INDIAN HISTORY

Öü¡¹¹ãã‡ãŠãÊããè¶ã ¹ãƽãìŒã Ô©ãÊã Ìãõã䪇㊠Ôã¼¾ã¦ãã †Ìãâ ÔãâÔ‡ãðŠãä¦ã

¹ãƽãìŒã „¦Œã¶ã¶ã‡ãŠ¦ããà ÌãÓãà Ìã¦ãýãã¶ã ãäÔ©ããä¦ã ‰ãŠ. •ã¶ã¹ãª ãäÔ©ããä¦ã Àã•ã£ãã¶ããè
Ô©ãÊã 1. ‡ãŠãÍããè ÌãÁ¥ãã ¦ã©ãã ‚ããÔããè ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè
Öü¡¹¹ãã ª¾ããÊã ÔããÖ¶ããè 1921 ¹ãããä‡ãŠÔ¦ãã¶ã ‡ãñŠ ¹ãâ•ããºã ¶ãªãè ‡ãñŠ ÔãâØã½ã ¹ãÀý
¹ãÆãâ¦ã ½ãò 2. ‡ãŠãõÍãÊã „¦¦ãÀ¹ãƪñÍã ‡ãñŠ ½ã£¾ã ½ãò ÑããÌãÔ¦ããè
½ããñÖ¶ã•ããñªü¡ãñ ÀŒããÊãªãÔã 1922 ¹ãããä‡ãŠÔ¦ãã¶ã ‡ãñŠ ãäÔãâ£ã „¦¦ãÀ ‡ãŠãè ‚ããñÀý
ºã¶ã•ããê ¹ãÆãâ¦ã ½ãò 3. ‚ãâØã ½ãØã£ã À㕾㠇ãñŠ ¹ãîÌãà ½ãòý Þã½¹ãã¶ãØãÀãè
ÔãìʇãŠãØãò¡ãñÀ ‚ããùÀÊã ԛヶã 1927 ºãÊãîãäÞãÔ¦ãã¶ã 4. ½ãØã£ã ‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ãäºãÖãÀ À㕾㠇ãñŠ Àã•ãØãš•ãÖ
Ôãì¦ã‡ãŠã‡ãŠãñ› •ããù•ãà ÌãñÊÔã 1962 ºãÊãîãäÞãÔ¦ãã¶ã Øã¾ãã ¦ã©ã㠹㛶ãã ãä•ãÊãñ ‡ãñŠ
ºããÊãã‡ãŠãñ› •ããù•ãà ÌãñÊÔã 1962 ºãÊãîãäÞãÔ¦ãã¶ã ½ã£¾ã ½ãòý
‚ã½ãÀãè •ãñ.†½ã. ‡ãŠ•ãã‡ãŠ 1959-61 ãäÔãâ£ã
5. ½ãÊÊã Ìããä••ã ÔãâÜã À㕾㠇ãñŠ †‡ãŠ ¼ããØã-
„¦¦ãÀ ½ãò ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý ¾ãÖ ‡ãìŠÍããèÊã¶ãØãÀ
Êããñ©ãÊã †Ôㆽ㠦ãÊãÌããÀ 1953-56 ‚ãÖ½ãªãºã㪠(Øãì•ãÀã¦ã)
ªãñ ¼ããØããò ½ãò ãäÌã¼ãããä•ã¦ã ©ããý ªîÔãÀã ¼ããØã-
‡ãŠãÊããèºãâØãã ºããè.ºããè. ÊããÊã Ìã 1961 ØãâØãã¶ãØãÀ (Àã•ãÔ©ãã¶ã)
¹ããÌãã¹ãìÀãè
Ìããè.‡ãñŠ. ©ãã¹ãÀ
6. Ìããä••ã ‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ãäºãÖãÀ À㕾ã ÌãõÍããÊããè
ºã¶ãÌããÊããè ÀãäÌ㶳ãäÔãâÖ ãäÌã› 1973-74 ãäÖÔããÀ (ÖãäÀ¾ãã¥ãã)
‡ãñŠ „¦¦ãÀãè ¼ããØã ½ãò ãäÔ©ã¦ã
‡ãŠãñ›ªãè•ããè ¹ãŠ•ãÊã 1955-57 ãäÔãâ£ã ¹ãÆãâ¦ã
¾ãÖ ‚ã㟠À㕾ããò ‡ãŠã
‚ãֽ㪠Œããú (¹ãããä‡ãŠÔ¦ãã¶ã)
†‡ãŠ ÔãâÜã ©ããý
ªñÔãÊã¹ãìÀ ¹ããè.¹ããè. ¹ã㥡ñ¾ã ¼ãì•ã ãä•ãÊãã
7. Þãñãäª ‡ãñŠ¶ã ¶ãªãè ‡ãñŠ ¦ã› ¹ãÀ Íãìãä‡ã‹¦ã½ã¦ããè
‚ããõÀ †½ã† ¤ã‡ãñŠ (Øãì•ãÀã¦ã)
‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ºãìâªñÊãŒã¥¡
Ô©ãÊã †Ìãâ ¶ãªãè ¦ã› ½ãò ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý
Ô©ãÊã ¶ãªãè ¦ã› 8. Ìã¦Ôã ‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ƒÊããÖãºã㪠‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠãõÍã㽺ããè
1. Öü¡¹¹ãã ÀãÌããè ¹ããÔãý
2. ½ããñÖ¶ã•ããñªü¡ãñ ãäÔãâ£ãì 9. ‡ãìŠÁ ãäªÊÊããè ‚ããõÀ ½ãñÀŸ ‡ãñŠ ƒ¶³¹ãÆÔ©ã
3. Êããñ©ãÊã ÜããÜãÀã Ôã½ããè¹ã ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý
4. ‡ãŠãÊããèºãâØãã ÜããÜãÀã 10. ¹ããâÞ ããÊã ØãâØãã ¾ã½ãì¶ãã ‡ãñŠ ªãñ‚ããºã ½ãò
‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ÁÖñÊãŒã¥¡ ½ãò
5. Ôãì¦ã‡ãŠãØãò¡ãñÀ ªã͇ãŠ
ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý ¾ãÖ ªãñ ¼ããØããò
6. Þã¶Öîªü¡ãñ ãäÔãâ£ã
½ãò ãäÌã¼ã‡ã‹¦ã ©ãã-
7. Ôããñ¦‡ãŠã‡ãŠãñÖ Íããªãñ‡ãŠãõÀã
(‡ãŠ) „¦¦ãÀãè ¹ããâÞããÊã ‚ãããä ªÞœ¨ã
8. ºã¶ãÌããÊããè ÜããÜãÀã (Œã) ªãäàã¥ã ¹ããâÞããÊã ‡ãŠããä ½¹ãʾã
9. Àãñ•ãªãè ¼ããªÀ 11. ‚ãÔ½ã‡ãŠ ØããñªãÌãÀãè ¶ãªãè ‡ãñŠ ¦ã› ¹ã㛶ã
10. ½ãÊãÌã¥ã ¦ã㹦ããè ¹ãÀ ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý
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 INDIAN HISTORY

