Generally in a RCC structure the percentage of reinforcement varies from 1% to 4%in

various elements. In slabs the percentage of steel is abouut 1 to 1.5%, in beams it is

about 1 to 2%, in columns it is about 2 to 4% and in footing it is about 0.5% to 1%.

What is the value of minimum reinforcement in a slab?

Minimum reinforcement is 0.12% for HYSD bars and 0.15% for mild steel bars. The
diameter of bar generally used in slabs are: 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12mm and 16mm.
The maximum diameter of bar used in slab should not exceed 1/8 of the total thickness
of slab.

How do you calculate area of steel?

If you have measured the weight of the bar in kilograms, then divide the weight of the
bar by 7850 and this will give you volume of the bar in cubic metres. Divide this volume
by the length of the bar measured in metres and the result will be the area of the bar in
Square Meters.

Is 456 minimum reinforcement?

The maximum area of tension reinforcement according to code IS 456: 2000, Cl
26.5.1.1(b) is given as 0.04bD. According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.2, The
maximum area of compression reinforcement is less than 0.04bD.

What is the minimum depth of two way slab?

For (afm) equal or smaller than 0.2, minimum two-way slab thickness is provided by
Table-1. Moreover, the minimum thickness of any two way slab without interior
beams should not be less than the following: For slabs without drop panel 125 mm.
For slabs with drop panel 100 mm.

How many kg of steel is required in 1m3 of concrete?

One cubic metre of concrete weighs 2.5 Tonnes. Typically, 1m3 of concrete is made up
of 350Kg of cement, 700Kg of sand, 1,200Kg of chippings and 150 Litres of water. The
mix design process can either be conducted on the basis of charts or
experimentally.Jan 30, 2008
Why torsional reinforcement is provided in slab?
In slabs which are restrained along the edges and are not free to lift, cracks
asshown below get developed at the corners because of the high torsional moment.
We need to prevent such types of crack formations in the slab and thus reinforce these
sections by providing reinforcement.

How do you determine stirrups size?

First, we calculate the length of the stirrup and then we add the length of the hook
and at the last, we subtract the bends length in the stirrup. Length of X = Width –
2(Half the diameter of the bar) – 2(Clear cover). Length of Y = Height – 2(Half the
diameter of the bar) – 2(Clear cover)

What are hanger bars in beams?

Hanger bars, are provided in a beam to keep the Main reinforcement (which takes care
of tension at bottom fibers in simply supported beam, top fibers in cantilever beam) and
stirrups (who take care of shear stresses and diagonal tension in beam) in position as
the name indicated for them.
What are the minimum and maximum percentages of steel for footing, slabs,
beams, and columns?

According to IS 456

Footings:(Cl.34.5.1)

Minimum percentage of steel is 0.12% for Fe415 grade and 0.15% for Fe250 Grade.

Slabs:(Cl.26.5.2.1)

Minimum percentage of steel is 0.15% for Fe 250 and 0.12% for Fe 450.

Maximum percentage of steel is 4%.

Beams:

Minimum Steel percentage is 0.2% for Fe415 and 0.35% for Fe250.

Maximum percentage of steel is 4%

Columns:(Cl.26.5.3.1)

Maximum longitudinal steel is 6% without lapping and 4% in case of lapping.

Minimum Longitudinal steel is 0.8%.

How do we design a rcc building manually?

Okay. It took me 3 months to justifiably design a RCC G+11 structure for my first time.

Let's go for a typical plan of a 2BHK. And let's only take dead and live loads.

Add wind loads and seismic loads according to zone after you are done practicing with
only dead and live load.

Idea is simple - Slab rest on beams. Beams rest on columns. Columns rest on
footings.

So design slab first, then use the load from load to design beams. Beams will put load
on column. And column will on footings.

Prerequisite

1. Architectural plan.
2. IS codes - 456, 875 (I and II)
3. Soil report.
4. Scientific calculator
5. MS Excel - for faster calculations. Many design offices use Excel template
sheets. Don't see them as designing software. They are just for faster
calculations and minimize error.
6. Bhavikatti or any other book for reference.
Now let's have steps.

