SKELETAL SYSTEM
 The skeletal system consists of 206
bones which are connected at
joints, muscles, and associated by
ligaments, tendons, and bursae.
The functions of the skeletal system
are:
o To support the soft tissue of
the body and provide form
and shape
o To facilitate movement
o To protect the underlying
organs of the body
o To produce blood
cells/production
(hematopoiesis)
o To store/storage/store
minerals for body use,
especially calcium and
phosphorus
 The human skeleton is divided into
2 main division:
o Axial skeleton: the body
upright structure with 80
bones
 These bones found
in the midline of
the body
 Skull – 22
bones
 Vertebral
column –
26 bones
(backbone)
 Ribs – 24 +
8 = 80
bones
o Appendicular skeleton:
consists of the 126 bones of
the upper and lower limbs,
as well as the pelvic girdle,
which are attach the limb to
the axial skeleton
 Pelvic girdle
 Lower limb
 Femur
 Tibula/Fibul
a
 Metacarpal
 Carpals
 Phalanges
FRACTURE
 Kinds of fracture
o Closed/simple
o Open/compound
 Classification of fracture
o Complete
o Incomplete
 Typical bone fractures
o Greenstick: usually
occurring in children w/ one
side of the bone broken and
the other side is bend
o Spiral: continuously circling
w/ flat curves or series of
curves that constantly
circles around a central
point
o Comminuted: bone is
broken into fragments
o Transverse: lying or
extending or going
crosswise or at right angles
o Compound: broken bone
pierces the skin or comes in
contact w/ an open wound
o Vertebral compression:
reduced in spacing of the
applied pressure
 Common symptoms of fracture
o Severe or local pain: dolor
o Tenderness
o Swelling w/ some degree of
deformity
o Limitations of movement
o Paleness: pallor
o Warm to touch: callor
o Redness: rubor
o Presence of asymmetry
o Crepitus sounds: grating
sound upon movement of
extremities
 Diagnostic procedures
 o X ray of the
o CT scan operator
o Physical examination  Open reduction:
 Principles of fracture management with the surgical
o Reduction, retention and operation by means
immobilization of internal fixation
 Closed reduction: or manipulation in
external order to achieve
manipulation the proper
sometimes bind the alignment
segments with the  Fragments
use of casts, molds, are joined
braces, traction (to w/ screws,
overcome the pull knots, nails,
of powerful wires or
muscles may be metal
used to achieve plates
realignment and o Rehabilitation &
other gadgets) recognition
 Skin/adhesi o Maintaining & restoring
ve/non function
adhesive:  Common complications
pulling o Compartment syndrome:
force is serious condition resulting
applied to from pressure within
the skin, different compartments
muscle & (these separate the blood
bones vessels, muscles, and
 Skeletal nerves) that cause
traction: decreased circulation to the
pulling area-usually the leg and
force is forearm. Can lead to
applied irreversible muscle
directly into weakness, infection, &
the bones amputation of the limb
by the use  Clinical
of manifestation
Steinman’s  Pain
pins &  Pallor
Crutchfield  Paresis/par
tongs alysis/paret
 Manual hesia
traction:  Pulselessne
pulling ss
force is  Cyanosis
directly  Numbness
applied by  Swelling
the hands
  Tingling  Maintenance/prom
 Treatment otion of the
 Bivalve: integrity of the
cutting the system of the body
cast on  Maintenance of the
each side. cleanliness of the
Done if the cast/promotion of
cast is too the integrity of the
tight, system of the body
causing  Maintenance of the
pressure cleanliness of the
and cast
restricting  2 kinds of bone procedures
blood flow o External fixation: placing a
 Fasciotomy: steel bar that is fixated
making parallel to a fractured long
incision bone
into the o Internal fixation: placing a
fascia to steel bar inside a bone to
relieve the serve as a replacement of a
pressure bone
and
improve
circulation
 Pulmonary
embolism
 Fat
embolism
 DVT
 Shock
 Care of the patient w/ cast
o Duration is at least one
month
o Factors that influence the
duration are:
 Age of the patient
 Part of the body
affected
 Degree of injury or
affectation of the
part
o Nurse responsibility:
 Neuro-vascular
checks
 Preservation of the
efficiency of the
cast