12. ½ã¦Ô¾ã ¾ãÖ Ìã¦ãýãã¶ã •ã¾ã¹ãìÀ, ãäÌãÀ㛶ãØãÀãè Ԧ㽼ã ÊãñŒã

‚ãÊãÌãÀ ¦ã©ãã ¼ãÀ¦ã¹ãìÀ ‡ãñŠ 1. ãäªÊÊããè - ›ãñ¹ãÀã 7. ÊãñŒã
‡ã슜 ¼ããØããò ½ãò ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý 2. ¹ãƾããØã Ԧ㽼ã ÊãñŒã 8. ÊãñŒã ãä•ãÔã½ãò 1 ÊãñŒã •ãÖãúØããÀãè ‡ãŠã
13. ÍãîÀÔãñ¶ã ½ã¦Ô¾ã À㕾㠇ãñŠ ªãäàã¥ã ½ã©ãìÀã 3. ãäªÊÊããè - ½ãñÀŸ 6 ÊãñŒã
½ãò ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý 4. ÊããõãäÀ¾ãã‚ãÀÀã•ã 6 ÊãñŒã „¦‡ãŠãè¥ãÃ
14. Øããâ£ããÀ ¾ãÖ ‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠÍ½ããèÀ ‡ãñŠ ¦ãàããäÍãÊãã 5. ÊããõãäÀ¾ãã ¶ã⪠Øãü¤ 6 ÊãñŒã „¦‡ãŠãè¥ãÃ
‚ããÔã¹ããÔã ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý 6. Àã½ã¹ãìÀÌãã Ԧ㽼ã 6 ÊãñŒã „¦‡ãŠãè¥ãÃ
15. ‡ãŠ½ºããñ•ã ¾ãÖ ‡ãŠÍ½ããèÀ, ‚ã¹ãŠØãããä¶ãÔ¦ãã¶ã Àã•ã¹ãìÀ ½ã£¾ã‡ãŠãÊããè¶ã ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ƒãä¦ãÖãÔã ‡ãñŠ Õããñ¦ã
¦ã©ãã ¹ãã½ããèÀ ‡ãñŠ ¼ãî¼ããØã ¦ã‡ãŠ ©ãã A. ÔãããäÖã䦾ã‡ãŠ Õããñ¦ã
16. ‚ãÌãã䶦㠽ããÊãÌãã ¹ãƪñÍã ½ãò ãäÔ©ã¦ã ©ããý „••ã¾ã¶ããè ËñŒã‡ãŠ ¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ
ãäÍãÊããÊãñŒã ÖÔã¶ã ãä¶ã•ãã½ããè ¦ãã•ã-„Êã-½ãããäÔãÀ
‰ãŠ. ÊãñŒã Ô©ãÊã ãäÊããä¹ã ‚ãÊãºã¶ããè ¦ãÖ‡ãŠãè‡ãŠ-†-ãäÖ¶ª
1. ÍããÖºãã•ããèØãü¤ãè ¹ãñÍããÌãÀ (¹ãããä‡ãŠÔ¦ãã¶ã) ŒãÀãñÓŸãè ãä½ã¶Öã•ã-„Ôã-ãäÔãÀã•ã ¦ãºãã‡ãŠ¦ã-†-¶ãããäÔãÀãè
2. ½ã¶ãÔãñÖÀã Ö•ããÀã (¹ãããä‡ãŠÔ¦ãã¶ã) ŒãÀãñÓŸãè ‚ã½ããèÀ ŒãìÔãÀãñ ¶ãîÖ ãäÔã¹ãñÖÀ, ãä‡ãŠÀã¶ã-„Ôã-Ôããªñ¶ã,
3. ãäØãÀ¶ããÀ Øãì•ãÀã¦ã ºãÆãÚããè Œã•ãã¾ã-„Êã-¹ã슦ãìÖ, ãä½ã¹ã‹¦ããÖ-„Êã-
4. Ôããñ¹ããÀã ©ãã¥ãñ (½ãÖãÀãÓ›È) --,,-- ¹ãŠ¦ãìÖ, ¦ãìØãÊã‡ãŠ¶ãã½ãã
5. ‡ãŠãÊãÔããè ªñÖÀãªî¶ã („¦¦ãÀŒãâ¡) --,,-- ãä•ã¾ãã„­ãè¶ã ºãÀ¶ããè ¦ãÀãèŒã-†-ãä¹ãŠÀãñ•ãÍããÖãè, ¹ãŠ¦ãÌãã-†-
6. •ããõ¶ãØãü¤ Øãâ•ãã½ã („ü¡ãèÔãã) --,,-- •ãÖãúªãÀãè
7. £ããõÊããè ¹ãìÀãè („ü¡ãèÔãã) --,,-- ãä¹ãŠÀãñ•ãÍããÖ ¦ãìØãÊã‡ãŠ ¹ã슦ãÖã¦ã-†-¹ãŠãèÀãñ•ãÍããÖãè
8. †ÀÃØãìãäü¡ ‡ãŠ¶ãÃîÊã (‚ãã.¹ãÆ.) --,,-- ƒÔã½ããè ¹ã슦ãìÖ-„Ôã-ÔãÊãã¦ããè¶ã
ÊãÜãì ãäÍãÊããÊãñŒã ‚ã½ããèÀ ¦ãõ½ãîÊã ÊãâØã ½ãÊã¹ããã¦ã-†-½ãìºããÀ‡ãŠÍããÖãè
1. ¹ã¶ãã©ã •ãºãÊã¹ãìÀ (½ã.¹ãÆ.)û ¾ãããäÖ¾ãã ãäºã¶ã ‚ãֽ㪠¦ããÀãèŒã-†-½ãìºããÀ‡ãŠÍããÖãè
2. Øãì•ãÃÀã ªãä¦ã¾ãã (½ã.¹ãÆ.) ÍãñŒã ãäÀ•ã‡ãìŠÊÊãã Ìãããä‡ãŠ¾ãã¦ã-†-½ãìͦãã‡ãŠãè ‚ããõÀ
3. ÔãÖÔãÀã½ã ãäºãÖãÀ ¦ããÀãèŒã-†-½ãìͦãã‡ãŠãè
4. ¼ããºãÆî ÌãõÀã› •ã¾ã¹ãìÀ (Àã•ãÔ©ãã¶ã) Ôãʦã¶ã¦ã‡ãŠãÊããè¶ã ÍããÔã¶ã ̾ãÌãÔ©ãã
5. ½ããÔ‡ãŠãè Àã¾ãÞãîÀ (‡ãŠ¶ããÛ‡ãŠ) ‡ãòŠ³ãè¾ã ÍããÔã¶ã
6. ºãÆÚããäØããäÀ ãäÞã¨ãÊãªìØãà (‡ãŠ¶ããÛ‡ãŠ)  ‡ãò Š ³ãè ¾ ã ÍããÔã¶ã ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ £ ãã¶ã Ôãì Ê ã¦ãã¶ã Öãñ ¦ ãã ©ããý
7. ãäÔã­¹ãìÀ ºãÆÚããäØããäÀ ‡ãñŠ ¹ããÔã „¦¦ãÀããä£ã‡ãŠãÀãè ‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ãä¶ããäÍÞã¦ã ãä¶ã¾ã½ã ¶ãÖãé ©ããý
8. †ÀÃØãìãäü¡ ‡ãŠ¶ãîÃÊã (‡ãŠ¶ããÛ‡ãŠ) ¹ãƽãìŒã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀãè †Ìãâ „¶ã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¾ãÃ
9. ØããñãäÌã½ãŸ ‡ãŠãñ¹ãºãÊã (½ãõÔãîÀ) ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀãè ‡ãŠã¾ãÃ
10. ¹ããÊããä‡ãŠØãì¥¡ì ½ãõÔãîÀ Ìã•ããèÀ (¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã½ãâ¨ããè): Àã•ãÔÌã ãäÌã¼ããØã (ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-Ìã•ããÀ¦ã)
11. Àã•ãìÊã ½ãâ¡ãäØããäÀ ‡ãŠ¶ãÃîÊã (‚ããâ.¹ãÆ.) ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã
12. ‚ãÖÀãõÀã ãä½ã•ããùãìÀã („.¹ãÆ.) ‚ãããäÀ•ã-†-½ãì½ãããäÊã‡ãŠ : Ôãñ¶ãã ãäÌã¼ããØã (ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-‚ã•ãÃ) ‡ãŠããù
13. •ããä¦ãØãÀã½ãñÍÌãÀ ºãÆÚããäØããäÀ ‡ãñŠ ¹ããÔã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã

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 INDIAN HISTORY

ªºããèÀ-†-ŒããÔã : ÍããÖãè ¹ã¨ã-̾ãÌãÖãÀ ãäÌã¼ããØã  ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ ¶ãñ ½ããÊãÌãã ‡ãŠãñ ½ãìØãÊã Ôãã½ãÆ㕾㠽ãò Ôããä½½ããäÊã¦ã
(‚ã½ããèÀ ½ãìâÍããè) (ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-ƒÃÍãã) ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ãñ ãä‡ãŠ¾ããý
ªãèÌãã¶ãñ ÀÔããÊã¦ã : ãäÌãªñÍã Ìãã¦ããà ‚ããõÀ ‡ã¶ããèãä¦ã‡ãŠ Ôãâºãâ£ããò ½ãÖÊã/ ¼ãÌã¶ã ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã‡ãŠ¦ããÃ
‡ãŠãè ªñŒã¼ããÊã ‡ãŠÀ¶ãñ ÌããÊãã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãÀãè ºãã•ãºãÖãªìÀ ½ãÖÊã ÔãìÊã¦ãã¶ã ¶ãããäÔã­ãè¶ã ÍããÖ
Ôã³-„Ôã-ÔãìªîÀ : £ã½ãà ãäÌã¼ããØã ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã ¹ã½ã¦ããè ‡ãŠã ½ãÖÊã
‡ãŠã•ããè-„Êã-‡ãŠ•ãã¦ã : ¶¾ãã¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØã ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã ‡ãìŠÍ‡ãŠ½ãÖÊã ½ãÖ½ãîª ãäŒãÊã•ããè
‚ã½ããèÀ-†-‚ããŒãìÀ : ‚ãÍÌãÍããÊãã ‡ãŠã ¹ãƽãìŒã •ãÖã•ã½ãÖÊã ãäØã¾ããÔãì­ãè¶ã ¦ãìØãÊã‡ãŠ
½ãìâãäÔã¹ãŠ-†-½ãì½ãããäÊã‡ãŠ : ½ãÖãÊãñŒãã‡ãŠãÀ ãäÖ¥¡ãñÊãã ¼ãÌã¶ã ÖìÍãâØã ÍããÖ
‚ã½ããèÀ-†-½ã•ããäÊãÔã : ÍããÖãè „¦ÔãÌããò ‡ãŠã ¹ãƺãâ£ã‡ãŠ¦ããà (ªÀºããÀ ÖãÊã)
Œãããä•ã¶ã : ‚ãã¾ã ‡ãŠã ÔãâØãÆև㊦ããà ¹ãƽãìŒã ãäÌãªñÍããè ¾ãã¨ããè
¹ãƽãìŒã ãäÌã¼ããØã †Ìãâ „¶ã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¾ãà ¾ãã¨ããè ªñÍã ÍããÔã‡ãŠ
ãäÌã¼ããØã ‡ãŠã¾ãà ãä¶ã‡ãŠãñÊããñ ‡ãŠãñ¥›ãè (1420 ƒÃ.) ƒ›Êããè ªñÌãÀã¾ã - I
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-Ìã•ããÀ¦ã : ãäÌ㦦ã ãäÌã¼ããØ㠂㺪ìÀÕ•ãã‡ãŠ (1442 ƒÃ.) ¹ãŠãÀÔã ªñÌãÀã¾ã- II
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-‚ã•ãà : Ôãõ¶¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØã ¶ãîãä¶ã•ã (1405 ƒÃ.) ¹ãì¦ãÃØããÊã ‚ãÞ¾ãì¦ãªñÌãÀã¾ã
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-½ãìÔ¦ãŒãÀã•ã : Àã•ãÔÌã ãäÌã¼ããØã ¡ãñãä½ãâØããñ ¹ãã¾ãÔã (1515 ƒÃ.) ¹ãì¦ãÃØããÊã ‡ãðŠÓ¥ãªñÌãÀã¾ã
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-ƒâÍãã : ¹ã¨ããÞããÀ ãäÌã¼ããØã ºããÀºããñÔãã (1515 ƒÃ.) ¹ãì¦ãÃØããÊã ‡ãðŠÓ¥ãªñÌãÀã¾ã
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-ÀÔããÊã¦ã : ãäÌãªñÍã ãäÌã¼ããØã ºãÖ½ã¶ã À㕾㠇ãŠã ¹ã¦ã¶ã
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-ŒãõÀ¦ãã : ªã¶ã ãäÌã¼ããØã  ºãÖ½ã¶ããè À㕾㠇ãŠã ‚ãâãä¦ã½ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠ ŒãÊããè ½ãìÊÊãã ©ãã,
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-‚ã½ããèÀ ‡ãŠãñÖãè : ‡ãðŠãäÓã ãäÌã¼ããØã ãä•ãÔã‡ãŠãè ½ãð¦¾ãì 1538 ƒÃ. ½ãò ÖìƒÃ ‚ããõÀ „Ôã‡ãñŠ ¹ãÍÞãã¦ãá ºãÖ½ã¶ããè
À㕾㠹ããúÞã ÔÌã¦ãâ¨ã À㕾ããò ½ãò ºãú› Øã¾ããý
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-ºãâªØãã¶ã : ªãÔããò ‡ãŠã ãäÌã¼ããØã
À㕾ã ÌãÓãà (ƒÃ.)ÔãâÔ©ãã¹ã‡ãŠ ÌãâÍã
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-ƒãäͦãÖã‡ãŠ : ¹ãòÍã¶ã ãäÌã¼ããØã
ºããè•ãã¹ãìÀ 1489 ¾ãìÔãì¹ãŠ ‚ãããäªÊã ÍããÖ
ªãèÌãã¶ã-†-Ìã‡ã㊠: ̾ã¾ã ãäÌã¼ããØã
‚ãããäªÊãÍããÖãè
Ôãñ¶ãã ‡ãŠãè ªÍã½ãÊãÌã ¹ãÆ¥ããÊããè
‚ãֽ㪶ãØãÀ 1490 ½ããäÊã‡ãŠ ‚ãֽ㪠ãä¶ã•ãã½ãÍããÖãè
ÔãÀñŒãñÊã : 10 Üãìü¡ÔãÌããÀãò ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã ºãÀãºã 1490 ƒ½ããªÍããÖ ƒ½ããªÍããÖãè
ãäÔã¹ãÖÔããÊããÀ : 10 ÔãÀñÊãñŒããò ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã ØããñÊã‡ã슥¡ã 1512 ‡ãìŠÊã ‡ã슦ãìºãÍããÖ ‡ã슦ãìºãÍããÖãè
‚ã½ããèÀ : 10 ãäÔã¹ãÖÔããÊããÀãò ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã ºããèªÀ 1526 ‚ã½ããèÀ ‚ãÊããè ºãÀãèªÍããÖãè
½ããäÊã‡ãŠ : 10 ‚ã½ããèÀãò ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã ºãÀãèª
Œãã¶ã : 10 ½ããäÊã‡ãŠãò ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã
ÔãìÊã¦ãã¶ã : Ôã¼ããè Œãã¶ããò ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ£ãã¶ã
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 INDIAN HISTORY

