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    Formal Languages And Automata Theory
    Formal Languages And Automata Theory
    Formal Languages And Automata Theory
    Ebook180 pages1 hour

    Formal Languages And Automata Theory

    By Ajit Singh

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    About this ebook

    n the first few chapters, the book presents the necessary basic material for the study of automata theories. Examples of topics included are: regular languages and Kleene's Theorem; minimal automata and syntactic monoids; the relationship between context-free languages and pushdown automata; and Turing machines and decidability. This book facilitates students a more informal writing style while providing the most accessible coverage of automata theory, solid treatment on constructing proofs, many figures and diagrams to help convey ideas, and sidebars to highlight related material. Each chapter offers an abundance of exercises for hands-on learning.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAjit Singh
    Release dateOct 6, 2019
    ISBN9780463725177
    Formal Languages And Automata Theory
    Author

    Ajit Singh

    Ajit Singh is equally interested in fiction and non-fiction and has written many books in English, Hindi, and Urdu. He has performed in Haryana, published his prose and verse in India and Pakistan, and participated in an international online poetry symposium organized by Bazm-e-Urdu, Qatar.He lives in a village, teaches science, and comes from a farming family. His father served as a major in the Parachute Regiment of the Indian Army.Ajit plays cricket, football, volleyball, basketball, badminton, and chess. He loves harmonium and flute, sings folk songs, and also enjoys gardening in his spare time. His nickname is "Badal," which means "cloud" in English.

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      Book preview

      Formal Languages And Automata Theory - Ajit Singh

      Copyrighted Material

      Formal Languages And Automata Theory

      Copyright © 2019 by Ajit Singh, All Rights Reserved.

      No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means� electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise� without prior written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.

      For information about this title or to order other books and/or electronic media, contact the publisher:

      Ajit Singh

      ajit_singh24@yahoo.com

      http://www.ajitvoice.in

      Published by Ajit Singh at Smashwords.

      Library of Congress Control Number: (N/A)

      ISBN: A/F

      Cover and Interior design: Ajit Singh.

      Smashwords Edition, License Notes

      This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to your favorite ebook retailer and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Preface

      This book is the culmination of my fascination for the subject of computation and its applications. It has been designed for students of computer science at the graduate/postgraduate level and is logically conceived, self-contained, well-organised and user-friendly.

      Expressing everything clearly, concisely  and correctly requires a certain degree of formalization. I assume basic knowledge of discrete mathematics, only. In particular, it may be helpful if the reader has a basic understanding of what constitutes a proof of a mathematical assertion. All the remaining material is introduced in the text. Fundamental concepts are exemplified, too. I am strongly convinced that a solid compromise between formal correctness and intuitive ideas may help both the students and instructors to enjoy the wealth of insight this book is aiming to present.

      Main emphasis is put on the interaction of theory and practice in informatics. Theory must deal with problems of practical importance and practical informatics needs a solid foundation to develop its full potential. Therefore, two thirds of the book are devoted to formal languages and automata theory.

      Formal languages are indispensable for applied computer science, since one meets them everywhere. Thus, i cover grammars (formalizing the generation), automata (formalizing the acceptance) and their interaction for regular and context-free languages.

      The remaining third formalizes the intuitive notion of algorithm by introducing partial recursive functions and Turing machines. We show the equivalence of these two models and prove the existence of a universal Turing machine. That is, there is one computing device that can perform every possible computation. Finally, i show that there are problems which cannot be solved at all by any computer. Here i start with the halting problem, continue with Post's correspondence problem, and apply the theory developed to obtain a rather complete picture concerning problems arising naturally in formal language theory.

      The book contains an in-depth coverage of all the topics related to the theory of computation as mentioned in the syllabuses of B.E., M.C.A. and M.Sc. (Computer Science) of various universities. Sufficient amount of theoretical inputs supported by a number of illustrations are included for those who take deep interest in the subject. In the first few chapters, the book presents the necessary basic material for the study of automata theories. Examples of topics included are: regular languages and Kleene's Theorem; minimal automata and syntactic monoids; the relationship between context-free languages and pushdown automata; and Turing machines and decidability. This book facilitates students a more informal writing style while providing the most accessible coverage of automata theory, solid treatment on constructing proofs, many figures and diagrams to help convey ideas, and sidebars to highlight related material. Each chapter offers an abundance of exercises for hands-on learning.

      Dedication

      This is for you,

      Mother & Father......

