truss with
different rafter and columns (framing elements), shapes and sizes. These framed trusses
form the primary framing structure of a pre-engineered building which are the main load
1
carrying and support members of the buildings. In pre-engineered buildings, the ec
trusses usually formed by welding together steel tubular members of higher strengt
form the truss panels. The panels of suitable sizes are then field-assembled (e.g. botee
connections or welded connections) to form the entire framed truss of the pre-engineerec
building.
Most of the times, the rafter and columns (framing elements, Fig: 1.1) are tapered
(varying in depth) according to the local loading effects. Tapered elements are widely
used in steel framed truss to make the stress in the structure more evenly distributing, so
that the consumption of steel can be reduced this is done because of the non-uniform
distribution of bending moments.
Use of hollow sections, has been growing in popularity over the years. Now that
fabrication by welding has become normal connection/joining practice, and in certain
cases preferable to bolted structures. (Riveting having become almost obsolete), it has
automatically followed that use of tubular structure should have received the attention of
structural engineers. More so, because, they are predominantly welded structures, except
where bolts are used for erection purpose, or for joining at site of individual pre-
fabricated components.
There are several reasons which have led to the increase use of tubes, and one of
the most significant is the excellence mechanical properties of tubular members.
Structural hollow sections have high bending and Torsional rigidity compared to their
weight and they are suitable for compressed members. Another reason that can be
mentioned is the large amount of research which has been done to ensure the safety of the
design codes of tubular members and joints. Also the selection of commercially available
tubular profiles is large which makes it possible to choose appropriate profiles in a truss.
Cold formed Z and C-shaped members may be used as secondary structural

elements such as purlins, girts to fasten and support the external cladding. The connection
of purlins with the roof cladding and girts with wall cladding is more effective using the
self tapping screws all along the length of the purlins and girts. A picture showing a
connection of a purlin with the roof sheeting using a self tapping screw is available in
Appendix —A. Cold-formed steel products are made by bending a flat sheet of steel at
room temperature into a shape that will support more load than the flat sheet itself. They
nuo:us bearr
rind
Post and beam
a
heig endframe
Ainchor
indpost .-.-s jj
ep
Truss Height
Eave Roof Angle
Eave
Eave pur n
RI
abIe
wall
Fig: 1.1, Typical Pre-Engineered Building
Ridge Depth
Vertical Web member
Top Chord Bottom Chord
Truss Panel
Truss Height
Rif Truss
Eave Depth Inclined Web member

€ oof Angle
CIearSpan --
Eave Height
Column Truss Column Truss
Span
Hinge Support Hinge Support
Fig: 1.2, Various terminology used for Framed Truss

have been produced for more than a century since the first flat sheets of steep were .
produced by the steel mills. However, it is only in recent years that higher stren ,
materials and a wide range of structural shapes and sizes have caused a significant growth
in cold-formed steel relative to the traditional heavier hot-rolled steel structural
members.
The designing of Pre-Engineered Buildings (PEB) is quick and efficient as they

are made of standard connections and sections. In contrast to PEB's conventional steel
buildings require enormous labor and heavy equipments. Future changes can be more
easily incorporated in PEB's as compared to conventional. Some of the figures to get an
idea regarding the Pre Engineered Buildings and the various connections of different
elements is listed in Appendix-A.
1.2 BRIEF REVIEW OF ASSOCIATED LITERATURE

J. Marshall (1972), studied Torsional behavior of structural rectangular hollow
sections. This paper presents a basis for determining displacements and stresses arising
from the torsion of structural rectangular hollow sections. Jeffrey A. packer et al. (1986)
Design aids and design procedure for HSS trusses. In implementing the IIW
recommendations, some conservative modifications needed to be made, and resistance
factors were also derived from an extensive international data base. Some more
researchers are focused their investigation on rectangular hollow section joints, and other
focused on optimization of tubular tresses using Heuristic Algorithms (Jussi Jalkanen,
2007). Zhi-ming Ye , Roger Kettle and Long-yuan Li (2004), carried out a analytical
study on a model for cold-formed purlin-sheeting systems subjected to wind uplift
loading in which the restraint of the sheeting to the purlin is taken into account by using
two springs representing the translational and rotational restraints provided by the
sheeting.
Cold-formed steel products are made by bending a flat sheet of steel at room
temperature into a shape that will support more load than the flat sheet itself. However, it
is only in recent years that higher strength materials and a wide range of structural shapes
and sizes have caused a significant growth in cold-formed steel relative to the traditional
heavier hot-rolled steel structural members.
4
The Design Standard for hot-rolled steel is developed by American institute of
Steel Construction (AISC). Certain Guidelines for design of a steel building have b
made by AISI, but there exists limited laid down methodology for use of Indian Codes for
design of a steel truss or any other structure.
1.3 CRITICAL COMMENTS
From all the research papers that has been reviewed so far it is noted that a good
amount of research has been carried out in different aspects of strength and stability of
conventional truss with tubular section and also in Cold-formed steel sections.
But there exist limited guidelines or standard methodology for design of a framed
truss. The process is complicated since tools for analysis of a framed truss with tapered
shape are not easily available to lay engineers.
1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION
An internal framed truss with hinge support of an Industrial building of two

different spans viz., 30m and 40m is considered for the present study. For the purpose of
study the loading on the frame is taken as lOkN/m along the top chord. The column
height has been taken at 6m in all the cases. The aim of the study is to have some
preliminary design considerations in fixing up the roof truss geometrical dimensions
which gives a shape which is structurally efficient in terms of controlling the deflection
and proper utilization of steel. Efforts have been made to vary all the relevant geometric
parameters (including roof angle), rafter web pattern and number of panels in a realistic
range and their effect on ridge deflection and weight of rafter of framed truss is observed.
In addition to this, final typical design is performed with keeping in mind the availability
of steel tubular sections of various cross-sections.
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK
Analysis of a framed truss to arrive at values of maximum deflection at ridge

point, utility ratio of truss members and weight of the structure has been carried out using
STAAD-Pro 2007.
The values so obtained will be plotted against, rafter depths variation at Eva and
ridge level, roof angle variation and variation in number of panels so as to provide a
5
preliminary guidelines for selection of Initial shape and topology by a s ruc urai designer.
while designing a framed truss for large span industrial buildings.
1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
The Thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter 2 consists of Review of literature.
Chapter 3 discusses Theory related to Design of a Framed-truss, Steel Design and
properties of materials, namely steel that is being utilized. Chapter 4 gives the clear
picture of the Problem under study in detail Chapter 5 consists of presentation of results
so obtained and deriving a correlation from the corresponding Chapter 6 the final
discussions and conclusions are given.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General: .
Literature survey is essential to review the work done in the area of related
engineering field. Taking care the specific needs of closed form section properties and its
behaviour for the understanding of design, the literature like technical papers, journals
and books need to be referred. The prime importance in the review was to understand the
structural behavior of Tubular sections, cold formed steel and truss structure.
2.1.1 Hollow Steel Sections:
The increasing use of tubes, as a consequence, has made it necessary upon various
international standards institutions to pay adequate attention to control quality,
permissible stresses, welding procedures etc., for such structures, several standards have
come up in Britain, America, Europe and even in India to regularize procedures aiming at
ensuring quality and procedures of designs which can be expected to meet the
requirements of different civic or private bodies, and Government agencies. BS: 5950
part-I — "The use of structural steel in Building design" and its Indian counterpart IS: 800
and BS:1387- "Steel tubes and tubulars" as also similar other European and Americans
codes cater to the standardizations of material, stresses, and other requirements in general.
Material and dimensional specifications for tubes in India conform to IS: 1161, IS: 806
(Use of Steel Tubes in general building construction), and IS: 1293. Engineering today,
besides using tubular circular enclosed sections are also showing advantages for ready-
made rectangular or square hollow sections conforming to IS: 4293. Apart from average
material savings, which is quite significant, these sections have other positive attributes,
such as lower wind drag coefficient, lesser corrosion and improved aesthetic appeal.
Closed structural sections (RHS/SHS/CTS) have many advantages over

Conventional structural sections
➢ The excellent distribution of the materials around the axes of closed structural
exhibit remarkable strength qualities and thus offer decisive advantages as regards
to application technology.
7
➢ Due to their high torsional rigidity and compressive strength, closed structural
members behave more efficiently than conventional structural members.
➢ The smooth uniform profile of these sections minimizes corrosion and facilitates
ease, at site fabrication.
➢ Such sections have a higher resistance to bending in torsion also they show a
marked superiority over conventionallunconventional open sections such as
channels, angles, etc.
➢ Such sections have a smaller slenderness ratio on weight to weight basis than
conventional sections. Thus they can be designed for higher stresses.
➢ RHS have greater shear strength due to double web. They are light to handle,
allow easy shop fabrication and quick and economic erection.
➢ Since. RHS/SHS have flat sides, fabrication can use existing equipment designed
for fabrication with conventional sections.
➢ Special profiling, cutting (i.e. edge preparation) and welding technique, usually
associated with tubular fabrication are not required. Joints are generally less
complicated than joints with conventional sections.
➢ RHS/SHS structures are cleaner, as there is little room for formation of dust traps.
➢ Painting cost is less as the painting surface of RHS/SHS is about 20% to 30% less
than other conventional sections.
➢ Although, RHS (Rectangle Hollow Sections) and SHS (Square Hollow Sections)
are slightly more expensive as compared to conventional sections, the high
strength to weight ratio ensures a considerable weight saving, when incorporated
in an efficient design. This reduces foundation, handling, erection and
transportation costs.
2.1.2 Cold-formed steel:
Cold-formed steel products are made by bending a flat sheet of steel at room
temperature into a shape that will support more load than the flat sheet itself However, it
is only in recent years that higher strength materials and a wide range of structural shapes
and sizes have caused a significant growth in cold-formed steel relative to the traditional
heavier hot-rolled steel structural members. The advantages of cold formed over hot
rolled sections are listed in table 2.1 below.
Hot Rolled Cold Rolled
Material Yielding The material is not deformed; The yield value is increased by
Properties Strength there is no initial strain in the 15%-30% due to prework (initial
material, hence yielding starts deformation).
at actual yield value as the
original material.
Unit Unit weight is comparatively It is much smaller.