¹ãƽãìŒã Ôãâ¦ã ‚ããõÀ „¶ã‡ãñŠ ¹ãÆãä¦ã¹ã㪇ãŠ

‰ãŠ.Ôãâ. ¹ãÆãä¦ã¹ã㪇㊠ªÍãöã Ôã½¹ãƪã¾ã „¹ããÔã¶ãã ½ããØãÃ
1. Íãâ‡ãŠÀãÞãã¾ãà ‚ã´õ¦ãÌã㪠Խãðãä¦ã ãä¶ãØãìå㠗ãã¶ã ½ããØãÃ
2. Àã½ãã¶ãì•ããÞãã¾ãà ãäÌããäÍãÓ›-´õ¦ãÌã㪠Ñããè Ôãâ¹ãƪã¾ã ÔãØãì¥ã ¼ããä‡ã‹¦ã ½ããØãÃ
3. ãä¶ã½ºãã‡ãŠãÃÞãã¾ãà ´õ¦ãã´õ¦ããÌã㪠Ôã¶ã‡ãŠ Ôãâ¹ãƪã¾ã ÔãØãì¥ã ¼ããä‡ã‹¦ã ½ããØãÃ
4. ½ãã£ãÌããÞãã¾ãà ´õ¦ãÌã㪠ºãÆÚã Ôã½ãã•ã ÔãØãì¥ã ¼ããä‡ã‹¦ã ½ããØãÃ
5. ÌãÊÊã¼ããÞãã¾ãà Íãì®´õ¦ãÌã㪠³ Ôãâ¹ãƪã¾ã ÔãØãì¥ã ¼ããä‡ã‹¦ã ½ããØãÃ

½ãìØãÊã Ôãã½ãÆ㕾ã (½ãìØãÊã‡ãŠãÊããè¶ã ƒãä¦ãÖãÔã ‡ãñŠ Õããñ¦ã) ãäÌãªñÍããè ãäÌãÌãÀ¥ã

ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ 1. ØãÆ㥡 ¡¹ãŠ : ½ãÀãŸãò ‡ãŠã ƒãä¦ãÖãÔã
ºããºãÀ ¦ãì•ãì‡ãŠ-†-ºããºãÀãè (¦ãì‡ãŠãê ¼ããÓãã) 2. ‡ãŠ¶ãÃÊã ›ãù¡ : Àã•ã¹ãî¦ããò ‡ãŠã ƒãä¦ãÖãÔã
(‚ã㦽ã‡ãŠ©ãã)
3. ãäÌããäÊã¾ã½ã Öããä‡ãŠ¶Ôã: 1608-13 ‡ãñŠ ºããèÞã •ãÖãúØããèÀ ‡ãñŠ
ØãìÊãºãª¶ã ºãñØã½ã Öì½ãã¾ãîú¶ãã½ãã
ªÀºããÀ ½ãò ÀÖãý
‚ãºãìÊ㠹㊕ãÊã ‚ãヶãã-†-‚ã‡ãŠºãÀãè, ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ¶ãã½ãã
4. ÔãÀ ›ãù½ãÔã Àãñ •ãÖãúØããèÀ ‡ãñŠ ªÀºããÀ
‚㺺ããÔã Œããú ÍãñÀÌãã¶ããè ¦ããÀãèŒã-†-ÍãñÀÍããÖãè
ãä¶ã•ãã½ãì­ãè¶ã ‚ãֽ㪠¦ãºãã‡ãŠ¦ã-†-‚ã‡ãŠºãÀãè (1616-19 ƒÃ.) ½ãò ÀÖãý
•ãÖãúØããèÀ (‚ã㦽ã‡ãŠ©ãã) ¦ãì‡ã슕ã-†-•ãÖãúãäØããäÀ 5. ¹ãÆŠãâãäÔÔã‡ãŠãñ (¡Þã ¡ãù‡ã‹›À) : •ãÖãúØããèÀã ‡ãñŠ ªÀºããÀ ½ãò ÀÖãý
½ãì¦ããä½ãª Œããú ¶ãã½ãã-†-•ãÖãúãäØãÀãè 6. ºããä¶ãþãÀ (¹ãÆöŠÞã ¡ãù‡ã‹›À), ›ÈõÌãñãä¶ã¾ãÀ (¹ãõŠ¶Þã •ããõÖÀãè), †Ìãâ
ŒÌãã•ãã ‡ãŠã½ãØããÀ ½ããÔããèÀ-†-•ãÖãúãäØããäÀ ½ã¶ãîÞããè : ÍããÖ•ãÖãú ‡ãñŠ ªÀºããÀ ½ãò ‚ãã†ý
‚㺪ìÊã Ö½ããèª ¹ããªÍããÖ¶ãã½ãã Ô½ããÀ‡ãŠ
ƒ¶ãã¾ã¦ã Œããú ÍããÖ•ãÖãú¶ãã½ãã 1. ºããºãÀ ‡ãŠã ½ã‡ãŠºãÀã : ‡ãŠãºãìÊã
ºãªã¾ãîú¶ããè ½ãìâ¦ãŒºã-„¦ã-¦ãÌããÀãè¹ãŠ
2. Öì½ãã¾ãîú ‡ãŠã ½ã‡ãŠºãÀã : ¶ãƒÃ ãäªÊÊããè
ãä½ã•ããà ½ããñÖ. ‡ãŠ•ããè½ã ‚ããÊã½ãØããèÀ ¶ãã½ãã
3. •ãÖãúØããèÀ ‡ãŠã ½ã‡ãŠºãÀã : ÊããÖãõÀ
½ãìÔ¦ãõª Œããú ½ããÔããèÀ-†-‚ããÊã½ããäØãÀãè
Ìã‡ã‹¹ãŠãè Œããú ½ã춦ãŒããºã-„Êã-Êãìºããºã 4. ÍããÖ•ãÖãú ‡ãŠã ½ã‡ãŠºãÀã : ‚ããØãÀã

‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ ‡ãŠã Ôãã½ãÆ㕾ã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ

‰ãŠ. ¹ãƪñÍã ‡ãŠãÊã ¹ãÀããä•ã¦ã ÍããÔã‡ãŠ ½ãìØãÊã Ôãñ¶ãã¹ããä¦ã
1. ½ããÊãÌãã (Àã•ã£ãã¶ããè-ÔããâØãÀ¹ãìÀ) 1561 ƒÃ. ºãã•ãºãÖãªìÀ ‚ãã£ã½ã Œããú
2. Þãì¶ããÀ 1561 ƒÃ. „ª¾ããäÔãâÖ ‚ããÔã¹ãŠ Œããú
3. Øããõ¥¡Ìãã¶ãã 1564 ƒÃ. ÌããèÀ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ‚ããÔã¹ãŠ Œããú
4. Àã•ãÔ©ãã¶ã
i. ‚ãã½ãñÀ (•ã¾ã¹ãìÀ) 1562 ƒÃ. ¼ããÀ½ãÊã ÔÌãñÞœã Ôãñ ‚ã£ããè¶ã¦ãã
ii. ½ãñü¡¦ãã 1562 ƒÃ. •ã¾ã½ãÊã Ôã¹ãìÊ„­ãè¶ã
iii. ½ãñÌããü¡ 1568 ƒÃ. „ª¾ããäÔãâÖ ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ
iv. ÖʪãèÜãã›ãè ¾ãì® 1576 ƒÃ. ½ãÖãÀã¥ãã ¹ãƦãã¹ã ‚ããÔã¹ãŠ Œããú Ìãâ ½ãã¶ããäÔãâÖ
5
 INDIAN HISTORY

v. À¥ã©ã½¼ããõÀ 1569 ƒÃ. Ôãì•ã¶ã Àã¾ã ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ †Ìãâ ¼ãØãÌãã¶ãªãÔã

vi. ‡ãŠããäÊãâ•ãÀ (ºããúªã, „.¹ãÆ.) 1569 ƒÃ. Àã½ãÞ㶳 ½ã•ã¶ãî Œããú
vii. ½ããÀÌããü¡ 1570 ƒÃ. Þ㶳Ôãñ¶ã ‚ã£ããè¶ã¦ãã ÔÌãñÞœã Ôãñ
vii. ºããè‡ãŠã¶ãñÀ 1570 ƒÃ. Àã•ãã ‡ãŠÊ¾ãã¥ã½ãÊã ‚ã£ããè¶ã¦ãã ÔÌãñÞœã Ôãñ
viii. •ãõÔãÊã½ãñÀ 1570 ƒÃ. ÖÀÀã¾ã ‚ã£ããè¶ã¦ãã ÔÌãñÞœã Ôãñ
5. Øãì•ãÀã¦ã (¹ãÆ©ã½ã ¾ãì® 1572 ƒÃ. ½ãì•ã¹ã‹¹ãŠÀ Œããú-III ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ
(ãä´¦ããè¾ã ¾ãì®) 1573 ƒÃ. ½ãìÖ½½ãª ÖìÔãõ¶ã ãä½ã•ããà ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ
6. ãäºãÖãÀ †Ìãâ ºãâØããÊã 1574-76 ƒÃ. ªã…ª Œããú ½ãì¶ããè½ã Œããâ †Ìãâ ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ
7. ‡ãŠãºãìÊã 1581 ƒÃ. Ö‡ãŠãè½ã ãä½ã•ããà ½ãã¶ããäÔãâÖ †Ìãâ ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ
8. ‡ãŠÍ½ããèÀ 1586 ƒÃ. ¾ãã‡ã㠌ããú ¼ãØãÌãã¶ãªãÔã †Ìãâ ‡ãŠããäÔã½ã Œããú
9. ãäÔ㶣ã 1591 ƒÃ. •ãã¶ããèºãñØ㠂㺪ìÀÃÖãè½ã Œãã¶ã-†-Œãã¶ãã
10. „ü¡ãèÔãã 1590-92 ƒÃ. ãä¶ãÔããÀ Œããú ½ãã¶ããäÔãâÖ
11. ºãÊãîãäÞãÔ¦ãã¶ã 1595 ƒÃ. ¹ã¸ããè ‚ã¹ãŠØãã¶ã ½ããèÀ ½ããÔãî½ã
12. ‡ãŠ¶£ããÀ 1595 ƒÃ. ½ãì•ã¹ã‹¹ãŠÀ ÖìÔãõ¶ã ½ãìØãÊã ÔãÀªãÀ ÍããÖºãñØã
‡ãŠãñ ÔÌãñÞœã Ôãñ ãä‡ãŠÊãã Ôããö¹ãã
13. ªãäàã¥ã ¼ããÀ¦ã
i. Œãã¶ãªñÍã 1591 ƒÃ. ‚ãÊããè Œããú ‚ã£ããè¶ã¦ãã ÔÌãñÞœã Ôãñ
ii. ‚ãֽ㪠¶ãØãÀ 1600 ƒÃ. ºãÖãªìÀ ãä¶ã•ãã½ãÍããÖ Œãã¶ã-†-Œãã¶ãã †Ìãâ ÍããÖ•ããªã ½ãìÀãª
iii. ‚ãÔããèÀØãü¤ 1601 ƒÃ. ½ããèÀ¶ã ºãÖãªìÀ ‚ã‡ãŠºãÀ (‚ãâãä¦ã½ã ‚ããä¼ã¾ãã¶ã)

