SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I, SESSION 2015/2016

COURSE CODE : SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513

COURSE : HYDRAULICS

PROGRAMME : SAW / SKAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JANUARY, 2016

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWER FIVE (5) QUESTIONS ONLY
2. SHOW COMPLETE CALCULATIONS

WARNING!
Any student caught copying or cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary
actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

This examination questions paper consists of ( 9 ) printed pages.

 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 2

Q1. (a) Using the concept of Best Hydraulic Section, prove that for a rectangular
channel, the normal flow depth, yo is given as:

/
0.917 /

(4 marks)

(b) In a drainage system, water flows in four channels as shown in Figure Q1

having the hydraulics properties as given in Table Q1.

Channel C1
Channel C3
Channel C2 Channel C4

FIGURE Q1: Plan of a drainage system

Table Q1: Properties of drainage system

Channel Shape n So Dimensions

C1 Circular culvert 0.013 1:2500 Diameter d = 2 m
C2 Rectangular 0.017 1:1200 To be designed
C3 Trapezoidal 0.017 1:1500 To be designed
C4 Rectangular wetland 0.038 1:2000 Very wide

D2 ⎛ θ⎞
Circular section: A= (θ − sin θ ) T = D⎜ sin ⎟ P = rθ
8 ⎝ 2⎠
where θ is angle (in radian) subtended by water surface at center.

(i) If the flow rate in Channel C1 is 2.0 m3/s, determine the flow depth in
the channel.
(3 marks)

(ii) If the flow rate in Channel C2 is 8.5 m3/s, design the channel for
hydraulically most efficient section.
(5 marks)

(iii) Design the Best Hydraulic Section (BHS) for Channel C3.
(5 marks)

(iv) If the unit discharge in Channel C4 is 0.25 m3/s.m, determine the

normal flow depth in this channel.
(3 marks)
(20 marks)
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 3

Q2. (a) When the specific energy of the flow in a rectangular-shaped drain is
minimum for a given constant discharge, prove that the critical velocity head
is half of its flow depth.
(4 marks)

(b) A uniform flow depth in a 3.0 m width rectangular drain is 1.25 m. The drain
longitudinal slope and Manning’s n are 0.16% and 0.015, respectively.

(i) If a 0.9 m high broad-crested weir is constructed in the drain, what are
the flow depths on the structure, at upstream and downstream locations
vicinity of the weir.

(ii) If the maximum upstream flow depth is limited to 1.6 m to avoid

flooding, calculate the weir height and the water depth downstream of
the broad-crested weir.
(16 marks)
(20 marks)

Q3. (a) Using relevant diagrams, discuss how a channel constriction influences the
flow depth in an open channel.
(4 marks)

(b) 16.6 m3/s discharge of water travels in a 4.0 m width rectangular channel. The
normal depth of flow is 1.62 m. A bridge with required two (2) piers is to be
constructed. The plan and longitudinal views of the proposed bridge piers are
as illustrated in Figure Q3.

(i) Calculate the maximum width of the piers W which will not create
backwater at the upstream of the bridge.
(5 marks)

(ii) Check whether the existance of a pipeline with a diameter of 1.2 m

downstream of the bridge will change the water surface profile.
(5 marks)

(iii) If the normal depth has to be maintained where the water level below
the bridge will not increase with the pipeline existance, modify the
channel cross section at the pipeline.
(6 marks)
(20 marks)
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 4

FIGURE Q3 : The plan and longitudinal views of the proposed bridge piers and pipeline

Q4. (a) Hydraulic jump is an example of rapidly varied flow (RVF) in open channels.
It appears to occur through abrupt increase of water depth in a short distance.
(i) Name another example of RVF in open channels and at what flow
condition RVF can occur?
(4 marks)

(ii) The sequent depth ratio of a hydraulic jump that occurs in a 3.5 m
width rectangular channel is 2.5. If the flow depth just after the jump is
2.5 m, calculate the discharge in this channel.
(6 marks)

(b) Water flows in a 4.0 m width rectangular channel with a normal depth of 2.6
m. The properties of the channel are Manning’s n = 0.018 and bed slope =
1:1000. A low dam is constructed has created backwater flow in channel
upstream. It is found that the flow depth just upstream of the dam is 3.2 m.
Compute the distance from that location to the normal flow depth location
using numerical integration and divide the flow depth difference into 3 equal
parts.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 5