Weight huge.
Ductility More ductile in nature. Less ductile.
Design Most of the time, we consider Local buckling, Distortional

only the global buckling of the Buckling, Global Buckling have to
member. be considered.
Flexibility Standard shapes are followed. Any desired shape can be molded
of Shapes High value of unit weight limits out of the sheets. The light weight
the flexibility of manufacturing enhances its variety of usage.
wide variety of shapes.
Economy High Unit weight increases the Low unit weight reduces the cost
overall cost — material, lifting, comparatively. Ease of
transporting, etc. It is difficult construction (e.g. connection).
to work with (e.g. connection).
Research In the advanced stages at More possibilities as the concept is

Possibilitie present. relatively new and material finds
s wide variety of applications.
Table: 2.1, Cold rolled versus Hot rolled
E
Cold-formed sections, being thinner than hot-rolled sections, have different
behavior and different modes of failure. Thin-walled sections are characterized by local
instabilities that do not essentially lead to ultimate failure, but are helped by post buckling
strength, hot-rolled sections rarely exhibit local buckling. The properties of cold-formed
steel are altered by the forming process and the residual stresses are significantly
different from hot-rolled.
The industry of cold-formed steel differs from hot-rolled steel in an important way:
there is much less standardization of shapes in cold-formed in relation to hot-rolled steel.
Rolling heavy structural sections involves a major investment in machine and equipment.
The handling of heavy billets, the need to reheat to 2300°F, the heavy rolling stands
capable of exerting great pressure on the billet, and the loading, stacking, and storage of
the finished product all make the production of hot-rolled steel shapes a significant
financial investment by the manufacturer. Conversely, all it takes to make a cold-formed
structural shape is to take a flat sheet at room temperature and bend it. The equipment
investment is much less than that for hot-rolled industry and the end product coming out
of the last roller stand can often be lifted by one person. Therefore, from these aspects it
may be inferred that there is need to have a different design standard for cold-formed
steel structures. Some design codes developed for cold-formed steel framing is given
below in table 2.2.
Year Published Significances

1996 The first edition of the combined ASD and LRFD Specification
was published.
1996 The first edition of the Prescriptive Method for Residential Cold-
Formed Steel Framing was published and was adopted by IRC
2000.
2001 The following standards were first published:
1) Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing -Prescriptive
Method for One and Two Family Dwellings
2) Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing -General
Provisions
3) Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing -Truss Design
10
4) Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing - Header Design
2004 The following standards were first published:
1) Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing -Lateral Design
2) Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing -Wall Stud
Design
Table: 2.2 Chronicle summary of cold-formed steel framing standards
2.2.1 Some literature regarding cold formed-steel section:
(Ghosn and Sinno, 1995), have shown that the most common failure of the lapped
connections over the internal supports of multi-span purlins is mainly caused by the local
buckling of the compression flange, and the key parameter controlling the load carrying
capacity of the lapped connection multi-span purlins is the moment resistance.
(Zhi-ming Ye et al. 2004), carried out a analytical study on a model for cold-formed
purlin-sheeting systems subjected to wind uplift loading in which the restraint of the
sheeting to the purlin is taken into account by using two springs representing the
translational and rotational restraints provided by the sheeting. The results obtained from
this study not only highlight the influence of the sheeting restraints on the results of
stresses but also can be used as an input to the finite strip code for carrying out the linear
elastic buckling analysis of the sections. The two springs have different influence on the
buckling behavior of the purlin. The translational spring has more influence on the local
buckling while the rotational spring has more influence on the lateral torsion buckling.
For the distortional buckling, the influence of the two springs is mixed and is interfered
by the loading position.
(Ho and Chung, 2004), have provided experimental evidence for semi-continuity of
lapped purlins and shown that it depends not only on the stress level and the connection
configuration (e.g. location of bolts on web or on web and flanges) but also on the lap
length-to-section depth ratios. They have also shown that the failure mode of such purlins
is mostly influenced by the shear buckling of the web of single sections at the edge of the
lapped length and, consequently, the design procedure must include checking against
combined bending and shear in this point.
11
(Zhang and Tong, 2008), concluded that the edge section of lapped connection is the
most critical. Because the moment resistance of built-up lapped sections on the internal
support is almost twice the one of single sections at the edge of the lap, it implies that
only this one needs to be checked for strength. - the failure of such purlins usually occurs
at the edge of the lap zone by the local buckling of compression flange; _ additionally, the
failure of purlins is influenced by the shear buckling of the web of single section at the
edge of the lap.
2.2.2 Some literature review on tubular trusses:
Many studies have examined the structural behavior of tubular members in the
past several decades. Some of them have been listed over here.
(Jeffrey A. packer et al. 1986), "Design aids and design procedure for HSS trusses". By
using these design aids, one gains an appreciation of the principal parameters affecting
the strength of a truss joint and thereby selects truss members in, a more efficient manner.
Also there are design examples given by the writers for further clarification and
assistance. In this paper separate design procedures are given for gapped and overlapped
joints types, for most failure modes, the joints adequacy should be checked for both the
compression web critical and tension web critical cases.
(Wei-wen yu, 1979), "Cylindrical Tubular Members". Book of cold form steel structures
design, analysis and construction. Discuss various types of steel tubes grouped as
manufactured tubes and fabricated tubes. Explain various buckling problem associates,
local buckling, elastic buckling and inelastic buckling with example. Various design
criteria as per AISI Specification and CRC formulae are considered.
(J. Marshall, 1972), "Torsional behavior of structural rectangular hollow sections". This
paper presents a basis for determining displacements and stresses arising from the torsion
of structural rectangular hollow sections. Particular attention is given to stress
concentrations at the re-entrant corners. A relationship is determined between freely
formed corner redial and section thickness. Analytical solution is compared with
experimental results on steel sections and predictions from thin walled torsion theory. The
first part of this paper is concerned with giving a general procedure for determining stress
concentration factors within the range of structural rectangular hollow sections and which
takes account of the radius at an external corners.
12
(J. Wardenier, 2002), "Hollow sections In Structural Applications". The author has had
an enormous impact on the design methods for tubular steel structures in the late 20`n
century. This book cover all aspect related to design of tubular structural members and
different type of connections.
2.3 Critical comments:

♦ From all the research papers that has been reviewed so far it is noted that a
good amount of research has been carried out in different aspects of strength
and stability of tubular structural members such as local and lateral buckling
effects, flexural or Torsional buckling effects, various connections in tubular
structures, and also on post buckling effects in cold-formed steel sections has
been done so far.
♦ So, in the present report, study has been carried out to come up with some
preliminary design considerations of a framed truss with respect to roof angle
variation & optimum depth for roof truss at eave and ridge level which give an
efficient and economical framed truss under vertical loading.
♦ There is a limitation in selection of preliminary geometry of rafters and the
columns. So, efforts are needed to study the effect of different aspects such as
shape and topology of rafter & columns on stability (deflection) and utility
ratio to come up with a structurally efficient and safer framed truss.
2.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM UNDER STUDY:

In the present report, efforts have been made to observe the effect of variation of
geometric parameter of rafter element in a suitable range on ridge deflection, stress utility
fectore of truss members and finally on the weight of the truss and come up with some
guidelines that enables an engineer in selection of preliminary shape of a rafter for large
span industrial buildings.
13

CHAPTER3
THEORETICAL PART
3.1 General
Steel, as a construction material displays high values of yield stress, while

compression it generally fails in local or shear buckling. A large number of studies have
been conducted considering the various elements to behave as plates with varying support
conditions as per their location. In modern day practices, where Pre-Engineered steel
sections are the norm of the day, due to the thin sections employed, local buckling
becomes a major design criteria, As studies in steel buckling show, failure occurs at
generally 2-3.5 times the theoretical buckling load. This gives rise to the present
condition where post-buckling strength of a section is utilized in design.
The truss is framework in which the members are connected at their ends. To cover a
certain area a series of trusses are placed on wall or two parallel lines of columns. The
trusses support the purlins on their principal rafters and the purlins support the roof
covering either directly or through common rafters and battens.
3.2 Selection of the member cross-sections
For optimization of the truss weight, the member shape plays major role, because
for design of compression member, the radius of gyration comes in picture, which
depends on the member shape. For any compression member, the higher radius of
gyration gives lower slenderness ratio and ultimately gives higher permissible
compressive stress value, which leads to lighter sections for given loading.
The closed structural sections (RHS/SHS/CTS) have higher radius of gyration compared
to the other conventional sections i.e., Angle sections, Channel sections, I-Sections etc.
Closed structural sections (RHS/SHS/CTS) have many advantages over Conventional

structural sections,
➢ The excellent distribution of the materials around the axis of closed structural
exhibit remarkable strength qualities and thus offer advantages as regards to
application technology.
➢ Due to their high torsional rigidity and compressive strength, closed structural
members behave more efficiently than conventional structural members.
14
➢ Their higher strength to weight ratio results in up to 25 % saving in steel.
➢ The smooth uniform profile of these sections minimizes corrosion and facilitates
ease, at site fabrication.
➢ Closed structural members also enhance the aesthetic appeal of structures.
3.3 Framed truss system
In case of very long span length Framed truss having trapezoidal configuration,
with depth at the ends and have hinge-connections at two vertically separated nodes/joints
along the height of the column/s are used. This configuration results in shifting of the
moment resisting capacity of the truss from central/mid-span section to the support point
section.
The trapezoidal configurations having the sloping bottom chord can be economical in
very long span trusses (spans > 30 m), since they tend to reduce the web member length
and the chord members tend to have nearly constant forces over the span length. It makes
available higher room-space near the central part of the covered area.
3.4 Design Criteria
The truss members e.g. top & bottom chord members, vertical web members and
inclined web members which are subjected to axial tension and compression, various
design criteria associated with design are discussed below.
3.4.1 Behavior of Light-Gauge Sections [IS 801: 1975]
The element of light-gauge section is subjected to local/plate buckling. The thin

elements are subjected to compressive stresses when the sections are used as the
compression members or flexural members. The thin elements act as plates and are
susceptible to buckling known as local or plate buckling. This type of buckling may be
prevented by providing a minimum thickness to the elements of the section. The critical
buckling stress air for a rectangular plate supported on all edges is iven by
k1T2 E 75 \
ACCNo......~...rp
6cr —
12(1 — v2)(b/ ti
Date. •i.
? .)0 )-2
- - ,•
ROOS'~"1t
Red:- Compression
Blue: - Tension
Fig:- 3.1, Nature of axial forces in Framed-truss members for gravity loading, with
different web pattern
16
z
1 a