1. Architectural plan.

2. Mark columns.

3. Join column to mark primary beams. There will be tertiary beams that'll rest on
primary beams.

4. Mark all beams. Number them.

5. Now mark slabs. Slabs with similar dimensions with will be marked same.

6. Design slabs. Use loads from IS 875 part 2, call it ‘w’. Find depth and area of steel.
We'll do detailing later.

7. Now beams will be calculated each individually. First let's do tertiary beams, ie,
beams resting on other beams. Assume all beams 500 depth and 300 width. Draw force
dia for each beam.
  Slab load - for two slab - load on beam of length ‘l' = WL/3. Calculate slab load
intensify for all 4 beams on which 2 way slab is resting. Units in KN/m (UDL).
For one way slab ‘WL/2’ for the beams supporting the slab.
 Wall load intensity- Density of wall is 18KN/m3. Multiply by height of wall and
thickness of wall. Assume wall height - 2.5m and width - 300mm for external
and 230 for internal. Multiply by fos 1.5. Now wall intensity is in units KN/m
(UDL).
 Weight of concrete- self weight. Density (25KN/m3). Multiply by width and
height of beam. Say 500 x 300. So 25 x .5 x .3 = 3.75 x 1.5 (fos) = 5.62 KN/m
 Add them. That is your net UDL. Find moment and reaction forces at support.
For primary beams repeat the same process. But now add the reactions of tertiary
beams as point loads at according distance.Then , Use Substitute frame analysis
to calculate span moments and support moments…simultaneously calculate
reactions at supports.

find area of steel at top and bottom.

8. Columns. Assume dimensions 500 x300. Use moments and reactions from beams
resting on column to find area of steel. Dont forget to add column’s self weight.

9. Net load from columns will be used design footings.

4. Detailing - Detailing of steel as per SP 34. You'll have read it. No other way.

IMPORTANT - IF you don't know how to apply loads, how to design columns, footings,
etc search for NPTEL's PDFs. Their steps can be used to create Excel sheets to speed
up the process.

Hope it helps.

You have to assume many more things to design manually both for analysis and design
of RCC building.

Analysis:

 Stress-Strain relationship for both concrete and steel should be taken linear,
which will give the permission for principle of superposition or linear analysis.
 Two way Floor loads should be manually distributed to the respective beams
by triangular or trapezoidal zones. For One way slab ignore shorter beams, so
divide loads to longer beams only.
  Stair case and other standard component should be taken from standard
design, so no analysis. Only loads should be given to the respective column.
 Remove slab stiffness from analysis, so it will be a 3D frame analysis.
 Decouple 3D Frame to different 2D Frames with their respective loadings. So,
avoid irregular structure, where such decoupling is not possible.
 For 2D frame analysis assume hinges at every column at the middle position
between consecutive floors. This will provide bending moment and shear
forces of columns.
 Three moment, Slope Deflection or other manual analysis method can be used
to get the bending moment and shear forces of beams.
 Reduce load combination number considering severe cases only.
 For complicated analysis (2-way slab, pile cap etc.) take help of some
coefficient from code.
Design:

 Loads coming from Seismic or wind forces should be taken from simple code
provision with more assumption.
 Reduce the number of design entity (footing, column, beam or slab) with a
representative group.
 Take help from code for different curve and plots like SP-16 etc. to get
reinforcement details from moments and shear forces.
 Compensate all assumption with greater factor of safety.
MS Excel

MS Excel is one of the most widely used engineering tools in last 20 years, which was
used in between manual and software based (civil engineering) design practices.

Present generation considers MS office as manual operation where, MS Excel can

remove some of the assumption mentioned above. Moreover, VBA macro embedded
with in MS Excel can provide programming features, which may reduce assumptions
further.
BEAMS :1. The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than that given by the
following:As = 0.85bd/ fywhere As = minimum area of tension reinforcementb = breadth of beam/ the
breadth of the web of T-beamd = effective depthfy =characteristic strength of reinforcement in
N/mm²2. The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed bD, where b is the width of
the beam rib or web and D is the total depth of the beam.3. The maximum area of compression
reinforcement shall not exceed bD .4. Where the depth of beams exceeds 750 mm in case of beams
without torsion and 450 mm with torsion provide face reinforcement along the two faces. The total
area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is
less.5. The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall
not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45 degree, where d is the effective
depth of the section. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm.
FOUNDATION

10 FOOTING-DETAILS(INDEPENDENT)
INCORRECTCOLUMN BARSSTARTER BARSNATURAL G.LCOVER TO STARTERLb3” SIDE
COVERLdtMin.300COVER50mm IF p.c.c below or 75mmLdtCORRECT

11 TYPICAL REIN DETAILS OF HAMMER FOUNDATION BLOCK

INCORRECTCORRECTLd Ld

12 1. The minimum thickness of cover to main reinforcement shall not be less than 50mm.
However, where the concrete is in direct contact with the soil, for example, when a leveling course of
lean concrete is not used at the bottom of the footing, it is usual to specify a cover of 75mm.In case
of raft foundation, whether resting directly on soil or on lean concrete, the cover for the reinforcement
shall not be less than 75mm.The cover of concrete overall the reinforcement including ties should
not be less than 40mm for piles . But where the piles are exposed to sea water or water having other
corrosive content, the cover should be no where less than 50mm.The minimum reinforcement for
slab in footing in either direction shall not be less than 0.1 percentage of the gross sectional area for
mild steel reinforcement and 0.12 percent in case of high strength deformed bars.The minimum area
of tension reinforcement for beam in footing shall be as per the provisions applicable to beams.

