WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

A Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty of the Senior High School Department

Western Institute of Technology

In Partial Fulfillment to the Requirement

For the Senior High School

Research 1

Submitted by:

Gaitan, Andrei DJ

Jabian, Xavier

Locsin, Joven

Villegas, Ciane Francis

Submitted to:

Ms. Carrien Joy Allesa

November 29, 2018

 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Introduction

Of all energy sources, liquid hydrocarbon, a form of fossil fuel, occupies the

biggest portion of the Philippine energy mix, largely because of its tremendous varied

and efficient utility. It is singularly the most important component of a nation's economic

structure, so that the exploration and development of one's indigenous source of crude oil

is always a primary undertaking in any country. The Philippine consumption of crude oil

is 325,000 bbls per day valued at P172 million (Reyes, 2010).

What exactly is crude oil and what is the prospect of the Philippines as a

producer. In the Philippines, oil exploration began nearly 100 years ago, but it was only

in 1975, under a newly introduced service contract system, when the first significant oil

find was made. With full government support, two other oil fields were subsequently put

on stream, which, at its peak supplied 20% of the national daily crude requirement. Thus,

the demand in the Philippines increases as various oil companies arises these past years

since the time of President Ferdinand Marcos (citation).

The latest Philippines Oil & Gas Report from BMI forecasts that the country will

account for 1.26% of Asia Pacific regional oil demand by 2015, while providing 0.55%

of supply. In terms of natural gas, in 2010 the region consumed around 511.5bn cubic

metres (bcm) and demand of 653.9bcm is targeted for 2015. Production of an estimated

405.8bcm in 2010 should reach 556.7bcm in 2015, implying net imports falling from

around 105.7bcm to 97.2bcm. The Philippines' share of gas consumption in 2010 was an

estimated 0.86%, while its share of production is put at 1.08%. By 2015, its share of gas
 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

consumption is forecast to be 0.87%, with the country accounting for 0.95% of supply.

Between 2010 and 2020, we are forecasting a rise in the Philippines’ oil production of

7.8%, with crude volumes peaking at 50,000b/d in 2013 before falling steadily to

35,250b/d in 2020. The Philippines is now at sixth place in BMI’s composite Business

Environment (BE) league table (POGC, 2018). This serves as the reason why oil in the

Phillipines is in need and important to human.

Petroleum is used to help make clothing non-flammable and colorful. It is used in

the production of rayon, nylon, polyester, and even artificial furs. Crude oil is also

important in the production of car's hoses, wiring, and many fluids (antifreeze, brake

fluid, transmission fluid, motor oil, and lubricating grease).Fertilizer is something that

relies on petroleum; thus, when the price of oil goes up, it gets more expensive to grow

food. Many of our food items are stored and or packaged in plastics as well; meaning that

crude oil plays a large part in the production of your food. This is one of the things that

make high oil prices so scary. If it costs more money to grow, store, package, transport,

and regulate the temperature of our food, then that cost will be passed on to the

consumers. Therefore, due to the increasing demand in the country, more environmental

disasters come to arise like pollution.

Environmental pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural

surroundings. Pollution disturbs the balance of our ecosystems, affect our normal

lifestyles and gives rise to human illnesses and global warming. Pollution has reached its

peak due to the development and modernization in our lives. With the development of
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Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

science and technology, there has been a huge growth of human potentials. People have

become prisoners of their own creations. On the other hand, one of the most destructive

pollution is water pollution, for it not only affects human livestock but also the marine

ecosystem.

Water pollution is able to lead our world on a path of destruction. Water is one of

the greatest natural resources of the whole humanity. Nothing will be able to live without

water. However, we do not appreciate this gift of nature and pollute it without thinking.

The key causes of the water pollution are: industrial waste, mining activities, sewage and

waste water, accidental oil leakage, marine dumping, chemical pesticides and fertilizers,

burning of fossil fuels, animal waste, urban development, global warming, radioactive

waste, and leakage from sewer lines. There is less water available for drinking, cooking,

irrigating crops, and washing. In this kind of pollution, it includes oil pollution which

dominates the entire oceans. Oil companies tend to deliver oil from one nation to another

nation and we cannot avoid the accident of spilling oil into the water (Haesen, 2017).