Where, k=
a mw
[M(W)+
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel, 2x105N/mm2
t = Thickness of Plate
v = Poisson's Ratio= 0.3 for steel in elastic Range
w = Width of plate
a = length of plate
: JfiE
Fig:- 3.2, Buckling coefficients for flat rectangular plates
The value of `k' is thereafter derived for varying values of `m'. The values are as shown
in above.
If all the edges are simply supported = 4.0.If one of the edges parallel to the loading is
free, the value of k reduces drastically to 0.425. The additional values of `k' are as
provided in the table 3.1.
Hence, the element of a light-gauge section with one longitudinal edge frees perform very
poorly. To improve the performance of these elements, lips are provided which act as
stiffeners. Therefore, these elements behave as stiffened elements.
For long columns, the critical loading the ultimate load. That is, columns do not process
any post buckling strength. However, plates with edges supported or stiffened parallel to
the direction of compression; possess additional strength beyond 6cr which is known as
the post-buckling strength.
17
1Z{i Xi/t)2
Boo- edition Type of Value of k for

Stress ION Plote
Cornprsscr 40
Compression 6.97
xed
Compression 3.425
Compress,cn 1 .277
s.s. Cornpessc 5. 42
SS
5.35
S.S.
77 - tc—
j Bending
Table:- 3.1, Values of 'k'
IS 801:1975 lays down the design specifications based on the working stress method.SP6
(part 5): 1980[27] provides a commentary on the provisions of IS 801, the design tables
and curves and design.
3.4.2. Effective Design Widths of Stiffened Elements
Load Determination (For rectangular/square hollow sections):
w 487
If, —~-----, b=w,
i.e. the flanges of rectangular/square hollow sections are fully effective,
18
w 487
If, —>-
\1?,
b_ 671 133
t V J 1 (w/t). J
Deflection Determination (For rectangular/square hollow sections):
w 630
If, —s—, b = w,
i.e. the flanges of rectangular/square hollow sections are fully effective,
w 630
If, t > ,
b_ 5u~ r 17'
t L1 (w/t)VJ
3.4.3 Tension Member
Tension members are linear members in which axial forces act causing elongation
(stretch). Such members can sustain loads up to ultimate load, at which stage they may
fail by rupture at a critical section. However, if the gross area of the member yields over a
major portion of its length before the rupture load is reached, the member may become
nonfunctional due to the excessive elongation.
3.4.3.1 Design criteria for Tension Member (IS: 800-1984)
Axial Stresses:
The permissible stress in axial tension, o, in N/mm2 on the net effective area
of the sections shall not exceed.
aSt =0.6xfy
Where, fy = minimum yield stress of steel (N/mm2)
3.4.3.2. Design Steps for Tension Member (IS: 800 – 1984)
➢ The net area required (A1et) to carry the design load P is obtained by the equation,
19
Anet = P/Oat
➢ The net area calculated thus, is increased suitably (25 % - 40 %) to compute the
gross sectional area. From SP: 6 suitable section is provided whose cross-sectional
area is greater than computed gross sectional area.
➢ The number of bolts required to make the connection is calculated. These are
arranged in a suitable patterns and the net area of the section provided is
calculated. This should be more than the net area calculated.
➢ The slenderness ratio of the member is checked as per Table-3.1 of IS:800 (1984).
3.4.4 Compression Member
Columns and struts are termed long or short depending on their proneness to
buckling. If the strut is short, the applied forces will cause a compressive strain, which
results in the shortening of the strut in the direction of the applied forces. Under
incremental loading, this shortening continues until the column squashes. However, if the
strut is long, similar axial shortening is observed only at the initial stages of incremental
loading. Thereafter, as the applied forces are increased in magnitude, the strut becomes
unstable and develops a deformation in a direction normal to the loading axis.
Buckling behavior is thus characterized by deformations develops in a direction (or plane)

normal to that of the loading that produces it. Buckling occurs mainly in members
subjected to compressive forces. If the member has high flexural stiffness, its buckling
resistance is high. Also when the member length is increased, the buckling resistance is
decreased. Thus the buckling resistance is high when the member is stocky and is low
when the members are slender.
3.4.4.1 Effective Length of Compression Member
Effective length is the distance between the points of inflection in the buckled
mode. The effective column length can be defined as the length of an equivalent pin-
ended column having the same load carrying capacity as the member under consideration.
The smaller the effective length of a particular column, the less possibility of lateral
. buckling, and the greater its load carrying capacity.
20
Boundary C: onclitiOns
Schematic Effective
At onfe end At the other end
representation Length
Tris1aiioii .Riiwtation Translation Rotation
Restrained Restrained Free Free

. ....--........-....-.".."-..
--...._.-.._._......- -.......-.....- 20L
pm
Free Restrained Free
Restrained
Free.
Restrained Free 1 .0L
-
-.-..-.-........- ..... ....... ----......................

Restrained Restrained Fi'e Restrained j 1.2L
Restrained I Restrained I Restrained I Free

I
Restrained Rest rained Restrained Restrained - 0.65 L
lable:- 3.2, Fttective length of prismatic compression member
Note: L is the unsupported length of the compression member.
3.4.4.2 Design criteria for Compression Members (IS: 800-1984)
Evaluation of design compressive strength (Cl-5. 1)
> The direct stress in compression on the gross sectional area of axially loaded
compression members shall not exceed (0.6 x fy) nor the permissible stress o,
calculated using the following formula,
fcbxfy
Ubc = 0.66
()fl] 1/
TI
[(fcb)n fy
Where,
ac = permissible stress in axial compression, in N/mm2 ,
fy= yield stress in steel, in N/mm2 ,
fcc elastic critical stress, in N/mm2,
E = elastic critical stress in compression, = (n2 x E) / X2 ,
2 (= KL/r) = slenderness ratio of the member, ration of the effective length
to appropriate radius of gyration, and
n = a factor assumed as 1.4
21
3.4.4.3 Design steps for Axially Loaded Compression Member (IS: 800-1984)
➢ Average allowable compressive stress in the section is assumed. It should not be

more than the upper limit for the column formula.
➢ The cross sectional area required to carry the load at the assumed allowable stress
is computed.
Arequired =
0
Allowable Compressive stress
Where,
A = Tentative cross sectional area required, in mm2.
P = Load on column, in Newton
➢ Section that provides the estimated required area is selected. The section is so
chosen that the minimum radius of gyration of the section selected.
➢ The effective length of the column is calculated on the basis of end conditions and
the slenderness ratio is computed (X = 1/r), which should be less than the
permissible slenderness ratio (Table 3.1 of code).
> For this estimated value of slenderness ratio, the maximum allowable compressive
stress, 6ac is calculated from the Table 5.1 of the code.
> The load carrying capacity of the member is computed by multiplying the
maximum compressive stress thus obtained with the cross sectional area provided.
This value of the load carrying capacity of the member should be more than the
load to be supported by it.
3.5. Relative merits of tubular sections
1) Tube as Compression Members

> It is common knowledge with structural designers that allowable stresses in
compression members (Axially Loaded) are dependent on slenderness ratio, i.e.
the ratio of effective length and least radius of gyration. The effective length
depends on the end fixity and restraint. It is more often than not that the effective
length of members in a tubular welded construction will be as effective as in any
other form of construction. It is because the complete cross section is likely to be
connected to the restraining member, provided, of course, the end preparation is
adequate and accurate, offering complete bearing contact. As far as radius of
22
gyration is concerned, the larger its value, the stronger the structure. Therefore, in
all strut design it is essential to choose sections with the largest radius of gyration
for any given weight per meter.
➢ Conventional sections, such as beams, channels, angles have varying values of
radius of gyration about different axes and to reduce the slenderness ratio about
weaker axes to an economical figure, it is often necessary to introduce additional
members to act as bracing, in order to reduce the effective length. Such members
can be omitted, or reduced in number, since tubes have same radius of gyration
about all axes. For any given weight/meter, radius of gyration in a tube has the
largest possible value, and therefore, for a strut, no other sections could be thought
of as more efficient.
2) Tubes as Tension Members

➢ Load in a tension member is absorbed by the net cross sectional area deducting the
area for bolt holes in case of bolted connection. In welded connection, gross area
of the tube is effective, while in single angles, only a portion of the unconnected
leg may be considered effective, as the vertical or horizontal C.G. lines do not
divide the cross sections symmetrically. Thus for any given load, the sectional
area required in a tube will be less than in a single angle, which is generally the
alternative section.
3) Torsional Quality of Tubes

➢ Tubes, being enclosed sections and symmetrical about all axes, are ideal for taking
care of torsion. Torsional stresses get distributed equally over the whole section.
However, in case of an open section, unsymmetrical in nature, such quality is not
obtained.
4) Advantages in Terms of Thickness of Material