13 7. The diameter of main reinforcing bars should be not less than 10mm.
Extended vertical reinforcement or dowels of at least 0.5 percent of the cross-sectional area of the
supported column or pedestal with a minimum of 4 bars of 12mm diameter shall be provided.Where
dowels are used, their diameter shall not exceed the diameter of column bars by more than 3mm.To
achieve economy, the footings are sloped or stepped towards the edge satisfying the requirements
for bending and punching shear. The thickness at the edges shall not be less than 15cm for footing
on soils, nor less than 30cm above tops of piles in case of footing on piles.Where top reinforcement
is required, provide chairs and edge U-bars to support it. The diameter of chairs should be at least
12mm and its spacing shall not be less than 30 times the diameter of supporting bars.

14 COLUMN

15 BEAM COLUMN JUNCTION-EXTERIOR COLUMN

INCORRECTCLOSED STPS2”maxU TYPE BARSLdIN TENSION-LdCORRECT

16 SPLICE DETAIL FOR COLUMN

COVERCLOSESLOPE 1:6S-SPACINGCORRECTINCORRECT

17 INCORRECT CORRECT COLUMN DETAILS IN EQ REGIONS

First stirrups 50mm from beam faceEND REGIONEND REGION-h/6 or D or 450MM whichever is
greaterh b d DEND REGIONEND REGIONSpacing of shear rein. In columnsSpacing of shear rein.
In columns

18 REDUCTION COLUMN BOTH SIDES

INCORRECTSPLICESLOPE 1:8 FROM BEAM BOTTOM3NO.CLOSE TIESCLOSE STPS SPACIN
<=75mm3NO.CLOSE TIESCORRECT

19 TERMINATION OF COLUMN BARS INSIDE BEAM

INCORRECTLdCORRECT
22 1. The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent nor
more than 6 percent of the gross cross- sectional area of the column. 2. The minimum number of
longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns & six in circular columns.
3. The bar shall not be less than 12mm in diameter. 4. A reinforced concrete column having helical
reinforcement, at least 6 bars of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement. 5. In a
helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical reinforcement
and equidistant around its inner circumference. 6. Spacing of longitudinal bars measure along the
periphery of the column shall not exceed 300mm. 7. Keep outer dimensions of column constant, as
far as possible , for reuse of forms.

23 8. Preferably avoid use of 2 grades of vertical bars in the same element.

Bars larger than 36mm dia. Shall not be bundled.Lap splices shall be not be used for bars larger
than 36mm dia. Except where welded.Where dowels are provided, their diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the column bars by more than 3mm.10. Where bent up bars are provided, their
contribution towards shear resistance shall not be more than 50% of the total shear to be resisted.
Use of single bent up bars(cranked) are not allowed in the case of earthquake resistance
structures.11. The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than 1/4th of the
diameter of the largest longitudinal bars and in no case less than 6mm.The pitch of the transverse
reinforcement shall be not less than the least of the following distances:

24 i) The least lateral dimension of the compression member

ii) 16times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bars to be tied.iii) 300 mm13. For
a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any case not be less than 40 mm, or
less than the diameter of such bar.14. In the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200 mm or
under, whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.

25 BEAM AND SLAB

26 BEAM d INCORRECT d/2 d/2 CORRECT 1/4OR 1/5 SPAN d/2+d/2Cot(t) 1.5d Ld
LINE OF CRACKd/2td/2td/2+d/2Cot(t)1.5dCORRECT

27 CANTILEVER BEAM Ld/2 Ld/2 Ld INCORRECT CLOSE STIRRUPS CORRECT Ldt

crackLdtCLOSE STIRRUPSLdt/2Ld/2Ld/2LdCORRECT

28 NON PRISMATIC BEAM Ld/2 Ld/2 Ld INCORRECT CLOSE STIRRUPS CORRECT Ldt
crackINCORRECTLdtCLOSE STIRRUPSLdt/2Ld/2Ld/2CORRECTLd

