14‐Jul‐18

R Pokhrel
A Introduction: 2
COURSE PRESENTATION ON
 Process of controlling
SUBJECT NAME SUBJECT NAME surface and sub‐surface
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING I
(BACHELORS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING) water in roads and removing
Lecture ##
SUB CHAPTER/TOPIC it from the roadway vicinity.
mmm dd, yyyy  Inadequate drainage can

HIGHWAY DRAINAGE result in:

TOPIC NAME TOPIC NAME  Serious damage to pavement.

 Traffic accidents due to
TOPIC NAME hydroplaning and loss of
visibility from splash & spray
PREPARED BY: of accumulated water.
PREPARED BY:
R P OKHREL
RABINDRA POKHREL
Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
May 18, 2018 ‐ (Friday) pokhrelrd@gmail.com
pokhrelrd@gmail.com

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Importance: Requirements of Highway Drainage:
3 4

 Serviceability of highway is largely  Surface water from carriageway and shoulder

dependent upon the adequacy of
measures controlling moisture
shouldn't percolate subgrade.
content in sub grade soil.  Surface water from adjoining land shouldn’t enter the
 Frequency of pavement repair is roadway.
directly related to the adequacy of  Side drain should have sufficient capacity and
the provision of drainage facilities
and degree of timely attention on
longitudinal slope to carry away water collected.
their operation, maintenance and  Water flow shouldn't cause cross ruts and erosion.
repair works.  Underground water should be drained off by proper
 Swelling and shrinking of subgrade subsurface drainage system.
with moisture variation causes
crack failures.  Highest level of GWT be kept well below subgrade, 1.2
 Excess moisture exerts additional m.
stress and simultaneous reduction  Special precautions in water‐logged and flooding areas.
in strength.

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Causes of moisture variation in subgrade: 5 Highway drainage System
6

 Water table variation. Surface

Drainage
Subsurface
Drainage

 Seepage of water from adjoining areas.

Longitudinal Transverse Energy
Longitudinal
Dissipation
 Percolation of surface water through pavement.
 Capillary action of underground water. Side drain Culverts Drain Lining Transverse

 Transfer through vapor formation.

Intermediate
Causeways Ditch checks
catch drain

Catch drain Aqueduct Rapids with

silting basins

Inverted
siphon Drop or fall

Minor
bridges

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R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Surface drainage in rural highway:
7 8

 Transverse slopes
 on both pavements and
shoulders.
 Side slope
 Steep enough to drain.
 Gentle enough to safe
Drive.
 Longitudinal slopes
 on both pavements and
shoulders.
 Ditches
 Longitudinal open
channels.
Longitudinal
 Flat bottomed or Vee.
channel  Grades similar to center
line.
 Culverts, Bridges

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Surface drainage in urban street: 9 Surface drainage in hill road: 10

 Cross Slopes
 Longitudinal slopes
 Inlets and storm drains
 Underground pipes in
medians.
 Inlets
 At intersections
 Catch basin
 Similar to inlet but trap
debris before entering
storm sewer.
 Manholes
 Facilities used to clean
clogging storm sewer
systems.
 Placed @ Grade change,
junctions, intermediate
points 90 ‐150 m.

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Design of surface drainage system: 11
Hydrological Analysis: 12
 To estimate the maximum quantity of water expected to
 Surface drainage system designed in two phases: reach the drainage system.
 Hydrological design  Runoff ‐ Portion of precipitation in excess of infiltration and
 Hydraulic design evaporation, that flows to drainage system.
 Factors affecting runoff quantity are:
 Rate of rainfall
 Type of soil
 Moisture condition
 Topography of area
 Ground covers (paved, grassy etc.)
 Rational formula:
∗ ∗
Q – runoff, m3/sec
…
C – weighted runoff coefficient
…
I – rainfall intensity, mm/sec
Ad – drainage area in 10000 m2
 Velocity of flow = 0.3 to 1.5 m/sec

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R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Hydraulic Analysis: C/D Structure: Culvert
13 14

 Flow through open channel.
∗
 Manning’s formula – determine velocity
1 / /  Parts: Inlet structure, Barrel, Outlet structure.
– Average velocity of flow, m/sec
n – manning’s roughness coefficient
R – Hydraulic radius, m
S – Longitudinal slope of channel
 NRS 2070: minimum longitudinal slope = 0.5%
 Closed conduit placed under the embankment to carry water across
the roadway. Unlike bridges, culvert is beneath the carriageway.
 Culverts designed to flow full, whereas bridges designed to pass
floating debris.
 Functions:
 Carry water across road
 Allow sufficient waterway to prevent water above road surface.
 Alignment:
 Conform with natural stream.
 Cross roadway at right angles (economy), Skew culverts are needed sometimes.

