Anti

GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE THRISSUR
DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19
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ANATOMY- PAPER 1
TOPICS NO. OF TIMES MARKS YEAR

APPEARED
UPPER LIMB
1. A football player fell heavily and

dislocated his right shoulder joint
while playing. A collar and cuff
support was given, after reducing
the dislocation. Subsequently an
orthopedic surgeon noticed that 2 2012
his right shoulder was less 2016(S)
prominent than the left. The
player was finding it difficult to
abduct the arm to the horizontal 2marks
level. Based on your anatomical
knowledge answer the following:
a) What anatomical
features make the 2.5marks
shoulder joint particularly
prone to dislocation?
b) Briefly describe the most
stabilizing structure of 1mark
the joint and why the
head of the humerus is
often displaced
downwards.
c) In this case, what is the 4.5marks
cause of subsequent
flattening of the right
shoulder and the
difficulty in abducting the
arm to a horizontal level.
d) Briefly mention the 4marks
ligaments and muscles
acting at the shoulder
joint. 1mark
Other sub questions-
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 Briefly mention the
movements occurring at
the shoulder joint and
the muscles producing
these movements.
 State the reason, why the
head of humerus is often
displaced downwards.
2. A 25 year old cricket player

sustained injury in his left arm. 1time 10marks(essay)
On x-ray examination, a fracture 2016
of shaft of humerus was
observed. Following internal
reduction of fracture, he was not
able to extend his left wrist.
Based on your knowledge,
answer the following: 2marks
a) Injury to which nerve in
the arm can produce
inability to extend the 6marks
wrist and why.
b) Briefly describe the
origin, course and 2marks
distribution of the nerve
involved.
c) Name the other nerves
that are closely related to
the humerus, giving its
appropriate sites and
effect of injury.
3. Assisted delivery was required

during the birth of a baby at 1time Essay(10marks)
term. The maneuver involved an
unusually wide stretching at the 2017
neck shoulder angle. The neonate
on examination by a neurologist
showed upper brachial plexus 7+3
injury. Answer the following
based on your anatomical
knowledge: describe the
formation and branches of the
brachial plexus. Explain the
anatomical basis of the above
lesion.
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4. A 48 year old woman came to the

surgery out-patient department
with complaint of a lump in her
right breast. On examination, 1time
surgeon found that the lump was
hard and painless and in the
upper quadrant of right breast.
Axillary lymph nodes on the right
side were enlarged and right
breast was not mobile.
Histopathological examination
revealed malignancy of right 1mark
breast. Answer the following:
a) What is the normal
extent of breast both 1.5marks
vertically and
horizontally. 1mark
b) Name 3 muscles related
to the base of the breast.
c) What could be the 3.5marks
reason for loss of
mobility of breast in this 3marks
condition.
d) Describe the lymphatic
drainage of the breast.
e) Describe the arterial
supply of the breast.
4. A 45 year old man was brought to

the hospital with a fracture of the
shaft of the humerus. On 1time Essay(10marks)
examination, he had impairment
of extension of the wrist. There
was also loss of cutaneous
sensation on the dorsum of the 2019(S)
forearm and lateral aspect of
dorsum of hand and lateral digits.
Answer the following: (HINT- 1mark
RADIAL NERVE)
a) Name the structure 4marks
involved at the site of
fracture 2.5marks
b) Mention its origin, course
and distribution 1.5marks
c) Mention its branches at
different levels
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d) Mention the reason for 1mark
loss of cutaneous
sensation in the areas
mentioned.
e) Name the accompanying
blood vessel at the site of
fracture.
5. Flexor retinaculum of hand 2 3mark 2012

5mark 2018
6. Axillary artery 4 2 2012

5 2015(s)
2 2015
5 2017(s)
7. Interossei of the hand 2 2 2012

3 2013
7. Intermuscular spaces of scapular 2 2mark 2012(s)

region 5mark 2013
8. Axillary lymph nodes 1 3 2013
9. Brachial plexus 4 5 mark 2014(s)

Diagram- 2013,2015
2times(2mark)
5mark 2019(s)
10. Carpal tunnel 1 3 mark 2014(s)
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11. Anastomoses around elbow joint 1 Diagram-2mark 2014(s)
12. Deltoid muscle 1 5 mark 2014
13. Coracoid process 3 2mark 2014

2mark 2015(s)
3mark 2018(s)
14. Adductor pollicis 1 2mark 2014
15. Ulnar nerve 2 5mark 2015(s)

5mark 2016
16. Erb’s paralysis 1 3 mark 2015(s)
17. Nerve supply of lumbricals 1 2 mark 2015(s)
18. Superficial palmar arch 8 3mark 2012(s)

3mark 2018(s)
5mark 2015
5mark 2016
Diagram- 2011,2015(s),2017(s)
3times(2marks)
3mark 2019(s)
19. Anatomical snuff box 1 2 mark 2015
20. Median nerve 1 5 mark 2016(s)
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21. Supination and pronation 1 3mark 2016(s)
22. Palmar space 2 3mark 2016(s)

5mark 2017(s)
23. Brachial artery 1 3mark 2016
24. Median cubital vein 1 2mark 2016
25. Rotator cuff 2 5mark 2011

3mark 2017
26. Erb’s point 1 3mark 2018(s)
27. Breast 2 3mark 2011

5mark 2012(s)
28. Posterior interosseus nerve 1 3mark 2011
29. Deep palmar arch 1 3marks 2018
30. Palmar aponeurosis 1 2marks 2013(s)
31. Anterior interosseus nerve 1 3marks 2019(s)
32. Section through middle of arm 1 Diagram 2018(s)

2 marks
LOWER LIMB
1. A 12 year old boy following an

inadvertent intramuscular
injection in the gluteal region 2011
developed certain neurological
deficits including difficulty to 1 time
dorsiflex the foot. Answer the
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following: 2marks
a) Structures under
gluteal maximus.
b) Name the structure 4marks
which is affected in this
case. Give its origin,
course and distribution 2marks
in thigh.
c) Cutaneous
innervations of lower 2marks
limb below knee.
d) Muscles responsible
for dorsiflexion and
eversion of foot.
2. 35 year old lady was admitted

to the hospital with pain in 10marks(essay)
abdomen and vomiting: on 2015
examination a small lemon 1time
sized swelling was noticed on
the upper medial aspect of
right thigh, inferolateral to the
pubic tubercle. The patient told
she was having the swelling for
the last 4 months. Answer the 2marks
following:
a) What is the swelling in
front of the thigh? 2marks
b) Why did the patient
present with
abdominal pain and 6marks
vomiting.
c) Describe the
boundaries and
contents of the
femoral triangle.
3. A 30 year old man was brought

to the casualty following a road
traffic accident. On 10marks(essay) 2014(S)
examination, his right lower
limb was shorted, flexed, and 2014
internally rotated. X-ray of his
right hip showed posterior
displacement of head of femur.
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Following surgical correction of
dislocation of hip, the patient
was not able to dorsiflex his 2 times
right foot. Answer the 1mark
following:
a) Injury to which nerve
in posterior dislocation
of hip,can produce 4.5marks
inability to dorsiflex
the foot.
b) Briefly describe the
articular 2.5marks
surfaces,capsule and
ligaments, blood
supply and nerve
supply of hip joint. 2marks
c) Name the
musclesacting at the
hip joint and mention
the appropriate
movements produced
by them.
d) Mention the
anatomical features
render this joint prone
to dislocation.
4. A football is suffering from 10marks(essay)

sustained injury to his right 2015
knee while kicking. His leg got
forcefully abducted in a slightly
flexed position. 1mark
a) Which is the likely
meniscus that is
injured in this case? 2 marks
b) Why this meniscus is
more prone to injury as
compared to the other 3marks
one.
c) Enumerate the other
intra capsular 4marks
structures of the knee
joint.
d) Briefly describe the
process of locking and
unlocking at the
kneejoint.
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5. A 35 years male patient was

brought to the casualty with a
swollen right knee and a 2018(S)
history of a fall during
mountain climbing. There was
severe pain and restricted
mobility at the joint, Answer
the following:
a) Describe the 5marks
attachments and
relations of the
ligaments of this joint.
b) What are the 5marks
movements at this
joint and which
muscles are involved.
6. Sciatic nerve 2 5mark 2012

3marks 2018
.
7. Longitudinal arch of foot 2 5mark 2012

3 mark 2017(s)
8. Great saphenous vein 2 3mark 2012

3mark 2018(s)
9. Linea aspera 1 2 mark 2012
10. Femoral triangle 5 5mark 2016(s)

Diagram- 2012,2013(s),2014,2016
4times(2mark)
11. Hip joint 1 5mark 2013
12. Hamstring muscle 1 3mark 2013
13. Greater sciatic foramen 2 2mark 2013

2mark 2013(s)
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14. Longitudinal arches of foot 3 3mark 2017(s)

Diagram- 2013,2017
2times(2mark)
15. Knee joint- ligaments 2 5mark 2012(s)

5mark 2019(s)
16. Venous drainage of lower limb 1 5mark 2014(s)
17. Cruciate ligament 1 3mark 2014(s)
18. Inversion and eversion of foot 2 3mark 2014

5mark 2015
19. Femoral artery 1 3mark 2014
20. Common peroneal nerve 1 2mark 2014
21. Gluteus maximus 2 3mark 2015

3mark 2016
22. T.S.- Middle of leg 2 Diagram(2times)- 2016(s)

2mark 2018
23. T.S- Knee joint 1 Diagram- 2mark 2016
24. Femoral sheath 2 5mark 2017(s)

3mark 2012(s)
25. Saphenous nerve 1 2mark 2017(s)
26. Adductor canal 1 5mark 2017
27. Tibial collateral ligament 2 3mark 2011

3mark 2017
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28. Head of femur 1 2mark 2017
29. T.S- Middle of thigh 2 Diagram- 2012(s)

2times(2mark) 2019(s)
30. Superficial inguinal lymph 1 3mark 2019(s)

nodes
31. Ankle joint 1 5mark 2013(s)
32. Popliteal fossa 1 5marks 2013(s)
THORAX
1. A 60 year old man while rushing

to catch a train in the railway 2012(S)
station felt severe chest pain with 1 time
profuse bleeding and tingling
sensation along the medial
aspect of the left arm. He was
soon taken to the hospital where
an ECG showed irregularities. His
bp dropped dramatically and he
lapsed into deep coma and died
several minutes later. Post
mortem study revealed total
obstruction of the left coronary
artery. Answer the following:
a) Explain how a coronary
artery diseases produces
retrosternal chest pain, 2marks
tingling sensation along
the medial side of the left
arm and increased
sweating.
b) Describe origin, course, 4.5marks
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and areas of distribution
of coronary arteries.
c) Left artery dominance 1mark
d) Obstruction to which
coronary artery is likely 1mark
to produce irregularities
in heart’s rhythm and
why?
e) Sites where branches of 1.5marks
left and right coronary
arteries anastomose;
functional significance of
these anastomoses?
2. A 52 year old man presented with

shortness of breath and coughing
up small volumes of blood. 2013
Clinical examination revealed
multiple dilated veins around the
neck. A chest x-ray demonstrated
a tumor mass involving the upper
part of right lung and elevated
right dome of diaphragm. Based
on your anatomical knowledge
answer the following:
a) Compression of which
structure in the chest by 1mark
the tumor is responsible
for dilated veins around
the neck.
b) Mention the extent and 2marks
relation in the
mediastinum.
c) Briefly describe the other 3marks
structures related to the
mediastinal surface of
the right lung.
d) Injury of which structure 1mark
is responsible for
elevated diaphragm on
the right side.
e) Briefly describe the 3marks
broncho-pulmonary
segments of lungs and its
applied importance.
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3. A 50year oldman brought to

medical casualty with complaints
of sudden onset of pain in the Essay(10marks) 2017(S)
chest with sweating and
increased pulse rate. The chest
pain was radiating to inner
border of left upper limb. ECG
showed evidence of ischemic
heart disease. Answer the
following:
a) Mention the origin, 5marks
course, distribution of
arteries possibly affected
in the patient.
b) Name the veins 3marks
accompanying the
various branches.
c) Why the pain radiating to 1mark
the inner border of left
upper limb.
d) Add a note on surgical 1mark
interventions possible.
4. Coronary artery 5 5mark 2011

