Centrifugal pump

INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
WORKING
HEADS LOSSES & EFFICIENCIES
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
APPLICATION
A fluid machine is a device which converts
the energy stored by a fluid into mechanical
energy or vice versa . The energy stored by a
fluid mass appears in the form of potential,
kinetic and intermolecular energy. The
mechanical energy, on the other hand, is
usually transmitted by a rotating shaft.
Machines using liquid (mainly water, for
almost all practical purposes) are termed as
hydraulic machines.
The device in which the kinetic, potential or
intermolecular energy held by the fluid is
converted in the form of mechanical energy
of a rotating member is known as
a turbine .

The machines, on the other hand, where the

mechanical energy from moving parts is
transferred to a fluid to increase its stored
energy by increasing either its pressure or
velocity are known as pumps,
compressors, fans or blowers .
The machines whose functioning depend essentially on the
change of volume of a certain amount of fluid within the
machine are known as positive displacement machines .

The word positive displacement comes from the fact that

there is a physical displacement of the boundary of a
certain fluid mass as a closed system. This principle is
utilized in practice by the reciprocating motion of a piston
within a cylinder while entrapping a certain amount of fluid
in it.

Therefore, the word reciprocating is commonly used with

the name of the machines of this kind. The machine
producing mechanical energy is known as reciprocating
engine while the machine developing energy of the fluid
from the mechanical energy is known as reciprocating
pump or reciprocating compressor.
The machines, functioning of which depend
basically on the principle of fluid dynamics,
are known as rotodynamic machines . They
are distinguished from positive isplacement
machines in requiring relative motion
between the fluid and the moving part of
the machine.
The rotating element of the machine usually
consisting of a number of vanes or blades, is
known as rotor or impeller while the fixed
part is known as stator. Impeller is the heart
of rotodynamic machines, within which a
change of angular momentum of fluid
occurs imparting torque to the rotating
member.
• Pump: When a fluid has to be "moved" in a system, pumps are used.
The pump is a machine which has the function of increasing the total
energy of a liquid; this means that the pump transfers energy to the
fluid that it receives from the driving motor”.
Need of a Pump:

➢ Used to pump a liquid from lower pressure area to a High pressure area.

➢ To increase Flow rate.

➢ To move liquid from lower elevation to higher elevation.

 TYPES

Dynamic Displacement
Pump Pumps

Centrifugal Reciprocating RotaryPumps

Pump Axial

Piston Diaphragm Gear Lobe Screw

Radial Mixed

Vertical Horizontal
Displacement Vs Centrifugal
 Centrifugal pumps are suitable for low head and high flow rate.

 PD pumps produce high head and low flow rate.

 PD are suitable for High Viscosity application.