¾ãîÀãñ¹ããè¾ã ‡ã⊹ããä¶ã¾ããò ‡ãŠã ¼ããÀ¦ã ‚ããØã½ã¶ã

¼ããÀ¦ã ½ãò ¾ãîÀãñ¹ããè¾ã Ìãããä¥ãã䕾ã‡ãŠ ‡ã⊹ããä¶ã¾ããò ‡ãŠã ‚ããØã½ã¶ã 15Ìããé Íã¦ã㺪ãè ‡ãñŠ „¦¦ãÀã®Ã ½ãò Öì‚ããý „¶ã‡ãñŠ ‚ããØã½ã¶ã ‡ãŠã ‰ãŠ½ã ƒÔã
¹ãƇãŠãÀ Öõ :
‡ã⊹ã¶ããè ‚ããØã½ã¶ã ÌãÓãà ‡ã⊹ã¶ããè ‚ããØã½ã¶ã ÌãÓãÃ
¹ãì¦ãÃØããÊããè 1498 ƒÃ. ¡ñãä¶ãÔã 1616 ƒÃ.
‚ãâØãÆñ•ã 1600 ƒÃ. ¹ãÆŠãâÔããèÔããè 1664 ƒÃ.
¡Þã 1602 ƒÃ. ÔÌããèãä¡Íã 1731 ƒÃ.

‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠(‚ããâØÊã-¹ãÆŠãâÔããèÔããè ¾ãì®)

¾ãì® ‡ãŠãÊã Ôãâã£ä ã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã
¹ãÆ©ã½ã ‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠¾ãì® 1746-48 ƒÃ. †‡ã‹ÔãÊãã Íãã¹ãñÊã (1748) ¹ãÆŠãâÔããèÔããè ãäÌã•ã¾ããè Öì†
ãä´¦ããè¾ã ‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠¾ãì® 1749-54 ƒÃ. ¹ããâãä¡ÞãñÀãè ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã (1954) ‚ãâØãÆñ•ã ‡ãŠã ¹ãƼããÌã ºãü¤ã
¦ãð¦ããè¾ã ‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠¾ãì® 1758-63 ƒÃ. ¹ãñãäÀÔã ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã (1763) Ìããã䥡ÌããÍã ‡ãñŠ ¾ãì® ‡ãñŠ ºããª
¹ãÆŠãâÔããèÔããè ãä¶ã¥ããþã‡ãŠ ¹ã Ôãñ
¹ãÀããä•ã¦ã Öì†ý
6
 INDIAN HISTORY

‚ããâØÊã - ½ãÀãŸã ÔãâÜãÓãÃ

¾ãì® ‡ãŠãÊã Ôãâãä£ã ãä•ãÔãÔãñ ¾ãì® Ôãâãä£ã ãä•ãÔãÔãñ ¾ãì® Ôã½ã‡ãŠãÊããè¶ã
¹ãÆãÀâ¼ã Öì‚ãã Ôã½ã㹦ã Öì‚ãã ºãâØããÊã ‡ãŠã ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ
¹ãÆ©ã½ã 1761 ƒÃ. ÔãîÀ¦ã ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã ÔããÊãºããƒÃ ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã ÌããÀñ¶ã ÖñãäÔ›âØÔã
ãä´¦ããè¾ã 1803-06 ƒÃ. ºãñÔããè¶ã ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã Àã•ãÜãã› ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã •ãã•ãà ºããÊããó
ºãã•ããèÀãÌã II Ìã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ã)
¦ãð¦ããè¾ã 1817-18 ƒÃ. ---,,--- ---,,--- Êãã¡Ã ÖñãäÔ›âØÔã

¾ãì®
û¹ãÆ©ã½ã (1767-69)
ãä´¦ããè¾ã (1780-84)
¦ãð¦ããè¾ã (1790-92)
Þã¦ãì©ãà (1994)
‚ããâØÊã-½ãõÔãîÀ ¾ãì®
½ãõÔãîÀ ÍããÔã‡ãŠ ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ / ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ •ã¶ãÀÊã Ôãâã£ä ã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã
ÖõªÀ ‚ãÊããè Êãã¡Ã ÌãñÀñÊÔ› ½ã³ãÔã ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè ¹ãÀããä•ã¦ã
ÌããÀñ¶ã ÖñãäÔ›âØÔã ½ãâØãÊããõÀ ‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã ÖõªÀ ½ããÀã Øã¾ãã
›ãè¹ãî ÔãìÊã¦ãã¶ã Êãã¡Ã ‡ãŠã¶ãÃÌãããäÊãÔã ÑããèÀØâ ã¹ã›á›¶ã ›ãè¹ãî ¹ãÀããä•ã¦ã Öì‚ãã
‡ãŠãè Ôãâãä£ã
›ãè¹ãî ÔãìÊã¦ãã¶ã Êãã¡Ã ÌãñÊãñ•ãÊããè ÔãÖã¾ã‡ãŠ Ôãâãä£ã ›ãè¹ãî ‡ãŠãè ½ãð¦¾ãì

‚ããâØÊã-ãäÔãŒã ¾ãì®
¾ãì® ãäÔãŒã ÍããÔã‡ãŠ ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ / ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ •ã¶ãÀÊã Ôãâã£ä ã ãäÌãÍãñÓã
û¹ãÆ©ã½ã ‚ããâØÊã-ãäÔãŒã ¾ãì® ãäªÊããè¹ããäÔãâÖ (Ìã•ããèÀ : ÊããÊããäÔãâÖ, Êãã¡Ã Öããä¡ÄØã ËãÖãõÀ Ôãâãä£ã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããò ¶ãñ ãäªÊããè¹ã
(1845-46) Ôãñ¶ãã¹ããä¦ã ¦ãñ•ãããäÔãâÖ) ‡ãŠãñ ½ãÖãÀã•ãã ‡ãŠãè
¹ãªÌããè ªãèý
ãä´¦ããè¾ã ‚ããâØÊã-ãäÔãŒã ¾ãì® ãäªÊããè¹ã ãäÔãâÖ Êãã¡Ã ¡ÊãÖãõ•ããè ‚ã½ãð¦ãÔãÀ Ôãâãä£ã ãäªÊããè¹ããäÔãâÖ Ôãñ
(1848-69) ‡ãŠãñãäÖ¶ãîÀ ÖãèÀã
- ãäÞããäÊã¾ãã¶ãÌããÊãã ‡ãŠã ¾ãì® Êãñ‡ãŠÀ ãäºãÆãä›Íã
- Àã½ã¶ãØãÀ ‡ãŠã ¾ãì® Àã•ã½ãì‡ã슛 ½ãò
- Øãì•ãÀãâÌããÊãã ‡ãŠã ¾ãì® ÊãØãã ã䪾ãã Øã¾ããý
¹ãƽãìŒã Ôãã½ãããä•ã‡ãŠ-£ãããä½ãÇ㊠Ôãì£ããÀ ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã
‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã / ÔãâØ㟶ã ÌãÓãà ԩãã¶ã ÔãâÔ©ãã¹ã‡ãŠ ãäÌããäÌã£ã
£ã½ãà Ôã¼ãã 1830 ºãâØããÊã ÔãâÔ©ãã¹ã‡ãŠ
Àã£ããÔÌãã½ããè Ôã¦ÔãâØã 1861 ‚ããØãÀã ãäÍãÌ㪾ããÊã ÔããÖñºã
(ª¾ããÊãºããØã) (¦ãìÊãÔããèÀã½ã)
7
 INDIAN HISTORY

¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã Ôãì£ããÀ ÔãâÜã 1870 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‡ãñŠÍãÌãÞãâ³ Ôãñ¶ã

¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ÔãñÌã‡ãŠ Ôã½ãã•ã 1905 ºãâºãƒÃ Øããñ¹ããÊã‡ãðŠÓ¥ã ØããñŒãÊãñ
ÀÖ¶ãì½ããƒÃ ½ã•ª¾ããÔã¶ã Ôã¼ãã 1851 ºãâºãƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè ¹ãìŠÀªãñ¶ã•ããè Àã¹ã‹¦ã Øããñ¹ã‹¦ãÀ
†Ôã.†Ôã. ºãâØããÊããè, ¶ãã½ã‡ãŠ ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã
•ãñ.ºããè. - ÌããÞãã ‡ãŠã ¹ãƇãŠãÍã¶ã
ªñÌã Ôã½ãã•ã 1887 ÊããÖãõÀ ãäÍãÌã¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã ‚ããäضãÖãñ¨ããè
ÔãñÌãã Ô㪶ã 1885 ºãâºãƒÃ ºãÖÀã½ã•ããè ½ããÊããºããÀãè
ºããäÖÓ‡ãðŠ¦ã ãäÖ¦ã‡ãŠããäÀ¥ããè Ôã¼ãã 1924 ºãâºãƒÃ ºããè.‚ããÀ. ‚㽺ãñ¡‡ãŠÀ
½ã³ãÔã ãäÖ¶ªî †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1892 ½ã³ãÔã ÌããèÀñÍãããäÊãâØã¶ã ¹ã㶦ãÊãì
Ô㦾ã Íããñ£ã‡ãŠ Ôã½ãã•ã 1873 ¹ãì¥ãñ •¾ããñãä¦ãºãã ¹ãìŠÊãñ ¹ãîŠÊãñ ´ãÀã ãäÊããäŒã¦ã
¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãòŠ- ØãìÊãã½ããäØããäÀ
ÔããÌãÕããä¶ã‡ãŠ Ô㦾ã£ã½ãÃ
•ããäÔ›Ôã ¹ãã›ãê 1916-17 ½ã³ãÔã Ôããè.†¶ã. ½ãìªããäÊã¾ããÀ,
›ãè.†½ã. ¶ãã¾ãÀ,
¹ããè.›ãè. Þãñ›á›ãè
ÖãäÀ•ã¶ã ÔãñÌã‡ãŠ ÔãâÜã 1932 ¹ãì¥ãñ ½ãÖ㦽ãã Øããú£ããè ÖãäÀ•ã¶ã ¶ãã½ã‡ãŠ
¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ‡ãŠã ¹ãƇãŠãÍã¶ã
Ôãññʹ㊠ãäÀÔã¹ãñ‡ã‹› ½ãîÌã½ãò› 1925 ½ã³ãÔã ƒÃ.Ìããè. Àã½ããÔÌãã½ããè
Ìãã¾ã‡ãŠãñ½ã Ô㦾ããØãÆÖ 1924 ‡ãñŠÀÊã ›ãè.‡ãñŠ. ½ãã£ãÌã¶ã, ¹ãñãäÀ¾ããÀ
Àã½ããÔÌãã½ããè, †¶ã ‡ã슽ããÀ¶ã
ØãìÁÌãã¾ãîÀ Ô㦾ããØãÆÖ 1931 ‡ãñŠÀÊã ‡ãñŠ. ãä¹ãÊÊãƒÃ, †‡ãñŠ Øããñ¹ããÊã¶ã
ºããè. ÔãìºãÆÚ㥾ã½ã
ã䡹ãÆñÔ¡ ‡ã‹ÊããÔã ãä½ãÍã¶ã 1931 ºãâºãƒÃ ºããè.‚ããÀ. ãäÍãâªñ
ÔããñÔãã¾ã›ãè