5mark 2012
3mark 2013
5mark 2016(s)
5mark 2018
5. Bronchopulmonary segments 4 3mark 2012

3mark 2013(s)
5mark 2017
3mark 2019(s)
2011,2012,2013(s)2015(s),
6. Thorax at the level of sternal 6 Diagram(6times)- 2017(s),2018
angle(T4) 2marks
7. Relation of heart and great 1 Diagram-2mark 2014(s)

vessels to anterior wall of thorax-
surface marking
8. Coronary sinus 4 3mark 2014

3mark 2015(S)
3mark 2015
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2mark 2018(S)
9. Typical intercostal nerve 2 Diagram- 2marks 2014

2017
8. Pleural recesses 2 5mark 2015(s)

3mark 2017(s)
9. Arch of aorta 1 5 mark 2015
10. Visceral relations of medial 1 Diagram-2mark 2015

surface of right lung
11. Typical intercostal space 2 Diagram-2mark 2016(s)

5marks 2018(s)
12. Pleura 1 5marks 2016
13. Superior vena cava 1 3marks 2016
14. Pericardial sinus 2 3marks 2017

2mark 2013(s)
15. Azygos vein 2 2marks 2017

3marks 2012(s)
16. Left lung-medial surface 2 5marks 2018(s)

Diagram-2mark 2012(s)
17. Sternocostal surface of heart 1 Diagram-2marks 2018(s)
18. Esophagus 3 5mark 2011

5mark 2014(s)
5mark 2014
19. Right atrium anatomy and 1 5marks 2012(s)

development
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20 Pericardium 1 5marks 2019(s)
21 Typical spinal nerve 1 Diagram 2017

2 mark
22 Blood supply of heart 1 5 mark 2016(s)
EMBRYOLOGY
1. Neural tube 1 3marks 2012
2. Intraembryonic mesoderm 1 5marks 2013
3. Fertilization 2 3marks 2013

3marks 2013(s)
4. Dizygotic twins 1 3marks 2014(s)
5. Development of lungs 1 3marks 2014(s)
6. Placenta 2 5marks 2014

3marks 2015
7. Somites 4 3marks 2015(s)

3marks 2016
3marks 2017(s)
2mark 2018
8. Implantation 1 3marks 2011
9. Development of Interventricular septum 2 3 marks 2016(s)

2mark 2018
10. Oogenesis 1 3 marks 2016
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11. Spermeogenesis 2 3marks 2017(s)

2marks 2011
12. Right atrium development 2 3marks 2016

3marks 2012(s)
13. Neural crest 2 3marks 2017

2mark 2012(s)
14. Chorionic villi 1 2marks 2018(s)
15. Spermatogenesis 1 3marks 2018
16. Yolk sac 2 3mark 2012(s)

3mark 2019(s)
17. Zonapellucida 1 2mark 2019(s)
GENETICS
1. Klinefilters syndrome 1 2marks 2013
2. Reciprocal translocation 1 2marks 2014(s)
3. Barr body 3 3marks 2014

3marks 2015(s)
2marks 2017(s)
4. Down syndrome 3 2 marks 2015

2marks 2016
5marks 2017
5. Turner’s syndrome 5 2marks 2011

2marks 2016(s)
2marks 2012(S)
3marks 2013(S)
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2marks 2019(S)
6. Mendelian inheritance 1 5marks 2018(s)
7. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities 1 3marks 2018
HISTOLOGY
1. Hyaline cartilage 4 2marks 2011

3marks 2012
2marks 2013
3marks 2018(s)
2. Spinal ganglion 1 2marks 2014(s)
3. Compact bone 2 3marks 2014

3marks 2018
4. Thymus 2 2marks 2015(s)

2marks 2016
5. Lymph node 2 3marks 2017(s)

3marks 2012(s)
6. Muscular artery/ medium sized artery 2 3marks 2015

2marks 2016(s)
7. White fibrocartilage 1 3marks 2013(s)
8. Large artery 1 2marks 2019(S)
GENERAL ANATOMY
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1. Cells of bone tissue 1 2marks 2017(s)
2. Types of epiphyses 2 2marks 2016(s)

3marks 2013(s)
3. Connective tissue fibres 2 3marks 2011

3marks 2016(s)
4. Blood supply of long bone 1 3marks 2015
5. Compound glands 1 2marks 2014(s)
6. Fibrous joint 2 3marks 2015(s)

2marks 2017
7. Osteon 1 2marks 2018(s)
8. Sarcomere 1 3marks 2017
9. Synovial joint-classification 1 5marks 2012(s)
HEAD AND NECK
1. A 4 year old child swallowed a shirt

button. Since the child began to Essay(10marks) 2012
suffocate she was rushed to the hospital,
where on x-ray examination, impaction
of foreign body in the larynx was
confirmed. Answer the following:
a) Which is the narrowest part of 1mark
the laryngeal cavity?
b) Briefly describe the interior of 3.5marks
larynx.
c) Safety muscle of larynx? Why is it 1mark
called so ? 2.5marks
d) Name the joints at which
muscles of larynx act and briefly
mention the movements taking
place at these joints. 2marks
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e) What anatomical structures in
the midline of the neck are
encountered during surgical
approach to trachea below
isthmus of thyroid gland.
2. A 55 year old woman complained of Essay(10marks)

midline nodular swellingin the front of 2014(S)
her neck which moves on swallowing. On 2times
examination, she had slight tremors on
outstretched hands; pulse was 111 per
minute, BP was 156/100 mm Hg and
slight blurring of eyes. She also told that,
she had lost weight and feels feverish.
Answer the following:
a) Which organ is likely to be 1mark
involved? (Ans- THYROID
GLAND)
b) Why does this swelling move 2marks
during swallowing?
c) Mention the relations of this 3marks
organ.
d) Explain the blood supply of this 4marks
organ and mention the
precautions to be taken while
ligating these vessels during
surgery.
Other questions: 2019(s)

 Describe the coverings, external 4.5marks
features, relations and blood
supply.
 Cause of hoarseness on surgical 1mark
incision of the gland
 Development of the gland 2marks
3. A patient was brought to casualty

following road traffic accident had 2times Essay(10marks)
bulging left eyeball with every radial 2014
pulse beat. X-ray revealed fracture of left 2018(s)
half of body of sphenoid. Answer the
following:
a) Mention the location and extent 2marks
to cavernous sinus.
b) Its relations and tributaries. 6marks
c) Mention the reason for pulsating 1mark
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bulge of left eyeball in the above
patient.
d) Classify the cranial dural venous 1mark
sinuses.
4. A patient had a swelling below the lower

jaw on the right side. The swelling Essay(10marks) 2016
increased in size during eating. The
surgeon did a bidigital examination of
the swelling. Answer the following:
a) Which salivary gland is palpated 2marks
in this case and what is the cause
of the swelling in this patient.
b) Name the parts of this gland and 1mark
the muscle that separates these
parts.
c) Mention the relations of this 2marks
gland.
d) What is the length of its duct and 1mark
where does it open.
e) Draw a diagram to show
secretomotor innervations of this 2marks
gland.
f) Narrate the microscopic
structure of this gland. 2marks
5. PAROTID GLAND-
A 55 year old man presented with a Essay(10marks)
rapidly growing swelling on the left side
of his face just below the ear lobule. On
examination, the ear lobule was found to 2times 2015
be lifted by the swelling, the person 2016(s)
found it difficult to close the left eye and
blow the cheek. The angle of mouth was
deviated to the right. Answer the
following:
 Which anatomical structure is 1mark
involved in the swelling?
 Briefly describe the external 6marks
features, relations and blood
supply of the structure involved
 Accidental injury to which nerve
is the probable cause of the 1 mark
man’s difficulties mentioned in
the question.
 Briefly explain the reasons for 2marks
these disabilities.
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Other subquestions-
 Secretomotor innervations of
parotid gland
 Name the structures lying within
the gland
 Reason for inability to close the
eye and to blow the cheek.
 Mention the course of parotid
duct and structures pierced by it.
6. FACIAL NERVE-
A college student was brought to the Essay(10marks)
casualty with history of road traffic
accident. Among other clinical findings 2017
there was evidence of injury of the facial
nerve on the right side. Answer the
following:
a) Describe the extra cranial course, 2+2+2+2
relations, branches and
distribution of facial nerve.
b) What clinical features are
expected to be seen if the nerve 2marks
is injured as it emerges from the
stylomastoid foramen.
7. Posterior triangle of neck 1 3marks 2012
8. Lacrimal apparatus 1 3marks 2012
9. Soft palate muscles 2 2marks 2012

3marks 2017(s)
10. Larynx-interior 3 5marks 2013

3marks 2013(s)
3marks 2011
11. Middle meatus 2 3marks 2013

3marks 2017(s)
12. Lateral wall of nasal cavity 1 3marks 2016
13. Tongue-motor and sensory innervation 3 3mark 2012(s)

2mark 2013
2mark 2017
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14. Hyoglossus muscle 2 3marks 2014(s)

3marks 2015
15. External carotid artery-branches 1 2mark 2014(s)
16. Tympannic membrane 3 2mark 2012(s)

3mark 2011
3mark 2014
17. Lacrimal sac 1 2mark 2014
18. Extra ocular muscles(attachment and 4 5mark 2015(s)

action) 5mark 2016(s)
3mark 2017(s)
2mark 2012(s)
19. Thyroid gland(relations, external 4 3mark 2015(s)

features, blood supply, development) 5mark 2015
5mark 2018(s)
3mark 2013(s)
20. Ansacervicalis 3 3marks 2015(s)

2marks 2017(s)
2marks 2018
21. Chorda tympani 1 2marks 2015(s)
22. Dangerous area of face 1 2marks 2015
23. Pyriform recess 1 2marks 2015
24. Distribution of cutaneous nerve to head 1 Diagram-2mark 2015

and neck
25. Atlanto-occipital joint movements 1 3mark 2016(s)
26. Parotid gland(relations) 1 2marks 2016
27. Cavernous sinus 3 5marks 2012(s)

