4-46

4-64 A student living in a room turns her 150-W fan on in the morning. The temperature in the room when she comes back
10 h later is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -
141C and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke  pe  0 . 3 Constant specific heats at
room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning
applications. 4 All the doors and windows are tightly closed, and heat transfer through the walls and the windows is
disregarded.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K for air at room
temperature (Table A-2).
Analysis We take the room as the system. This is a closed system since the doors and the windows are said to be tightly
closed, and thus no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance for this system can be
expressed as
E  E out  E system
in  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies ROOM
We,in  U
3m4m4m
We,in  m(u 2  u1 )  mcv (T2  T1 )
Fan
The mass of air is

V  3  4  4  48 m 3
P1V (100 kPa)(48 m 3 )
m   57.08 kg
RT1 (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(293 K)

The electrical work done by the fan is

We  W e t  (0.100 kJ/s)(8  3600 s)  2880 kJ

Substituting and using the cv value at room temperature,

2880 kJ = (57.08 kg)(0.718 kJ/kgC)(T2  20)C
T2 = 90.3C
Discussion Note that a fan actually causes the internal temperature of a confined space to rise. In fact, a 100-W fan supplies
a room with as much energy as a 100-W resistance heater.

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 4-47
4-65 A room is heated by a radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a fan. Heat is lost from the room. The time it takes
for the air temperature to rise to 20°C is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -
141C and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke  pe  0 . 3 Constant specific heats at
room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning
applications. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. 5 The room is air-tight so that no air leaks in and out during the
process.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K for air at room
temperature (Table A-2).
Analysis We take the air in the room to be the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system boundary.
The energy balance for this stationary constant-volume closed system can be expressed as
E  Eout  Esystem 5,000 kJ/h
in
   
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

Qin  Wfan,in  Qout  U  mcv ,avg (T2  T1 ) (since KE  PE  0) ROOM

or,
4m  5m  7m
(Qin  Wfan,in  Qout)t  mcv ,avg (T2  T1)
Steam
The mass of air is
V  4  5  7  140 m3 · 10,000 kJ/h
Wpw
P1V (100 kPa)(140 m ) 3
m   172.4 kg
RT1 (0.287 kPa  m3/kg  K)(283 K)
Using the cv value at room temperature,
10,000  5,000/3600 kJ/s + 0.1 kJ/st  (172.4 kg)(0.718 kJ/kg C)(20  10)  C
It yields
t = 831 s
Discussion In practice, the pressure in the room will remain constant during this process rather than the volume, and some
air will leak out as the air expands. As a result, the air in the room will undergo a constant pressure expansion process.
Therefore, it is more proper to be conservative and to using H instead of use U in heating and air-conditioning
applications.

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 4-48
4-66 Argon is compressed in a polytropic process. The work done and the heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Argon is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of
151 K and 4.86 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke  pe  0 .

Properties The properties of argon are R = 0.2081kJ/kgK and cv = 0.3122 kJ/kgK (Table A-2a).
Analysis We take argon as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the
boundaries of the system. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E E  E system
inout
   Argon
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies 120 kPa Q
Qin  Wb,out  U  mcv (T2  T1 ) 10°C
Pv n = constant
Using the boundary work relation for the polytropic process of an ideal gas gives

RT1  P2  (0.2081 kJ/kg  K)( 283 K)  800  0.2 / 1.2 

( n 1) / n

wb,out     1     1  109.5 kJ/kg
1  n  P1   1 - 1.2 
 120  
 
Thus,
wb,in  109.5kJ/kg

The temperature at the final state is

( n-1 )/n
P 
0.2 / 1.2
 800 kPa 
T2  T1  2   (283 K)   388.2 K
 P1   120 kPa 

From the energy balance equation,

qin  wb,out  cv (T2  T1 )  109.5 kJ/kg  (0.3122 kJ/kg  K)(388.2  283)K  76.6 kJ/kg

Thus,
qout  76.6 kJ/kg

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 4-49
4-67 An insulated cylinder is initially filled with air at a specified state. A paddle-wheel in the cylinder stirs the air at
constant pressure. The final temperature of air is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 2 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential
energy changes are zero. 3 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 4 The cylinder is well-
insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 5 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself and the paddle-wheel is
negligible. 6 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K for air at room
temperature (Table A-2). The enthalpy of air at the initial temperature is
h1 = h@298 K = 298.18 kJ/kg (Table A-17)
Analysis We take the air in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy
balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
E  Eout  Esystem
in
   
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

Wpw,in  Wb,out  U 
Wpw,in  m(h2  h1 )
AIR
since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.
P = const.
The mass of air is
Wpw
PV (400 kPa)(0.1 m 3 )
m 1   0.468 kg
RT1 (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(298 K)

Substituting into the energy balance,

15 kJ = (0.468 kg)(h2 - 298.18 kJ/kg) → h2 = 330.23 kJ/kg
From Table A-17, T2 = 329.9 K
Alternative solution Using specific heats at room temperature, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.C, the final temperature is determined to be
Wpw,in  m(h2  h1)  mc p (T2  T1) → 15 kJ = (0.468 kg)(1.005 kJ/kg.C)(T2 - 25)C

which gives
T2 = 56.9C

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 4-50
4-68 Carbon dioxide contained in a spring-loaded piston-cylinder device is heated. The work done and the heat transfer are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 CO2 is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature relative to its critical temperature of 304.2 K. 2 The
kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke  pe  0 .

