Chapter 4

Implementation & Methodology

The proposed system was implemented in MATLAB Simulink. In view of the

complications and detailed study of proposed system, MATLAB Simulink provides all the
necessary blocks and analysis tools that are required to test the system for different modes
and configurations. In this chapter, the blocks used to model the DFIG based Wind farm
and its harmonic analysis. The power system library is mainly used to model the system
which and is simulated in Discrete mode for fast simulation. Figure 4.1 shows the overall
simulation and block involved in modeling the proposed system. It shall be noted that most
of these blocks contains sub-blocks within which will be explained as we proceed through
them.

Figure 4.1: Simulink Model of the proposed system

As shown in figure 4.1, the simulation model primarily consists of four main blocks. The
first one in the top left corner of figure 4.1 is the grid side power. Since the entire DFIG
Wind Farm system is connected to the grid, this block represents the grid model. The
components involved in the block will be discussed later in this chapter. The output of the
grid side block is a three-phase voltage signal which is connected to the DFIG based wind
farm system. The two blocks act as a generator and are synchronized together to provide
necessary power to the load. The remaining two blocks can be seen on the right that are
the load and the active harmonic filter block. The load is non-linear in nature and for this
reason the harmonic currents are introduced into the system, which is why the active
harmonic filter is used. The filter helps reduce harmonics of the system to an acceptable
level.

4.1 The Grid Side Power Block

As mentioned earlier, the grid side power block contains the grid components which are
being discussed under this heading. Figure 4.2 shows the internal components of the grid
side block.

Figure 4.2: Internal Components of the grid side power block

Starting from the left, the first block in the que is the generation block. The block does not
have any specified input from another block with its internal parameters suggesting the
power to be produced. The left side of the block is the neutral wire which is connected to
the ground whereas the right side give a three-phase voltage. The block produces a three-
phase 60 Hz 120 kV signal which is then fed to the consequent block in the que. The block
parameters are shown in table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Voltage Source Block Parameters

S.No PARAMETER VALUE
Three-phase programmable
1 Block label
voltage source
2 Output Voltage 120 kilo Volts
3 Wind 60 Hz
4 Number of Phases 3
Phase difference between
4 120 degrees
outputs
5 Generator Type Swing
Subsequent to the Voltage source block is the mutual inductance block. This block implements a three phase
impedance with mutual coupling between phases. Self-impedances and mutual impedances are set by
entering positive and zero sequences parameters. Table 4.2 shows the parameters of the mutual inductance
block.
Table 4.2: Mutual Inductance block parameters
S.No PARAMETER VALUE
Positive Sequence Parameters
1 Resistance 0.1 Ohms
2 Inductance 1.0/(2*pi*60)] *120e3^2/2500e6
Zero Sequence Parameters
1 Resistance 0.3 Ohms
2 Inductance 3.0/(2*pi*60)] *120e3^2/2500e6

A bus is connected into the sequence after the mutual inductance block. This bus measures
the output voltage, current and power values of the block that is generating the output
voltage. The 120 kV output is reduced to 25 kV for transmission. This is done by the first
transformer block as seen in figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3: 120 kV to 25 kV Step Down Transformer

The two windings of the transformer are both Y-configured and Delta-configured. The
primary being Y-Configured and the secondary being Delta-configured. The transformer
parameters are shown in table 4.3.
Table 4.3: First Step-down Transformer Parameters
S.No Parameter Value
1 Nominal Power 47 MVA
2 Nominal Wind 60 Hz
3 Winding 1 Configuration Y-Configured
 4 Winding 2 Configuration Delta-Configured
5 Winding 1 Voltage 120 kV (Ph-Ph) VRMS
6 Winding 1 Resistance 0.08/30 Ohms
7 Winding 1 Inductance 0.08 Henry
8 Winding 2 Voltage 25 kV (ph-ph) VRMS
9 Winding 2 Resistance 0.08/30 Ohms
10 Winding 2 Inductance 0.08 Henry
11 Magnetic Resistance 1.5319e+05 Ohms
12 Magnetic Inductance 406.35 Henry