5marks 2017(s)
5marks 2019(s)
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28. Styloid process of skull 2 2mark 2017(s)

2mark 2019(s)
29. Orbiularis oculi 1 5marks 2017
30. Pharyngeal constrictors 2 3marks 2018(s)

3marks 2018
31. Mandibular nerve 1 5mark 2011
32. Levatorpalpebraesuperioris 1 3marks 2011
33. Lateral pterygoid 1 3marks 2012(s)
34. Sternocleidomastoid 1 3mark 2012(S)
35. Middle ear 2 5marks 2013(s)

5marks 2018
36. Nasal septum 1 3marks 2013(s)
37. Otic ganglion 1 3marks 2013(s)
38. Facial artery 1 3marks 2019(s)
39. Temporalis 1 3marks 2019(s)
40. Anterior fontenellae 1 2marks 2018
NEUROANATOMY
1. Spinal cord 1 5marks 2012
2. Corpus callosum 1 3marks 2012
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3. Circle of willis 5 Diagram- 2012,2014,2018,2019(s)

4times(2marks)
3marks 2012(s)
4. Corpus striatum 1 5marks 2013
5. Pre-central gyrus 1 3marks 2013
6. T.S at the level of inferior colliculus of 2 Diagram- 2013rig

mid brain 2times(2marks)
7. Basal ganglia 2 5mark 2014(s)

5marks 2016
8. Cerebellar peduncle 2 3marks 2014(s)

5marks 2018(s)
9. T.S at the level of upper part of pons 2 Diagram- 2014(s)

2times(2marks) 2015
10. Lateral ventricle of brain 3 5marks 2014

5marks 2015
5marks 2012(s)
11. Functional areas of lateral surface of 1 5marks 2014

cerebrum
12. Internal capsule 1 5marks 2015(s)
13. Fourth ventricle-telachoroidea and 1 3marks 2015(s)

choroidal flow
14. Cisterna magna 1 2marks 2015(s)
15. Superolateral surface of cerebral 1 Diagram- 2015(s)

hemisphere 2marks
16. Deep cerebellar nuclei 1 2marks 2016(s)
17. T.S medulla at the level of pyramidal 3 Diagram- 2016(s)

decussation 3times(2marks) 2017
2018(s)
18. Medial lemniscus 1 2marks 2016
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19. Blood supply of cerebrum-inferior 1 Diagram- 2016

surface 2marks
20. Association fibres of brain 1 5marks 2017(S)
21. Fourth ventricle-floor 4 Diagram- 2017(s),2011,2013(s)

3times(2marks)
3marks 2018(s)
22. Fornix of brain 1 3marks 2017
23. Thalamus 1 5marks 2011
24. Crux cerebri 1 3marks 2011
25. Visual cortex 1 2marks 2011
26. Third ventricle 1 3marks 2019(s)
27. Lateral sulcus of cerebrum 1 3marks 2018
28. A 60 year old person who was suffering Essay(10marks)

from high bp was admitted to the
hospital with sudden onset of
contralateral hemiplegia and loss of 2013(s)
speech. Answer the following:
a) Which part of brain is probably 1mark
involved here?
b) Describe the sulci and gyri and 5marks
functional areas on the
superolateral surface.
c) Describe the blood supply of this 4marks
surface
ABDOMEN
1. A 65 year old man presented with dilated

veins around the umbilicus and vague
pain in the epigastric region. He also had 2011
a history of bleeding per rectum.
Radiological examination revealed an
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abnormal growth of the head and neck of
the pancreas. Answer the following:
a) Name the structure that would
have been compressed by 1mark
pancreatic growth to cause the
clinical findings.(HINT- PORTAL
VEIN)
b) Give the formation, course,
relations and termination of the 4mark
structure.
c) Name all the possible sites where
there could be dilated veins, 3marks
giving the names of veins
involved with reasons and clinical
implications.
d) What are the other structures
that are likely to be compressed. 1mark
e) Mention the sources of
development of the pancreas.
1mark
2. A 35 year old woman with 4 living

children and history of all vaginal
deliveries attended gynecological out- 2013
patient department with complaints of
pelvic heaviness, a dragging sensation in
the vagina, protrusion of a mass coming
down from the vagina and back ache. On
examination, the condition was
diagnosed as prolapse of uterus. Answer
the following:
a) Anatomical position of non- 1mark
gravid uterus.
b) Peritoneal relations of uterus 4mark
c) Supports of uterus 2mark
d) Arterial supply of uterus 1mark
e) Lymphatic drainage of uterus 2mark
3. A 65 year old man came to the hospital

with difficulty in passing urine and 2012(s)
increased frequency of micturition during
night time. His condition was diagnosed
as benign enlargement of prostate. With
your knowledge of anatomy, answer the
following:
a) Name the lobe of prostate which 1mark
is usually involved in this
28 / 85
condition.
b) Briefly describe its coverings,
lobes, venous and lymphatic 4mark
drainage.
c) Mention the types of gland
found in the prostate with the 2.5marks
help of a diagram.
d) Name the part of the urethra 2.5marks
passing through it.Give its
internal features.
4. Patient was brought to the casualty

following a deep stab injury on the left
side of back with the complaints of Essay(10marks)
passing blood in urine. Answer the 2015(s)
following:
a) Surface marking of the left 2marks
kidney on the back.
b) Mention its covering. 1mark
c) Arterial supply 4mark
d) Relations of left kidney. 1mark
e) Development 2mark
5. ANAL CANAL:
A 62 year old man with progressive
weight loss complaints of pain and
bleeding near the anal orifice. His 2017(s)
condition is diagnosed as carcinoma of
the anal canal. At this stage of disease 2times
the neoplasm is located entirely below
the pectinate lines. Answer the following:
a) To which group of lymph nodes 1mark
cancer from this part of anal
canal is likely to spread.
b) Name the nerve carrying pain 1mark
sensation from this part of anal
canal.
c) Describe the interior of anal 2marks
canal with diagram
d) How does the development, 5marks
arterial supply, venous and
lymphatic drainage and the
nature of the epithelial lining of
the anal canal differ from each
other above and below pectinate
line?
e) What is the clinical significance 1mark
29 / 85
of knowing the venous drainage
of anal canal?
Other questions: 3mark

 Mucosal anatomy 3mark 2018
 Sphincteric muscles 2mark
 Blood supply 2mark
 Clinical aspects
6. Anal canal 2 5mark 2012

3mark 2012016(s)
7. Inguinal canal 1 5mark 2012
8. Superficial perineal pouch 1 3mark 2012(s)
9. Deep perineal pouch 2 2mark 2012

3mark 2014
10. T.S abdomen at the level of L4 vertebra 2 Diagram- 2012

2times(2marks) 2015(s)
11. Lesser sac 4 5mark 2013

3mark 2014(s)
5mark 2015(s)
5mark 2019(s)
12. Spermatic cord 2 3mark 2013

2mark 2016(s)
13. Bile duct 1 2mark 2013
14. Kidney-anterior relations 2 Diagram-2mark 2013

3marks 2017
15. Kidney- posterior relations 2 Diagram- 2011

2times(2marks) 2018
16. Extrahepatic biliary apparatus 1 5marks 2014(s)
17. Uterus supports 2 5marks 2014(s)

3marks 2015(s)
18. Kidney- Covering, external features, 3 2mark 2014(s)

relations 5mark 2016
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3mark 2013(s)
19. Pudendal canal 1 2mark 2014(s)
20. Stomach bed 2 Diagram- 2014(s)

2times(2marks) 2012(s)
21. Ischiorectal fossa 3 5mark 2014

5mark 2017
5mark 2018(s)
22. Duodenum 1 5mark 2019(s)
23. Duodenum- 2nd part 3 3marks 2014

5marks 2017(s)
3marks 2018(s)
24. Stomach-lymphatic drainage 2 3marks 2014

3marks 2016(s)
25. Epiploic foramen 1 2marks 2014
26. Median section:

a) Male pelvis 1 Diagram- 2014
b) Female pelvis 2 2marks(3times) 2016, 2013(s)
27. Urinary bladder 1 5marks 2015
28. Trigone of urinary bladder 1 2marks 2016
29. Vermiform appendix 3 3mark 2015

5marks 2011
2mark 2018
30. Coeliac trunk 1 3mark 2015
31. Porto-caval anastomoses 2 3mark 2015

3mark 2017
32. Male urethra 2 3mark 2015

3mark 2018
33. Rectus sheath 4 5mark 2016(s)

3mark 2016
2mark 2018(s)
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3mark 2018
34. thoracic duct 1 3marks 2016(s)
35. Rectouterine pouch 1 3marks 2016(S)
36. Visceral surface of liver 3 Diagram- 2016(s),2017,2018(s)

3times(2marks)
37. Superior mesenteric artery 3 3mark 2016

3mark 2017
3mark 2019(s)
38. Suprarenal gland 1 3mark 2017(s)
39. T.S. abdomen at the level of L1 vertebra 1 Diagram-2mark 2017(s)
40. Inferior vena cava 1 2mark 2017
41. Transpyloric plane 2 2mark 2017

Diagram-2mark 2019(s)
42. Perineal body 1 3mark 2018(s)
43. Spleen 1 5mark 2012(s)
44. Inguinal hernia 1 5mark 2013(s)
45. Prostate gland 1 2mark 2013(s)

(Coverings)
46. Urogenital diaphragm 1 2mark 2019(s)
47. Hepatic and portal lobule 1 3mark 2018
SYSTEMIC EMBRYOLOGY
1. 1stBranchial arch 1 3mark 2012
2. Midgut loop-derivatives 2 2mark 2012

2mark 2013
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3. Developmental descent of testis 3 3mark 2013
3mark 2017
2mark 2013(s)
4. Portal vein development 1 3mark 2014(s)
5. Pituitary gland-development 2 2mark 2014

2mark 2018(s)
6. Anal canal development 2 2mark 2011

2mark 2015(s)
7. Meckel’s diverticulum 1 2mark 2015
8. 1st pharyngeal arch 1 5mark 2016(s)
9. Neural crest 2 2mark 2016(s)

3 mark 2017
10. Development and congenital anomalies 2 5mark 2016

of face 5mark 2018
11. Cleft palate 1 3mark 2019(s)
12. Mesonephric duct derivatives 1 2mark 2017(s)
13. Paramesonephric duct 1 2mark 2018(s)
14. Development of lips 1 3mark 2011
15. Development of kidney 1 2mark 2012(s)
16. Development of pancreas 1 5mark 2013(s)
17. Derivatives of pharyngeal pouch 1 3mark 2019(s)
HISTOLOGY
1. Palatine tonsil 3 3mark 2012
3mark 2018(s)
2mark 2011
3mark 2013
2. Pancreas 3 3mark 2014(s)
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5mark 2017
3. Thyroid gland 3 3mark 2016

3mark 2017(s)
5mark 2018(s)
4. Submandibular salivary gland 1 3mark 2014
5. Prostate gland 1 3mark 2015(s)
6. Cerebellum 1 3mark 2015
7. Ileum 1 2mark 2013(s)
8. Ovary 1 5mark 2018
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35 / 85
Sl.No TOPICS MARKS NO OF TIMES