Oil Spill Pollution refers to the negative polluting effects that oil spills have on

the environments and living organisms, including humans, due to the environmental

discharge of various organic compounds that make up crude oil and oil distillate

products, the majority of which include various individual hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons

are made exclusively from carbon and hydrogen atoms which bind together in various

ways, resulting in paraffins (or normal alkanes), isoparaffins (isoalkanes), aromatics

(such as benzene or various PAHs), cycloalkanes and unsaturated alkanes (alkenes and
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Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

alkynes). Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges

include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms (citation).

Oil spill pollution may comprise a variety of amounts starting with one or more

gallons of oil and up to millions or even hundreds of millions of gallons spilled. The term

is usually associated with the oil spills in the ocean and coastal waters. This

environmental disaster becomes the public enemy number one in the fight against global

calamities. This becomes one of the major issues our society is now facing.
 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Background of the Study

Oil spill (oil pollution) is the problem the world has to deal with since oil industry

developed in recent years where marine ecosystem has been highly destructed. In today’s

world, this issue of oil spill is gaining traction and wide explorations towards its effect in

the biodiversity since oil companies are taking their risks wandering through oceans and

seas.

According to the Philippine Daily Inquirer, around 140 liters of oil over Masbate

waters last October, 2016.The Philippine Coast Guard said Saturday that they have

collected a total of 140 liters of oil pumped out from a bulk carrier ship into the water

along the port area of Masbate City due to the ships docked at the Masbate port (Ostria,

2016). This event threatens the marine ecosystem and decreases the capacity of fishes to live

underneath the water.

Large oil spills are rare but can result in significant and long-term adverse

impacts. The scale of spill impacts can range from minimal (e.g. following spills of

lighter oils in the open ocean) with no or little detectable effect lasting only a few hours

or days, to significant (e.g. bulk amounts of heavy oils entering sheltered wetland

habitats) with longer-term effects (IPECEA, 2015).Larger spills have the potential to

cause greater damage than smaller ones, but the level of impact varies considerably

depending on the oil and incident type, local conditions (such as season, weather and

location) and resources present.

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Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Oil spills are a very dangerous occurrence for the marine ecosystem is affected

and the marine life-forms’ existence gets unnecessarily threatened. Persistence of oil, a

major factor in habitat recovery, may also increase with higher latitudes. This

phenomenon often assumed that recovery from oil spills will take longer, but this

depends on many factors. Therefore various techniques and equipments are used widely

for this occurrence such as Oil Booms, Burning In-Situ, Dispensers, and natural

absorbent; Hairs and Feathers (Marine Environment, 2018).

Off cuts of human hair could be used to help clean up environmental disasters

such as oil spills, according to new research being conducted in Australia (Bowler,

2017).Rather than discarding of the human hair it can be used to help cleanse the affected

area, absorb the oil then utilized as an effective fuel derivation. The oil absorption of

potential wasted hair fibers could produce valuable slot for prevention & modern society.

The investigation concluded that the human hair has the ability to absorb a variety of

potential hazardous oils. Including motor oils, bilge oils & crude oils that have the

possibility of being spilled in terrestrial or aquatic environments (Jadhav, 2011).

With over 5 million tonnes of waste chicken feathers generated annually around

the globe, the management of the solid waste is an enormous challenge. The examination

of the adsorptive removal of different oil types from sea water using waste chicken

feathers. The adsorption properties were investigated in batch adsorption experiments

using crude oil, vegetable oil and diesel fuel. The maximum adsorption capacities were

7694 mg/g, 6059 mg/g and 4097 mg/g for vegetable oil, crude oil, and diesel fuel
 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

respectively. The adsorption kinetics varied inversely with increasing temperatures and

was better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model(Ifelebuegu, 2016).