The grounding transformer is the next block after the first step-down transformer. It is
connected between the transformer and the transmission line in shunt configuration. The
grounding transformer is used for protection and is used for the same purpose in the
simulation. The block is shown in figure 4.4 and its parameters are shown in figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Grounding Transformer Block

Table 4.4: Grounding Transformer Block Parameters

S.No Parameter Value
1 Nominal Power 100 MVA
2 Nominal Wind 60 Hz
3 Nominal Voltage 25 kV (Ph-Ph) VRMS
4 Zero Sequence Resistance 0.025 Ohms
5 Zero Sequence Inductance 0.75 Henry
6 Magnetization Resistance 500 Pu
7 Magnetization Inductance 500 Pu
The next step in the sequence is the transmission line. The block used for this models a
three-phase transmission line of length 30 KMs. The parameters are shown in table 4.5
Table 4.5: Transmission Line Parameters
S.NO PARAMETERS VALUE
1 Wind 60 Hz
Positive Sequence 0.1153 Ohms/Km
2
Resistance
3 Zero Sequence Resistance 0.413 Ohms/Km
Positive Sequence 1.05 milli Henry/Km
4
Inductance
5 Zero Sequence Inductance 3.32 milli Henry/Km
6 Length 30 KMs

The last block of the grid is another step down transformer which has the same
configuration as the previously discussed transformer. The primary winding is Y-
Configured whereas the secondary winding is Delta-configured. This transformer steps
down the voltage level to the requisite voltage that is to be synchronized with the wind
farm. The parameters of the said transformer are shown in table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Second step down transformer parameters
S.No Parameters Value
1 Nominal Power 175 MVA
2 Nominal Wind 60 Hz
3 Winding 1 Voltage 25 kV(Ph-Ph) VRMS
4 Winding 1 Resistance 0.14881 Ohms
5 Winding 1 Inductance 0.011842 Henry
6 Winding 2 Voltage 575 Volts (Ph-Ph) VRMS
7 Winding 2 Resistance 2.624*10^-5 Ohms
8 Winding 2 Inductance 2.0881*10^-6 Henry
9 Magnetization Resistance 89286
10 Magnetization Inductance Inf
11 Winding 1 configuration Y-Configured
12 Winding 2 Configuration Delta-Configured
13 Core Type Three single Phase Transformer
4.2 DFIG Based Wind Power Generation block
This block is the most vital block in the simulation. The block primarily contains two
things. One is the DFIG which acts as the dynamo or the generator and the other one is the
wind turbine which uses the wind energy to rotate the machine in order to generate
electrical power. Before analyzing the block in detail, the outer structure should be
discussed in order to understand the inputs and outputs. The pictorial representation of the
block is shown in figure 4.5. In the figure, it can be seen that the only input to the block is
a constant wind speed which is responsible for providing mechanical power to the turbine.
Consequently, the internal components of the block convert this mechanical energy into
electrical energy and the output can be extracted in the form of a three-phase voltage
signal.

Figure 4.5: DFIG Based wind power Generator

Aside from the primary input and outputs, the block also contains a measurement port
which shows different parameters as per the requirement. The parameters shown in the
figure above only contain the active, reactive power and the rotation speed of the generator.
However, other parameters can also be selected according to the nature of the required
parameter. Figure 4.6 shows the internal components of the DFIG wind power block.
 Figure 4.6: Internal components of the DFIG Based Wind Power Generation Block

As shown in the figure, there are a number of components integrated together to get the
desired function of the proposed system. All the blocks and system architecture has been
discussed in earlier chapter. Thus, it can be said that the shown blocks are the
implementation of the system discussed previously. It shall be noted that besides the shown
blocks, there are other components, such Wind Turbine control block and measurement
blocks which are not shown in the figure. However, these blocks would be discussed later
in this section.

4.2.1 The Turbine and Drive Train:

This block, as discussed previously, is responsible for converting the mechanical power
obtained from the wind to generate electrical power. A closer view of the block is shown
in figure 4.7.

Figure 4.7: Wind Turbine and Drive Train

Both the wind turbine and the drive train are made in separate block which are
interconnected with each other. The input to the block is the pitch angle of the wind blades
and the wind speed along with the generator speed and the output is the mechanical torque.
This mechanical torque in turn is fed to the DFIG which generate the requisite electrical
power.