Properties The properties of CO2 are R = 0.1889 kJ/kgK and

cv = 0.657 kJ/kgK (Table A-2a). P
(kPa)
Analysis We take CO2 as the system. This is a closed system 2
1000
since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system. The
energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E E  E system
inout
  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic, 100 1
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

Qin  Wb,out  U  mcv (T2  T1 )

V (m3)
The initial and final specific volumes are

mRT1 (1 kg)(0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(298 K)

V1    0.5629 m 3
P1 100 kPa

mRT2 (1 kg)(0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(573 K)

V2    0.1082 m 3
P2 1000 kPa

Pressure changes linearly with volume and the work done is equal to the area under the process line 1-2:
P1  P2
Wb,out  Area  (V 2  V1 )
2
(100  1000)kPa  1 kJ 
 (0.1082  0.5629)m 3  
2  1 kPa  m 3 
 
 250.1 kJ
Thus,
Wb,in  250.1kJ

Using the energy balance equation,

Qin  Wb,out  mcv (T2  T1 )  250.1 kJ  (1 kg)(0.657 kJ/kg  K)(300  25)K  69.4 kJ

Thus,
Qout  69.4 kJ

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 4-51
4-69E A cylinder is initially filled with nitrogen gas at a specified state. The gas is cooled by transferring heat from it. The
amount of heat transfer is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 There are no work
interactions involved other than the boundary work. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The
compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. 5 Nitrogen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of nitrogen is 0.3830 psia.ft3/lbm.R. The specific heat of nitrogen at the average temperature of
Tavg = (700+200)/2 = 450F is cp,avg = 0.2525 Btu/lbm.F (Table A-2Eb).
Analysis We take the nitrogen gas in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The
energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as
E  Eout  Esystem
in
   
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

 Qout  Wb,out  U  m(u2  u1 ) 

 Qout  m(h2  h1 )  mc p (T2  T1 )

since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. The mass of N2

nitrogen is 40 psia
700F Q
P1V (40 psia)( 25 ft ) 3
m   2.251 lbm
RT1 (0.3830 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R )(1160 R )

Substituting,
Qout = (2.251 lbm)(0.2525 Btu/lbm.F)(700 - 200)F = 284.2 Btu

4-70 A piston-cylinder device contains air. A paddle wheel supplies a given amount of work to the air. The heat transfer is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of
132.5 K and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke  pe  0 . 3 Constant specific heats
can be used for air.
Analysis We take the air as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system. The
energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E E  E system
inout
  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

W pw,in  Wb,out  Qin  U  mcv (T2  T1 ) Air

400 kPa Q
W pw,in  Wb,out  Qin  0 (since T1  T2 ) 17°C
Qin  Wb,out  Wpw,in

Using the boundary work relation on a unit mass basis for the isothermal Wpw
process of an ideal gas gives
v2
wb,out  RT ln  RT ln 3  (0.287 kJ/kg  K)(290 K)ln3  91.4 kJ/kg
v1
Substituting into the energy balance equation (expressed on a unit mass basis) gives
qin  wb,out  wpw,in  91.4  75  16.4 kJ/kg

Discussion Note that the energy content of the system remains constant in this case, and thus the total energy transfer output
via boundary work must equal the total energy input via shaft work and heat transfer.

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 4-52
4-71 A cylinder is initially filled with air at a specified state. Air is heated electrically at constant pressure, and some heat is
lost in the process. The amount of electrical energy supplied is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 Air is an ideal gas
with variable specific heats. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself and the resistance wires is negligible. 4 The
compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.
Properties The initial and final enthalpies of air are (Table A-17)
h1  h@ 298 K  298.18 kJ / kg
h2  h@ 350 K  350.49 kJ / kg
AIR
Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed P = const.
system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this closed Q
system can be expressed as We
E  Eout  Esystem
in
   
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

We,in  Qout  Wb,out  U 

We,in  m(h2  h1 )  Qout

since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. Substituting,

We,in = (15 kg)(350.49 - 298.18)kJ/kg + (60 kJ) = 845 kJ
or,

 1 kWh 
We,in  (845kJ)   0.235 kWh
 3600 kJ 
Alternative solution The specific heat of air at the average temperature of Tavg = (25+ 77)/2 = 51C = 324 K is, from Table
A-2b, cp,avg = 1.0065 kJ/kg.C. Substituting,
We,in  mc p (T2  T1)  Qout  (15 kg)(1.0065 kJ/kg.C)7725C  60 kJ 845kJ

or,

 1 kWh 
We,in  (845 kJ)   0.235 kWh
 3600 kJ 
Discussion Note that for small temperature differences, both approaches give the same result.