➢ Tubular sections are less likely to be affected by weather hazards provided they
are galvanized or are given adequate coats of requisite paints, depending on the
environmental conditions, and properly sealed at ends to prevent corrosion. That
is why, in case of tubes exposed to weather, the minimum thickness can be as
small as 8 gauge and when not exposed to weather, it may be even less i.e. 10
23
gauge. So, obviously, in case of angles and plates, even if the design requirement
does not demand a thickness as high as 8 mm thick, we may have to provide it.
This, in all likelihood, facilitating saving in material.
5) Aesthetic Appeal
➢ When the requirement of aesthetic appeal of a structure, tubes offer a more
pleasing appearance than the irregular shapes of other sections. In any case, when
aesthetics is a primary consideration, it will be ideal for an engineer to decide
upon the shape and proportion of the structure, in consultation with an architect. It
must be borne in mind that tubes may enable one to avoid a large cluster of
complex bracing, leading a rather ugly appearance to a structure. Lesser the
members, the simpler and more attractive will appear the structure.
24
3.6. Deflection criteria
The deflection under serviceability loads of a building or a building component
should not impair the strength of the structure or components or cause damage to
finishing's. Deflections are to be checked for the most adverse but realistic
combination of service loads and their arrangement, by elastic analysis, using a load
factor of 1.0. Table 3.3 gives recommended limits of deflections for certain structural
members and systems. Circumstances may arise where greater or lesser values would
be more appropriate depending upon the nature of material in element to be supported
(vulnerable to cracking or not) and intended use of the structure, as required by client.
Typc of Difltlioi 0*4 Lead Member Suppoi1b g hlulmum

lluildinp~ DerA i"
(t) (2a (3) (4) (S) ()
Fa'tic cladding $pan~1 G

Lis, fond/ Wind Io d Purls snd C rls
SpnnftAO
BriittcsJadding
f Ela~t{e cladding. Span/240

Li rc Id 5innatc +pun
Briele cladding Sponl3t)0
Elastic cladding Span/120
Live load Cdntilcvci spin
HritdeCladding Spbnl150
moiled Metal Shecong SpanI110
V Livcloadf W and laab fixttct avppotting
Piaslerad Sheering Span/240
Crane load (Manual
rrtntry Cront SlrunJ5(Ji)
upetatlon )
C tdnc fud (Llulric Span;150
{;entry Crone
operattivn up tO 50 t1
Crane load (Electric
Cinntry crane SpawI000
:rer:,t»~it~,veT i1,)
C.•aasticcludding 13eighafl50
:~c,cranwr; Column
)vlastlnry/Efiu)e eladdir►g Heig)I11240
1
Crmne (u solutc) Spanl4ttO
Crane + wind Gantry (littral) t Relative dip iacerncnt

i between all sapponing 10 mm
9 crane
Gantry (Elastic cladding; Metgt~
Coluinnffrontc 'pendent.operated)
Crane+wind
Gantry (Brittle cladding, cab
MelghtfddlQ
nperated)
EIrin rns not 3uacepiibIc to Spa .1m
tho load floor and Roof dt`'uking
Elemns suscepfble to
cryckin{
5paN36O
C 1 lcmentz not sauepti6k to
S nri50
decking
' iVt lwtl Carib/w
*
Elcnlc ltla Susccpiibic to Spanilsa
1
clwking
Etuu cladding
ic HeightI3U0
Wind 13uiicling
i Brittleclattlding Me1ght/500
Wind InicrscrucyUrifi ^- Swrcyicilshtl30O
Table:- 3.3, Deflection Limits
25

CHAPTER- 4
PROBLEM DEFINITION
4.1 Common Data of the framed Truss:
An internal gable framed truss with hinge support of an Industrial building of two
different spans viz., 30m & 40m is considered for the present study. For the purpose of
study the loading on the frame is taken as IOkN/m along the top chord and also the
column geometry & member cross section is kept fix for given span and eave height is
kept at 6m in all the cases.
4.2 Materials used and their properties:

a) High Strength Steel, with yield strength to be fy =31 OMPa
b) Unit mass of steel, p = 7850 kg/m 3
c) Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2(MPa)
d) Poisson ratio, µ = 0.3
4.3 Detailed explanation of the problem considered:
If economy and deflection are disregarded trusses may be theoretically built to

almost any proportion. An understanding of the interrelated factors that contributes to
performance and economy will aid the designer in selecting the best system.
The aim of the present study is to obtain variation in deflection and weight with
various geometrical parameter of roof truss of framed truss.
26
Roof angle:
Roof angles considered for study are 5°, 6° and 7°. Since these angles give more
suction over a large span, the connectivity of the roof sheeting with purlins may become a
problem. But this problem can be overcome in Pre-engineered buildings because of using
closely spaced self tapping screws throughout the length of the purlin. This range of roof
angle is taken under the consideration of draining the storm water. If the roof angle
considered is beyond 7°, for larger spans the height above the eave level to ridge level
will be high, which is undesirable. So in the present study, roof angle varies from 5° to 7°.
Depth of the truss at Eave and Ridge:
There is no standard method or guidelines available for deciding the depth of

rafter of framed truss at ridge and eva level. It has been observed that with increase in
depth there will be better deflection control but truss height and weight also increase.
Based on the number of trails suitable ranges for eave and ridge depth is decided for the
study purpose.
Number of panel:
The number of panel usually should be determined by reasonable to chord sizes,

rather than by any fix formula. Desirable panel length will usually be in the range of 1.5m
to 2.8m.
Span = 30 m Span = 40m
Truss Geometric Parameters Truss Geometric Parameters
12 to 20 1300 to 1500 600 to 1000 20 to 28 1500 to 1700 600 to 1000
Table:4.1 Varing range of various parameters for the study porpose
P
Member cross section:
High strength steel hollow square sections available in market which conforms to
IS 4923 are used for the present study:
Mome. of Iner. Radi. of Gyr. Elastic Modu. Torsional Const.

B
Thick Sec Unit
SHS ness Area W lxx lyy ryy Zxx Zyy a 3
(BxB)mm rxx cm cm cm
mm (A) cm2 kg/m cma cm4 cm cm3 cm3
2 1.74 1.36 1.48 1.48 0.92 0.92 1.19 1.19 2.29 1.68
25x25 2.6 2.16 1.69 1.72 1.72 0.89 0.89 1.38 1.38 2.68 1.92
3.2 2.53 1.98 1.89 1.89 0.86 0.86 1.51 1.51 2.96 2.07
2 2.3 1.8 3.36 3.36 1.21 1.21 2.1 2.1 5.3 3.05
32x32 2.6 2.88 2.26 4.02 4.02 1.81 1.81 2.51 2.51 6.45 3.63
3.2 3.42 2.69 4.54 4.54 1.15 1.15 2.84 2.84 7.41 4.07
2.6 3.51 2.75 7.14 7.14 1.43 1.43 3.76 3.76 11.51 5.49
38x38 3.2 4.19 3.29 8.18 8.18 1.4 1.4 4.3 4.3 13.45 6.28
4 5.03 3.95 9.26 9.26 1.36 1.36 4.87 4.87 15.67 7.12
2.6 3.72 2.92 8.45 8.45 1.51 1.51 4.22 4.22 13.63 6.2
40x40 3.2 4.45 3.49 9.72 9.72 1.48 1.48 4.86 4.86 16 7.12
4 5.35 4.2 11.07 11.07 1.44 1.44 5.54 5.54 18.75 8.12
2.6 4.76 3.74 17.47 17.47 1.92 1.92 6.99 6.99 28.53 10.37
2.9 5.25 4.12 18.99 18.99 1.9 1.9 7.6 7.6 31.15 11.23
50x50
3.6 6.35 4.98 22,15 22.15 1.87 1.87 8.86 8.86 36.58 12.98
4.5 7.67 6.02 25.5 25.5 1.82 1.82 10.2 10.2 41.99 14.68
2.6 5.8 4.55 31.33 31.33 2.33 2.33 10.44 10.44 50.08 15.52
3.2 7.01 5.5 36.94 36.94 2.3 2.3 12.31 12.31 60.02 18.31
60x60 21.62
4 8.55 6.71 43.22 43.22 2.26 2.26 14.52 14.52 72.41
4.8 10.1 7.85 49.22 49.22 2.22 2.22 16.41 16.41 83.86 24,51
3.2 8.54 6.71 66.32 66.32 2.79 2.79 18.42 18.42 106.81 27.47
72x72 4 10.47 8.22 79.03 79.03 2.75 2.75 21.95 21.95 129.85 32.78
4.8 12.31 9.66 90.31 90.31 2.71 2.71 25.09 25.09 151.55 37.55
3.2 9.57 7.51 92,71 92.71 3.11 3.11 23.18 23.18 148.55 34.6
80x80 4 11.75 9.22 111 111 3,07 3.07 27.76 27.76 181.22 41.49
4.8 13.85 10.9 1127.6 127.6 3.04 3.04 31.89 31.89 212.26 47.77
3.6 12.32 9.67 156.5 156.5 3.56 3.56 34.21 34.21 251.17 51.14
91.5x91.5 4.5 15.14 11.9 187.6 187.6 3.52 3.52 41 41 306.78 61.4
5.4 17.85 14 215.7 215.7 3.48 3.48 47.14 47.14 359.76 70.77
4 14.95 11.7 226.4 226.4 3.89 3.89 45.27 45.27 364.75 67.5
10Ox100 5 18.36 14.4 271.1 271.1 3.84 3.84 54.22 54.22 441.84 80.54
6 21.63 17 311.5 311.5 3.79 3.79 62.29 62.29 511.8 92.06
4.8 20.28 15.9 393.3 343.3 4.4 4.4 69.3 69.3 637.45 103.89
113.5x113,5 114.41
5.4 22.6 17.7 432.6 432.6 4.38 4.38 76.23 76.23 708.69
4.8 23.83 18.7 634.4 634.4 5.16 5.16 96.12 96.12 1018.3 144.11
132x132
5.4 26.6 20.9 700.1 700.1 5.13 5.13 106.1 106.1 1134.3 159.18
4 22.95 18 807.8 807.8 5.93 5.93 107.7 107.7 127346 161.38
5 28.36 22.3 982.1 9&2.1 5.89 5.89 131 131 1569.1 196.38
150x 150
6 33.63 26.4 1146 1146 5.84 5.84 152.8 152.8 1856.2 229.44
8 43.79 34.4 1443 1443 5.74 5.74 192.4 192.4 2405.8 290.12
4 27.75 21.8 1422 1422 7.16 7.16 158 158 2224.3 236.76
5 34.36 27 1737 1737 7.11 7.11 193 193 2747.9 289.4
180x180
6 40.83 32.1 2037 2037 7.06 7.06 226.3 226.3 3259.2 339.65
8 53.39 41.9 2591 2591 6.97 6.97 287.9 287.9 4246.2 433.32
6 50.43 39.6 3813 3813 8.7 8.7 346.7 346.7 6034.5 520.18
8 66.19 52 4895 4895 8.6 8.6 445 445 7897.5 668.99
220x220
10 81.43 63.9 5887 5887 8.5 8.5 535.2 535.2 9549.2 796.48
12 96.14 75.5 6793 6793 8.41 8.41 617.6 617.6 11117 915.37
Table:- 4.2, Properties of Square Hollow sections
W
4.4 Analysis:
The models of all the cases have been analyzed and designed using STAAD Pro-
2007 software. The deflection at the ridge, stress ratio, and weight of the frame for each
analysis has been taken. The sequence of the study is given in the next page.
29
'-I -
C - 0
V44 4701
0 0
iLl iLl
5 U S '-I
LI
V.- -
0 CD
0 0
iLl C
pl
c;L4
0,
I-
I
0
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
The results obtained from the analysis of different models using the STAAD Pro-
2007 software is noted down systematically. The same results have been presented in a
lucid manner in a combination of graphical and tabular form here in this chapter.
The order of the results presented in this chapter is given below:
5.1 Result for 30m span