The drive train block on the other hand takes requisite input from the wind turbine along
with the speed of the generator and produces the necessary torque to drive the generator
accordingly. The model of the drive train comprises of the turbine and the shaft. Both the
models are shown in figure 4.8. The blocks are based on a 2-masse model and involve the
parameters such as damping, stiffness and generator speed to keep it synchronized.

Figure 4.8: Mathematical Model of the Turbine and the Shaft

4.2.2 Wind Turbine Control:

The wind turbine control block, which also resides within the main DFIG Wind Farm
block is the controller that stabilizes different parameters of the turbine. As shown in figure
4.9, the block has multiple inputs and outputs. In order to maintain the constant output
voltage and keep it synchronized with the grid, this block consists of several sub
configurations in order to provide the necessary parameter values for the turbine and the
drive train.

Figure 4.9: Wind Turbine Control Block

The turbine consists of many other sub blocks within. The main parameters however
involve the Grid output voltage, stator current, rotor current, Grid output Current,
Reference DC voltage, reference reactive power, rotor angle and generator speed whereas
the output consists of the pulses that are to be provided to the converters of the DFIG both
(Grid and Rotor Side), the pitch angle and the power. The measurement block is also
present insdie the control block which is responsible for measuring all the parameters
related to the system. So thus, the overall blocks present inside the control block are the
Speed regulator and the pitch control block, Filtering and measurement block, grid side
control system and the rotor side control system block.

4.2.3 The DFIG Block

The doubly-fed induction generator is modeled in the simulation using a wound rotor
induction generator. Figure 4.10 shows the overall structure of DFIG. As seen in the figure,
the induction generator consists of two sides namely rotor and the grid side. The input to
the generator is the mechanical toque from the drive train of the wind turbine and output
is the required 3-phase voltage signal.

Figure 4.10: Doubly Fed Induction Generator

Table 4.7 Induction Generator Parameters

S.No PARAMETER VALUE
1 Rotor Type Wound Rotor
2 Mechanical Input Torque
3 Reference Frame Rotor
4 Nominal Power 1.6 MW
5 Nominal Voltage 575 Voltage (Ph-Ph) VRMS
6 Nominal Wind 60 Hz
 7 Stator Resistance 0.023 Ohms
8 Stator Inductance 0.18 Henry
9 Rotor Resistance 0.016 Ohms
10 Rotor Inductance 0.16 Henry
11 Mutual Inductance 2.9 Henry
12 Inertial Constant 0.0685
13 Frictional Factor 0.01
14 Pole Pairs 3

Aside from this, the main part of the DFIG i.e. the AC-DC-AC converter can also be seen
at the bottom of figure 4.9. the first converter which is the AC to DC converters takes input
from the grid side of the induction machine and generates the DC signal. The pulses
required to drive this converter are generated in the control block as discussed earlier. After
the conversion, a capacitor is placed at the output of the converter which ensures stabilized
output that is to be fed to the DC to AC converter. The initial voltage of this capacitor is
set to 1150 volts whereas the capacitance of the capacitor is 10,000 micro Farads. The DC
signal is then converted to AC after going through the DC-AC Converter and finally is the
generated three phase output is given to the rotor side of the induction generator.

4.3 The Load Block

The load block used in the simulation consist of a simple non-linear load. The load
primarily consists of a voltage bus which measures the voltage, current, power and other
essential parameters of the signal being given to the load. Afterwards, a simple 3-phase
rectifier is used to convert the three-phase AC signal to DC and is fed to a resistive load
of 500 MW. Figure 4.11 shows the load block’s internal components.

Figure 4.11: Load block

4.4 The Active Filter Block:
In the end, the last essential block of the system is the active harmonic filter block or AHF.
This block is linked in shunt with the load and is responsible for eliminating the harmonics
in the system. Unlike the passive filter, the active filter injects the necessary power into
the system in order to remove the harmonics rather than extracting power from it and thus
increases the efficiency of the system.