8
 INDIAN HISTORY

¹ãƽãìŒã Ôãã½ãããä•ã‡ãŠ-£ãããä½ãÇ㊠Ôãì£ããÀ ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã

‡ãñŠ¶³ ¶ãñ¦ãã Ôã½ã¾ã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ‡ãñŠ ª½ã¶ã‡ãŠ¦ããà Ôã½ã¹ãå㠇ãŠã ã䪶ã
ãä ªÊÊããè ºãÖãªìÀÍããÖ •ã¹ãŠÀ 11 ½ãƒÃ, 1857 ãä¶ã‡ãŠÊãÔã¶ã, Ö¡Ôã¶ã 20 ãäÔã¦ã½ºãÀ, 1857
ºãŒ¦ã Œããú (¶ãñ¦ãð¦Ìãû‡ãŠ¦ããÃ)
‡ãŠã¶ã¹ãì À ¦ã㦾ãã ›ãñ¹ãñ (Àã½ãÞãâ³ 5 •ãî¶ã, 1857 ‡ãõŠ½¹ãºãÊã ãäÔã¦ã½ºãÀ, 1857
¹ããâ¡ìÀâØã) ¶ãã¶ãã ÔããÖñºã
(£ããò£ãî ¹ãâ¦ã)
ÊãŒã¶ã… ºãñØã½ã Ö•ãÀ¦ã ½ãÖÊã 4 •ãî¶ã, 1857 ‡ãõŠ½¹ãºãñÊã 17 •ãî¶ã 1858
ãäºãÀãä•ãÔã ‡ãŠããäªÀ
¢ããú Ôããè Àã¶ããè Êãà½ããèºããƒÃ 4 •ãî¶ã, 1857 •ã¶ãÀÊã ÛãîÀãñ•ã 17 •ãî¶ã, 1858
ØÌãããä Êã¾ãÀ ¦ã㦾ãã ›ãñ¹ãñ 16 •ãî¶ã, 1857 ‡ãŠãùãäÊã¶ã ‡ãõŠ½¹ãºãñÊã 19 ¶ãÌãâ. 1857
•ãØãªãèÍã¹ãìÀ ‡ãìâŠÌãÀ ãäÔãâÖ, ‚ã½ãÀãäÔãâÖ 12 •ãî¶ã, 1857 ½ãñ. ãäÌããäÊã¾ã½ã ›ñÊãÀ ãäªÔ㽺ãÀ, 1858
¹ãõ Š•ããºã㪠½ããõ. ‚ãÖ½ãªìÊÊãã •ãî¶ã, 1857 ÔãÀ Àñ¶ãã¡Ã 5 •ãî¶ã, 1858
ƒÊããÖãºã㪠ãäÊ ã¾ãã‡ãŠ¦ã ‚ãÊããè •ãî¶ã, 1857 ‡ãŠ¶ãÃÊã ¶ããèÊã 1858
ºãÀñÊããè Œãã¶ã ºãÖãªìÀ •ãî¶ã, 1857 ãäÌãÔãò› ‚ãã¾ãÀ 1858

‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã ‡ãñŠ ¹ãƽãìŒã ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã

‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã ÌãÓãà ‚㣾ãàã Ô©ãã¶ã ã䛹¹ã¥ããè
¹ãÖÊãã 1885 ¡ºÊ¾ãî.Ôããè. ºã¶ã•ããê ºãâºãƒÃ 72 ¹ãÆãä¦ããä¶ããä£ã¾ããò ¶ãñ ¼ããØã ãäÊã¾ãã
ªîÔãÀã 1886 ªãªã¼ããƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ¡¹ãŠãäÀ¶ã ´ãÀã „²ãã¶ã ¼ããñ•ã¶ã ã䪾ãã Øã¾ããý
¦ããèÔãÀã 1887 ºãªÂ­ãè¶ã ¦ãõ¾ãºã•ããè ½ã³ãÔã ¹ãÆ©ã½ã ½ãìãäÔÊã½ã ‚㣾ãàã
Þããõ©ãã 1888 •ãã•ãà ¾ãîÊãñ ƒÊããÖãºã㪠¹ãÆ©ã½ã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ã ‚㣾ãàã
¹ããúÞãÌããâ 1889 ãäÌããäÊã¾ã½ã Ìãñ¡Àºã¶ãà ºãâºãƒÃ ---
œŸã 1890 ãä¹ãŠÀãñ•ãÍããÖ ½ãñÖ¦ãã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ---
Ôãã¦ãÌããú 1891 ¹ããè. ‚ãã¶ã⪠ÞããÊãîà ¶ããØã¹ãìÀ ---
‚ããŸÌããú 1892 ¡ºÊ¾ãî.Ôããè. ºã¶ã•ããê ƒÊããÖãºã㪠---
¶ãÌããú 1893 ªãªã ¼ããƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè ÊããÖãõÀ ---
ªÔãÌããú 1894 ‚ãʹãÆñŠ¡ Ìãñºã ½ã³ãÔã ---
ؾããÀÖÌããú 1895 ÔãìÀñ¶³¶ãã©ã ºã¶ã•ããê ¹ãî¶ãã ---
ºããÀÖÌããú 1896 ÀÖ½ã¦ãìÊÊãã Ôã¾ãã¶ããè ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ¹ãÖÊããè ºããÀ Ìãâªñ ½ãã¦ãÀ½ãá Øãã¾ãã Øã¾ããý
¦ãñÀÖÌããú 1897 Ôããè. Íãâ‡ãŠÀ¶ã ¶ãã¾ãÀ ‚ã½ãÀãÌã¦ããè ---
ÞããõªÖÌããú 1898 ‚ãã¶ã⪠½ããñֶ㠺ããñÔã ½ã³ãÔã ---
¹ã¶³ÖÌããú 1899 À½ãñÍãÞãâ³ ª¦¦ãã ÊãŒã¶ã… ---
ÔããñÊãÖÌããú 1900 †¶ã.•ããè. Þ㶪ãÌãÀ‡ãŠÀ ÊããÖãõÀ ---
Ôã¨ãÖÌããú 1901 ªãè¶ãÍã㠃à ÌããÞãã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ---
‚ãŸãÀÖÌããú 1902 ÔãìÀñ¶³¶ãã©ã ºã¶ã•ããê ‚ãÖ½ãªãºã㪠---
9
 INDIAN HISTORY