 Centrifugal Pumps are not recommended for high viscosity application

because as viscosity increases its flow decreases.
 Usually a relieve valve is attached with the displacement pumps.
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
❖ Sump
❖ Strainer
❖ Foot valve
❖ Vanes
❖ Impeller
❖ Suction pipe
❖ Delivery pipe
❖ Casing
❖ Delivery valve
CLASSIFICATION
 According to working head
 According to casing
 According to number of entrances to the impeller
 According to types of impeller
 According to number of stages
 According to shape of the vanes
 According to disposition of shaft
➢ According to working head
 Low head centrifugal pump – working head developed by
these pumps is up to 15m.
 Medium head centrifugal pump – working head developed
by these system is 15m<H<45m.
 High head centrifugal pump – working head developed by
these pumps is more than 45m.
 According to casing
• Volute Casing
• In this casing, the impeller is
surrounded by the spiral casing.
• The casing is such shaped that
it’s c/s area gradually increases
from tongue to delivery pipe.
• Due to impact of the high
velocity water leaving the
impeller (shock losses),
efficiency of conversion of K.E.
into P.E. is very less.
• Vortex Casing
• In this casing, an annular
space known as vortex or
whirlpool chamber is provided
b/w the impeller and volute
casing.
• Liquid from the impeller flow
with free vortex motion in
vortex chamber where it’s
velocity is converted into
pressure energy.
• It is more efficient than a
volute casing.
• Diffuser Casing
• In this casing , the guide vanes
are arranged at the outlet of the
impeller.
• The guide vanes are shaped to
provide gradually enlarged
passage for flow of liquid.
• The kinetic energy of the liquid
coming out from the impeller is
converted into the pressure
energy during flow in guide
vanes (increasing area).
➢ According to number of
entrances to the impeller
• Single suction pump
Liquid enters from a
suction pipe to impeller
only from one side.
• Double suction pump
Liquid enters to both the
sides of impeller.
➢ According to types of impeller
• Closed impeller
if the vanes of the impeller
are covered with plates on
both sides, it is called a
closed impeller. It is made
of cast iron, stainless steel,
cast steel, gun metal.
• Semi open impeller
if the vanes of the
impeller are covered
with plate on one side, it
is called semi open
impeller. It has less
number of vanes, but it’s
height is more than that
of closed impeller.
• Open impeller
If the vanes of the
impeller are without
covered plate, it is called
open impeller. These are
generally made of forged
steel. It has less life, as
they have to perform
very rough task.
➢ According to number of stage
• Single stage
In a single stage pump,
only one impeller is used
on the shaft.
 Multi stage
In a multi stage pump,
more than one impeller is
used on the same shaft and
enclosed in the same
casing. It is used to raise
high head.
➢ According to shape of the vanes
• Curved forward vanes
The outlet tip of the vane
is curved forward in the
direction of rotation of
the impeller. The impeller
having such vanes is
called slow speed
impeller. This type of the
impeller has low
efficiency about 75%.
• Radial vanes
These vanes have outlet tips
in radial direction. The
impeller having such vanes
is called medium speed
impeller. The efficiency of
this type of impeller varies
from 80% to 85%.
• Curved backward vanes
The outlet tip of the vane is
curved backward in the
direction of rotation of
the impeller. The impeller
having such vanes is
called fast speed impeller.
This type of impeller
gives highest efficiency
about 85% to 90%.
➢ According to disposition of the shaft
• Horizontal pump • Vertical pump
In this type of pump, the In this type of pump, the
impeller shaft is used impeller shaft is used
horizontal. vertical.
Priming
Necessity of priming
Methods of Priming
Manual Priming Self Priming
Working
 Impeller in rotating motion forces water out towards the
circumference due to centrifugal force effects.
 Due to this, negative pressure gets generated at the centre
of the pump so water is sucked from the sump via suction
pipe which is connected to the pump.
 The kinetic energy of high velocity water is converted into
pressure energy because of diverging passage of casing.
Heads
The heads of a pump may be expressed as:
 Suction Head
 Delivery Head
 Static Head
 Manometric Head
 Total Head
 Euler’s Head
 Suction Head (hs): It is the vertical distance b/w liquid levels
in the sump and the centre line of the pump. Usually, it is
kept 7 to 8 m to avoid cavitation.
 Delivery Head (hd): It is the vertical height of the liquid
surface in the overhead tank to which the liquid is delivered
above the centre line of the pump.
 Static Head (hst): It is the vertical distance b/w liquid levels
in the sump and the overhead tank. It is the sum of suction
head and delivery head. (hst=hs+hd).
 Manometric Head (Hm): The available head against which a
centrifugal pump has to work is known as the monomeric
Head.
 Total Head (H): It is the total head which has to be
developed by a pump to deliver the liquid from the sump
into the overhead tank.
 Euler’s Head (He): It is defined as the head developed by
the impeller. It is denoted as He.

Losses
Energy losses in centrifugal pumps may be classified as
follows:

a. Hydraulic Losses
b. Mechanical losses
c. Leakage Losses`
 Hydraulic Losses: There are two types of hydraulic
losses which may occur in a pump.
a. Pipeline Losses: Major (due to friction) and minor (due
to pipe bend) losses in pipes.
b. Pump Losses: Eddy or shock losses, frictional losses in
impeller, guide vane/diffuser, casing.
 Mechanical Losses: Losses due to friction of main
bearings and glands.
 Leakage Losses: slipping back of part of liquid through
the clearance between the impeller and casing due to
pressure difference b/w inlet and outlet. Energy carried
by these liquid is ultimately wasted and this loss of
energy of liquid is known as leakage losses.
Efficiencies
 Mechanical Efficiency (ȠM):