Figure 4.12 shows the internal components of AHF. The main blocks are the inductor, the
DC-AC converter, the pulse generator and the DC source. A capacitor of 1500 micro Farad
is used as a DC source in this scenario. This capacitor, as shown in the figure is attached
to the input of the converter and provides the DC voltage. The initial voltage of the
capacitor is set to 500 volts.

Figure 4.12: Internal Components of Active Harmonic Filter

The converter then coverts the DC voltage to as per the feedback signal provided to the
pulse generator in pulse generation block. The controller or the pulse generator in this case
take thin input from the load and the point of common coupling which is between the grid
and the wind powered system and feeds it to different blocks. The Park and Clarke
transformations are used to estimate the reference current signals necessary to be injected
into the signal in order to eliminate harmonics. The reference signal is converted to pulses
within the controller and are provided to the converter which generates the required 3-
phase signal. The inductor value is set to 2 milli Henry which can be changed according
to the need. It should be noted that the harmonic reduction depends on all the factors
including the tuning of the controller and the inductance in order to reduce harmonics to a
minimum level.
4.5 Chapter Summary:
In this chapter, all the blocks and their configuration used in the simulation are discussed
in detail. The arrangement of the blocks along with their inputs and outputs have been
discussed in detail. All the necessary parameters are also shown through tables and the
working principles of the used blocks as per the simulation are also discussed where
necessary.
 Chapter 5
Results and Conclusion
The outcomes got from the reenactment are appeared in this part in the wake of controlling diverse
parameters with the end goal to accomplish the best yields. Counting every one of the systems,
there are a few outcomes and plots that have been contemplated comprehend the working of the
system.

A 9 MW wind develop containing six 1.5 MW wind turbines related with a 25 kV transport
framework exchanges ability to a 120 kV arrange through a 30 km, 25 kV feeder. Wind turbines
using a (DFIG) involve damage rotor enrollment generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM
converter. The stator winding is related particularly to the 60 Hz cross section while the rotor is
fed at variable breeze through the AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG advancement licenses
expelling most noteworthy vitality from the breeze for low breeze speeds by propelling the turbine
speed, while restricting mechanical weights on the turbine in the midst of tornadoes.
At first the DFIG wind develops produces 9 MW. The relating turbine speed is 1.2 pu of generator
synchronous speed. The DC voltage is coordinated at 1150 V and responsive power is kept at 0
Mvar. At t=0.03 s the positive-gathering voltage out of the blue drops to 0.5 p.u. causing a faltering
on the DC transport voltage and on the DFIG yield control. In the midst of the voltage list the
control framework tries to oversee DC voltage and responsive power at their set centers (1150 V,
0 Mvar). The framework recovers in around 4 cycles.

5.1 Grid Results:

The grid output results are divided into two categories. The output, i.e. Current and voltage before
and after the TF and transmission line. Figure 5.1 shows the output of the grid before passing
through the transformer and the transmission line. Since the transformer and the transmission line
both bear inductive as well as the capacitive properties, the distortion in the output would be there.
However, the magnitude of this distortion is not as high as after integration with the wind farm.

The graphs show the three-phase signal both of the current and the voltage. The x-axis denotes the
time whereas the y-axis shows the magnitude of the signal. It shall be noted that all the other graphs
show the same axis until mentioned otherwise. Since the peak values can be seen in the graphs,
the corresponding RMS values have been discussed already in the previous chapter.
 Figure 5.1(a) Grid Output Voltage before TF & Transmission Line

Figure 5.1(b) Grid output current before TF and Transmission Line

Since the output is connected to the wind warm, the load current shows slight distortion. However,
the voltage, as seen in figure 5.19(a) is proper without any sign of misalignment or distortion. The
same graphs show different results after going through the Transformer and the transmission line.
As shown in figure 5.2, the voltage is also distorted due to passing through the 30 km long
transmission line. Figure 5.2(a) shows the value of the output voltage after TF whereas 5.2(b)
shows the current value. The initial high current peaks observed in both the graphs are due to the
fact that the load connected draws high current at the start. Despite the distortion, the visual
representation of the graph as well as the tools used to analyze these graphs shows that the phase
difference remains the same and is not distorted.
 Figure 5.2(a) Grid Output Voltage After TF and Transmission Line

As can be seen in the figure above, the current graph as well as the voltage graph are both
undergone disturbances however, the voltage distortion seems more than that of the current.