The researchers would like to test the different components and structure that are

capable of determining the capacity and the speed rate of the two variables which are the

different hairs and feathers to absorb various oils use in the study from water.
 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aim to find out which of the different hairs and feathers are

fast in absorbing oil from water by their capacity in terms of adsorption.

Specifically, the study sought answer to the following questions listed below.

1. What are the nutrients or the factors from the different hairs and feathers that

could be able to absorbed oil from the water?

2. Are the different hairs from the different sources (specifically the human hair and

horse hair) and different feathers from the different sources (specifically the

chicken feathers and duck feathers) having various effects in absorbing oil in

water?

3. Can the hairs and feathers totally separate the oils?

4. How effective are the hairs and feathers absorb the oils from the water?

5. Which of the following recovered materials are fast in absorbing oil from water?

A. would it be the hairs?

B. would it be the feathers?

 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Significance of the Study

The conduct of this study will be beneficial to the following mentioned below.

This will include the community, marine wildlife, fishermen, and oil manufacturers.

Community. The result of this conducted research will help them lessen the

pollution wherein they can use less expensive and economical friendly materials which

could be possible as an alternative oil spill removal specifically the different hairs and

feathers. Also, it will lessen the discarded materials dump in the garbage site.

Marine wildlife. By this conducted experiment the researchers would like to help

balance the marine ecosystem and help the oceans and sea maintain its cleanliness. The

result of this study will also help a lot in terms of preserving and protecting endangered

species living underwater which are affected by oil spill.

Fishermen. If the different hairs and feathers are prove to absorb oil from water

the fishermen can use these materials to help their economic life progress. This will also

help not only for their fishing but also they can use these materials to make additional

livelihood; they make as well as they earn.

Oil manufactures. With this conduct of the research, the researchers would like to

find out if the different hairs and feathers are adequate in absorbing oil from water. The

researchers would like to know if the absorbed oil can be reuse and recycled, but not the

complete components of the oil. The researchers would like to propose this result to oil

manufactures to urge them reuse the oil. The result of this conducted research will lessen

oil wasting in community.

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Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Department of Energy. If the different hairs and feathers are proven to absorb oil

from water, this study will help them produce alternative method in preventing oil spills.

Although the recent skimmers are very effective in preventing oil spill, we are not aware

of what various bad effects these to our lives. By this study, the researchers would like to

make alternative method out of nature-friendly materials.

Future researchers. This conducted research serves to be their basis in

conducting further study about the capacity of the different hairs and feathers to absorb

oil from water. Although this experimental study will not be able to present the exact

description about the variables, this might be their reference in making study related to

oil spill. As one of their basis, they could look forward to some data which the

researchers lack to put in this study.

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Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Scope and Delimitations

This study focuses on the capacity of the different hairs and feathers to absorb

variety of oils from water. The conducted research will also determine what else could

the different hairs and feathers do, not only absorbing oil from water. The study also

foresees the speed rate of each material separates oil from water. Also, this conducted

research focuses on the structures and components of hairs and feathers on which could

affect their speed rate and capacity to absorb the oil. The study limited only to the two

types of the hairs; the human hair and horse hair and the two types of feathers; the

chicken feathers and duck feathers. This research also limited only to the types of oil; the

free oil, emulsified oil, and crude oil.

The scope of this study also focuses on what factors might affect the absorption of

hairs and feathers. These factors will affect in time of experimentation methods.

The study uses three replicates in which every replicates have different oil and

different hairs and feathers.

 WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Oils Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3

Human hair Human hair Human hair

Horse hair Horse hair Horse hair

Free oil
Chicken feathers Chicken feathers Chicken feathers

Duck feathers Duck feathers Duck feathers

Human hair Human hair Human hair

Horse hair Horse hair Horse hair

Emulsified oil
Chicken feathers Chicken feathers Chicken feathers

Duck feathers Duck feathers Duck feathers

Human hair Human hair Human hair

Horse hair Horse hair Horse hair

Crude oil
Chicken feathers Chicken feathers Chicken feathers

Duck feathers Duck feathers Duck feathers

WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Senior High School Department

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City