29 GRID BEAM GRID BEAM INCORRECT Hanger bars CORRECT Close rings 1.5d
300300dHanger bars2#extra barsCORRECTSlope 1:10

30 Details of Main & Secondary beams

Main beamINCORRECTSecondary beamClose rings1.5d1.5d1.5d300300d60degreeHanger
barsMain beamCORRECT

31 Continuous beam continuous beam incorrect correct Span/4 Span/4 Span/4

1.5d1.5d1.5dcorrect
32 CONTINUOUS BEAM L1 L2 INCORRECT L1 L2 CORRECT SPAN/4 SPAN/4 SPAN/4
100%CRACK100%CRACKCRACKL1.08L1.08L1L2.08L2INCORRECT100%L1/4L2/4L1/420%20%0.
1L1100%100%L1.15L1L2.15L2CORRECT

33 NONPRISMATIC SECTION OF BEAM

DCRACKD DINCORRECTCLOSE RINGD DCORRECTDCLOSE RING

34 CANTILEVER BEAM PROJECTING FROM COLUMN

INCORRECTNOT LESS THAN 0.5AstNOT LESS THAN GREATER OF 0.5L OR
Ld50mmLd0.25AstCOLUMNCORRECTLd/3

35 SLOPING BEAMCRACKLd LdCORRECT

36 HAUNCH BEAMS L INCORRECT CORRECT L Ld Ld Ld Ld CRACK CRACK L/8 TO L/10

37 STRESSES AT CORNERS C-COMPRESSION T-TENSION C t C CRACK t

RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR ACROSS CORNER(ONE PLANE)RESULTANT TENSILE
STRESS FOR ACROSS CORNER(DIFFERENT PLANE)tCRACKc t c

38 SHEAR AND TORSION REIN. IN BEAMS

Stirrups taken round outermost bars spacing<=x1<=(x1+y1)/4<=300mmMin 0.2%bd to control
deflection as well as for seismic requ.INCORRECTn d y1Skin rein.10dia is required when depth
exceeds 450mm(0.1% of web area distributed equally on two faces)D100 to 200mmD-n>500mmD-
n>500mmD/5x1CORRECTb

39 CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD

Shear rein.INCORRECT2/3dd LdCORRECTLdExtra ties

40 INCORRECTopeningcrackcrackOPENING IN WEB OF BEAMd/2openingd/2Closed stps for

d/2Closed stps for d/2LdOPENING IN WEB OF BEAMCORRECT

41 EQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIOR
*COL.CORE HAS TO BE CONFINED BY CIRCULAR OR RECTANGULAR TIES IN ACCORDANCE
WITH END REGIONEQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIORSPACING OF LATERAL TIES
<=d/2COL.CORE*END REGIONSPACING OF LATERAL TIES <=100mmEND REGIONBEAM COL.
JUNCTION-EQ REGIONINCORRECTCORRECTSPACING OF LATERAL TIES <=d/2SPACING OF
LATERAL TIES <=d/2BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ REGION

42 EQ-REGION-CONTINUOUS BEAM
INCORRECT50mmmaxCONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN ¼ AREA OF BARS AT
COL.FACECORRECTA=L1/3A=L1/3A=L1/3Ld 2d 2d 2d 2dStirrup spacing=d/4 or 100mm or 8dia
which ever is the least

44 BEAMS :1. The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than that given by the
following:As = 0.85bd/ fywhere As = minimum area of tension reinforcementb = breadth of beam/ the
breadth of the web of T-beamd = effective depthfy =characteristic strength of reinforcement in
N/mm²2. The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed bD, where b is the width of
the beam rib or web and D is the total depth of the beam.3. The maximum area of compression
reinforcement shall not exceed bD .4. Where the depth of beams exceeds 750 mm in case of beams
without torsion and 450 mm with torsion provide face reinforcement along the two faces. The total
area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is
less.5. The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall
not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45 degree, where d is the effective
depth of the section. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm.

45 13. The hooks shall be bent to 135 degree .

6. At each end of reinforcing bar, net less that 25 mm or less than twice the diameter of the bar.7.
For longitudinal reinforcing bars in a beam, not less than 30 mm or less than the diameter of the
bar.8. Where splices are provided in bars, they shall be , as far as possible, away from the sections
of maximum stresses and shall be staggered.9. Deflection in slabs/beams may be reduced by
providing compression reinforcement.10. Only closed stirrups shall be used for transverse rein. For
members subjected to torsion and for members likely to be subjected to reversal of stresses as in
Seismic forces.11. To accommodate bottom bars, it is good practice to make secondary beams
shallower than main beams, at least by 50mm.12. The stirrups shall be minimum size of 8mm in the
case of lateral load resistance .13. The hooks shall be bent to 135 degree .