APPEARED
BLOOD AND IMMUNITY
1. Maturation factors in erythropoesis 3 2017S,2015S

2. Effects of hypoxia & vitamin B12 deficiency on erythropoasis 5 2016S
3. A 30 yrs old woman visits a clinic with complaints of difficulty
in breathing and fatigue. She has menorrhagia for the past 3
months. Her Hb level is 6gm%, PCV 20% and MCV is 62 cubic
microns. Answer the following:
1
a) Name the clinical condition.
2 2016
b) Describe the blood picture in this condition.
3
c) Classify anemia based on etiology. 4
d) Describe iron deficiency anemia.
4. Sickle cell anemia 3 2013
5. Bombay blood group 3 2015
6. Rh factor and clinical significance 3 2012,2012S
7. Role of lymphocytes in immunity 3 2017,2011
8. T lymphocyte 3 2018S,2016
9. Cell mediated immunity 3 2017S
10. Plasma cell 3 2013S
11. Starling’s forces in capillary fluid exchange 3 2017
12. Morphology, properties and functions of platelets 5 2012S
13. A 12 yrs old boy had a swelling in the knee joint after a small
injury. His clotting time was 12 min. Answer the following:
a) What may be the probable diagnosis and what is its cause? 2
b) Explain the clotting mechanism in detail. 5 2018S
3
c) Mention and interpret the tests for assessing bleeding and
clotting time.
14. Hemophilia 3 2013S

15. Intrinsic pathway of coagulation 5 2013
3 2011
16. Clot retraction 3 2017S
17. Fibrinolytic system 3 2016S
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PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS 2
18. Pernicious anemia 2018S
19. Megaloblasts in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia 2017,2012S
20. Anemia seen in patients with renal disease 2012
21. Gastrectomy produce pernicious anemia 2016,2015,
2011
22. Reticulocytosis 2013S
23. Physiological jaundice 2013
24. Leucocytosis 2014
25. Prolonged stay at high altitude increases the hematocrit 2015
26. Protective effect of vaccination 2014S
27. Rh incompatibility 2017S,2016
28. Dicumarol as an anticoagulant 2014
29. Bleeding tendency in vitamin K deficiency 2013S
30. Clotting occurs when blood is kept in a glass tube 2012
31. Purpura & Hemophilia 2011
32. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 2015S
GIT
1. Components of enteric nervous system and its functions 5 2013
2. Small intestinal hormones 3 2018S
3. Functions of saliva 3 2016
4. A middle aged man complaint of epigastric pain. The pain occurs
when he is in empty stomach and it subsides after taking food or
antacids. He is having an occasional vomiting. Answer the following :
a) What is your provisional diagnosis? List the causes and its
treatment.
b) Describe the regulation of gastric acid secretion in detail.
5. Mechanism of gastric acid secretion by gastric parietal cells 5 2015
3 2013S,2016S
6. Functions and regulation of hydrochloric acid secretion 5 2012S
3 2017
7. Post prandial alkaline tide 3 2014
8. Peptic ulcer 3 2012S,2013
9. Proteolytic pancreatic enzymes 3 2014S
10. Functions and regulations of pancreatic juice secretion 5 2016S,
2011,2014
11. Components of pancreatic juice 3 2018S
12. Stages of deglutition 5 2015S,2012
3 2012S
13. Deglutition reflex 3 2015
14. Peristaltic movements 3 2017
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15. Gastric emptying time 3 2014S
16. Small intestinal movements 3 2015S
PHSIOLOGICAL BASIS 2
17. Post prandial alkaline tide 2016,2011

18. Cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion 2018S
19. Steatorrhoea in acute pancreatitis 2012,2012S
20. Steatorrhoea in diseases that destroy exocrine pancreas 2013
21. Deglutition apnoea 2013S
22. Mass peristalsis 2015S
23. Receptive relaxation 2014S
CVS
1. Ionic basis of pacemaker potential with the aid of a labeled diagram.

Mention the changes during sympathetic stimulation 3 2013S
2. A 60yr old man presented with acute retrosternal chest pain
radiating to the inner aspect of left arm. The ECG showed ST
segment elevation in some of the leads.
a)What is the most probable diagnosis?(MI) 1 2012
b) What are the other ECG changes that may occur in this condition? 1
C) Explain the leads used in recording ECG. 2
d)With the help of a diagram describe the waves, intervals, and 6
segments of normal ECG recording in lead 1.
3. A 60yr old man complaints of chest pain on exertion, radiating to his
left arm and severe shortness of breath. Answer the following;
a)What is the most probable condition he is suffering from? 1 2017
b)Mention the most common investigation done in such a patient 5
and describe with the help of a diagram, the changes expected in 4
this patient.
c)What are the functional features of coronary circulation?
4. PR interval 3 2016
5. Jugular venous pulse 5 2014
6. Discuss the factors affecting cardiac output. Add note on bainbridge 5 2014S
reflex
7. Factors regulating cardiac output. 5 2018S
8. End diastolic ventricular volume 3 2015S
9. Venous return 3 2014
10. Factors involving venous return 3 2013S
11. Right arterial pressure changes 3 2012S
12. Starlings force of capillary fluid exchange 3 2017
13. Peculiarities of coronary circulation 5 2015, 2017S
3 2011,2012
14. A 45 yr old is having a high blood pressure. Answer the following:
38 / 85
a)What are the probable causes of high blood pressure? 2
b)Mention and explain the determinants of blood pressure. 2 2015S
c)Describe the neural regulation of blood pressure 4
15. Long term regulation of blood pressure 5 2016
16. A motor cyclist met with a road traffic accident and was admitted in
the casualty. Clinical examination revealed coldly and clammy
extremities, rapidly thread pulse and blood pressure of 70/50mmHg.
a)What is the probable condition 1 2016S
b)Define shock and name the different stages of shock 2.5
c)Describe the compensatory mechanism I the first stage of shock 5
d) What is neurogenic shock? 1.5
17. Hypovolemic shock 3 2012
18. First and second heart sounds 3 2014S
DRAW AD LABEL 2.5
19. Pacemaker potential 2012

20. Cardiac muscle action potential 2013
21. Conducting system of heart 2016, 2018S
22. Cardiac cycle 2015S
23. Left ventricular pressure changes recorded during a normal cardiac 2014S
cycle
24. ECG I lead II , normal ECG duration of segments ad intervals 2012S,2013S,
2014,2017S
25. Right ventricular pressure changes during normal cardiac cycle 2015
26. JVP tracing 2016S
27. Resting bradycardia in athletes 2017

28. Change of posture from supine to standing causes tachycardia 2015
29. Raised intracranial pressure causes bradycardia ad hypertension 2015
30. Prolonged standing results in fainting attacks 2014S
31. Korotkoffs sounds 2013
32. Skin is cold in hypovolemic shock 2013
33. Q wave in an ECG 2013
34. Fourth heart sound 2018S
35. Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanised 2016S
36. Prolonged action potential in cardiac muscle 2014S
RESPIRATION
39 / 85
1. A 30 year old lady presented with history of cough and
breathlessness that got worse during the winter months every year
.She also complained of occasional whistling sounds arising from the
chest during breathing.
a) What is the most likely clinical diagnosis of her condition? 1
b) What major findings would her pulmonary function test shows? 2
c) What kind of medication would she likely benefit from? 1 2015
d)Depict the different lung volumes and capacities with the help of a 4
neatly labeled diagram 2
e) What is the significance of the residual volume?
2. Oxygen delivery to the tissues will be greatly reduced in patients

with Carbon monoxide poisoning. Answer the following:
a)What is the physiological basis for reduced oxygen delivery to the
tissues? 2.5
b) Describe the functional significance of oxygen dissociation curve 5 2014
c)Mention the factors which will shift oxygen dissociation curve to 2.5
right and left.
3. A 40 year old man was admitted in the hospital with complaints of

difficulty in breathing ad shortness of breath following a head injury.
a)With the help of diagrams describe two types of breathing? 3
b) Explain the physiological basis for the changes in periodic 2014S
breathing. 2
c)Describe the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of
normal respiration 5
4. A road traffic accident victim was found to be unconscious and

breathing in a irregular rhythm. Answer the following:
a)Name two types of periodic breathing 1
b)Explain the neural regulation of respiration 5 2013
c) What is the mechanism of functioning of medullary
chemoreceptors. 4
5. A 50 year old male came with complaints of difficulty in breathing.

Auscultation revealed the presence of rhonchi in all the lung fields.
Patient’s pulmonary function test revealed
FVC decreased; FEV1+60%
a) What is FVC ad FEV1? 2
b)Give the normal values of FVC & FEV1 1
c) Describe the physiological basis for this change of FEV1 2 2012S
d) What is the probable clinical condition? 2
e) What is the significance of FEV1? 3
40 / 85
6. Describe the neural control of respiration and add a note on 5 2012,2017
Cheynestokes breathing.
7. Chemical regulation of respiration 5 2016,2011
8. Carbon dioxide transport in blood and Haldane effect 5 2017S
9. Ventilation perfusion ratio 3 2016,2016S
10. Peripheral chemoreceptors 3 2015
11. Lung compliance 3 2015S
12. Periodic breathing 3 2014
13. Hypoxic hypoxia 3 2014S,2012
14. Vital capacity and Timed vital capacity 3 2013S,2011
15. Surfactant
2016S,2018S
16. Dead space 3 2018S
17. Fetal hemoglobin 3 2014
DRAW & LABEL 2.5
18. Spirometric recording of lung volumes 2017

19. Oxygen dissociation curve 2016,2012
20. Pressure changes during normal respiratory cycle 2017S
21. Respiratory Membrane 2015,2015S
22. Diagram of lung volumes & capacities 2014
23. Effect of pH on the Oxygen- Hemoglobin dissociation curve 2014S
23. Lung alveoli are dry normally 2013,2017

24. Physiological shunt 2016
25. Dyspnoeic index 2015S
26. Hemoglobin saturation in arterial blood is usually less than 100% 2015
27. Respiratory rhythm 2018S
28. Sigmoid shape of oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve 2017S
29. Dead space 2014
30. Oxygen debt 2014S
31. Role of oxygen in treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning 2016S
32. Pulmonary edema during rapid ascent 2017S
33. Alveoli do not collapse during respiration 2013S,2012
34. Chloride shift 2015S
35. Decompression sickness 2011,2017
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
41 / 85
1. Explain the mechanism of water reabsorption in renal tubules 5 2012, 2017

3 2016 s
2. A 48yr old man suffering from diabetes mellitus had increased
frequency of micturition
a) What is the physiological basis of the polyuria 3 2013 S
b) What are the mechanisms operating in the nephron for the 6
concentration of urine
c) Add a note on free water clearance 1
3. Countercurrent mechanism in concentration of urine 5 2015S
4. Describe the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney. 5 2014S
5. Explain the mechanism maintaining osmotic gradient in renal 5 2018S
medullary interstitium
6. Renal clearance for inulin, PAH, glucose giving their significance 3 2011
7. Juxtaglomerular apparatus 3 2016
8. Renal clearance 3 2015
9. Filtration pressure in glomerulus 3 2015S
10. Auto regulation of glomerular filtration rate 3 2014S
11. non renal functions of kidney 3 2013
12. Micturition reflex. 3 2012, 2014
13. Cystometrogram 3 2013
14. Role of juxtaglomerular apparatus In the regulation of ECF volume. 3 2012S
15 Mechanism of glucose reabsorption in kidney 3 2017S
DRAW AND LABEL 2.5
16. Counter current multiplier and exchange system in renal tubules 2011
17. Nephron 2013S
18. Splay 2014
19. Cystometrogram 2015,2016S
2017
20. Juxta glomerular apparatus 2018S
21. Filling and emptying of urinary bladder 2011

