1/19/2018

HYDRUALICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

Single Pipelines
Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow In fully developed laminar
flow, each fluid particle moves at
Laminar flow is important for flow in: a constant axial velocity along a
• small conduits called microchannels; streamline and the velocity
• for lubrication flow; and profile remains unchanged in
• for analyzing other flows in which the flow direction. There is no
viscous forces are dominant. motion in the radial direction,
and thus the velocity component
The flow is fully developed if the in the direction normal to flow is
pipe is sufficiently long (relative to the everywhere zero. There is no
entry length) so that the entrance acceleration since the flow is
effects are negligible. steady and fully developed.

HYDRUALICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

Single Pipelines
Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow The velocity distribution in laminar
The velocity profile in laminar flow is flow is parabolic.
Laminar flow in a round tube is called
Poiseuille flow or Hagen-Poiseuille flow
in honor of pioneering researchers who
Where the maximum velocity occurs at r = r0,
studied low-speed flows in the 1840s.

Where:
V(r) = velocity at distance r from pipe center
Vmax = centerline or maximum velocity
r = radial distance
r0 = pipe radius
μ = absolute viscosity of the fluid
γ = unit weight of the fluid
∆h = the change in piezometric head over a length of
conduit; head lost in the pipe Also called as hydraulic head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a
∆L = pipe length geodetic datum. It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units
of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer.

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 1/19/2018

HYDRUALICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

Single Pipelines
Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow The average velocity in fully developed
laminar pipe flow is one-half of the maximum
Mean Velocity, 𝑽 or Vavg velocity.

Where:
𝑽 or Vavg = average velocity
Vmax = centerline or maximum velocity
D = diameter of pipe
μ = absolute viscosity of the fluid
γ = unit weight of the fluid
∆h = the change in piezometric head
Average velocity Vavg is defined as the
over a length of conduit; head lost in
average speed through a cross section.
the pipe
∆L = pipe length

HYDRUALICS
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EXAMPLE: ANSWERS:
Calculate the discharge of the Q = 0.00152 ft3/s
system in the figure shown,
neglecting all losses except through
the pipe.

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 1/19/2018

HYDRUALICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

Single Pipelines
EXAMPLE: ANSWERS:
In the figure, H = 24 m, L = 40 m, θ = Head loss per unit length = 0.600 m/m
30°, d = 8 mm, γ = 10 kN/m3, and μ = Discharge = 0.452 L/min
0.08 kg/m-s). Find the head loss per
unit length of pipe and the discharge
in liters per minute.

HYDRUALICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

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EXAMPLE: ANSWERS:
Glycerin is flowing through a 150
mm dia. pipe with an average
velocity of 3.6 m/s and a
kinematic viscosity of 7.63 x 10-4
m2/s. Compute points on the
velocity profile from the pipe
wall to the centerline of the pipe
in increments of 15 mm. Plot the
data for the local velocity U
versus the radius r. Also show the
average velocity on the plot.