Lesson 1: Connected Discourse
Narration – narration is a type of discourse that relies on
-Through connected discourse, a reader gets a vivid idea of a text
 ‘Discourse’ comes from Latin discursus which denotes “conversation,
speech”.
 Refers to a continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence
 Text, as connected discourse, is defined as the analysis of selection
‘beyond the sentence’.
Discourse Analysis
 Spoken Discourse Analysis – study of conversations, dialogues, spoken
monologues, etc.
 Written Discourse Analysis – study of written texts, such as essays,
news, political speeches, etc.
General Classifications of Discourse
1. Exposition – the main focus of this type of discourse is to make
the audience aware about the topic of the discussion. Definitions and
comparative analysis of different ideas and beliefs are examples of
discourse exposition.
Example: The Three Little Bears (By Robert Southey)
An exposition is typically positioned at the beginning of a novel, movie, or other
literary work, because the author wants the audience to be fully aware of the
characters in the story. The famous children’s story entitled The Three Little
Bears applies this technique of exposition.
“Once upon a time, there were three bears. There was a Daddy Bear, who was
very big, a Mama Bear, who was middle-sized, and a Baby Bear, who was very
small. They all lived together in a little cottage in the middle of the woods. Their
favorite breakfast was porridge. One morning, after they made their porridge,
Daddy Bear said, ‘Let’s go for walk in the woods until it cools.’ Mama Bear and
Baby Bear liked the idea, so off they went. While they were away, a little girl
named Goldilocks came walking through the forest and smelled the porridge…”
2.
stories, folklore or a drama as a medium of communication.
(e.g.) Stage play, story, and folklore are narrative discourse examples.
3. Description – this type involves describing something in relation to the
senses. Descriptive discourse enables the audience to develop a mental
picture of what is being discussed. Descriptive parts of novel
or essay are descriptive discourse examples.
Example: The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo (By Jeffrey Tayler)
“As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice. A diminutive middle-
aged man came out from behind the trees — the caretaker. He worked a
toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the crevices between
algae’d stubs of teeth. He was barefoot; he wore a blue batik shirt known as a
buba, baggy purple trousers, and an embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he
would show me around the shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the
results of his stick work and set off down the trail.”
This is an example of a descriptive essay, as the author has used descriptive
language to paint a dramatic picture for his readers of an encounter with a
stranger.
4. Argument – this type of discourse is based on valid logic and, through
correct reasoning, tries to motivate the audience. Examples of
argumentative discourse include lectures, essays, and prose.
Example: Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech (By Mother Teresa)
“The poor are very great people. They can teach us so many beautiful things.”
Literary Discourses
1. Poetic Discourse - poetic discourse is a type of literary conversation
which focuses on the expression of feelings, ideas, imaginations,
events, and places through specific rhymes and rhythms. Poetic
discourse makes use of common words in appealing ways to present
feelings and emotions. The mechanism of poetic discourse involves
certain steps starting from different sources, then entering the mental
 process, mental realization, and then finally into a finished product as Brainstorming - is a group techniques to create new ideas. The group takes a
poetry. specific problem and creates as many ideas as possible in a limited time.
Example: A Character (By William Wordsworth) Four Basic Rules of Brainstorming
“I marvel how Nature could ever find space 1. No criticism is allowed
For so many strange contrasts in one human face: 2. Quantity is important
There’s thought and no thought, and there’s paleness and bloom 3. Crazy ideas are welcome
And bustle and sluggishness, pleasure and gloom.” 4. Combining ideas
2. Expressive Discourse - expressive discourse does not involve the Graphic Organizers and its Types
presentation of facts, or the motivating of others, but is rather a reflection
Graphic Organizers – is a visual display that demonstrates relationships
of our emotions that form the foundation of our expressions. This is a
between facts, concepts, or ideas. A graphic organizer guides the learner’s
form of basic or entry-level discourse, and is beneficial for beginners in
thinking as they fill in and build upon a visual map or diagram.
the field of literature. It primarily deals with generating ideas with no
concrete source. Examples include academic essays and diaries. Types of Graphic Organizer
Example: The Diary of Samuel Pepys (By Samuel Pepys, 1660) Sequential Graphic Organizers – represent serial information
“We met very early at our office this morning to pick out the twenty-five ships Ex.
which are to be first paid off. After that we went to Westminster and dined with
Mr. Dalton at his office, where we had one great court dish, but our papers not Timeline
being done we could [not] make an end of our business till Monday next. Mr.
Dalton and I over the water to our landlord Vanly, with whom we agree as to
Dalton …”
3. Transactional Discourse - the basic aim in this kind of discourse is to
convey the message in such a way that it is clearly understood without
any confusion. Whatever is said has no ambiguity – everything is clear
for the reader. Usually, this type of discourse is in active voice.
Examples include instructions, guidelines, manuals, privacy policies,
and patient instructions as written by doctors.

Lesson 2: Techniques in Gathering Information

-a gathered, well-discussed, and comprehensive information leads to achieve
a specific purpose
Flowchart Single Main Concept Graphic Organizers– effectively illustrate materials having
a single main concept
Ex. Continuum

Multiple Main Concept Graphic Organizers – represent material with more than
one concept
Ex. Venn Diagram

Cyclical

Outline and its Styles

Outline – a diagram that shows topical organization. It is the process of
breaking a selection into different topics.
Ex. Topic Outline (Number – Letter System)

Hierarchy History of the Philippines

I. The Philippines Before World War II
A. The Rebellion Against Spain
1. Filipino Heroes
2. Great Writings of the Time
B. The American Regime
C. The Commonwealth Period
Sentence Outline (Decimal System)
The Traffic Problems in CDO
1. There are many running vehicles in CDO
1.1. Jeeps have increased
1.2. The number of motorelas keep on increasing
1.2.1 Routes for motorelas are no longer practiced
2. Streets are narrow and are often blocked
2.1 Vehicles are parked on one lane

Lesson 3: Patterns of Paragraph Development

Paragraph – is a series of sentences or a group of related sentences forming
and developing a unit of thought as a specific part of a composition
1. Narration – tells a story which is created in a constructive format that
describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events
2. Description – uses clear or vivid expressions as well as sensory images.
It describes what we see, hear, taste, smell, and touch
3. Definition – tells the reader what term or concept is being defined
4. Cause and Effect – writing about meaningful relationships between
events and their results
5. Problem-Solution – if a problem exists, a solution should be presented
6. Persuasion – convincing people or readers to agree with you
7. Comparison – shows the similarities between two or among more
people, objects, places, things or ideas
8. Contrast – shows the difference between two or among more people,
objects, places, things or ideas
9. Exemplification/Classification – seek to support the subject or topic with
specific and concrete example and classification