5.1 .1 Effect of increasing Eva & Ridge depth
5.1.2 Effect of Roof angle
5.1.3 Effect of number of panels
5.2 Result for 40m span
5.2.1 Effect of increasing Eva & Ridge depth
5.2.2 Effect of Roof angle
5.2.3 Effect of number of panels
In the above sections, effect of Truss geometry (i.e. Eave depth, Ridge depth,
Roof angle), effect of Truss web pattern (i.e. Warren, Pratt and Howe) and number of
Truss Panels, on control of deflection, weight of truss and finally the percent capacity
utilization of various members has been presented in the form of graphs and figures.
5.3 Design of typical Framed Truss

5.3.1 Design of typical framed truss for 30m span
5.3.2 Design of typical framed truss for 40m span
In this section, design of an intermediate framed truss for an industrial roof

system with tubular sections, Pratt web pattern, and possible governing loadings has been
carried out for span of 30m and 40m. All design parameters and design results, i.e. truss
deflection, weight and finally the percent capacity utilization of various members has
been presented in the form of graphs and figures.
31
5.1.1 Effect of truss depth at Eave and Ridge (Span=30m):
Objective: To study effect of increasing truss depth at Eave and Ridge on the weight and deflection of Framed-Truss, at various-
-roof angles, with all other parameters kept constant, Variable parameters for the study
JN/m
10
Roof Angle Eva Depth (ED) Ridge Depth (RD)
(mm) (mm)
600
1° 1300 700
8°
1400 800
9° 1500 900
1000
Fixed Parameters for the Study purpose
Fig:- 51,1, Various terminology used for Framed-truss

Truss Geometrical Parameters:
Clear Span: 30m Column Clear height :6m
Structural System: Framed Truss Web Pattern: Pratt
Number of panels :18
Member Cross-sectional parameters:
Truss Members Column Members
Parameter SHS Cross-section Parameter SHS Cross-section
( ) (mm2)
Top Chord (Rafter) 132x132x4,8 (R3) Chord Members 150x150x5 (R4)
Bottom Chord 132x132x4,8 (R3)
Vertical web members, 60x6Ox2.6 (R1) Web Members 91.5x91.5x3,6 (R5)
Inclined web members. 1002100x4 (R2)

Load t
Om
Fig:- 5.1.2, Member cross-section reference

Span: 30 m Roof angle: 5°
1.24 2830
w....__._... ............. 2810 X

D a
0 1.12
1.06 -- 2770
1 wr - 2750 0
y,, Y
C1 t
0.94 --- 2730 ~+
D3 3
0 ..............
.88 -
...._- ...__.. ....._...._._......
2710
0.82 D 2690
0.76 (._..__..._...__.__._ __ ..__...._ ._... —._.. - ._............ — — - _.........._.. _ -- 2670
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

Truss depth at ridge (mm)
Fig: - 5.1.3, Variation between i) Truss depth at ridge Vs Deflection Ratio and
ii) Truss depth at ridge Vs Weight of the frame
Comments:-
Notation Description
a) As the Eave depth increases from
Deflection &
1300mm to 1400mm and from 1400mm Weight for Truss
D1&W1
with Eave depth
to 1500mm the percentage reduction in
1300 mm
maximum deflection is ii and 10.
Deflection &
b) As the Eave depth increases from Weight for Truss
D2 & W2
1300mm to 1400mm and from 1400mm with Eave depth
1400 mm
to 1500mm the percentage increase in
Deflection &
weight of the Truss frame is 0.162 and
Weight for Truss
D3 & W3
0.164. with Eave depth
1500 mm
c) Frame become safe as per deflection, for
all Eave height from web depth at ridge = 950 mm.
d) As Eave depth of the truss increases the overall height of the truss also
increase.
33
1.18 2840
1.12 2820
an
1.06 2800
0
m
M
cc 1 2780
C
0
0.94 2760
0
r
0.88 2740
3
0.82 2720
0.76 2700
0.7 2680
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Truss Depth at Ridge (mm)
Fig: - 5.1.4, Variation between i) Truss depth at ridge Vs Deflection Ratio and
Comments:-
a) As the Eave depth increases from 1300mm to
Deflection &
1400mm and from 1400mm to 1500mm the Weight for Truss
D1 &W1
with Eave depth
percentage reduction in maximum deflection is
1300 mm
10.5 and 10.
Deflection &
b) As the Eave depth increases from 1500mm to Weight for Truss
D2 &W2
1600mm and from 1600mm to 1700mm the with Eave depth
1400 mm
percentage increase in weight of the Truss
Deflection &
frame is 0.165 and 0.164.
Weight for Truss
c) Frame become safe as per deflection, for all D3 &W3
with Eave depth
1500 mm
Eave height from web depth at ridge = 900mm.
d) As Eave depth of the truss increases the overall height of the truss also
increase.
34
1.18 2840
1.12 2820
V v
0 1.06 _ 2800 E
Y LL
1 2780 N
i L
0 94 .... 2760 0
ao
0.88 .... .........._. .._. . ._.- –— 2740 a
0.82 -._. _. — — 2720
0.76 _ — 2700
0.7 — ...__._.__..__ - - - 2680

600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Truss Depth at Ridge (mm)
Fig: - 5.1.5, Variation between i) Web depth at ridge Vs Deflection Ratio and
ii) Web depth at ridge Vs Weight of the frame
Comments:-
a) As the Eave depth increases from 1300mm to Notation Description
1400mm and from 1400mm to 1500mm the Deflection &

percentage reduction in maximum deflection Weight for Truss
Dl &W1
with Eave depth
is 10 and 11. 1300 mm
b) As the Eave depth increases from 1300mm to
Deflection &
D2 &W2
with Eave depth
1400 mm
frame is 0.143 and 0.164.
Deflection &
c) Frame become safe as per deflection, for all Weight for Truss
D3&W3
Eva height from web depth at ridge = 800mm. with Eave depth
1500 mm
d) As Eave depth of the truss increases the
overall height of the truss also increase.
35
5.1.2. Effect of roof angle (span: 30m):
Span: 30m Depth at Eave: 1400mm
Fig: - 5.1.6, Depth at ridge Vs Deflection Ratio for various roof angles [web depth at
eave =1400mm]
Comments:-
a) Percentage reduction in deflection with

increase in roof slope from 5° to 6° and 6° Notati
Description
on
to 7° is in range of4 to 7.
b) As the depth at ridge increase from Deflection of
D1
Truss with Roof 5°
600mm to 700mm the deflection control is
Deflection of
better and after that the deflection control D2
Truss with Roof 6°
with increasing the truss depth at ridge,
Deflection of
reduces gradually. D3
Truss with Roof 7°
c) The Truss becomes safe in deflection for
each roof angle at ridge depth 800mm and above.
d) At Roof angle 7° the truss becomes safe in deflection at all ridge depth
considered.
36
5.1.3 Effect of Number of Panels (Span=30m):
Pratt web pattern : 6°
Objective: To study effect of increasing number of panels on the deflection of Framed-Truss for Pratt; Range of panel number for the study:
12, 14, 16, 18, and 20
Howe and Warren web patterns, with all other parameters kept constant, Member Cross-sections used
10 KNIm
(mm) (mm )
Top Chord (Rafter) 132x132x4.8 Chord Members 150x150x6
Bottom Chord 132x132x4.8
Vertical web members. 60x60x2,6 Web Members 100x100x4
Inclined web members. 1133x113,5n45
Pratt Web Pattern Warren web pattern : 6°)

Range of panel number for the study:
6, 7, 8, 9, and 10
Member Cross-sections used
(mm) (mm')
Top Chord (Rafter) 150x150x6 Chord Members 150x150x6
Bottom Chord 150x150x6
Inclined web members. 132x132x4,8 Web Members 100x100x4
Warren Web Pattern
Howe web pattern : 6°)

Range of panel number for the study:
12, 14, 16, 18, and 20
Member Cross-section used:

( z (mmr)
Top Chord (Rafter) 150x150x6 Chord Members 1502150x6
Howe Web Pattern

Vertical web members. 72x12x3.2 Web Members 100x100x4
Fig: 5,1.7, Framed-truss with various Web Patterns

Inclined web members. 1135x1135x4.8
Web pattern: Pratt Roof angle: 6° Span: 30m
Depth at Eave: 1400mm Depth at Ridge: 700mm
116.8
116
E 115.2
112.8
112
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Number of Pannels
Fig:-5.1.8, Number of Panels Vs Deflection [truss depth at eave =1400mm]
Comments:-
a) As the number of panel increase deflection control is better to certain number

of panels there after increase in number of panels doesn't have significant
control over deflection.
b) For number of panel 18 the truss will have batter control on deflection.
c) With increase in number of panels, number of connection also increases.
38
Web Pattern: Warren Roof angle: 6° Span: 30m
Depth at.Eva:.1400mm Depth at Ridge: 700mm
105.5 ---__.....__.._..._ .__-
104. ..
D1
E
E
101
0
99.5
w D
D2
1
98
D1
96.5 ~ ..._ ._. _
D
95
93.5 -_ ... .~.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of Pannels
Fig:-5.1.9, Number of Panels Vs Deflection [truss depth at eave =1400mm
Comments:-
a) As the number of panel increase deflection
With even number
control is better to certain number. of panels D1
panels
there after increase in number of panels doesn't
With odd number
D2
have significant control over deflection. panels
b) For Warren truss two pattern of variation in
deflection (i.e. D1 & D2) with number of panels is observed. This is due to
change in the arrangement of web member of the panels connected with
column (as shown in Figures below).
Roof Truss
eb member
Web member
-. Column Truss -a- oiumnTruss

For odd number of panels For even number of panels
39
c) For number of panels 11 the truss will have batter control on deflection, but
for economy we have to check for number of panels 10 also.
d) With increase in number of panels, number of connection also increases.
Web Pattern: Howe Roof angle: 6° Span: 30m
Depth at Eva: 1400mm Depth at Ridge: 700mm
i 112
110.5
E 109
E
C 107.5
u
106
104.5
103
101.5
100 I-. __.._. __.4 . ._.__.._. . _...........