Figure 5.2(b) Grid output current after TF and transmission line

5.2 Wind Farm Results

The wind farm contains several blocks which is why each the results of the crucial blocks have
been shown in this section. The measurement block present inside the system measures the rotor
current as well as the grid voltage. Since the wind farms has two converters namely grid and the
rotor side converter, the value of both the sides have been analyzed. The rotor current in this
scenario has the same pattern as the grid current. The grid side converter current has been distorted
up to noticeable level which is shown in figure 5.3.
 Figure 5.3: Grid Side Converter current of DFIG based wind farm

In figure 5.4, the rotor side current graph is shown. Although it has minimal disturbance compare
to the grid side converter, but the wind of the system seems to be disrupted. The phase angle
between the phases however remains constant. The wind change in the output however is not as
important but is still stabilized through controller. The reason being that the rotor side converter is
connected to the rotor of the DFIG. The output to the grid is the same and is the primary focus
here.

Figure 5.4: Rotor Side Converter Current of DFIG Based Wind Farm

Figure 5.5 shows the rotor angle change with respect to time. The stabilizing controllers maintain
the rotor angle at a specific value in order to generate the required output.
 Figure 5.5: Rotor angle of DFIG

On the other hand, the rotor speed is also adjusted according to the input provided by the grid
voltage and current measurement. In order for the proper synchronization of the wind farm with
the grid, the speed of the rotor is automatically adjusted in order to produce the requisite voltage
and wind. The rotor speed graph is shown in figure 5.6.

Figure 5.6: Rotor speed of DFIG

The output of the wind farm controller consists of four primary inputs. Since both the grid and the
rotor side converter require pulses which are generated within the control block. The grid side and
the rotor side pulse signals are shown in figure 5.7 and 5.8 respectively.
 Figure 5.7: Grid Side Converter Pulses

Figure 5.8: Rotor Side Converter Pulses

Aside from the other parameters and results discussed above, in order to adjust the output of the
wind turbine, the pitch angle of the blades is of vital importance. The controller adjusts the pitch
angle according the speed the wind speed which in the current scenario is kept constant at 15 m/s.
The results of the pitch angle extracted from the simulation is shown in figure 5.9.
 Figure 5.9: Pitch angle of the wind turbine

The results shown in figure 5.10 show the output power (active and Reactive) along with the rotor
speed. It can be seen that the output power is constant to about 10 MW.

Figure 5.10: Power and Rotor Speed of the DFIG Based Wind Power

5.3 Harmonic Analysis:

The harmonic analysis of the system is carried out using the FFT tool in MATLAB Simulink.
Without the active harmonic filter, the total harmonic distortion of the system is about 20.04%.
The high harmonics are due to the non-linearity of the load which consists of an AC to DC
converter. The harmonic analysis was carried out on the current output of the load. The Total
harmonic distortion (THD) without AHF can be seen in figure 5.11. The corresponding single and
three phase signal of the load current are shown in figure 5.12 and 5.13 respectively.
 Figure 5.11: Harmonic Analysis of the System without AHF

Figure 5.12: Single phase representation of load current without AHF

Figure 5.13: Three Phase representation of the load current without AHF
After adding the active harmonic filter and tuning the parameters properly, the THD was reduced
to about 5.86%. The reduction in harmonics can visually be seen in the load current graphs as well.
Figure 5.14 shows the FFT analysis after adding the harmonic filter whereas figure 5.15 and 5.16
shows the single and three phase representation of the current signal.

Figure 5.14: THD analysis after AHF

Figure 5.15: Single Phase representation of Load Current after AHF

 Figure 5.16: Three Phase Representation of the Load Current After AHF

5.4 Conclusion
By looking at the results shown in the chapter, it can be concluded that the using a DFIG based
generator with a renewable energy source like wind power with calibrated control provides better
results and synchronization with the grid. Even without the active harmonics filter the harmonics
in the system are not more than 20 % which are better compared to other machines used with such
systems. By further improvement in such systems, the output and the system itself can be made
more efficient.