22. Atonic bladder 2012S
23. Anemia in patients with renal disease 2012
24. Splay 2014
25. Tubuloglomerular feedback 2014
26. Tubular maximum for glucose 2015S
27. Change in bladder function in spinal shock 2016S
28. Urine output decreased in summer season 2016
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
1. Mechanism of synaptic transmission 5 2017
42 / 85
2. Adaption of receptors 3 2012
3. Gate control theory of pain 5 2015
4. Denervation hypersensitivity 5 2013
5. Brown sequard syndrome 3 2015S,2015,
2018
6. Sensory homunculus 3 2014
7. Reciprocal innervation 3 2017S
8. Supraspinal modulation of pain 3 2018S
9. Connections and functions of thalamus 5 2013S, 2016S
10. Functions of thalamus 3 2015
11. Milk ejection reflex 3 2017S, 2016S
2011, 2017
12. Bisynaptic reflex 3 2011
13. Draw the functional divisions of cerebellum. Explain the functions of 5 2016
these divisions with referring to their connections.
14. Functions of cerebellum 5 2015S
15. Role of cerebellum in motor control 3 2014
16. Features of cerebellar lesions 3 2016S
17. Cerebellum in voluntary activity 3 2017S
18. Stretch reflex 3 2013S
19. Decerebrate rigidity 3 2011
20. Connections and functions of basal ganglia 5 2012S
21. Functions of limbic system 3 2014S
22. Functions of vestibular apparatus 3 2011
23. Parkinsonism 3 2013
24. Name the nuclei of hypothalamus. Enumerate the functions of 5 2011,2014S
hypothalamus and describe any one in detail
25. Role of hypothalamus in feeding behaviour 5 2012S
3 2017
26. Role of hypothalamus In temperature regulation 3 2016
27 Types of EEG wave forms 3 2013S, 2017
28. Stages of sleep 3 2015
29. Aphasia 3 2014S
28 A 40yr old man came to the OPD with a gait characterized by raising
his feet unnecessarily high and bringing it down in a stamping
manner(stamping gait). He also stood with his feet wide apart and
tended to fall to the right with his eyes closed. Answer the following
questions based on your knowledge in physiology: 2014
a) Where is the lesion in this patient 1
b) Describe the neural tract involved in this patient with the 5
help of a diagram
c) What are the sensations carried by this tract 2
d) What is dissociated anaesthesia 2
29. A 70 yr old hypertensive male has come to the hospital with
complaints of inability to use his right upper and lower limb. Physical
examination revealed hypertonia and exaggerated deep tendon
43 / 85
reflexes on the right side. Babinski’s sign was positive on the right
side. Answer the following questions based on your knowledge in 2014S
physiology;
a) name the clinical condition 1
b) Explain the physiological basis of the above findings 5
c) Differentiate between upper and lower motor lesion 3
d) Why babinski ‘s sign is positive 1
30. A 50 yr old patient of hypertension suddenly developed weakness of
right upper and lower extremities and difficulty in speaking following
a brief episode of loss of consciousness. On examination motor tone
of his right extremities was found to be increased. Answer the
following questions based on your knowledge in physiology
a) What would a examination of power and deep tendon 2
reflexes of the patient reveal
b) What would a examination of the plantar reflex of the 2 2013
patient most likely reveal
c) Explain the physiological basis of the findings of deep tendon 5
reflexes in this patient
d) What is most likely clinical diagnosis of his condition 1
31.. A 65yr old woman was admitted to the hospital with the complaints
of intention tremors in the left arm and missing the target when he
attempted to do a work. On examination, eye reveals nystagmus.
Answer the following questions based on your knowledge in
physiology:
a) what is the diagnosis 2 2018S
b) mention the characteristics of knee jerk in this patient 2
c) what is dysdiadochokinesia? 2
d) Describe the gait in this patient giving the physiological basis 2
e) What happens when the flocculonodular lobe is damaged 2
32. A 50yr old male comes with the history of difficulty to walk. On
examination there is rigidity and resting tremors. His gait is
abnormal. 1
a) What is your diagnosis 3 2011
b) How do you describe the rigidity and resting tremor and
explain the physiological basis. 2
c) name the parts of the brain involved 4
d) Describe the important functional connections
33. An elderly man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of
intense central chest pain with radiation to the left arm. Answer the
following question based on your knowledge in physiology.
a) What is the cause of pain in the left arm and explain its 3 2017 S
mechanism
b) Describe the pain pathway in detail 5
c) Mention the gate control theory of pain sensation 2
SPECIAL SENSES
44 / 85
34 Describe the formation , composition, and functions of aqueous 5 2016
humour
35. Describe the auditory pathway. list the types of deafness with a note 5 2014
on audiometry.
36. near response of normal eye 3 2017
37. Functions of middle ear 3 2016,2016S
2018
38. Dark adaptation 3 2014, 2017S
39. Accommodation reflex 3 2012S, 2013
40. Impedance matching 3 2012
41. Role of basilar membrane in frequency discrimination 3 2012S
42. Taste buds 3 2013S
DRAW AND LABEL
2.5
43. Posterior column tract 2012 S
44. Corticospinal tract from its origin to termination 2011, 2014
2016
45. Taste pathway 2015,2017 S
46. Multipolar neuron 2015
47. Organ of corti 2014 S,2015S
48. Pain pathway from its origin to termination 2015 S
49. Functional areas of cerebral cortex 2014 S
50. Walds visual cycle –flow chart 2013
51. Visual pathway 2012, 2013 S
2018S, 2016
52. Lateral spiothalamic tract 2013 S
53. Anterolateral system 2018 S
54. Muscle spindle 2017
55. Auditory pathway 2011
56. Stretch reflex and inverse stretch reflex 2012
57. Broad based gait in cerebellar lesion 2012

58. Cogwheel rigidity 2017
59. nystagmus is observed in vestibular diseases 2016
60. A 50yr old lady finds difficulty in reading and doing close work 2016
61. Abnormal plantar reflex in neurological diseases 2016
62. Babinskis sign in new born 2015
63. Phantom limb 2015,2018 S
64. Dark adaptation 2014S,2015
65. Presbyopia 2015
66. Cochlear microphonics 2015S
67. Hypermetropia 2015S
68. Blood brain barrier 2015S
69. Clasp knife rigidity 2014
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70. Lumbar puncture is done at L2-L3 Level 2014S
71. Pain disappears by rubbing the affected area 2014S
72. Patients with sensory ataxia lose balance on standing 2013
73. Macular sparing 2013S
74. Left internal capsule lesion produce right hemiplegia 2014S
75. Referred pain 2016S,2018S
76. Administration of L- dopa in parkinsons disease 2018S
77. Diaphragmatic pain is felt at the tip of the shoulder 2013
78. near point of vision recedes rapidly with advancing age 2011
79. Pain in arm during cardiac angina 2013S
80. Reciprocal innervations 2012S
81. Sensory homunculus 2012S
82. Fluent aphasia 2012S
83. Maximal visual acuity occurs at the fovea centralis 2012
84. Hearing impaired during severe cold or sore throat 2012
85. Bitemporal hemianopia 2016S
86. Chorea 2016S
87. Renshawcell inhibition 2017S
88. Masking in audition 2017S
89. Neuromuscular hyperexcitability in tetany 2017S
ENDOCRINOLOGY
1. Mode of action of peptide hormone 3 2015
2. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones 3 2011
3. Action of ADH 3 2017
4. A 45 yr old man comes to the hospital with remarkable changes in
his appearance. Physical examination shows enlarged tongue,
enlarged hands and feet with spade like fingers and presence of
hepatomegaly. FBS-150mg%, fasting growth hormone-60g/ml.
a) Name the probable condition. 1
b) Mention the normal blood sugar value. 1 2013S
c) Which is the hormone involved and what is the defect? 2
d) Explain the action of the hormone involved 6
5. Physiological action of growth hormone 3 2014
6. Functions of growth hormone 3 2014S
7. Hypersecretion of growth hormone 3 2018S
8. Hyposecretion of growth hormone 5 2017S
9. Pituitary dwarfism 3 2013,2017
10. A 50 yr old lady was suffering from excess of sleep and tiredness, loss
of appetite, hoarseness of voice for the last six months. On
examination, she had non-pitting edema, dry scaly skin and
prolonged reflex time. Answer the following questions based on your
46 / 85
knowledge in physiology: 1
a)What is your clinical diagnosis? 1
b) What will be the TSH, T3 AD T4 levels? 1 2016
c) What is the cause of low BMR? 1
d) How can you treat the subject? 1
e) What will be her resting pulse rate and ECG wave complex? 5
f) Explain the action of thyroxin on the three metabolisms and on
CNS
11. A 30 yr old female with features of increased weight, menstrual
abnormalities and cold intolerance. Anwer the following:
a) Name the probable condition with its cause. 1
b) What are the physiological actions of hormone related to this 7 2015S
condition?
c) Mention the tests for diagnosing this condition. 2
12. A young woman has puffy skin and hoarseness of voice. Her plasma
TSH concentration is high. Answer the following questions based on
your knowledge in physiology:
a)Explain the physiological basis of her symptoms. 2
b) Describe the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. 2 2016S
c)Explain the regulation of its synthesis. 2
d) What are its effects on nervous system? 4
13. A 30 yrs old female visits a clinic with the complaints of weight gain,
hoarseness of voice and irregular periods for the past 3 months. Her
blood investigations showed decrease in the T3 ad T4 levels and
increase in the TSH level.
a) What is the clinical diagnosis? 2
b)Describe the clinical features and their physiological basis. 5 2012
c) Discuss the steps involved in the synthesis of the hormone. 3
14. A patient developed carpopedalspasm after thyroid surgery. During

examination, tapping over the facial nerve resulted in contraction of
facial muscles.
a) What is the clinical diagnosis, mention the cause. 2
b) What is the clinical sign elicited by tapping the facial nerve. 1
c) Name one another clinical sign elicited in this condition and how is 2 2012S
it elicited. 3
d) Name the hormones pertaining to the clinical condition. Describe
the functions of any of them. 2
e) What treatment would you recommend for the patient?
15. Hypofunction of thyroid gland 3 2013S

16. Tetany 3 2015S
17. A 50 yr old person complaint of increased thirst and increased
frequency of urination. The blood glucose was found to be 180g/dl.
a) What is your probable diagnosis? 1
b) Which hormone is affected? 1 2017
47 / 85
c) What are the physiological effects of this hormoe in the body? 7
d) Enumerate the other hormones involved in the regulation of 1
blood glucose.
19. Physiological actions of glucagon on carbohydrate metabolism 3 2012S

