CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS
FUENTES, DRIVE ROXAS CITY

REPORT IN TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1

(CE Elect 401)

REFUSE DISPOSAL

SUBMITTED BY:
HANAH M. DIAZ
(BSCE 4)

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. PAULO CERCADO
Professor
INTRODUCTION TO REFUSE DISPOSAL:

One of the common problems in our environment is the disposal of our garbage’s
and the management of it. All living things and we human beings, produced different waste. And
one of the problem is that how you refuse and manage wastes in a proper way. Waste needs to be
managed in order to prevent contact with humans or their immediate environment. Therefore, the
main purpose of waste management is to isolate waste from humans and the environment, and
consequently, the safe of individual, family and community health. In addition, the aesthetic
value of a better outlook and a clean physical environment is important for the well-being. The
waste we produce can be categorized as liquid waste or solid waste depending on its physical
state. It can also be categorized as hazardous or non-hazardous. But, what is liquid waste?
Liquid waste is any form of liquid residue that is hazardous for people or the environment. It
can be bulky or sludgy, or even purely liquid, such as with laboratories waste. Another one is
Solid waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United
States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are
discarded by the public. That is the day-to-day activities of humans containing garbage’s. The
hazardous or non-hazardous is another category of waste which is one to be considered in waste
management. Proper waste disposal is very important in different areas, residential areas,
districts or even private areas. The reduce, reuse, recycle waste hierarchy, it is the order of
priority of actions to be taken to reduce the amount of waste generated, and to improve overall
waste management processes and programs. This 3R’s can help in order every individual must
be more organized and more aware that garbage’s have also a purpose. They are not hard to
implement. All you need is to a small change in your daily life activities to reduce waste so that
less amount of it goes to the landfill, they conserve natural resources landfill, space and energy.
By refusing to buy items that you don’t need, reusing items more than once and disposing the
items that are no longer in use at appropriate recycling centers, you can contribute towards a
healthier planet. This must be helpful, the 3R’s in our environment as we manage the disposal of
waste.
IMPORTANT TERMS:

1. Waste- It is unwanted materials and objects that people have thrown away. It is often also
called trash, garbage, rubbish, or junk. It can be solid, liquid, or gas, or it can
be waste heat. Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash), hazardous
waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine)
and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.
2. Liquid Waste- is any form of liquid residue that is hazardous for people or the
environment. This kind of service is able to clean your septic tanks, grease traps and oily
waters. Leaving your wastes without any sort of hazardous materials that can mix with
everyday water use.
3. Solid Waste- Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the
United States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday
items that are discarded by the public.
4. Hazardous Wastes- May be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or
solids. A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by
common means like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical
state of the waste, treatment and solidification processes might be required. Hazardous
wastes are defined as wastes that have one or more of the following properties. They may
be:

 corrosive (substances that cause damage on contact, e.g. acids)

 ignitable (materials that can catch fire easily like benzene)

 toxic (materials that can be poisonous to humans when inhaled or ingested, or come in
contact with skin or mucous membranes)

 reactive (substances that can yield a harmful chemical if they react with other substances)

 infectious (substances that are capable of causing or communicating infection).

Potential sources of hazardous waste in rural households include obsolete pesticides, herbicides
or rodenticides.
5. Non-Hazardous Wastes- Municipal solid waste (trash or garbage) and industrial waste (a
wide variety of non-hazardous materials resulting from the production of goods, and also
products include all other types of waste.
6. Waste hierarchy-is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that protect the
environment alongside resource and energy consumption to most favorable to least
favorable actions. The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based
on sustainability. To be sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with
technical end-of-pipe solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.
7. Waste management hierarchy- indicates an order of preference for action to reduce and
manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a pyramid. The
hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through successive stages
of waste management, and represents the latter part of the life-cycle for each product.
8. Garbage- trash, rubbish, or refuse is waste material that is discarded by humans, usually
due to a perceived lack of utility. The term generally does not encompass bodily waste
products, purely liquid or gaseous wastes, or toxic waste products. Garbage is commonly
sorted and classified into kinds of material suitable for specific kinds of disposal.
9. Waste management or waste disposal- are all the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and
regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste
management encompassing guidance on recycling.
10. Municipal Solid Waste- Wastewater (or waste water) is any water that has been
affected by human use. Wastewater is “used water from any combination of domestic,
industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any
sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.
11. Landfill Site- site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form
of waste treatment (although the burial part is modern; historically, refuse was just left in
piles or thrown into pits). Historically, landfills have been the most common method of
organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
COMMON TYPES OF WASTE:

 LIQUID TYPE-Waste can come in non-solid form. Some solid waste can also be
converted to a liquid waste form for disposal. It includes point source and non-point
source discharges such as storm water and wastewater. Examples of liquid waste include
wash water from homes, liquids used for cleaning in industries and waste detergents.

 SOLID TYPE-Solid waste predominantly, is any garbage, refuse or rubbish that we

make in our homes and other places. These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken
furniture and even food waste. They may include any waste that is non-liquid.
 HAZARDOUS TYPE- or harmful waste are those that potentially threaten public health
or the environment. Such waste could be inflammable (can easily catch
fire), reactive (can easily explode), corrosive (can easily eat through metal)
or toxic (poisonous to human and animals)
 ORGANIC TYPE-Waste comes from plants or animal’s sources. Commonly, they
include food waste, fruit and vegetable peels, flower trimmings and even dog poop can be
classified as organic waste.
 AGRICULTURAL TYPE- Produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It
includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses;
harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils;
and salt and silt drained from fields
 RECYCLABLE TYPE- Is processing used materials (waste) into new, useful products.
This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. Waste that can
be potentially recycled is termed "Recyclable waste
 BIOMEDICAL TYPE-Waste that contain infectious (or potentially infectious)
materials. It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste
that visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused
bandages, infusion kits, etc.), as well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules
or organisms that are restricted from environmental release.
Also can be classified as follows:

Types of Solid Waste

1.Household Waste- Generally classified as Municipal Waste

2.Industrial Waste -As Hazardous Waste

3.Biomedical Waste- As Hospital Waste or Infectious waste

Municipal Solid Waste Consist of:

1. Waste from Streets/ Household

2. Construction and demolition debris

3. Sanitation Residue

Household Wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include:

1. Old Batteries
2. Shoe Polish
3. Paint tints
4. Medicine Bottles
The type of Waste we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate

TYPE OF LITTER TIME IT TAKES TO

DEGENERATE THE LITTER

Organic waste such as vegetable and fruits A week or two

Peels, leftover, foodstuff.
Paper 10 to 30 Days
Cotton Cloth 2-5 Months
Wood 10 to 15 Years
Woolen Items 1 Year
 Tin, Aluminum and other metal items 100-500 Years
such as cans
Plastics bags Million years
THIS ARE THE EXAMPLES OF THE FOLLOWING STATED ABOVE

SOLID WASTE:

HOUSEHOLD WASTE:
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

DEBRIS WASTE:
HAZARDOUS OR INDUSTRIAL WASTE:

BIOCHEMICAL WASTE (INFECTIOUS WASTE):

 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE:

Residential
Agricultural

SOURCES OF Institutional
Commercial
SOLID WASTES

Construction and
demolition

 RESIDENTIAL- Includes paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals,
special wastes, hazardous wastes. Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other
recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants.
 INDUSTRIAL- Produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is
rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, industries,
mills, and mining operations.
 INSTITUTIONAL-Produced from institutions such as schools, hospitals, or prisons.
 COMMERCIAL-Consists of waste from premises used mainly for the purposes of
a trade or business or for the purpose of sport, recreation, education or entertainment, but
excluding household, agricultural or industrial waste.
 CONSTRUCTIONS AND DEMOLITION-It includes building materials such as
insulation, nails, electrical wiring, shingle, and roofing as well as waste originating from
site preparation such as dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble. Construction waste
may contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances.
 WASTEWATER- The treatment site of wastewater also a sources. Produce a
contaminated water waste as part of the processes involved in the industry.
CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE:

 The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to:

 OVERPOPULATION
 POLLUTANTS FROM HOUSEHOLD
 MANUFACTURING UNITS
 COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
 MEDICAL CLINICS

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

A. HEALTH HAZARD

B. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

a) HEALTH HAZARD
If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, the may create unsanitary
conditions.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, gastro-intestinal diseases
may spread and may cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of solid wastes and the disposal of it is a health hazard
for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste.
b) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and decay may take
place.
The organic solid wastes during decomposition may generate obnoxious
(intolerable) odors.
 Ground water pollution
Air pollution and Global warming

PROPER WAYS OF REFUSE DISPOSAL

Disposal is a concern in industrialized countries with high

populations. Recent advances in technology provide safer methods for disposing of waste
products. Despite these advances, waste remains an environmental health concern. Some types of
waste are harmless to the environment, but others are dangerous enough to warrant laws and
regulations in certain countries to prevent improper disposal of them.

Though waste disposal has been a matter of concern for several decades, the main problem has
been taking massive proportions due to growth in population and industrialization, the two major
factors that contribute to waste generation. Though some advancement is being made in waste
disposal methods, they are still not adequate. The challenge is to detect newer and unhazardous
methods of waste disposal and put these methods to use.

Below we will venture into six effective waste disposal methods.

Preventing or reducing waste generation

Extensive use of new or unnecessary products is the root cause of

unchecked waste formation. The rapid population growth makes it
imperative to use secondhand products or judiciously use the existing ones
because if not, there is a potential risk of people succumbing to the ill
effects of toxic wastes. Disposing of the wastes will also assume formidable shape. A conscious
decision should be made at the personal and professional level to judiciously
curb the menacing growth of wastes.

Recycling: Recycling serves to transform the wastes into products of

their own genre through industrial processing. Paper, glass,
aluminum, and plastics are commonly recycled. It is environmentally friendly to
reuse the wastes instead of adding them to nature. However, processing technologies are pretty
expensive.

Incineration: Incineration features combustion of wastes to transform

them into base components, with the generated heat being trapped for
deriving energy. Assorted gases and inert ash are common by-products. Pollution
is caused by varied degrees’ dependent on nature of waste combusted and
incinerator design. Use of filters can check pollution. It is rather inexpensive to
burn wastes and the waste volume is reduced by about 90%. The nutrient rich ash
derived out of burning organic wastes can facilitate hydroponic solutions. Hazardous and toxic
wastes can be easily being rid of by using this method. The energy extracted can be used for
cooking, heating, and supplying power to turbines. However, strict vigilance and due diligence
should be exercised to check the accidental leakage of micro level contaminants, such as dioxins
from incinerator lines.

Composting: It involves decomposition of organic wastes by microbes

by allowing the waste to stay accumulated in a pit for a long period of
time. The nutrient rich compost can be used as plant manure. However, the process
is slow and consumes a significant amount of land. Biological reprocessing
tremendously improves the fertility of the soil.

Sanitary Landfill: This involves the dumping of wastes into a landfill.

The base is prepared of a protective lining, which serves as a barrier
between wastes and ground water, and prevents the separation of toxic chemicals
into the water zone. Waste layers are subjected to compaction and subsequently
coated with an earth layer. Soil that is non-porous is preferred to mitigate the
vulnerability of accidental leakage of toxic chemicals. Landfills should be created in
places with low groundwater level and far from sources of flooding. However, a
sufficient number of skilled manpower is required to maintain sanitary landfills.
 Disposal in ocean/sea: Wastes generally of radioactive nature are dumped in the
oceans far from active human habitats. However, environmentalists are challenging
this method, as such an action is believed to spell doom for aquatic life by depriving the ocean
waters of its inherent nutrients.

IMPORTANCE OF PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

The importance of proper waste management. When trash is disposed of properly, we are
able to prevent less pollution in the air, which can help with improve public health. When
you use proper liners and containers for your trash, you are preventing toxic materials
from entering the environment.

Reasons why Proper Waste Disposal is important:

 Protects the environment.
 Health and Safety of individuals
 Prevent future calamities
 Less toxins and Pollutions