46 SLABS: 1. The minimum reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15
percent of the total cross-sectional area in case of mild steel and 0.12 percent in case of high
strength deformed bars. 2. The main bar in the slab shall not be less than 8 mm ( high yield strength
bars) or 10 mm ( plain bars) and distribution steel shall not be less than 6 mm diameter bars . The
diameter of the reinforcing bar shall not exceed one-eighth of the total thickness of the slab. 3. The
horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars shall not be more than 3 times the effective
depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller. 4. The horizontal distance between parallel
reinforcement bars provided against shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than 5 times the
effective depth of a solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller. 5. The cover at each end of
reinforcing bar shall be neither less than 25 mm nor less than twice the diameter of such bar. 6. The
minimum cover to reinforcement ( tension, compression, shear) shall be not less than 15 mm, nor
less than diameter of the bar.

47 DETAILING OF SLABS WITHOUT ANY CUT OR OPENINGS.

The building plan DX-3 shows the slabs in different levels for the purpose of eliminating the inflow of
rainwater into the room from the open terrace and also the sunken slab for toilet in first floor.The
building plan DX-A3 is one in which the client asked the architect to provide opening all
round.Minimum and max.reinforcement % in beams, slabs and columns as per codal provisions
should be followed.

49 SECTION OF TRENCHINCORRECTINCORRECTCRACKCORRECTLd Ld Ld

50 STAIRCASE-WITH WAIST SLAB

INCORRECTExtra barLd(min)Ld(min)Ld(min)CORRECT

51 SLABLESS STAIRCASEDist.Alternate 1Main barMain bar

52 SLABLESS STAIRCASEMain barL=horizontal spanAlternate 2A=0.25L

53 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS APPROXIMATELY USE 50Xdia FOR TENSION

FOR A CONCRETE GRADE M20 &STEEL STRENGTH Fy=415SL. NOBAR
DIA.TENSIONmmCOMPRESSIONREMARKS1 8376.0301.02 10470.03 12564.0451.04 16752.0602
.05 20940.06 221034.0827.07 251175.0281316.01053.09 321504.01203.0APPROXIMATELY USE
50Xdia FOR TENSION

54 CONCLUSION: As there is no time to elaborately explaining ,the following topics are not
covered : Flat slabs, Folded plates, shell structures-cylindrical shells, silos, Staircases- helical
staircase, central beam type, cantilever type etc. Different types of foundations-raft, pile foundation,
strap foundation etc. Retaining wall structures. Liquid retaining structures. Deep beams. Shear wall,
walls. Hope that I have enlighten some of the detailing technique for the most commonly
encountered RCC members in buildings.

55 REFERENCES:
 1. Type of beam
2. Type of loading
3. End conditions
4. Height restriction if any
5. Service requirements
The answer therefore, can be a generic one.

The steps could be :

1. Decide the design method (Working stress or limit state)

2. Identify the end conditions
3. Determine the fixity of supports / degree of rotation
4. Assume a section
5. Determine the loads on the beam ( DL due to slabs, secondary
beams, masonry)
6. Determine the bending moment
7. Assume a concrete grade and find out the permissible stresses
8. Determine the area of steel needed
9. Find out no of bars
10. Determine the shear force
11. Design stirrups dia and spacing
12. Check the deflection
13. Check for the torsional stresses
14. Revise the section and Steel if needed
15. Freeze the section
16. Carry out the detailing
17. Release the drawing
Footing design

https://youtu.be/x6m2jr-qMGM

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SP16 AND IS456 FOR COLUMN DESIGN

https://youtu.be/d1r4jBc1FZE - design of staircase

https://youtu.be/o_-fDWAHawc - staad pro design with oht and stair

While designing Lift Traction Machine/Motor supporting Slab at roof level, an imposed load of 10
kN/m2 along with Impact factor of 100% is sufficient enough...?? Because entire Passenger weight+
Lift car weight + Counterweight is supported by Vertical traction Machine/Motor.. and it
s contact surface area on supporting slab will be within 1mX1m..
Say for 6 passenger capacity total Passenger weight+ Lift car weight + Counterweight=
410+400+810=1620Kg and with Impact factor 3240 kg..
Load on the slab will be 32.4kN/(1mx1m)=32.40 kN/m2