 Intercepting (catch) drains placed ≥5m distance from edge of  Grade:

cutting.  Conform to existing grade of stream.
 Reduced grades ⇒ velocity reduction, sediments deposition, reduce capacity.
 Outlets of side drains ≤ 500 m interval
 Increased grade ⇒ velocity increase, erosion at outlet.

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Pipe Culvert : 15 Box Culvert : 16

 In low discharge and  In weak soil, low

alignment has high discharge
embankment  Size ≥ 0.6*0.6 m – easy
 Minimum 50 cm soil cleaning
cover – lower intensity  Length of RCC pipe –
 Diameter ≥ 0.6 m – easy normally upto 3 m
cleaning
 Length of RCC pipe = 2.5
m
 Standard dias: 0.5, 0.75,
1, 1.25, 2 m.

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Slab Culvert : 17 Arch Culvert : 18

 Masonry abutments, with  In High fillings, heavier

RCC slabs (designed as loads on culverts
simply supported slab)  Arch span ≥ 3 m
 Slab span ≤ 3 m
 Where, C/D requirement
≤ 15 SqM, alignment has
high embankment
 Minimum 50 cm free
board.

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R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
C/D structures: Bridge 19 C/D structures: Causeway 20

 When Clear span ≥ 6 m – c/d structure is known as  Instead of culverts, in less important roads – saves
bridge. cost
 Structural classification: cantilever, suspension,  Maximum depth of flow 1.5 m
movable etc.  Types: low level (Irish), high level (submersible
bridge)
 ≤ 30m – minor
 30‐120 – major
 ≥120 – long span
 Parts: Foundation, Substructure, Superstructure.

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Aqueduct: 21 Inverted siphon: 22

 Overhead water conduit, hill roads.  Lowered invert level, outlet and inlet structures.
 Common in irrigation.

R Pokhrel R Pokhrel
Energy dissipation: 23 Sub‐Surface Drainage: 24

 Lining of drains:  Control of groundwater encountered in highway locations.

 Turf, cobbles, gravel, stone masonry/riprap lining.
 Ditch checks:
 In higher slope of side drains, drops are provided.
 Road rapids:
 Slope higher than critical slope, provided in short length
at inlet and outlet of C/D structures.
 Consists: inlet, main conduit, silting basin and outlet.
 Drop structures:
 Horizontal bed and sudden drop at interval.
 Circular pipes laid at suitable depth in a trench, which is then
backfilled with porous granular material.
 Lowering water table :
 GWT below 1.2 m, subsurface drains are provided below the level.
 Control of seepage :
 Impervious surface, in case of seepage‐ intercepted through
drains.
 Capillary cutoff :
 Granular material laid between subgrade and highest level of
subsurface water table
 Also, impervious bituminous blanket.

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Sub‐Surface drainage Category: R Pokhrel

“Public transportation runs on a set schedule. This can result in a serious loss of
R Pokhrel
25 time for travels who must arrive at their destination early to avoid being late.” 26
 Longitudinal drains:
 Pipes laid in trenches within the pavement and parallel to the center
line.
 Transverse drains:

Queries ?
 Placed transversely below the pavement, perpendicular to the center
line.
 Horizontal drains:
 Used to relieve pore pressure at slopes of cuts and embankments.
 Consist of small‐diameter perforated pipes inserted into the slopes.
 Drainage blankets: Thank You
 Is a layer of material that has very high coefficient of permeability laid
beneath or within pavement structure.
 Well systems:
 Consist of a series of vertical well, drilled into the ground, into which RABINDRA POKHREL,
M.Sc.(Transportation), B.E.(Civil).
the ground water flows, thereby reducing the water table and releasing NEC Regd. Civil Engineer, Independent consultant;
Asst. Professor @ nec‐Center for Postgraduate Studies.
the pore pressure. Cell: +977‐9851194804; Email: pokhrelrd@gmail.com;
Kathmandu, Nepal.