      Acknowledgement

      To my Mother and Father, it's impossible to thank you adequately for everything you've done, from loving me unconditionally to raising me in a stable household, where you instilled traditional values and taught me to celebrate and embrace life.

      And to my brother Er Ranbir Singh thanks for all of the consistent support  of growing up, and for your continued cooperation and encouragement.

      A special thank you to my daughter Samiksha Singh, for showing me that anything is possible with faith, hard work and determination.

      I would like to conclude the acknowledgement with the most important: I thank Prof. Dr. Bal Gangadhar Prasad, Ex HOD, Department of Mathematics,  Patna University for his consistent support throughout the long writing times.

      I did my best to produce an error-free book and to mention the source of every piece of information.

      Contents

      Mathematical Preliminaries: Set Functions and Relations:                                               

      Finite Automata and Regular Expressions

      Basic Concepts  of Finite State Systems

      Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Finite Automata

      Finite Automata with e-moves

      Regular Expressions

      Minimization of Finite Automata

      Mealy and Moore Machines

      Two-Way Finite Automata

      Regular sets & Regular Grammars

      Basic Definitions of Formal Languages and Grammars

      Regular Sets and Regular Grammars

      Closure Properties of Regular Sets

      Pumping Lemma for Regular Sets

      Decision Algorithm for Regular Sets

      Minimization of Finite Automata

      Context Free Grammars and Languages

      Context Free Grammars and Languages

      Derivation Trees

      Simplification  of Context Free Grammars

      Normal Forms

      Pumping Lemma for CFL

      Closure properties of CFLs

      Decision Algorithm for CFL

      Push down Automata and Deterministic CFL

      Informal Description

      Definitions

      Push-Down Automata and Context free Languages

      Parsing and Push-Down Automata

      Universal Turing Machines and Undecidability

      Design and  Techniques for Construction  of Turing Machines

      Multi-tape Turing Machine

      Simulating one tape TM with multi-tape TM

      Non-Deterministic Turing Machine

      Church-Turing Thesis

      Universal Turing Machine

      Undecidability

      Intractability

      Complexity Classes P/NP/NP-Complete

      Relationship between classes of languages

      Undecidability of PCP

      Halting Problem

      Chapter 1 - Mathematical Preliminaries: Set Functions and Relations

      Sets

      A set is a collection of well defined objects. Usually the element of a set has common properties. e.g. all the student who enroll for a course theory of computation make up a set.

      Examples

      The set of even positive integer less than 20 can be expressed by

      E= {4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18}

      Or

      E=    {x|x is even and 4

      Finite and Infinite Sets

      A set is finite if it contains  finite number of elements. And infinite otherwise. The empty set has no element and is denoted by ɸ.

      Cardinality of set

      It is a number of element in a set. The cardinality of set E is

      |E|=8.

      Subset

      A set A is subset of a set B if each element of A is also element of B and is denoted A ⊆ B.

      Throughout this book, we will assume that you know the following mathematical concepts:

      1. A set is a collection of well-defined objects. Examples are (i) the set of all Dutch Olympic Gold Medallists, (ii) the set of all pubs in Ottawa, and (iii) the set of all even natural numbers.

      2. The set of natural numbers is N = {1, 2, 3, . . .}.

      3. The set of integers is Z = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.

      4. The set of rational numbers is Q = {m/n : m ∈ Z, n ∈ Z, n 6= 0}.

      5. The set of real numbers is denoted by R.

      6. If A and B are sets, then A is a subset of B, written as A ⊆ B, if every element of A is also an element of B. For example, the set of even natural numbers is a subset of the set of all natural numbers. Every set A is a subset of itself, i.e., A ⊆ A. The empty set is a subset of every set A, i.e., ∅ ⊆ A.

      7. If B is a set, then the power set P(B) of B is defined to be the set of all subsets of B:

      P(B) = {A : A ⊆ B}.

      Observe that ∅ ∈ P(B) and B ∈ P(B).

      Set operations

      1. Union

      The union of two set has elements, the elements of one of the two sets and possibly both. Union is denoted by A U B.

      2. Intersection

      The intersection of two sets os the collection of all elements of the two sets which are common and is

      denoted by A⋂B.

      3. Differences

      The difference of two sets A and B, denoted by A - B, is the set of all elements that are in the set A 

      but not in the set B.

      4. Cartesian product of A and B is defined as

          A × B = {(x, y) : x ∈ A and y ∈ B},

      5. Complement of A is defined as

         

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