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 4-53
4-72 A cylinder initially contains nitrogen gas at a specified state. The gas is compressed polytropically until the volume is
reduced by one-half. The work done and the heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The N2 is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion
process is quasi-equilibrium.
Properties The gas constant of N2 is R = 0.2968 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1). The cv value of N2 at the anticipated average
temperature of 350 K is 0.744 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2b).
Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system
boundary. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as
E  Eout  Esystem
in
   
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

Wb,in  Qout  U  m(u2  u1 )

Wb,in  Qout  mcv (T2  T1 ) N2
100 kPa
The final pressure and temperature of nitrogen are
25C Q
V 
1.3 PV 1.3 = C
 P2   1  P1  21.3 (100 kPa)  246.2 kPa
P2V 21.3  P1V11.3 
V 2 
P1V1 P2V 2 P V 246.2 kPa
   T2  2 2 T1   0.5  (298 K)  366.9 K
T1 T2 P1 V1 100 kPa

Then the boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined from
2 P2V 2  P1V1 mR (T2  T1 )
Wb,in    PdV  
1 1 n

1 n
(2.2 kg)(0.2968 kJ/kg  K)(366.9  298)K
  149.9 kJ
1  1.3
Substituting into the energy balance gives
Qout  Wb,in  mcv (T2  T1 )
 149.9 kJ  (2.2 kg)(0.744 kJ/kg.K)(366.9  298)K
= 37.2 kJ

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 4-54

4-73 Problem 4-72 is reconsidered. The process is to be plotted on a P-V diagram, and the effect of the polytropic
exponent n on the boundary work and heat transfer as the polytropic exponent varies from 1.0 to 1.4 is to be investigated.
The boundary work and the heat transfer are to be plotted versus the polytropic exponent.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

Procedure Work(P[2],V[2],P[1],V[1],n:W_in)
If n=1 then
W_in=-P[1]*V[1]*ln(V[2]/V[1])
Else
W_in=-(P[2]*V[2]-P[1]*V[1])/(1-n)
endif
End

"Input Data"

Vratio=0.5 "V[2]/V[1] = Vratio"

"n=1.3" "Polytropic exponent"
P[1] = 100 [kPa]
T[1] = (25+273) [K]
m=2.2 [kg]
MM=molarmass(nitrogen)
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K]
R=R_u/MM

V[1]=m*R*T[1]/P[1]

"Process equations"
V[2]=Vratio*V[1]
P[2]*V[2]/T[2]=P[1]*V[1]/T[1]"The combined ideal gas law for
states 1 and 2 plus the polytropic process relation give P[2] and T[2]"
P[2]*V[2]^n=P[1]*V[1]^n

"Conservation of Energy for the closed system:"

"E_in - E_out = DeltaE, we neglect Delta KE and Delta PE for the system, the nitrogen."

Q_out= W_in-m*(u[2]-u[1])
u[1]=intenergy(N2, T=T[1]) "internal energy for nitrogen as an ideal gas, kJ/kg"
u[2]=intenergy(N2, T=T[2])
Call Work(P[2],V[2],P[1],V[1],n:W_in)

"The following is required for the P-v plots"

{P_plot*spv_plot/T_plot=P[1]*V[1]/m/T[1]
"The combined ideal gas law for states 1 and 2 plus the polytropic process relation give P[2] and T[2]"
P_plot*spv_plot^n=P[1]*(V[1]/m)^n}
{spV_plot=R*T_plot/P_plot"[m^3]"}

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 4-55
Pressure vs. specific volume as function of polytropic exponent
1800 4500

1600 4000
n=1.0
1400 3500
n=1.3
1200 3000
n=2
1000 2500
Pplot [kPa]

Pplot
800 2000

600 1500

400 1000

200 500

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

spv plot [m^3/kg]

n Qout W in
kJ] [kJ]
1 134.9 134.9
1.044 121.8 137
1.089 108.2 139.1
1.133 94.25 141.3
1.178 79.8 143.5
1.222 64.86 145.8
1.267 49.42 148.1
1.311 33.45 150.5
1.356 16.93 152.9
1.4 -0.1588 155.4

160

140
Win (kJ)
120
Q or W (kJ)

100

80 Qout (kJ)

60

40

20

0
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4
n

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 4-56
4-74E A cylinder initially contains air at a specified state. Heat is transferred to the air, and air expands isothermally. The
boundary work done is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The air is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats. 3 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.
Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system
boundary. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as
E  Eout  Esystem
in
   
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

Qin  Wb,out  U  m(u2  u1 )  mcv (T2  T1 )  0

Air
since u = u(T) for ideal gases, and thus u2 = u1 when T1 = T2 . Therefore, 40 Btu
T = const.
Wb,out  Qin  40 Btu

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