20. Mechanism of action and regulation of Aldosterone secretion 5 2013S
21. Role of Aldosterone in maintaining ECF Na concentration 5 2012
22. Role of mineralocorticoids in salt and water balance 5 2018S
23. A 33 yr old woman complained of weight gain, round face, thinning
over her limbs and increased brushing of skin with discoloration on
her prominent abdomen. Answer the following 1
a)What is the probable endocrinological disorder?
b) Explain the metabolic actions of the hormones involved. 4 2015
c) Mention the major manifestations and their physiological basis. 5
24. Regulation of secretion of cortisol and its physiological role 5 2017
25. Cushing’s syndrome 3 2012
26. Adrenogenital syndrome 3 2015
27. Differences between the actions of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline on 3 2015S
cardiovascular system
DRAW AND LABEL 2.5
28. Feedback regulation of thyroid hormones secretion 2014,2017S

29. Mechanism of action of thyroid hormones on intracellular receptor 2012S
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
30. Cyclic AMP act as second messenger 2016
31. Patients of acromegaly may develop diabetes 2013
32. Exophthalmos is a clinical feature of thyroid dysfunction 2011
33. Parathyroidectomy leads to signs of neuromuscular hyperexcitability 2011,2017S
34. Trousseau’s sign 2013S
35. Hypoglycemic action of insulin 2015S
36. Polyuria in diabetes mellitus 2015
37. Permissive action of glucocorticoids 2018S
38. Pigmentation is seen in Addison’s disease 2014S,2014
39. Glucocorticoids in stress 2012S

40. Aldosterone escape phenomenon 2016S
NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

1. Events during neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle 5 2017S,2018S
2. Denervation hypersensitivity 5 2013
3. Excitation contraction coupling 5 2015
DRAW AND LABEL 2.5
48 / 85
4. Neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle 2016

5. Absolute refractory period 2016S
6. Sarcomere 2016
7. Length tension relationship in skeletal muscle 2013
8. Muscle spindle 2017
9. Repolarization phase of action potential 2017

10. Starlings law of muscle contraction 2017
11. End plate potential 2014
12. Excitation contraction coupling 2014
13. Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized 2013
14. Calcium plays a major role in skeletal muscle relaxation 2011
REPRODUCTION
1. Spermatogenesis and the hormonal factors regulating it 5 2014S
3 2014,2012S
2. Testosterone 3 2016,2015S
3. Function of sertoli cells 3 2013S
4. Castration before puberty 3 2018S
5. Ovarian cycle 5 2015S,2016S
3 2013
6. Hormonal and endometrial changes during menstrual cycle 5 2014,2011
7. Tests for ovulation 5 2012
3 2012S
8. Safe period 3 2015
9. Physiological basis of pregnancy tests 3 2016
10. Functions of placenta 3 2014S
11. Intrauterine contraceptive devices 3 2014S
12. Puberty 2016S

13. Sterility in undescended testis 2017S
14. Sertoli cells are important in spermatogenesis 2011
15. Safe period 2017S
16. Body temperature is slightly elevated after ovulation 2014S
17. Immunological tests for pregnancy 2017
18. Lactational amenorrhea
19. Contraceptive pills 2015S,2014
2013S,2012S
20. Intrauterine contraceptive devices prevent pregnancy 2013
21. Corpus luteum of menstruation and pregnancy 2018S
49 / 85
SKIN AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION

1. Regulation of body temperature during hot climate 5 2017
2. Fever during infection 2 2012
3. hyperthermia 3 2015
50 / 85
DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19 51 / 85

BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER - 01

TOPICS NO OF MARKS YEAR

TIMES
APPEARE
D BIOCHEMISTRY
CLINICAL
1 Principles of 1 3 2018
electrophoresis
2 Principle of 1 3 2015
chromatography
CELL
1 Describe 1 3 2012(march)
functions of
mitochondria
2 Cathepsins 1 1 2014(feb)
3 Functions of 1 1 2019(jan)
lysosomes
BIOMOLECULES
PROTEINS
1 Name two 2 2 2011
transport 1 2013
proteins in
plasma and
mention their
role
2 2 sulfur 2 1 2011
containing 1 2017
amino acids
3 Secondary 3 3 2012
structure of 5 2012(march)
proteins. 3 2013(feb)
Its types.
Describe alpha
helix.
4 Normal level 1 1 2012
of
serum albumin
5 4 functions of 1 2 2012(march)
albumin
6 Isoelectric pH 3 1 2013
-properties of 1 2014
proteins at that 2 2015
pH
7 2 examples of 2 1 2013
biologically 1 2015
important
peptides
8 Insulin - 1 3 2014(feb)
primary
9 structure
Name 1 2 2014(feb)
polyamines and
mention its
functions
10 Denaturation of 3 3 2015(feb)
proteins 3 2015
-Bond broken 1 2017
in
11 denaturation
Bence jones 1 2 2015(feb)
proteins
12 Essential 3 1 2015(feb)
aminoacids-4 2 2017
examples 3 2019(jan)
13 Heat 1 3 2016
coagulation
14 Functional 1 3 2017
classification
of
15 proteins
Acidic amino 1 1 2018(jan)
acids
CARBOHYDRATES
1 Linkage present 1 1 2011
in sucrose

2 Epimer of 1 1 2012
glucose
3 Define 3 3 2012(march)
mucopolysacch 1 2015(feb)
arides. 3 2017(feb)
-2 Examples
epimers. 1 2013
5 2 examples
Mutarotation 1 3 2013
6 Glycosaminogl 1 3 2014(feb)
ycans.
2 examples
with
7 its function
Dietary fibres 2 2 2015(feb)
2 2018(jan)
8 Invert sugar 1 2 2016
9 Benedict ’s test 1 1 2017(feb)
10 Why sucrose is 1 1 2018(jan)
non reducing
11 Compare and 1 2 2018
contrast starch
with glycogen
12 Glycosides - 1 1 2018
definition and
examples
13 Classification 1 5 2019(jan)
of
carbohydrates-
examples.
-epimers LIPIDS
1 Classify 1 3 2011
lipoproteins
and
mention the
2 function
Chemicalofname 2 1 2011
each
of lecithin 1 2013

mention its use

3 Classification 1 2 2012
of
glycolipids
4 Functions of 2 2 2012
cholesterol 2 2013(feb)
phospholipids.
-Classification
6 Name 2 1 1 2012(march)
polyunsaturated
fatty acids
7 Essential fatty 4 3 2013
acids. 5 2013(feb)
-Enumerate . 3 2015
list 2 functions 3 2016
and deficiency
manifestations
8 Functions of 3 2 2014(feb)
phospholipids 5 2016(feb)
2 2017
9 Name the lung 1 2 2014(feb)
surfactant and
mention its
components
ENZYMES
1 Define and 2 5 2011
classify 4 2017
enzymes.
-Give one
example for
each class and
mention the
reaction
catalysed
2 Define km 5 1 2011
value. 2 2014(feb)
significances 2 2015(feb)
3 2016

2 2018
3 Covalent 1 3 2012
modification
4 Different types 1 5 2016
of enzyme
inhibition
with
5 examples
Define 1 3 2012(march)
feedback
inhibition.
6 2 examples
Define 1 2 2012(march)
optimum
pH.
-Give one
7 example
Isomerases - 1 2 2012(march)
definition.
-example
indicating the
reaction
catalysed
8 Define active 1 1 2012(march)
site of an
enzyme
9 Isoenzymes 3 3 2013
-Diagnostic 3 2016(feb)
importance 5 2018(jan)
10 Enzyme 1 3 2013(feb)
markers for
myocardial
infarction
11 Therapeutic 4 1 2013(feb)
uses of 1 2015(feb)
enzymes 1 2015
1 2017(feb)
12 Suicide enzyme 1 3 2014(feb)
inhibition
with
13 example
Competitive 2 1 2014(feb)

inhibition- 3 2019(jan)
clinical
examples
14 Enzyme 2 3 2014
specificity- 3 2015(feb)
15 types
Clinical 1 2 2014
significance of
ALP
16 Diagnostic 1 5 2015
significance of
serum enzymes
17 Allosteric 1 2 2015
enzymes
18 Zymogen 1 1 2015
activation
19 Enzyme 1 1 2016(feb)
elevated in
alcoholic
cirrhosis
20 proenzymes 1 2 2016
21 Define 1 5 2017(feb)
enzymes
-Explain
factors
affecting
velocity of
enzyme
22 catalyzed
Describe about 1 6 2017
reactions
3 enzymes
commonly
estimated after
MI
23 Importance of 1 3 2018
glutathione
peroxidase
24 Diagnostic 1 1 2018
significance of
gamma

glutamyl
transpeptidase
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
CARBOHYDRATES
1 Digestion and 2 5 2013(feb)
absorption of 3 2015
carbohydrates
2 Lactose 2 1 2013(feb)
intolerance- 3 2014
enzyme defect
3 Glucose 4 5 2016(feb)
transporters 3 2017(feb)
3 2018(jan)
3 2018
LIPIDS
1 Digestion and 1 5 2013
absorption of
lipids
2 Role of bile 1 2 2015(feb)
salts in fat
digestion and
absorption
PROTEINS
1 Digestion and 2 5 2017(feb)
absorption of 3 2019(jan)
proteins
2 Proteolytic 1 2 2018
enzymes
3 Exopeptidases - 1 2 2019(jan)
mention
examples
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
1 Define HMP 5 3 2011
shunt pathway 2 2012
and mention its 3 2014
significance 2 2015

2 2018(jan)
2 Glycogen 2 2 2011
storage 3 2015
disorders with
their deficient
enzymes
3 Clinical 1 2 2011
significance of
glycated Hb
estimation
4 Enzyme defect 6 1 2011
in 2 2012(march)
galactossemia 1 2016(feb)
-Features of 2 2017(feb)
classic 3 2018(jan)
galactossemia 1 2019(jan)
5 Rapoport 3 1 2012
leubering cycle 2 2014(feb)
in RBC 2 2016(feb)
-important
product
-Functions of
the cycle
6 Define krebs 1 10 2012(march)
cycle.
-Reactions of
krebs cycle
-Note on its
energetics and
significance
7 Cori’s disease- 2 2 2012(march)
definition 1 2017
-Enzyme defect
8 Describe 4 5 2013
glycogen 10 2014(feb)
metabolism 10 2015(feb)
-regulation 5 2018(jan)
-Enzyme
defects in any

two glycogen
storage dsorders
9 Fate of 1 3 2013
10 pyruvate
Glycolysis 3 10 2013(feb)
-key enzymes 1 2014
-irreversible 3 2017
steps
11 Reason for 1 3 2013(feb)
collecting
blood
in a fluoride
tube for
12 glucose
Glucose alanine 2 3 2013(feb)
estimation
cycle 3 2015(feb)
-Its
13 significance
Gluconeogenesi 6 3 2014(feb)
s 5 2015
-significance 10 2016
-Trace the 1 2017(feb)
pathway from 2 2017
alanine. 10 2019(jan)
-Regulation.
Substrates
14 Why starch can 1 1 2014(feb)
be utilised by
humans but not
cellulose
15 Fructosuria - 1 1 2015(feb)
biochemical
defect
16 Pyruvate 1 3 2016(feb)
dehydrogenase
complex
17 Von gierk’s 1 2 2016
disease
18 Essential 1 2 2016
pentosuria
19 Cori’s cycle 1 2 2017(feb)