10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Number of Pannels
Comments:-
a) As the number of panel increase deflection control is better up to certain

number of panels there after increase in number of panels doesn't have
significant control over deflection.
b) For number of panels 20 the truss will have batter control on deflection, but
40
5,2.1 Effect of truss depth at Eave and Ridge (Span=40m)
Objective: To study effect of increasing depth at Eave and Ridge on the weight and deflection of Framed-Truss, at various-
-roof angles, with all other parameters kept constant, Variable parameters for the study
10 KNIm
w wu wu Roof Angle Eva Depth (ED) Ridge Depth (RD)
(mm) mm)
600
1°
1500 700
8°
1600 800
0
9 1700 900
1000
Fixed Parameters for the Study purpose
Fig: .5.2.1 Various terminology used for framed-truss

Truss Geometrical Parameters: -
Clear Span : 40m Column Clear height : 6m
Structural System: Framed Truss Web Pattern: Pratt
Number of panels :24
Member Cross-sectional parameters:
(am) (ce)
Top Chord (Rafter) 150x150x8 (R3) Chord Members 150z150z8 (RI)
Bottom Chord 150z150z8 (R3)
Vertical web members. 72z12z3,2 (R6) Web Members 113.5x113.5x4.8 (R4)
Inclined web members. 100x100x5 (R5)
Fig: -5.2.2 member cross-section reference

1.18 -- - - — 5640
1.12
vvs
1.06 -- -- 5570 v
W3" E
1 ~.~_ 5535 W
DL CA
O """ VVL wiswniw*i~
0.94 5500
0.88 =3 5465
0.82 _._._.... __..___.__. —__ _ 5430
0.76 .......... ......_ ..__........ - .. - 5395
0.7 h---- -___ 5360
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

Depth of Truss at Ridge (mm)
Fig:-5.2.3, Variation between i) Truss depth at ridge Vs Deflection Ratio and
Comments:-
a) As the Eave depth increases from 1500mm

to 1600mm and from 1600mm to 1700mm
the percentage reduction in maximum Deflection &
Weight for Truss
deflection is 9.5 and 8.5. Dl &W1
with Eave depth
b) As the Eave depth increases from 1500mm 1500mm
to 1600mm and from 1600mm to 1700mm Deflection &

Weight for Truss
the percentage increase in weight of the D2 & W2
with Eave depth
Truss frame is 0.165 and 0.164. 1600mm
c) Frame become safe as per deflection, from Deflection &
web depth and ridge = 900mm. Weight for Truss
D3 & W3
with Ea depth
d) As Eave depth of the truss increases the 1700 mm
42
1.18 — — — —
--.__.._ —._.._._.—
-------- -_---- ..___._........-_ .. 5650

1.12
5600
1.06 .... _... ~...._.-~. _. ~
o
3 I 5550
C vA
0.94 5500
0.88
5450
0,82 —__.-..__.
_ 5400
0.76 ------
3
0.7 5350
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
ii) Truss depth and ridge Vs Weight of the frame
Comments:-
a) As the Eave depth increases from Notation Description

1300mm to 1400mm and from 1400mm
Deflection &
to 1500mm the percentage reduction in Weight for Truss
D1&W1
with Eave depth
maximum deflection is 9.3 and 8.2.
1500 mm
b) As the Eave depth increases from
Deflection &
1500mm to 1600mm and from 1600mm Weight for Truss
D2 & W2
to 1700mm the percentage increase in with Eave depth
1600 mm
weight of the Truss frame is 0.165 and
0.164.
Deflection &
Weight for Truss
c) Frame become safe as per deflection, D3 & W3
with Eave depth
from web depth at ridge = 700mm. 1700 mm
d) As Eave depth of the truss increases the

43

Span: 40 m Roof angle: 70
1.12 _..._.__._..._..._........-,._.. _.,,._._.....__..... _-_...._ _m ...__._ _._.... _._.._._....._.._ 5700
1.06 - 5650 Y
-4
0 1 ........ ... ..W3-- 5600

W3 LL
3
0 0.94 5550 2
o
0.88 5500
uLz
0.82 -- -- 5450
0.76 3 b3 5400
0.7 .. . __.. . .......... ........_ _ . ....... ......_ . .... _. _. _................... 535
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Comments:-
a) As the Eave depth increases from 1300mm to Deflection &
D1 & W1
with Eave depth
percentage reduction in maximum deflection
1500 mm
is 9 and 8.
Deflection &
b) As the Eva depth increases from 1500mm to Weight for Truss
D2 & W2
1600mm and from 1600mm to 1700mm the with Eave depth
1600 mm
Deflection &
frame is 0.165 and 0.164. Weight for Truss
D3 & W3
c) Frame become safe as per deflection, from with Eave depth
1700 mm
web depth and ridge = 600mm.
d) As Eave depth of the truss increases the overall height of the truss also increase.
44
5.2.2 Effect of roof angles (Span: 40m)
Span: 40m Depth at Eave: 1500mm
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Depth at Ridge (mm)
Fig:-5.2.6, Depth at ridge Vs Deflection Ratio for various roof angles [Truss depth at
eave =1500mm]
Comments:- Notation Description
Deflection of
a) Percentage reduction in deflection with
Dl Truss with Roof
increase in roof slope from 5° to 6° and 6° to 5°
7° is in range of 7 to 9. Deflection of
b) As the depth at ridge increase the deflection D2 Truss with Roof
6°
control is better to certain web depth and after
that increasing the web depth doesn't have Deflection of
D3 Truss with Roof
significant control in deflection. 7°
c) The T b
russ ecomes
sa-re •
indfl
e ection
or each
-r
roof angle at ridge depth 900mm and above.

d) At Roof angle 7° the truss becomes safe in deflection at all ridge depth
considered.
45
Pratt web pattern : 6°)
ge of panel number for the study:
20, 22, 24, and 26
nber Cross-sections used :
(mm) (MM2)
)p Chord (Rafter) 150x150x8 Chord Members 15Ox15Ox8
:ical web members. 80x80x3.2 Web Members 113.5x113.5x5.4
ned web members. 100x100x5
Warren web pattern (RA : 60

ige of panel number for the study:
11, 12, 13, and 15
tuber Cross-sections used:
Parameter SITS Cross-section Parameter SHS Cross-section
( 2) (mm
~p Chord (Rafter) 150x15Ox8 Chord Members 150x15Ox8
Bottom Chord 150x15Ox8
fined web members. 100x100x5 Web Members 113.5x113.5x5.4
Howe web pattern : 6°)

►
ge of panel number for the study:
22, 24, 26, and 28
nber Cross-sections used:
(mm) (mm
)p Chord (Rafter) 15Ox15Ox8 Chord Members 150x15Ox8
:ical web members. 80x8Ox3.2 Web Members 113.5x113.5x5.4
ned web members. 100x100x5

5.2.3 Effect of Number of Panels (Span=40m):
Objective: To study effect of increasing number of panels on the deflection of Framed-Truss for Pratt,
- Howe and Warren web patterns, with all other parameters kept constant.
10 KN/m
Pratt Web Pattern
Truss Pannel
Warren Web Pattern
} Howe Web Pattern
Fig: 5.2.7, Framed-truss with various Web Patterns

Web pattern: Pratt Roof angle: 6° Span: 40m
Eave depth: 1600mm Ridge depth: 800mm
16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Number of Pannels
Fig:-5.2.8, Number of Panels Vs Deflection [truss depth at cave =1600mm]
Comments:-
a) As the number of panel increase deflection control is better to certain

b) For number of panel 24 the truss will have batter control on deflection.
47

Web Pattern: Warren Roof angle: 6° Span: 40m
---
D1
150 ~
149 .. ......... .... ......._..._ . .. ............_... ............._ _. ........ ............
E
E
0 147
146. .... .
145 ~--
—..__ ._ __.._..._._...._.._ .__.._...... _.. _ ._

D2
144
143 --
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of Pannels
Fig:-5.2.9, Number of Panels Vs Deflection [truss depth at eave =1600mm
Comments:-
a) As the number of panel increase deflection
With Even Number
control is better to certain number of panels Dl
of panels
there after increase in number of panels doesn't
With Odd Number
D2
have significant control over deflection. of panels
e) For Warren truss two pattern of variation in
deflection (i.e. Dl & D2) with number of panels is observed. This is due to
change in the arrangement of web member of the panels connected with
column (as shown in Figures below).

Roof Truss
Roof Truss
Web member
Web member
a-. Column Truss 4* Colurnn Truss

For odd number of panels For even number of panels
Web Pattern: Howe Roof angle: 6° Span: 40m

....................................................
159.3 ---- -
158.7 .._ _. .
E
^ 158.1 ..._- ... ....... .. ...... ._..._.._ ......_ -
E
157.5 __._. _ ___
156.9 ......._. _...._ ..............._.....,.,_.... ........ _... ....... ...___ __ _...._.. _.___... _._..__...._.,__.._...___..
O 156.3
155.7 -..__._.........,
1545
18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Number of Pannels
Comments:-
a) As the number of panel increase deflection control is better up to certain

49
5.3 Design of-typical framed truss:
In this section design of typical intermediate framed truss with tubular

sections, and Pratt web pattern is carried out for clear span of 30m and 40m. The
design has been carried out with the help of STAAD Pro-2007, as per IS: 800-1984.
Since uniformly distributed load is taken on the top chord of the truss, it is designed
assuming that it is simply supported but continuous member. The effective length
factor (K) for compression member in a truss can always be conservatively taken as
equal to 1. However, due to considerable end restrains present in truss the effective
length factor (K) is generally less than 1. The maximum slenderness ratio of
compression Members has been restricted to be less than 180 and tension members to
be less than 250.
Common Data:
➢ High-Reflecting Profiled Galvalume sheet as roofing materials.