„¸ããèÔãÌããú 1903 ÊããÊã ½ããñÖ¶ã ÜããñÓã ½ã³ãÔã ---

ºããèÔãÌããú 1904 ÔãÀ Öñ¶ãÀãè ‡ãŠãù›¶ã ºãâºãƒÃ ---
ƒ‡ã‹‡ãŠãèÔãÌããú 1905 Øããñ¹ããÊã‡ãðŠÓ¥ã ØããñŒãÊãñ ÌããÀã¥ãÔããè ---
ºããƒÔãÌããú 1906 ªãªã ¼ããƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ½ãâÞã ¹ãÀ ÔÌãÀã•ã Í㺪 ‡ãŠã ¹ãÖÊããè ºããÀ ¹ãƾããñØã
¦ãñƒÔãÌããú 1907 ÀãÔããäºãÖãÀãè ºããñÔã ÔãîÀ¦ã (Ô©ããäØã¦ã) ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆ©ã½ã ãäÌã¼ãã•ã¶ã
¦ãñƒÔãÌããú 1908 ÀãÔããäºãÖãÀãè ºããñÔã ½ã³ãÔã 1907 ‡ãŠã ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã, ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ããò
½ãò ¶ãÖãé ãäØã¶ãã •ãã¦ããý
ÞããõºããèÔãÌããú 1909 ½ãª¶ã ½ããñֶ㠽ããÊãÌããè¾ã ÊããÖãõÀ ---
¹ãÞÞããèÔãÌããú 1910 ãäÌããäÊã¾ã¶ã Ìãñ¡Àºã¶ãà ƒÊããÖãºã㪠---
œººããèÔãÌããú 1911 ãäºãÍã¶ã ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã £ãÀ ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã •ã¶ã-Øã¥ã-½ã¶ã ¹ãÖÊããè ºããÀ Øãã¾ãã Øã¾ããý
Ô㦦ããƒÔãÌããú 1912 ‚ããÀ.†¶ã. ½ãì£ããñÊã‡ãŠÀ ºããâ‡ãŠãè¹ãìÀ ---
‚ã›áŸãƒÔãÌããú 1913 ¶ãÌããºã Ôãõ¾ãª ½ããñ. ºãÖãªìÀ ‡ãŠÀãÞããè ---
„¶¦ããèÔãÌããú 1914 ¼ãî¹ãñ¶³¶ãã©ã ºãÔãì ½ã³ãÔã ½ã³ãâÔã ¹ãÆãâ¦ã ‡ãñŠ ØãÌã. Êããù¡Ã ¹ããñ›Êãõ¥¡ ½ããõ•ãîª ©ãñý
¦ããèÔãÌããú 1915 Ô㦾ãñ¶³ ¹ãÆÔã㪠ãäÔã¶Öã ºãâºãƒÃ ---
ƒ‡ãŠ¦ããèÔãÌããú 1916 ‚ãâãäºã‡ãŠã ÞãÀ¥ã ½ã•ãî½ãªãÀ ÊãŒã¶ã… ‡ãŠãâØãÆÔñ ã †‡ãŠ Öìƒ,à ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã-½ãìãäÔÊã½ã ÊããèØã Ôã½ã¢ããõ¦ãã
ºã¦¦ããèÔãÌããú 1917 †ñ¶ããè ºãñÔãñ¶› ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã ‡ãŠãè ¹ãÖÊããè ½ããäÖÊã㠂㣾ãàã
¦ãõ¦ããèÔãÌããú 1918 ½ãª¶ã ½ããñֶ㠽ããÊãÌããè¾ã ãäªÊÊããè ƒÔã ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã ‡ãñŠ ºã㪠¹ãÖÊããè ºããÀ 1918 ½ãò
Ôãõ¾ãª ÖÔã¶ã ƒ½ãã½ã ‡ãŠãè ‚ã£¾ãàã¦ãã ½ãò ãäÌãÍãñÓã
‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã ºãìÊãã¾ãã Øã¾ããý
Þããõ¦ããèÔãÌããú 1919 ½ããñ¦ããèÊããÊã ¶ãñÖ ‚ã½ãð¦ãÔãÀ ---
¹ãö¦ããèÔãÌããú 1920 Ôããè. ãäÌã•ã¾ãÀãÜãÌãÞããÀãè ¶ããØã¹ãìÀ ‚ãÔãÖ¾ããñØã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ¹ãããäÀ¦ã Öì‚ããý
œ¦¦ããèÔãÌããú 1921 Ö‡ãŠãè½ã ‚ã•ã½ãÊã Œããú ‚ãÖ½ãªãºã㪠---
Ôãõ¦ããèÔãÌããú 1922 Ôããè.‚ããÀ. ªãÔã Øã¾ãã ---
‚ãü¡¦ããèÔãÌããú 1923 ½ããõÊãã¶ãã ½ããñÖ½½ãª ‚ãÊããè ‡ãŠã‡ãŠãè¶ããü¡ã ---
ãäÌãÍãñÓã ‚ããä£ã. 1923 ‚ãºãìÊã ‡ãŠÊãã½ã ‚ãã•ã㪠ãäªÊÊããè ÔãºãÔãñ ‡ãŠ½ã „½ãÆ ‡ãñŠ ‚㣾ãàã
„¶ãÞããÊããèÔãÌããú 1924 ½ãÖ㦽ãã Øããú£ããè ºãñÊãØããúÌã ---
ÞããÊããèÔãÌããú 1925 ÔãÀãñ•ã¶ããè ¶ãã¾ã¡î ‡ãŠã¶ã¹ãìÀ ¹ãÖÊããè ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ½ããäÖÊã㠂㣾ãàã
ƒ‡ãŠ¦ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1926 Ñããèãä¶ãÌããÔã ‚ãã¾ãâØãÀ ØãìÌããÖã›ãè ¹ãƦ¾ãñ‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔããè ‡ãŠãñ Œããªãè ¹ãÖ¶ã¶ãã ‚ããÌã;ã‡ãŠ
ºã¾ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1927 †½ã.†. ‚ãâÔããÀãè ½ã³ãÔã ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã ¶ãñ ¹ãî¥ãà ÔÌãÀã•ã ‡ãŠãñ Êãà¾ã ºã¶ãã¾ããý
ãä¦ãÀ¾ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1928 ½ããñ¦ããèÊããÊã ¶ãñÖ ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ---
ÞããõÌããÊããèÔãÌããú 1929 •ãÌããÖÀÊããÊã ¶ãñÖ ÊããÖãõÀ ¹ãî¥ãà ÔÌãã£ããè¶ã¦ãã ‡ãŠã ¹ãÆÔ¦ããÌã ¹ãããäÀ¦ã
¹ãö¦ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1931 ÌãÊÊã¼ã¼ããƒÃ ¹ã›ñÊã ‡ãŠÀãÞããè Øããú£ããè-ƒÀãäÌã¶ã ¹ãõ‡ã‹› ‡ãŠãñ ½ãâ•ãîÀãè ãä½ãÊããè
ã䜾ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1932 ‚ã½ãð¦ã À¥ãœãñü¡ªãÔã ãäªÊÊããè ---

10
 INDIAN HISTORY

Ôãö¦ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1933 Ñããè½ã¦ããè ¶ãñÊÊããè Ôãñ¶ãØã칦ãã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ---

‚ãü¡¦ããÊããèÔãÌããú 1934 Àã•ãñ¶³ ¹ãÆÔã㪠ºãâºãƒÃ Øããú£ããè ‡ãŠã ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã Ôãñ ƒÔ¦ããè¹ãŠã
„¶ã¹ãÞããÔãÌããú 1936 •ãÌããÖÀÊããÊã ¶ãñÖ ÊãŒã¶ã… ---
¹ãÞããÔãÌããú 1937 •ãÌããÖÀÊããÊã ¶ãñÖ ¹ãõŠ•ã¹ãìÀ (ºãâØããÊã) ØããúÌã ½ãò Ôãâ¹ã¸ã ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã
ƒ‡ã‹¾ãã¶ãÌããú 1938 Ôãì¼ããÓãÞãâ³ ºããñÔã ÖãäÀ¹ãìÀã (Øãì•ã.) ---
ºããÌã¶ãÌããú 1939 Ôãì¼ããÓãÞãâ³ ºããñÔã/ ãä¨ã¹ãìÀãè (½ã.¹ãÆ.) ---
Àã•ãñ¶³ ¹ãÆÔããª
ãä¦ãÀñ¹ã¶ãÌããú 1940, ½ããõÊãã¶ãã ‚ãºãìÊã ‡ãŠÊãã½ã ‚ãã•ã㪠Àã½ãØãü¤ 1941-45 ‡ãñŠ ºããèÞã ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã ¶ãÖãé Öì‚ããý
41-45
ÞããõÌã¶ãÌããú 1946 ‚ããÞãã¾ãà •ãñ.ºããè. ‡ãðŠ¹ãÊãã¶ããè ½ãñÀŸ ---
1947 ½ãò ‡ãŠãñƒÃ ‚ããä£ãÌãñÍã¶ã ¶ãÖãé Öì‚ãã ƒÔããäÊㆠ‡ãðŠ¹ãÊãã¶ããè Öãè ÔÌã¦ãâ¨ã¦ãã ‡ãñŠ Ôã½ã¾ã ‚㣾ãàã ©ãñý
¹ãÞã¹ã¶ãÌããú 1948 ¹ã›á›ããä¼ã Ôããè¦ããÀ½ãõ¾ãã •ã¾ã¹ãìÀ ƒÔã‡ãŠã ‚ããÀâ¼ã Ìãâªñ½ãã¦ãÀ½ãá †Ìãâ ÀãÓ›ÈØãã¶ã Ôãñ Öì‚ãã

¹ãƽãìŒã ÔãâØ㟶ã
ÔãâÔ©ãã ÌãÓãà ÔãâÔ©ãã¹ã‡ãŠ Ô©ãã¶ã
Êãõ¥¡ ÖãñÊ¡Ôãà ÔããñÔãã¾ã›ãè 1838 ´ãÀ‡ãŠã¶ãã©ã ›õØããñÀ ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
ºãâØããÊã ãäºãÆãä›Íã †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1843 ´ããäÀ‡ãŠã¶ãã©ã ›õØããñÀ ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
ãäºãÆãä›Íã ƒâã䡾ã¶ã †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1851 Àã•ãñ¶³ ÊããÊã, Àã£ãã‡ãŠãâ¦ã ªñÌã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
ƒÃÔ› ƒã䥡¾ãã †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1866 ªãªã ¼ããƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè Êã⪶ã
¶ãñÍã¶ãÊã ƒã䥡¾ãã †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1867 ½ãñÀãè ‡ãŠãÀ¹ãò›À Êã⪶ã
ƒã䥡¾ã¶ã ÔããñÔãã¾ã›ãè 1872 ‚ãã¶ã⪠½ããñֶ㠺ããñÔã Êã⪶ã
ƒã䥡¾ã¶ã †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1876 ÔãìÀñ¶³¶ãã©ã ºã¶ã•ããê †Ìãâ ‚ãã¶ã⪠½ããñֶ㠺ããñÔã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ãŠãâ¹ãÆòŠÔã 1883 ÔãìÀñ¶³¶ãã©ã ºã¶ã•ããê ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
½ã³ãÔã ½ãÖã•ã¶ã Ôã¼ãã 1884 Ìããè. ÀãÜãÌããÞããÀãè, †Ôã. ‚ã¾¾ãÀ Ìã
¹ããè. ‚ãã¶ã⪠ÞããÀÊãî ½ã³ãÔã
ºã㽺ãñ ¹ãÆñÔããè¡òÔããè †ÔããñãäÔã†Íã¶ã 1885 ãä¹ãŠÀãñ•ãÍããÖ ½ãñÖ¦ãã, ¦ãñÊãâØã ºãâºãƒÃ
¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã 1895 ãä¹ãŠÀãñ•ãÍããÖ ½ãñÖ¦ãã, ¦ãñÊãâØã ºãâºãƒÃ
ÔãÌãó¶›áÔã ‚ããù¹ãŠ ƒã䥡¾ãã ÔããñÔãã¾ã›ãè 1905 Øããñ¹ããÊã‡ãðŠÓ¥ã ØããñŒãÊãñ ºãâºãƒÃ
Öãñ½ãÂÊã ÊããèØã 1916 †ñ¶ã ºãñÔãñ¶› Ìã ãä¦ãÊã‡ãŠ ¹ãì¥ãñ
„¦¦ãÀ¹ãƪñÍã ãä‡ãŠÔãã¶ã Ôã¼ãã 1918 ƒ¶³¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã, ½ããÊãÌããè¾ã Ìã ØããõÀãèÍãâ‡ãŠÀ ÊãŒã¶ã…
¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ‡ãŠ½¾ãìãä¶ãÔ› ¹ãã›ãê 1920 †½ã.†¶ã. Àã¾ã ¦ããÍã‡ã⊪
11
 INDIAN HISTORY