 Volumetric Efficiency (ȠV):

 Hydraulic Efficiency (ȠH)

 Overall Efficiency (ȠO)

Advantages
 Small in size & space saving.
 Output is very steady and consistent.
 Easy for maintenance.
 No danger creates if discharge valve is closed while
starting.
 Deal with large volume.
 Able to work on medium to low head.
 Able to work on medium to low viscous fluid.
 Almost no noise
Disadvantages
 Extra priming process requires.
 Cannot be able to work on high speeds.
 Cannot deal with highly viscous liquid.

Application
• Agriculture and irrigation purpose.
• Pumping of water in buildings.
• Transfer raw material.
 CAVITATION

The formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid.

Mechanism of Cavitation
•The phenomenon of cavitation is
summarized as follows:
•1- Formation of bubbles inside the liquid
being pumped.
•2-Growth of bubbles
•3- Collapse of bubbles

Cavitation

❖ The formation of bubble occurs at point

where the pressure is less than the vapor
Cavitation can be termed as pressure, and bubble collapse occurs at a
“the heart attack of the pump”. point where the pressure is increased to
the vapor pressure.
Collapse of vapor bubble suddenly change
its phase from vapor to liquid at very high
velocity which impact shock wave on the
surface of the impeller which can reach a
value around 12000 Psi .This pressure
capable to deform the metal of the pump
creating pitting. It is important to remember
that , this process IS NOT ONE TIME
EVENT ,it will be repeated 2400 time each
minutes this may lead to erode the metal
and damage the pump.
Symptoms of Cavitation
Cavitation in pumps can often be detected by a
characteristic generated sound. It sounds like
gravel in a concrete mixer.
Cavitation lead to excessive vibration, fatigue and
greatly increased wear of pump parts such as
bearing failures , sealing leakage , Metal gets
corroded seen as small pitting's.
Cavitation Loss in pump performance reduces the
flow rate , head & efficiency of the pump & life
time.
“Water has a Milky shape”
“Material failure”
NPSHA NPSHR

Net Positive Suction Head Available

(N.P.S.H.A.) The Net-Positive Suction
Head Available (N.P.S.H.A.) is the total Net positive suction head
energy per unit weight, or head, at the required for the pump is
suction flange of the pump minus the the absolute pressure
vapor pressure head of the fluid. This is head in meters that the
the accepted definition that is published pump can overcome the
by the Hydraulic institute’s Standards pressure drop through
books The term "Net" refers to the the pump and maintain
actual head at the pump suction flange the majority of the
which should be “Positive” , since some liquid above the vapor
energy is lost in friction prior to the pressure.
suction.
This is the minimum suction pressure head at the inlet of the pump. (That means the
pump has to overcome the elevation difference, the head loss in the suction pipe and
the change in kinetic energy).
In reality, the minimum pressure does not exactly occur at the inlet of the pump, but
there is an additional pressure drop inside the pump due to the change in flow
direction from axial to radial at very high rotational speed of the impeller ( Forced
vortex) . This action leads to an increase in eddy losses and sudden increase in flow
velocity followed by reduction in pressure at the vane of the impeller as shown in
figure below

NPSHA> NPSHR = OK
• NPSHA< NPSHR = CAVITATION
As a guideline, the NPSH-Available
should exceed the NPSH-Required by a
minimum of 5 feet (1.5 m), or be equal to
1.2-2.5 times the NPSH-Required,
Suggested by (Hydraulic Institute
Standard (ANSI/HI 9.6.1)
To reduce the NPSHreq:
•pump with less circular velocity.
•more pumps or using a double-suction eyed pump
•specially designed suction-eye propeller (only specific
volumetric flow rates).
•Ways to increase NPSHA:
•putting suction source or total system under pressure to
increase pump suction pressure
•if fluid temp. is high, feed source should be on a higher
position than pump and under pressure
•low fluid velocity
•reducing the losses in suction pipe
The NPSH Required varies with speed
and capacity within any particular pump.
Pump manufacturer's curves normally
provide this information.