➢ Square tubular section used for purlins.
➢ Column clear height is equal to 6m.
➢ The framed truss is supported with pinned support at both ends.
➢ Brick wall as side cladding.
➢ The trusses are spaced at 6 m apart.
➢ Purlins spacing is limited to 0.77 m.
Loading
1) Dead load
Self-weight of the Framed-Truss is considered directly through the self-weight

command of STAAD-pro 2007.
Dead load of roof sheeting:
The weight of 24 gauge (0.63mm thick) Galalume sheet as 4.8 kg/m2. To include the
additional weight due to overlapping of sheets, and moisture and heat insulation
treatment, take effective thickness of the sheets as 1 mm. hence,
Dead load per meter due to sheeting on the rafter of the truss=
(4.8/0.63)x6 = 47 kg/m
5.3 Design of typical framed truss:
In this section design of typical intermediate framed truss with tubular

sections, and Pratt web pattern is carried out for clear span of 30m and 40m. The
design has been carried out with the help of STAAD Pro-2007, as per IS: 800-1984.
Since uniformly distributed load is taken on the top chord of the truss, it is designed
assuming that it is simply supported but continuous member. The effective length
factor (K) for compression member in a truss can always be conservatively taken as
equal to 1. However, due to considerable end restrains present in truss the effective
length factor (K) is generally less than 1. The maximum slenderness ratio of
compression Members has been restricted to be less than 180 and tension members to
be less than 250.
Common Data:
➢ High-Reflecting Profiled Galvalume sheet as roofing materials.

➢ Square tubular section used for purlins.
➢ Column clear height is equal to 6m.
> The framed truss is supported with pinned support at both ends.
> Brick wall as side cladding.
> The trusses are spaced at 6 m apart.
> Purlins spacing is limited to 0.77 m.
Loading
1) Dead load
Self-weight of the Framed-Truss is considered directly through the self-weight

command of STAAD-pro 2007.
Dead load of roof sheeting:
The weight of 24 gauge (0.63mm thick) Galalume sheet as 4.8 kg/m2. To include the
additional weight due to overlapping of sheets, and moisture and heat insulation
treatment, take effective thickness of the sheets as 1mm. hence,
Dead load per meter due to sheeting on the rafter of the truss=
(4.8/0.63)x6 = 47 kg/m
50
= 0.47 KN/m
Due to purlins:
The square tubular pulins (50x5Ox2.9) with self weight of 4.12 kg/m, are provided at
the spacing of 0.77m. The number of purlins required for span 30m is 42, and for 40m
is 56.
Dead load per meter due to purlins on the rafter of the truss (span=30m)
42x6x4.12/30 = 34.6 kg/m
0.35 KN/m
Dead load per meter due to purlins on the rafter of the truss (span=40m)
56x6x4.12/40 = 34.6 kg/m
0.35 KN/m
2) Live load
Referring clause 4.1 of IS: 875-1984, Live load for roof membrane sheets or purlins is
0.75 kN/m2, for every degree increase in slope over 10 degrees (i.e. LL = 0.75-0.02
(Theta- 10) kN/m2). Hence,
Live load per meter on the rafter of the truss =
0.75x6 = 4.5 KN/m
3) Wind Load
For calculation of the design wind pressure, as per IS - 875 - part - III depending upon
the location of the structure, the coefficient and other parameters required can be
taken as follows,
➢ Basic wind speed for wind zone III = 44 m/sec.

➢ Basic wind speed for wind zone V = 50 m/sec.
➢ Risk coefficient K 1 = 1.0 (Cl. 5.3.1)
➢ Terrain, Height and Structure size factor K2 = 0.93 (Cl. 5.3.2)
51
➢ Topography factor K3 = 1.0 (C1.5.3.3 and Appendix — C of IS - 875 - part -
III)
➢ External pressure coefficient Cpe = -0.8p for pitched roofs (Table 5)
➢ Internal pressure coefficient Cpi = + 0.2 p for buildings with normal
permeability (Cl. 6.2.3).
Using above parameters and constants, the `equivalent load per meter on the top chord
of given truss is:
For wind speed of 44 kmph (zone III)= 7 KN/m
For wind speed of 50 kmph (zone V)= 9 KN/m
Load Combinations:
1) Dead Load + Live Load

2) Dead Load + Wind Load
52

Fig: - 5,3,3, Truss members stress ratio Fig: • 5,3,4, Truss members stress ratio
Note:
1)LF: Load Factor;
2)Application of wind load in reverse direction, So negative sign is given to load factor
when wind is acted.
3)Allowable vertical Deflection: 125mm
4)Allowable lateral Deflection: 31mm
5)When WL is acting permissible stresses will increase by 33%.
6)The cross-sections of Fig-5.3.5, which are given in table 5.3.1, will be suitable for both 44
kmph &50 kmph,
7)Basic wind speed 44 kmph correspond to III wind zone and 5(1 kmph correspond to V
wind zone,
LU IQ I
8)By locally strengthening the panels adjacent to column weight of Framed Truss may
further raduce,
Fig: - 5.3.5, Truss members stress ratio

Table. - 5.4.1, Design cross-sections and corresponding frame deflection.
-
. wBotom'Chard ~
*TopChord Dimensions (mm) Unit Unit Inclined Dimensions (mm) Unit Vertical Dimensions
(mm)= Unit
Figure Deons
imnsi ( mm Weight on
Deflection
Weight Weight 's Weight Weightt Remarks
No . r (Tones) (mm)
depth thickness (Kg~m~ width depth thicknes
s ~KB /m) width depth thickness (Kg /m) width it hcn (Kgfm)
53.1 132 132 - 5,4 20.88 132 132 54 . ..

2088 100 '` 100: 4 1113 60 60 26 4.55 1,61 ' 18.8 1F0.6
512 132 132 5,4 2088

, 132 132 54 2088
. 100 100 4 ' 11,13 60 60 26 " e 4,55 1.61 •
78,3 IF 0.7,for 44kmph
5.3.3 113.5 113.5 4.8 - 15,92 - 113.5 113.5 48 1592 80 ` 80 4 9.22 60 60 2,6 455 1.37 - 83.1 LFA,6
Lf; 0.1 for

5.3.4 1135 113.5 4.8 15.92 ` 113.2 113.2 4,8 15.92 80 80 4 9.22 60 , 60 2.6 a 4,55 131 •
84.6
44kmph
1ft0,9,for
5.3.5 113.5 113.5 48 15,92 113.5 1135 4.8 15.92 80 F
860 4 9.22 60 60" 2.6 4.55 1,31 110.4
50kmph
Fig: -5.3.2, Truss members stress ratio

Fig: -5.3.1, Truss members stress ratio
53.1 Design of Framed•Truss for 30m span:
Table: 53.1, Frame Truss System Design Data
Span: 30m Truss height: 2.98m Truss Spacing : 6m
Number of panels ;18 Roof Angle: 60

SI, Parameter Cross-section Length Weight Total wt Remarks
No. (mm) (m) (kgim) (kg)
I Top Chord (Rafter) 1135x113,9x4.8 30.16 15.92 148.828
2 Bottom Chord 11351113.514.8 30,34 15.92 151.11
3 Vertical web
60x6022,4 17.50 4.55 78.00
FRAMED TRUSS @ Roof Angle 60 members.
4 Inclined web
80x80x4 31,16 9.22 340.6
members,
Column
5 Chord members 1501150x5 39.29 22.26 856.1
6 Web members 80180x4,8 26.82 10.87 285.4
Purins
Sag-Rod
7 Porbns 42@0.f 50x5012,9 252 4,12 1038.24
NIL
High-Reflecting Profiled Galvalume Roofing Sheet (Min 500MPa)
NODE NUMBERS $ Roof Sheet: 0,63mm 09mm+coating 4,8 kg/m1 864
Moisture Condensation + Heat Insulation Treatment
Medium density Glass-wool panel flush with the bottom of Purlins:

9 Glass-wool: 10mm
Plastic sheet supported
Nodal Displacement Summary
Horizontal Vertical Resultant Loads for Truss Analysis
Parameters Node
X(mm) Y(mm) (mm) Live Load (kN/m) 4,5
10
Max X 212 12.450 0.577 12,463
Roof Sheet (kNlm) 0.47 lmm thick
Min X 112 •12.450 0.577 12.463 11
Purlin 0d4/m) 0.35

Max Y 107 •7.471 1,298 7.583 12
Min Y 19 0 •83.045 83.045

DL of Truss (kN) 13.7
Max Rst 19 0 •83.045 83.045 13
53.2 Design of Framed-Truss for 40m span;
Table. 5,33; Frame Truss System Design Data
Span: 40m Truss height: 3.70 in Truss Spacing: 6m
Number of panels : 24 Roof Angle: 60

SL Parameter Cross-section Length Weight Total wt, Remarks
No. (mm) (in) (kg/in) (kg)
1 Top Chord (Rafter) 150X150X5 40.22 22.26 878.4
2 Bottom Chord 150X150X5 40.42 22.26 878.0
3 Vertical web
72X72X3.2 27.20 6.71 178.4
members,
FRAME TRUSS @ Roof Angle 60
4 Inclined web
100X100X4 52.54 11.73 588.9
members.
Column
5 Chord members 150X15018 42.53 34.38 1430.4
6 Web members 100X100X5 28.89 14.41 407.4
PurWts
Sag-Rod
7 Purlins:56 @0.77m 50z90n2,9 336 4.12 1384.32 N-R
High-Reflecting Profiled Galvalume Roofing Sheet (Min. 500MPa)
NODE NUMBERS
8 Roof Sheet:0.63mm 0.5mm+eoafing 4.8kglm' 864
Moisture Condensation+ Heat Insulation Treatment
Medium density Glass-wool panel flush with the bottom of Purlins