‚ãÌã£ã ãä‡ãŠÔãã¶ã Ôã¼ãã 1920 Àã½ãÞãâ³, ¶ãñÖÂ, ØããõÀãèÍãâ‡ãŠÀ ¹ãƦãã¹ãØãü¤

¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ›Èñ¡ ¾ãîãä¶ã¾ã¶ã ‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã 1920 ÔãâÔ©ãã¹ã‡ãŠ- †½ã.†¶ã. •ããñÍããè, ÊãŒã¶ã…
‚㣾ãàã - ÊããÊãã Êãã•ã¹ã¦ã Àã¾ã
ÔÌãÀã•ã ¹ãã›ãê 1923 ½ããñ¦ããèÊããÊã ¶ãñÖ Ìã Ôããè.‚ããÀ. ªãÔã ãäªÊÊããè
ÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ÔÌã¾ãâ ÔãñÌã‡ãŠ ÔãâÜã 1925 ‡ãñŠ.¹ããè. Öñ¡ØãñÌããÀ --
ŒãìªãƒÃ ãäŒãª½ã¦ãØããÀ 1925 Œãã¶ã ‚㺪ìÊã Øã¹ã‹¹ãŠãÀ Œãã¶ã ¹ãñÍããÌãÀ
‡ãŠãâØãÆñÔã Ôã½ãã•ãÌããªãè ¹ãã›ãê 1934 ‚ããÞãã¾ãà ¶ãÀñ¶³ ªñÌã, •ã¾ã¹ãƇãŠãÍã ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã --
¹ãÆØããä¦ãÍããèÊã ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ÔãâÜã 1936 ¹ãÆñ½ãÞã⪠ÊãŒã¶ã…
‚ããäŒãÊã ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ãä‡ãŠÔãã¶ã Ôã¼ãã 1936 †¶ã.•ããè. ÀâØãã Ìã ÔãÖ•ãã¶ã⪠ÊãŒã¶ã…
¹ãŠãÀÌã¡Ã ºÊãã‡ãŠ 1939 Ôãì¼ããÓãÞãâ³ ºããñÔã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
Àñã䡇ãŠÊã ¡ñ½ããñ‰ãñŠã䛇㊠ªÊã 1940 †½ã.†¶ã. Àã¾ã ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
‰ãŠãâãä¦ã‡ãŠãÀãè Ôã½ãã•ãÌããªãè ªÊã 1942 Ôããõ½¾ãñ¶³ ¶ãã©ã ›õØããñÀ ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã
ÔÌã¦ãâ¨ã¦ãã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ‡ãñŠ Ôã½ã¾ã ãäÊãŒããè ØãƒÃ † ¶ãñÍã¶ãÊã ƒ¶ã ½ãñãä‡ãâŠØã ÔãìÀñ¶³ ¶ãã©ã ºã¶ã•ããê
½ãÖ¦Ìã¹ãî¥ãà ¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãòŠ ¹ãÆŠã衽㠆› ãä½ã¡¶ãホ Êãöãä¹ã¾ãÀ
¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠ ÊãñŒã‡ãŠ ¶¾ãî ƒã䥡¾ãã †ñ¶ããè ºãñÔãñ¶›
¾ãâØã ƒã䥡¾ãã ½ãÖ㦽ãã Øããú£ããè ¹ããùÌã›ãè †¥¡ ‚ã¶ã ªãªã ¼ããƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè
ƒâã䡾ãã ãä•ãÌãメñ¡ Àã•ãñ¶³ ¹ãÆÔã㪠ãäºãÆãä›Íã ÂÊã ‚ããù¹ãŠ ƒâã䡾ãã

Øããè¦ããâ•ãÊããè, ØããñÀã ÀÌãã足¶ãã©ã ›õØããñÀ ƒã䥡¾ã¶ã Ô›ÈØãÊã Ôãì¼ããÓãÞãâ³ ºããñÔã

ƒã䥡¾ãã ›ì¡ñ À•ã¶ããè ¹ãã½ã ª¦¦ã
Ôã½ãã•ãÌããªãè ‡ã‹¾ããò? •ã¾ã¹ãƇãŠãÍã ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ã
ãä¡Ô‡ãŠÌãÀãè ‚ããù¹ãŠ ƒã䥡¾ãã •ãÌããÖÀÊããÊã ¶ãñÖÂ
‚ã¶ãÖõ¹¹ããè ƒâã䡾ãã ÊããÊãã Êãã•ã¹ã¦ã Àã¾ã
ƒâã䡾ãã ãäÌã¶Ôã ¹ãÆŠã衽ã, ‚ãºãìÊã ‡ãŠÊãã½ã ‚ãã•ããª
Øããè¦ãã ÀÖԾ㠺ããÊã ØãâØãã£ãÀ ãä¦ãÊã‡ãŠ
‚ãÊã ãäÖÊããÊã
¶ããèÊã ª¹ãå㠪ãè¶ãºãâ£ãì ãä½ã¨ã
¼ããÀ¦ã ãäÌã¼ãã•ã¶ã ‡ãñŠ Øãì¶ããÖØããÀ Àã½ã½ã¶ããñÖÀ ÊããñãäÖ¾ãã
‚ãã¶ã⪠½ãŸ ºãâãä‡ãŠ½ã Þ㶳 Þ㛕ããê ºãÆãñ‡ãŠ¶ã ãäÌãâØã ÔãÀãñ•ã¶ããè ¶ãã¾ã¡î
ƒãä¶ã¾ã¶ã Àñ¶ãñÍãã Ôããè.†¹ãŠ. †¥¡Èï•ã ª Ô›ãñÀãè ‚ããù¹ãŠ ½ãƒÃ Êãヹ㊠½ããñÀãÀ•ããè ªñÔããƒÃ
ãäÔã¹ããù¾ã ½¾ãîã䛶ããè ‚ããÀ.Ôããè. ½ã•ãî½ãªãÀ ‡ãŠã½ãÀñ¡ ½ãìÖ½½ãª ‚ãÊããè ãä•ã¸ãã
ÌããÀ ‚ããù¹ãŠ ƒã䥡¾ãã Ìããè.¡ãè. ÔããÌãÀ‡ãŠÀ ƒâã䡾ãã ¹ãŠãùÀ ƒâã䡾ã¶Ôã ãäÞã¦ãÀâ•ã¶ã ªãÔã
ƒâã䡹ãò¡Ôò ã ¹ãã©ãñÀ ªñÌããè ÍãÀ¦ãÞ㶳 Þã›á›ãñ¹ã㣾ãã¾ã
ÔããâØã ‚ããù¹ãŠ ƒâã䡾ãã ÔãÀãñ•ã¶ããè ¶ãã¾ã¡î Ô㦾ãã©ãà ¹ãƇãŠãÍã ª¾ãã¶ã⪠ÔãÀÔÌã¦ããè

12
 INDIAN HISTORY

¼ããÀ¦ã ½ãò ¹ãƇãŠããäÍã¦ã ¹ãƽãìŒã Ôã½ããÞããÀ-¹ã¨ã

Ôã½ããÞããÀ ¹ã¨ã ÔãâÔ©ãã¹ã‡ãŠ ÌãÓãà ԩãã¶ã ¼ããÓãã
ºãâØããÊã Øã•ã› •ãñ.†. ãäև㋇ãŠãè 1780 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
Ôã½ããÞããÀ ª¹ãå㠽ããÍãýãñ¶ã 1818 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ºãâØããÊããè
ãäªØªÍãö㠽ããÍãýãñ¶ã 1818 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ºãâØããÊããè
ÔãâÌã㪠‡ãŠãõ½ãìªãè Àã•ãã Àã½ã½ããñÖ¶ã Àã¾ã 1821 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ºãâØããÊããè
ºã㽺ãñ Ôã½ããÞããÀ ¹ãŠªîöã•ããè 1822 ºãâºãƒÃ Øãì•ãÀã¦ããè
ÀÔ¦ã Øããñ¹ãŠ¦ãÀ ªãªã ¼ããƒÃ ¶ããõÀãñ•ããè 1851 ºãâºãƒÃ Øãì•ãÀã¦ããè
Ô㦾ã¹ãƇãŠãÍã ‡ãŠÔãöãªãÔã ¼ãîÊã•ããè 1852 ‚ãÖ½ãªãºã㪠Øãì•ãÀã¦ããè
ºãâºãƒÃ ª¹ãå㠺ããÊãÍããÔ¨ããè •ã㽺ãñ‡ãŠÀ 1832 ºãâºãƒÃ ½ãÀãŸãè
ƒâã䡾ã¶ã ãä½ãÀÀ ªñÌãñ¶³¶ãã©ã ›õØããñÀ, 1861 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
½ã¶ã½ããñÖ¶ã ÜããñÓã
ƒ¶ªì ¹ãƇãŠãÍã Àã¶ãã¡ñ 1861 ºãâºãƒÃ ½ãÀãŸãè
¶ãñãä›Ìã ‚ããñãä¹ããä¶ã¾ã¶ã Ìããè.†¶ã. ½ããØãâãäÊã‡ãŠ 1864 ºãâºãƒÃ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
‚ã½ãð¦ã ºãã•ããÀ ¹ããä¨ã‡ãŠã ½ããñ¦ããèÊããÊã ÜããñÓã 1868 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ºãâØããÊããè, ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
Ôããñ½ã ¹ãƇãŠãÍã ƒÃÍÌãÀÞã⪠ãäÌã²ããÔããØãÀ 1859 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ºãâØããÊããè
ãäÖ¶ªî Ìããè. ÀãÜãÌããÞããÀãè 1878 ½ã³ãÔã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
‡ãñŠÔãÀãè, ½ãÀãŸã ãä¦ãÊã‡ãŠ 1881 ºãâºãƒÃ ½ãÀãŸãè, ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ºãâØããÊããè ÔãìÀñ¶³¶ãã©ã ºã¶ã•ããê 1879 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
‡ãŠãäÌã ÌãÞã¶ã Ôãì£ãã ¼ããÀ¦ãñ¶ªì ÖãäÀÍãÞãâ³ 1867 „¦¦ãÀ¹ãƪñÍã ãäÖ¶ªãè
¾ãâØã ƒã䥡¾ãã Øããú£ããè•ããè 1919 ‚ãÖ½ãªãºã㪠‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
¶ãÌã•ããèÌã¶ã Øããú£ããè•ããè 1919 ‚ãÖ½ãªãºã㪠ãäÖ¶ªãè,Øãì•ãÀã¦ããè
ÖãäÀ•ã¶ã Øããú£ããè•ããè 1933 ¹ãî¶ãã ãäÖ¶ªãè,Øãì•ãÀã¦ããè
ãäÖ¶ªî ¹ãõãä›È‡ã‹› ÖãäÀÍãÞãâ³ ½ãìŒã•ããê 1855 -- ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
¹ãã¾ããñãä¶ã¾ãÀ -- 1865 ƒÊããÖãºã㪠‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ºãâØã ªÍãö㠺ãâãä‡ãŠ½ãÞãâ³ Þ㛕ããê 1873 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ºãâØããÊããè
ãä›Èº¾ãî¶ã ª¾ããÊããäÔãâÖ ½ã•ããèã䟾ãã 1877 ÊããÖãõÀ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
Ôãì£ããÀ‡ãŠ Øããñ¹ããÊã‡ãðŠÓ¥ã ‚ããØãÀ‡ãŠÀ 1888 ºãâºãƒÃ ½ãÀãŸãè
Ô›ñ›áÔã½ãõ¶ã Àãºã›Ã ¶ãホ 1878 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ƒâã䡾ã¶ã ‚ããñãä¹ããä¶ã¾ã¶ã Øããú£ããè•ããè 1903 ª. ‚ã¹ãÆŠãè‡ãŠã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè

13
 INDIAN HISTORY

ƒâã䡾ã¶ã ÔããñãäÍã¾ããñÊããùãä•ãÔ› ;ãã½ã•ããè ‡ãðŠÓ¥ã Ìã½ããà 1905 Êã⪶㠂ãâØãÆñ•ããè

Ì㶪ñ ½ãã¦ãÀ½ãá ‚ãÀãäÌ㶪 ÜããñÓã 1906 ‡ãŠÊã‡ãŠ¦¦ãã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ØãªÀ ÊããÊãã ÖÀª¾ããÊã 1913 Ôãñ¶ã ¹ãÆŠãâãäÔãÔ‡ãŠãñ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ºã㽺ãñ ‰ãŠããä¶ã‡ãŠÊã ãä¹ãŠÀãñ•ãÍããÖ ½ãñÖ¦ãã 1913 ºãâºãƒÃ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
‡ãŠã½ã¶ãÌÖãèÊã †ñ¶ã ºãñÔãñ¶› 1914 ºãâºãƒÃ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
¶¾ãî ƒã䥡¾ãã †ñ¶ããè ºãñÔãñ¶› 1914 ºãâºãƒÃ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ãäÖ¶ª ‡ãñŠÔãÀãè ØãâØãã¹ãÆÔã㪠Øã칦ã 1914 ‡ãŠãÍããè ãäÖ¶ªãè
ÔãÌãó¶›áÔã ‚ããù¹ãŠ ƒã䥡¾ãã Ñããèãä¶ãÌããÔã ÍããÔ¨ããè 1918 ½ã³ãÔã ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ãäÖ¶ªìÔ¦ãã¶ã ›ãƒ½Ôã ‡ãñŠ.†¶ã. ¹ããä¥ã‡ã‹‡ãŠÀ 1922 ºãâºãƒÃ ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ÔãÞãà Êãホ ÔããäÞÞãªã¶ã⪠ãäÔã¶Öã 1818 -- ‚ãâØãÆñ•ããè
ÔÌãªñÍã ãä½ã¨ã •ããè.†Ôã. ‚ã¾¾ãÀ -- ½ã³ãÔã --
ãäºãÆãä›Íã ÍããÔã¶ã ‡ãñŠ ãäÌãÁ® ½ãÖ¦Ìã¹ãî¥ãà ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã/ãäÌã³ãñÖ
‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã/ ãäÌã³ãñÖ ¶ãñ¦ãð¦Ìã‡ãŠ¦ããà ÌãÓãà ¹ãƼãããäÌã¦ã àãñ¨ã
ÔãⶾããÔããè ãäÌã³ãñÖ ‡ãñŠ¶ãã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀ 1760-1800 ºãâØããÊã, ãäºãÖãÀ
¹ãŠ‡ãŠãèÀ ãäÌã³ãñÖ ½ã•ã¶ãîÍããÖ, ãäÞãÀØã ‚ãÊããè 1776-77 ºãâØããÊã
¹ããØãÊã¹ãâ©ããè ãäÌã³ãñÖ ‡ãŠÀ½ãÍããÖ, ›ãè¹ãî ½ããèÀ 1813-31 ºãâØããÊã
¹ãŠÀõ•ããè ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ½ããñ. ½ããñÖÔããè¶ã (ªãªî ½ããèÀ) 1820-58 ºãâØããÊã
‡ãŠãñÊã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ºãì®ãñ¼ãØã¦ã 1831-32 œãñ›ã ¶ããØã¹ãìÀ
‡ããŠã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ¼ãØãÌã¦ã •ãÌããÖÀ½ãÊã 1860-70 ¹ãâ•ããºã
ÌãñÊãì›â¹ããè ãäÌã³ãñÖ ½ãñÊãì©ã½¹ããè 1808-09 ¨ããÌã¥ã‡ãŠãñÀ (‡ãñŠÀÊã)
Ôãâ©ããÊã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ãäÔã®-‡ãŠã¶Öî 1855-56 ãäºãÖãÀ, ºãâØããÊã
½ã쥡ã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ãäºãÀÔãã ½ã쥡ã 1893-1900 ¢ããÀŒã¥¡ (ãäºãÖãÀ)
ŒããÔããè ãäÌã³ãñÖ ¦ããèÀ©ã ãäÔãâÖ 1828-33 ½ãñÜããÊã¾ã
À½¹ãã ãäÌã³ãñÖ Àã•ãî À½¹ãã, 1880 ØããñªãÌãÀãè ãä•ãÊãã (‚ããâ£ãƹãƪñÍã)
‚ãÊÊãîÀãè Ôããè¦ããÀã½ã Àã•ãî
½ããñ¹ãÊãã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ‚ãÊããè ½ãìÔããäÊã¾ããÀ 1836-54 ½ããÊããºããÀ (‡ãñŠÀÊã)
¶ããØãã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã Àã¶ããè Øãõ¡¶ããäÊã¾ãì 1905-31 ½ããä¥ã¹ãìÀ
¶ããèÊã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ãäªØ㽺ãÀ 1859-60 ¶ããã䪾ãã, ºãâØããÊã

14
 INDIAN HISTORY

¦ãã¶ãã ¼ãØã¦ã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã •ã¦ãÀã ¼ãØã¦ã 1914 ãäºãÖãÀ

Àã½ããñÔããè ãäÌã³ãñÖ ÌããÔãìªñÌã ºãÊãÌãâ¦ã ¹ãŠü¡‡ãñŠ 1877-87 ½ãÖãÀãÓ›È
ÌãÖãºããè ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ‚㺪ìÊã ÌãÖãºã 1820-70 ãäºãÖãÀ, „¦¦ãÀ¹ãƪñÍã
¹ããºã¶ãã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ‡ãñŠÍãÌãÞãâ³ Àã¾ã, 1873-76 ºãâØããÊã
Íã½¼ãî¶ãã©ã ¹ããÊã
¼ããèÊã ãäÌã³ãñÖ ÔãñÌããÀã½ã 1825-31 ¹ããäÍÞã½ããè Üãã›
ÞãñÀãñ ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ¼ãîÓã¥ã ãäÔãâÖ 1800-1802 ãäºãÖãÀ
¹ãã¾ã‡ãŠãñ ‡ãŠã ãäÌã³ãñÖ •ãØãºãâ£ãì 1817-1818 „ü¡ãèÔãã
‚ãÖãñ½ã ãäÌã³ãñÖ Øãªã£ãÀ, ‡ã슽ããÀ ¹ãÞã⪠1828 ‚ãÔã½ã
¦ãñ¼ããØãã ‚ããâªãñÊã¶ã ‡ãŠ½¹ããÀã½ã ãäÔãâÖ 1946 ºãâØããÊã
¦ãñÊãâØãã¶ãã ãäÌã³ãñÖ -- 1946-51 ‚ããâ£ãƹãƪñÍã

¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã
‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã Ôã½ã¾ã àãñ¨ã ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã Ôã½ã¾ã àãñ¨ã ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ
•ã¶ãÀÊã/ •ã¶ãÀÊã/
Ìãã¾ãÔãÀã¾ã Ìãã¾ãÔãÀã¾ã
Öâ›À ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1892 ãäÍãàãã Êãã¡Ã ãäÀ¹ã¶ã ÀñÊãñ ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1902 ãäÍãàã㠇㊕ãöã
Ôãõ¡ÊãÀ ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1917 ãäÍãàãã Þãñ½Ôã¹ãŠãñ¡Ã Öã›ãóØ㠇㊽ããèÍã¶ã 1929 ãäÍãàãã ƒÀãäÌã¶ã
†ãäÞãâÔã¶ã ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1886 Êããñ‡ãŠ ÔãñÌãã ¡¹ãŠãäÀ¶ã Êããè ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1923 Êããñ‡ãŠ ÔãñÌãã Àãèãä¡âØã
ÖÀÍãñÊ㠇㊽ããèÍã¶ã 1893 ½ãì³ã Êãõ¶Ôã¡ã„¶ã ãäÔ½ã©ã ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1919 ½ãì³ã Þãñ½Ôã¹ãŠãñ¡Ã
ãäÖÊ›¶ã ¾ãâØ㠇㊽ããè. 1927 ½ãì³ã Þãõ½Ôã¹ãŠãñ¡Ã Ôã¹ãÆî ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1934 ºãñÀãñ•ãØããÀãè ãäÌããäÊãâØ㛶ã
ãäÌÖ›Êãñ ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1929 Ñã½ã -- ½ãõ‡ãŠÊããØã¶ã ‡ãŠ½ããè. 1914 ÔãÖ‡ãŠãÀãè Öããä¡ÄØã
ºã›ÊãÀ ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1927 ªñÍããè À㕾ããò ƒÀãäÌã¶ã ¹ãÆñŠ•ãÀ ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1901-02
‡ãñŠ Ôãã©ã ãä¹ãÊ㠇㊽ããèÍã¶ã 1936 ÔãâÜããè¾ã ¤ãúÞãã ãäÊã¶ããäÊã©ãØããñ
Ôãâºãâ£ã
Ô›ÈõÞããè ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1878- ‚ã‡ãŠãÊã Ôãñ -- ¹ãŠãùÔãñ› ‡ãŠ½ããèÍã¶ã 1901 ÞãìâØããè ¦ã©ã㠇㊕ãöã
1880 Ôãâºãâãä£ã¦ã Ìãñ¦ã¶ã Ôãñ
Ôãâºãâãä£ã¦ã

15
 INDIAN HISTORY

ãäºãÆãä›Íã‡ãŠãÊã ½ãò ãäÌãªñÍããò ½ãò ¼ãñ•ãñ ØㆠãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã

ÌãÓãà ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ªñÍã ØãÌã¶ãÃÀ •ã¶ãÀÊã/Ìãã¾ãÔãÀã¾ã
1787 ƒÃ. ãä‡ãŠ‡ãÊ ¹ãõãä›È‡ãŠ ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ¶ãñ¹ããÊã ‡ãŠã¶ãÃÌãããäÊãÔã
1797 ƒÃ. ½ãñÊã‡ãŠ½ã ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã (1) ƒÃÀã¶ã ÌãñÊãñ•ãÊããè
1808 ƒÃ. †Êããä¹ãâŠÔ›¶ã ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãºãìÊã ãä½ã¶›ãñ
1808 ƒÃ. ½ãñÊã‡ãŠ½ã ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã (2) ƒÃÀã¶ã ãä½ã¶›ãñ
1809 ƒÃ. ¡ñãäÌã¡ Ôãñ›ã¶ã ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ãäÔãâ£ã ãä½ã¶›ãñ
1892 ƒÃ. Àãùºã›ÃáÔã ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãºãìÊã ÊãòÔã¡ã„¶ã
1893 ƒÃ. Öñ¶ãÀãè ¡îÀ¥¡ ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ‡ãŠãºãìÊã ÊãòÔã¡ã„¶ã
1903 ƒÃ. ¾ãâØã ÖÔºãõ¥¡ ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡Êã ãä¦ãººã¦ã ‡ãŠ•ãöã
1904 ƒÃ. ¡ñ¶ã ãäÍãÓ›½ã¥¡áÊã ‡ãŠãºãìÊ㠇㊕ãöã
1912 ƒÃ. ¡ãù. ‚ãâÔããÀãè ãä½ãÍã¶ã (ãäÞããä‡ãŠ¦Ôãã) ¦ãì‡ãŠãê Öããä¡ÄØã
1938 ƒÃ. ¡ãù. ‚ã›Êã ãä½ãÍã¶ã (ãäÞããä‡ãŠ¦Ôãã) Þããè¶ã ãäÊã¶ããäÊã©ãØããñ

16