20 Normal blood 1 0.5 2017(feb)

glucose level
21 HbA1C and 1 2 2017
mention its
clinical
importance
22 Monitoring of 1 3 2018(jan)
DM
23 Regulation of 1 5 2018
blood glucose
level
24 Significance of 1 3 2019(jan)
2,3-BPG
25 Criteria for 1 2 2019(jan)
diagnosis of
DM
26 Clinical 1 1 2019(jan)
significance of
transketolase
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
1 Define beta 5 10 2011
oxidn 10 2014
-explain the 10 2017(feb)
reactions of 10 2018(jan)
beta 10 2018
oxidation of
palmitic acid
-Add a note on
2 its
Siteenergetics
of 1 1 2016(feb)
oxidation
of long chain
3 fatty
Nameacids
the bile 3 3 2011
salts and 3 2016(feb)
mention its 3 2018
functional
significance
4 Gauchers 2 2 2011

disease.2 1 2016(feb)
clinical
5 features
Fatty acid 1 5 2012
synthase
complex
6 Ketosis 1 3 2012
7 Reactions of 1 5 2012(march)
ketogenesis
-Regulation
8 Cholesterol 2 2 2013
synthesis 2 2016(feb)
-regulation
-rate limiting
step and
inhibitors
9 LDL receptor 1 2 2013
10 Lipotropic 4 2 2013(feb)
factors. 1 2014
Name any 2 3 2016(feb)
lipotropic 3 2017
11 agents
Reverse 2 1 2013(feb)
choleserol 2 2018(jan)
synthesis-
lipoprotein
involved
12 Mc ardle 1 1 2013(feb)
syndrome-
enzyme
deficiency
13 Ketogenesis. 1 5 2014(feb)
Name two
ketone bodies.
Conditions
leading to
ketoacidosis
14 Why alcohol 1 1 2014(feb)
consumption
cause fatty
liver

15 Niemann 2 1 2014
pick’s 1 2015
disease-
deficient
16 enzyme
Lipoproteins- 2 5 2015(feb)
Role of 3 2017(feb)
lipoproteins in
cholesterol
transport
17 Fatty liver 1 3 2015(feb)
18 Carnitine -Role 3 2 2015
of carnitine. 2 2016(feb)
Carnitine 5 2016
deficiency.
19 Different 1 3 2016
lipases
involved in
lipid
20 metabolism
Fatty acid and 1 1 2016
functions
synthesis-rate
limitingenzym
21 e
Tay sachs 1 1 2016
disease-
deficient
enzyme
22 Compounds 1 1 2016
derived from
cholesterol
23 Carnitine 1 3 2017
24 shuttle
Plasma 1 1 2017
lipoprotein
which is
inversely
related
to coronary
25 heart
Lipiddisease
storage 1 1 2018(jan)
disorders
26 Functional and 2 2 2018

therapeutic role 5 2019(jan)

of
prostaglandins
27 Hormone 1 1 2018
sensitive lipase-
action
28 What is good 1 2 2019(jan)
cholesterol and
why is it called
so
29 Aminoacid that 1 1 2019(jan)
take place in
synthesis of
carnitine
30 Formation and 1 3 2019(jan)
characters of
prostaglandins
METABOLISM OF AMINOACIDS
1 Define urea 4 5 2011
cycle 5 2012
-Describe the 5 2014(feb)
reactions of 0.5 2017(feb)
urea
cycle
-
Interrelationshi
p
with citric acid
cycle.
2 -Normal
Phenyl blood 7 3 2011
urea level
ketonuria 1 2012
-Biochemical 3 2014(feb)
test 2 2015(feb)
-enzyme defect 2 2016(feb)
and abnormal 3 2017(feb)
metabolites 3 2017
3 Define 5 3 2011
transamination 3 2013(feb)

and give two 3 2014

examples 3 2016
5 2017
4 Glycine 3 10 2012
synthesis and 5 2014
catabolism 1 2017(feb)
-Note on
specialised
products
formed
from glycine
-Disorders
associated with
5 metabolism
Examples of 4 5 2012
transmethylatio 2 2014
n reaction. 3 2015(feb)
-Active 3 2017(feb)
methionine
6 Importance of 1 3 2012
glutamine
7 Hartnups 3 2 2012
disease 2 2014
1 2018
8 Maple syrup 2 1 2012
urine disease- 1 2012(march)
enzyme defect
9 Two conditions 1 1 2012(march)
causing
increased urea
level.
10 Metabolism of 1 10 2013(aug)
phenylalanine
11 GABA- 3 2 2013
definition and 1 2016
function 2 2018(jan)
12 Albinism 2 2 2013
2 2017(feb)
13 Ketogenic 1 2 2013

aminoacids
14 Compounds 1 1 2014(feb)
formed from
arginine
15 Glutathione- 2 2 2014
Biological 2 2017(feb)
actions
16 Alkaptonuria 2 2 2014
1 2017
17 Normal level 1 1 2014
of
serum
creatinine
18 Sources of 1 2 2015
ammonia
19 Formation and 1 10 2016(feb)
detoxification
of
ammonia and
related
disorders.
20 -Normal
Specialisedblod 2 2 2016(feb)
urea levelof
products 1 2018(jan)
tryptophan.
Vitamin and
aminoacid
formed
21 Formation and 1 3 2018(jan)
functions of
nitric oxide
22 Primary hyper 1 2 2018(jan)
oxaluria
23 Orotic aciduria 1 1 2018(jan)
in type 2
hyperammone
m
24 ia
Metabolic 1 3 2018
disorders
associated with
aromatic
aminoacids
25 Decarboxylatio 1 1 2019(jan)
n
product of
histidine TCA CYCLE AND ETC
1 What is 4 3 2011
substrate level 2 2013(feb)
phosphorylatio 2 2016
n 2 2018
.mention
2 examples.
Uncouplers of 6 2 2012
oxidative 3 2012(march)
phosphorylatio 3 2014
n 1 2016(feb)
2 2017(feb)
2 2019(jan)
3 Co enzyme Q 1 3 2013
4 TCA cycle- 3 2 2013(feb)
its amphibolic 5 2014
role 10 2018
5 Coenzyme roles 2 2 2013(feb)
of NADPH 2 2017
6 Compound that 1 1 2013(feb)
facilitates
release of O2
from oxyHb
7 Chemiosmotic 1 5 2015(feb)
mechanism in
ATP synthesis
8 Name 2 high 2 1 2015(feb)
energy 1 2018
compounds
9 ETC- 1 10 2015
components
synthesis of
ATP

specific
inhibitors
2 examples for
Uncouplers
10 Reaction 1 1 2015
catalysed by
ATP-citrate
lyase
11 Brown adipose 1 3 2016(feb)
tissue
12 Co2 releasing 1 1 2016
steps in TCA
13 Diagramatic 1 5 2017
representation
of ETC-
location of
ATP
14 synthesis
ATP synthesis 1 3 2018(jan)
15 Anaplerosis 1 2 2019(jan)

BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER - 02
70 / 85
HAEMOGLOBIN
1 Heme degradation 5 3 Sept 2011 Aug

:fate of conj bilirubin in 2013 Feb 2013
intestine supp
2 Post hepatic jaundice 2 3 Sept 2011
and its biochemical Feb 2013 supp
diagnosis 3 Aug 2016
3 Acute intermittent 3 6 Aug 2012
porphyria – cause and Aug 2015
clinical features Feb 2019 supp
2 Aug 2016
Feb 2015 supp
Feb 2017 supp
4 Thalassemia – 2 2 Aug 2012
definition , diff types 3 Feb 2017 supp
5 Blood and urinary 3 1 Aug 2014
findings in various
types of jaundice
6 Congenital 2 1 Aug 2014
erythropoetic porphyria
7 Abnormal hemoglobins 3 1 Feb 2014 supp
8 Primary and secondary 2 1 Feb 2016 supp
bile acids
9 Unconjugated 5 1 Feb 2017 supp
hyperbilirubinemias
10 Porphyrias with 5 1 Aug 2017
photosensitivity
11 Sickle cell anaemia 3 1 Aug 2017
12 Porphyrias 5 1 Jan 2018 supp
13 van den Berg reaction 2 1 Jan 2018 supp
71 / 85
VITAMINS
1 Vitamin D 10 3 Aug 2012

sources 2 Jan 2018
RDA 1 supp
biochemical function 5 Aug 2018
deficiency manifestation 2
2 Vitamin A 10 3 Mar 2012
sources 1 supp
RDA 1 Feb 2014
biochemical function 6 supp
deficiency manifestation 2 Feb 2019
supp
3 Thiamine 5 1 Aug 2014
coenzyme role
deficiency manifestation
4 Vitamin B12 1 Feb 2015
biochemical function 3 supp
deficiency manifestation 2
5 Walds visual cycle 3 1 Aug 2013
6 Vitamin K cycle 3 1 Feb 2017
supp
7 Coenzyme form of niacin 2 2 Sept 2011
and their importance Feb 2013
supp
8 Provitamin , 1 example 1 2 Sept 2011
Feb 2013
supp
9 Clinical features of rickets 2 2 Sept 2011
Feb 2013
supp
10 Functions of biotin 2 3 Aug 2012
72 / 85
coenzyme function 2 Aug 2018

1 Aug 2015
11 Pellagra – causes , clinical 2 2 Mar 2012
features supp
Aug 2013
12 Folate antagonist 2 1 Feb 2014
supp
13 2 reactions where folic acid 2 1 Aug 2015
is coenzyme
14 Vitamin K Function 2 1 Aug 2016
15 Thiamine – biochemical 2 1 Aug 2016
function
16 Vitamin E – Function , 2 1 Feb 2017
deficiency manifestation supp
17 Vitamin A – active form , 2 1 July 2017
deficiency manifestation
18 Functions of TPP 2 1 Feb 2019
supp
19 Anti vitamins with example 1 1 Aug 2015
20 Vitamin C deficiency 1 1 Feb 2014
supp
21 Coenzyme for 1 1 Aug 2012
transamination reaction
22 Folate trap 3 2 July 2017
1 Feb 2015
supp
23 Coenzyme form of 1 1 Aug 2016
pyridoxine
24 Deficient vitamin in beriberi 1 1 Feb 2016
supp
25 Anti hemorrhagic vitamin 1 1 Feb 2016
supp
73 / 85
26 Folate deficiency 1 1 Feb 2019

supp
27 Active form of vitamin D 1 1 Feb 2016
supp
MINERALS
1 Iron 5 3 Sept 2011

storage Feb 2013
absorption from intestine 3 supp
Jan 2018
supp
2 Copper 5 1 Aug 2018
Absorption
Transport
functions
3 Zinc - functions 3 2 Aug 2012
1 Aug 2014
4 Menkes disease 3 1 July 2017
5 Calcium – 4 functions 3 1 Feb 2012
supp
6 Role of calcitonin in calcium 3 1 Aug 2016
homeostasis
7 3 factors regulating plasma calcium 3 1 Jan 2018
levels supp
8 Selenium - functions 3 1 Aug 2014
9 Normal levels of sodium 3 1 Aug 2015
Clinical manifestations of
hyponatremia
10 2 trace elements and their 3 1 Feb 2015
biochemical functions supp
11 Chloride shift 3 1 Jan 2018
74 / 85
supp
12 Wilsons disease 3 4 Feb 2017
2 supp
Sept 2011
1 Feb 2013
supp
Aug 2016
13 Iron transport 2 1 Feb 209
supp
14 Magnesium - functions 2 1 Aug 2016
15 Fluorosis 2 1 Jan 2018
supp
16 Factors affecting iron absorption 2 2 Aug 2013
July 2017
17 Calcitriol 2 1 Aug 2014
18 Normal serum concn of sodium and 2 2 Feb 2014
potassium 1 supp
Feb 2015
supp
19 Normal values of serum 2 1 Feb 2019
electrolytes (sodium , potassium , supp
chloride , bicarbonate)
20 Normal serum calcium level 1 5 Aug 2012 ,
Feb 2014
-hormones regulating it 4 supp
1 Aug 2015
Feb 2014
supp
Feb 2017
supp
21 Storage form of iron 1 1 Aug 2016
22 Copper containing enzymes 1 1 Feb 2017
75 / 85
supp
23 Zinc containing enzymes 1 1 July 2017
MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS
1 ph regulation by kidney 1 1 Aug 2013