9 Glass-wool: ilium I
Plastic sheet supported
Nodal Displacement Summary
Loads for Truss Analysis
Horizontal Vertical Resultant
Parameters Node X(mm) 10 Live Load (kNlm) 4,5
Y(rain) (nun)
214 15.017 -7.090 16.606 11 Roof Sheet (kNlm) 0.47 lmm thick
Max X
Min X 114 15.017 -7.089 16,606

12 Purlin (kNlm) 0.35
Max Y 25 10.980 1.682 11.108
MinY 25 0 -113.9 113,893 13 DL of Truss (kN) 25.4
Max Rst 25 0 -113.9 -113.9

Table:- 5,3.2, Design cross-sections and corresponding frame deflection
Bottom Chord
Top Chord Dimensions (mm) Unit. Unit Inclined Dimensions (mm) Unit Vertical Dimensions (mm) Unit
Figure Dimensions(mm) Weight Deflection
Weight Weight Weight Weight Remarks
No (Tones) ~mm~
width depth thickness (Kg/m) width depth thickness "(Kg/m) width depth thickness (Kg/m) width depth thickness (Kg/m)
5.3.6 150 150 6 26.40 150 150 6 26.40 100 100 5 14.41 72 72 3,2 6,71 0 104.7 LF:0,6
5.3.7 150 150 6 26.40 150 150 6 26.40 100 100 5 14.41 12 72 3.2 6.71 0 -97.494 LF:-0J,for44kmph
5.3.8 150 150 5 22.26 150 150 5 22.26 100 100. 4 11,13 72 72 3.2 6,71 2.54 113.9 LF:0.6
LF: -0,7, for

5.3.9 150 150 5 22.26 150 150 5 22.26 100 100 4 11.73 12 72 3.2 6.71 254 -110,1
44kmph
Lfc -0.9, for
5,3.10 150 150 5 22.26 150 150 5 22.26 100 100 4 11.73 12 72 3,2 6,11 2,54 .144,54
SOkmph
EM
Fig: - 5.3.6, Truss members stress ratio Fig: - 5.3.7, Truss members stress ratio

Fig: - 5,3,8, Truss members stress ratio Fig: • 5.3.9, Truss members stress ratio
0.817
Note:
1)LF:LoadFactor;
2)Application of wind load in reverse direction. So negative sign is given to load factor when wind is
acted.
3)Allowable Vertical Deflection. 166 mm.
4)Allowable Lateral Deflection 31mm,
5)When WL is acting permissible stresses will increase by 33%.
6)The cross-sections of Fig-5,3,10, which are given in table 5,3.3, will be suitable for both 44 kmph &50
kmph.
7)Basic wind speed 44 kmph correspond to III wind zone, and 50 kmph correspond to V wind zone.
8)By locally strengthening the panels adjacent to column weight of Framed Truss may further raduce,
Fig: • 5.3.10, Truss members stress ratio

As the number of panels increase number of connection also increase, practically which
may cost to economy and deflection, at the same time if the number of panel is less (i.e.
more panel width) than unsupported length of the truss member increase, due which
members with higher cross section required. Which may lead to uneconomical design,
therefore the designer has to consider the above factors for deciding panel width.
In Warren web pattern the panel width is large, (i.e. nearly equal to twice of Pratt or
Howe panel width) due to which members with larger cross-sectional area is required, but
due to not having vertical web member and lesser number of connection it may lead to
overall economical truss. From fig: 5.1.9 and fig: 5.2.9 it is seen for a truss with Warren
web pattern if odd number of panels (i.e. 9 or 11 for 30m span and 13 or 15 for 40m
span) are provided the deflection control is better.
From typical design of an intermediate framed truss for an industrial roof system
with tubular sections, Pratt web pattern, and possible governing loadings the weight of
truss for 30m span is 1.37 tones and for 40m span is 2.57 tones. It has been observed that
if the panels adjacent to columns are locally strengthened the weight of the truss
frame can further be reduced.
6.3 SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES:
The framed truss is commonly used structure in construction of Industrial

buildings. In present times due to large scale utilization of Pre-Engineered structures
including framed truss with tubular sections, it has imperative to further study the
behavior of the framed truss so as to provide a design more efficient than the present. The
following factors may need further study:
[1] Study on the column dimensions for varying column height under lateral loading.
[2] In present scenario, the commonly used shape of the purlins is Z & C. So a study
is required with purlin as tubular sections and their effect on purlin spacing and
effect of their connectivity with the main rafter.
[3] Interaction of framed truss as regards loads along the main axis of the building.
[4] Study of the framed truss joints with tubular sections.
61

APPENDIX-A
INTERNAL VIEW OF A SII1)
CLOSE UP OF A PIN-SUPPORT FOR FRAME
I. .
, _SS•
- . . -• L.J o l
•.
S • - -
5)
p lip
- r -
._P. ' • • - --

S
S - -
- •••.• -
-- ,
- P. •
64

ii :" /
1/ :
~~~
vr
`~' F -1 °-rte,
y I ~
Typical truss with RHS
Manufacturing of Rectangular Hollow Section
65
Typical Framed truss
End Cutting Machine

x'0' 0
f, mean'.
400-
— — — —,
___ __ __ ()
0
Perimeter
Influence of cold-forming on yield strength for a square hollow section
X TandY
9Of+1 ___
- __ Lf1
Ii 14
I and K K'.1'
Basic Types of joints
67
•
itI'ir iIer.t
for
1,2N
1r
0 do
TUN
.
N
14-0
O00% N
2N sir
(e)
(g)
Example of Hollow section joint classification

A

a) Chord face h) Punchl qq shear ialwe c chord
(ci 1nvnIrd dUihti1ion, in Iho trsion hrac (d) Urvn idsIribttkn, ir. the comprosq on
brace
() Shear ythnq of the choid, in the gao ) Chord Side wall failure
{g Local buckling o tie chord face
Failure mode of K and N type RHS truss joints
[4]
SELF TAPPING SCREW CONNECTING PURLIN AND ROOF SHEETING
EPDM WASHER (these washer are co-polymers, consisting of ethylene,

propylene with proportion of diene and they offer extended life with best weather-
proofing characteristics under extreme climatic condition)
SCREW GAUGE (gauge of a screw is determined by the basic of the thread

outside diameter)
THREAD PITCH (thread pitch is the number of thread crests counted along a
linear measurement of one inch)
IDENTIFICATION CODES of self-drilling screws is asfollows:
12 - 14 X 2.5
Screw Gauge Thread Pitch (threads Overall length of the
(Thread outside per inch) screw measured from
Figure -10 diameter) under the head (mm)
RIDGE-END
RIDGE PURLIN -- DSr
PURL! I Jy ( r' ® r/ r5) )\ OVERHANG AT EAVES

O0 iin ri
EAVES PURLN • O /
rF+- , EAVE-€ND
f Mutwr-enay
OVERHANG AT SIDES
100 mm
LAYING OF SHEETS
70

Framed-Truss Systems For Large Span Industrial Structures: A Dissertation

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FRAMED-TRUSS SYSTEMS FOR LARGE SPAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere indebtedness to my

Title Figure .No Page

Typical Pre-engineered building 1.1 3

Various terminologies used for Framed-Truss 1.2 3

Nature of axial forces in Framed-truss members-

-for gravity loading, with different web patterns 3.1 16

Buckling coefficients for flat rectangular plates 3.2 17

Effect of increasing depth at Eave and Ridge

Effect of roof angles (span: 30m) 5.1.6 36

Effect of number of panels for 30m span

Effect of increasing depth at Eave and Ridge

Effect of roof angles (span: 40m) 5.2.6 45

Effect of number of panels for 40m span

Stress ratio for truss members (span: 30m) -------- 53 to 55

Stress ratio for truss members (span: 30m) -------- 56 to 58

Photos regarding Pre-engineered Buildings, - -------- Appendix-A

Title Table .No

Cold rolled versus Hot rolled --- 2.1

Chronicle summary of cold-formed-

Effective length of prismatic member ---_ 3.2 ----- 21

Varying range of various parameters -

Design cross-sections and corresponding-

YS _ Material yield strength

E - Modulus of elasticity of steel

PEB - Pre-Engineered Building

SHS - Square-Hollow section

RI-IS - Rectangular-Hollow section

CTS - Cylindrical Tubular section

a) Larger spans possible.

Cold formed Z and C-shaped members may be used as secondary structural

Eave Roof Angle

Fig: 1.1, Typical Pre-Engineered Building

Eave Depth Inclined Web member

Hinge Support Hinge Support

Fig: 1.2, Various terminology used for Framed Truss

The designing of Pre-Engineered Buildings (PEB) is quick and efficient as they

1.2 BRIEF REVIEW OF ASSOCIATED LITERATURE

1.3 CRITICAL COMMENTS

1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION

An internal framed truss with hinge support of an Industrial building of two

1.5 SCOPE OF WORK

Analysis of a framed truss to arrive at values of maximum deflection at ridge

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

2.1.1 Hollow Steel Sections:

Closed structural sections (RHS/SHS/CTS) have many advantages over

2.1.2 Cold-formed steel:

Hot Rolled Cold Rolled

Unit Unit weight is comparatively It is much smaller.

Ductility More ductile in nature. Less ductile.

Design Most of the time, we consider Local buckling, Distortional

Research In the advanced stages at More possibilities as the concept is

Table: 2.1, Cold rolled versus Hot rolled

Year Published Significances

Table: 2.2 Chronicle summary of cold-formed steel framing standards

2.2.1 Some literature regarding cold formed-steel section:

2.2.2 Some literature review on tubular trusses:

2.3 Critical comments:

2.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM UNDER STUDY:

Steel, as a construction material displays high values of yield stress, while

3.2 Selection of the member cross-sections

Closed structural sections (RHS/SHS/CTS) have many advantages over Conventional

0.76 (._..__..._....._ ......_ ._... —._.. - ._............ — — - _.........._.. _ -- 2670