Q5. (a) The sediment settling velocity ωs (ms-1) in stagnant water is dependent on the
sediment diameter, d (m), sediment density, ρs (kgm-3), water density, ρ (kgm-
3
), dynamic viscosity of water, (kgm-1s-1) and gravitational acceleration g
(ms-2). By applying the dimensional analysis, show that the relationship
between the parameters is:
ω s2 ρ gd 3 ρ 2
= f( , )
gd ρs μ2
(10 marks)

(b) A laboratory experimental study has been carried out to investigate the
prototype sediment with diameter d of 4 mm and density, ρs, 2650 (kgm-3).
The prototype water dynamic viscosity is 95% of its model dynamic viscosity
due to temperature difference. If the depth of flow in the model is 70 cm and
the sediment settling time to the bed is 2.4 s, determine the followings:
(i) sediment size which has been used in the model, and
(ii) sediment settling velocity of the prototype.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

Q6. (a) State three (3) important conditions for the flow distribution analysis in closed
looped pipe networks.
(3 marks)

(b) (i) A pipe network for water supply is illustrated in Figure Q6, and the
pipes properties are given in Table Q6. Using the Hardy Cross
method, determine the flow rate in each pipe and state your answers
after two complete iterations. Present the final result in a diagram by
showing the magnitude and direction of flow for each pipe.
Take the initial trial flow rates of 50 liter/s in the pipe flowing from A
to B and 10 liter/s flow rate in pipe flowing from B to D. The friction
factor f for all pipes is 0.005.
(13 marks)

(ii) If the pressure head at node A is 19.8 m, calculate the residual pressure
head at node C. The pipe network is laid on a horizontal plane.
(4 marks)
(20 marks)
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 25113 6

E Q6 : Pipe network forr water supplly

FIGURE

Table Q6: Pipe Properrties

Piipe ID. Diam

meter, d (mm
m) Length
h, L (m)

AB 1150 2000

AE 1150 1000

ED 1150 2000

BD 1150 1000

BC 1150 3000

DC 1150 2000
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 7

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.

2 1
2
AR 3 So 2 v q2
Q= H =z+E E = y+ = y+
n 2g 2 gy 2

2 3 2 2
Q Ac q n gA c
= yc = 3 Sc =
g Tc g 4/3
Tc R c

2 Q
yc = E min hmin = ΔZc = Eo - Emin B = Bc =
3 max
gy c1
3

v v ( y 2 − y1 )3
Fr = Fr = ΔE = E L = P = ρgQE
gD gy 4 y1 y 2 L L

− Q2 y2 1⎡
1 + 8 Fr1 − 1⎤
2
M = A x+ =
gA y1 2⎢
⎣ ⎥⎦

⎡ 2⎤
⎡ ⎛ y ⎞ 10/ 3 ⎤
⎢1 − ⎛⎜ o ⎞⎟ ⎥
K
⎢ 1 − ⎜⎝ o ⎟⎠ ⎥
Δy
= So ⎢
⎝ K⎠ ⎥ Δy
= So ⎢
y
⎥
Δx ⎢ ⎛ y ⎞3 ⎥ Δx ⎢ ⎛y ⎞
3 ⎥

⎢1−⎜ c ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ 1− ⎜ c ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ y⎠ ⎦
⎣ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎦

AR 2 / 3 Σh f
K= h f = kQ n ΔQ = −
n ⎛ nh f ⎞
Σ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ Q ⎠

ΣQ
Δh f = − ∆ ∆
⎛ Q ⎞
Σ⎜ ⎟
⎜ nh f ⎟
⎝ ⎠

fL 10.67L
k= k=
3D 5 C1.85D4.87
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 8

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

10

NOTE :
2 nQ
Rectangular z=1.0 AR 3 =
z=0.5
S0

Circular
yo 1 1
z = 1.5
B z = 2.0
z = 2.5
or z = 3.0
z = 3.5
yo 1 y
Φ z
B

0.1 0.1

φ
y

0.01 0.01
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
2 2
AR 3 AR 3
8
or 8
B3 Φ3
Chart for determining normal depth, yo
 SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 9

Z
for TRAPEZOIDAL and RECTANGULAR sections
B 2.5
0.00 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
10 10
m=0.5

Rectangular m=1.0

NOTE: Z =
Q
g

1 m = 1.5 1
m = 2.0
m = 2.5
yc m = 3.0
m = 3.5
B
or 1 y
yc m
B
Φ Circular

0.1 0.1

φ
y
akaw fkautm

0.01 0.01
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Z
for CIRCULAR sections
Chart for determining critical depth, yc Φ2.5
SAB 2513 / SKAA 2513 10