Metabolic acidosis and its 6+3
compensation
2 Plasma buffers 5 1 Feb 2017 supp
3 Role of kidney in acid base 3 4 Aug 2011
regulation Feb 2013 supp
Feb 2014 supp
Feb 2016 supp
4 Difference between metabolic and 3 1 Aug 2014
respiratory acidosis
5 Respiratory acidosis and its causes 3 3 Feb 2019 sup
Feb 2015 supp
2 Aug 2018
6 Chloride shift 3 2 Feb 2018 supp
2 Aug 2018
7 Metabolic acidosis 5 6 Aug 2016
July 2017
causes and biochemical findings 3 Aug 2012
Aug 2015
disease associated 2 Aug 2011
Feb 2013 supp
8 Buffer systems in body 2 1 Feb 2012 supp
9 Distribution of total body water 2 1 Aug 2018
10 Blood buffers 2 1 Feb 2014 supp
11 Important buffer in ICF 1 1 Aug 2016
76 / 85
XENOBIOTICS
1 Cytochrome p450 3 1 Aug 2013

2 Detoxification by conjugation 3 1 Feb 2015 supp
3 Phase 1 reactions of 3 1 July 2017
detoxification
4 Phase 2 reactions of 3 1 Feb 2017 supp
detoxification
5 Anti oxidants 3 2 Aug 2013
1 Feb 2019 supp
6 2 examples of detoxification by 2 2 Aug 2011
conjugation Feb 2013 supp
7 Detoxification by oxidation and 2 1 Feb 2016 supp
conjugation - eg
8 Detoxification of benzoic acid 2 1 Aug 2015
and sulfanilamide
9 2 examples for detoxification by 2 1 Aug 2016
reduction
10 2 features of p53 gene 1 1 Aug 2014
11 Use of glycine in detoxification 1 1 Aug 2014
reactions
PLASMA PROTEINS AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS
1 Structure and functions of Ig 5 4 Aug 2014

Aug 2016
3 Feb 2014 supp
77 / 85
Feb 2019 supp

2 Ig G – structure , function 3 2 Aug 2011
Feb 2013 supp
3 Marasmus 3 1 Aug 2012
4 Define PEM 5 1 Feb 2012 supp
Compare kwashiorkar and
marasmus
5 Functions of plasma protein 3 2 Aug 2013
2 Feb 2016 supp
6 Albumin 3 1 Aug 2018
7 Structure of immunoglobulins 3 1 Aug 2018
8 Functions of albumin 3 1 Feb 2015 supp
9 Edema in hypoalbuminemia 2 1 Aug 2015
10 Different classes of Ig 2 1 Aug 2015
Functional role of any one
11 2 conditions of 2 1 Feb 2016 supp
hyergammaglobinaemia
12 Albumin globulin ratio 2 1 Aug 2018
13 Normal A:G ratio and condition 1 2 Aug 2013
where it is reversed Feb 2018 supp
14 Normal serum albumin level 1 1 Aug 2014
2 conditions with decreased
values
15 Bence Jones proteins 3 4 Feb 2018 supp
Feb 2014 supp
1 Feb 2017 supp
Aug 2018
16 Ceruloplasmin 2 2 Feb 2018 supp
1 Feb 2015 supp
17 Acute phase reactants 1 1 July 2017
78 / 85
BIOCHEMISTRY OF CANCER AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
1 Clearance 5 1 Feb 2016 supp

-definition , estimation , diagnostic
importance
2 Creatinine clearance 3 3 Feb 2012 supp
Aug 2015
Feb 2019 supp
Tests to measure GFR 2
3 Liver function tests 3 2 Feb 2014 supp
2 Aug 2012
4 Applications of radioactivity 3 1 Aug 2015
5 Diagnostic uses of radioactive 2 1 Feb 2012 supp
isotopes
6 Principles of colourimetry 2 1 Aug 2015
7 Urea clearance test 2 1 Feb 2015 supp
8 Glomerular function test 2 1 Feb 2016 supp
9 Apoptosis 2 1 July 2017
10 2 tumor suppressor genes 1 1 Aug 2012
11 2 hormones causing increased 1 2 Aug 2012
levels of cAMP Feb 2012 supp
12 Enzyme used as tumor marker 1 1 Feb 2012 supp
13 Tumor markers 3 6 Feb 2014 supp
Aug 2016
2 Feb 2019 supp
1 Aug 2013
Aug 2015
Feb 2018 supp
14 2 oncogenes 1 1 Feb 2014 supp
15 Proto oncogenes 1 1 Aug 2015
16 BMR 1 1 Feb 2015 supp
79 / 85
17 Oncogenes 2 2 Feb 2018 supp

1 Feb 2015 sup
18 2 radioisotopes used in diagnosis 1 1 Feb 2016 supp
and treatment
19 Normal values of serum creatinine 1 1 Aug 2018
, serum alkaline phosphatase
20 Clinical significance of serum 1 1 Feb 2019 supp
amylase
NUCLEIC ACID AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1 Transcription in prokaryotes 5,6 5 Aug 2013 ,Feb 2015

supp ,Aug 2016
Post transcriptional 5 Feb 2018 supp

modification 3 Aug 2015 , Feb 2015
supp , Aug 2016
Aug 2015
2 July 2017
Inhibitors of Transcription
1
2 Mutation – various types 7 1 Feb 2017 supp
3 Protein synthesis in body 6 5 Sept 2011
7 July 2017
2 inhibitors of protein 2 Feb 2013 supp
biosynthesis
Post translational modification 2 Sept 2011
Feb 2017 supp
3 Feb 2016 supp
July 2017
80 / 85
4 Salvage pathway for purine 5 Feb 2016 supp

and pyrimidine synthesis 1
Clinical basis for Lesch Nyhan 5
and von Gierkes syndrome
5 Salvage pathway of purine 5 Aug 2012
nucleotide synthesis – describe 3 March 2012 Supp
,significance , disorders Feb 2015 supp
2
6 Structure and function of tRNA 5 Aug 2012
1
7 Uric acid formation 5 Aug 2015
Clinical sigmificance of its 1
estimation
8 Purine catabolism 5 Feb 2019 supp
1
9 Replication 5 Feb 2014 supp
define , 4 inhibitors 3 3 Aug 2012
in prokaryotes with diagram 6 Aug 2014
10 Genetic code – salient features 5 Feb 2016 supp

3 4 Feb 2015 supp
Feb 2017 supp
1 Aug 2012
11 Restriction endonuclease 3 Sept 2011
uses 2 5 Feb 2015 supp
Feb 2017 supp
1 Aug 2013
Feb 2013 suppi
12 PCR –principles , application 3 Sept 2011
4 Feb 2013 supp
Aug 2014
2 applications of PCR 1 Aug 2018
81 / 85
13 Reverse transcription 3 March 2012 supp

significance 1
reverse transcriptase 1
14 Cell cycle 3 Aug 2018
1
15 Frame shift mutation 3 Aug 2014
1
16 Okazaki fragments 3 Feb 2018 supp
1
17 DNA Structure 5 Feb 2019 supp
3 3 March 2012 supp
Feb 2016 supp
18 Base repair mechanism of DNA 3 Aug 2013
1
19 Mitochondrial DNA 3 Feb 2016 supp
1
20 Gene therapy 3 Feb 2014 supp
1
21 Synthetic nucleotide 3 Feb 2019 supp
analogues and its uses 1
22 Lesch Nyhan syndrome 3 Aug 2016
3 Feb 2017 supp
1 Feb 2018 supp
23 Orotic aciduria 3 Aug 2018
1
24 Gout – define , cause of 3 Aug 2011
primary gout 3 Feb 2013 supp
July 2017
25 Drugs in the treatment of gout 3 Aug 2013
1
26 ELISA – principles , clinical 3 Feb 2016 supp
application 2
82 / 85
2 Feb 2014 supp

27 Clinical features of gout 2 Feb 2012 supp
1
28 Nucleotide 2 Aug 2012
2 adenosine nucleotide 1
derivatives
29 Point mutation 2 Aug 2012
examples 1 2 Feb 2014 supp
30 Unusual bases and their 2 March 2012 supp
location 1
31 Wobbles hypothesis 2 Aug 2014
1 2 July 2017
32 Splicesomes 2 Aug 2014
1 2 Feb 2018 supp
33 Enzyme defect in l 2 Feb 2014 supp
oroticaciduria and Lesch 1
Nyhan syndrome
34 Principles of RIA 2 Feb 2015 supp
1
35 Western blot technique 2 Feb 2017 supp
1
36 Southern blot technique 2 July 2017
1
37 Applications of rDNA 2 Aug 2016
technology 1
38 Base pairing rule 2 Feb 2018 supp
1
39 Effects of mutation 2 Feb 2018 supp
1
40 Sickle cell anaemia – type of 1 March 2012 supp
mutation , biochemical defect 1
41 Point mutation 3 Aug 2018
83 / 85
1 3 Sept 2011
Feb 2013 supp
42 Enzymes commonly used in 1 Sept 2011
ELISA 2 Feb 2013 supp
43 Defective process in 1 Sept 2011
xeroderma pigmentosa 2 Feb 2013 supp
44 Features of mitochondrial DNA 1 Aug 2013
1
45 Examples of partially 1 Aug 2013
acceptable and unacceptable 1
missense mutation
46 Amino acids in pyrimidine 1 Aug 2014
synthesis 1
47 1st pharmaceutical product of 1 Feb 2016 supp
Rdna technology or human use 1
48 DNA helicase 1 Feb 2017 supp
1
49 Defect in excision nucleotide 1 Feb 2017 supp
repair 1
50 Defect in mismatch repair 1 July 2017
1
51 Molecular scissors 1 July 2017
1
52 2 DNA repair mecahnism 1 Feb 2018 supp
1
53 Serum uric acid level 1 Feb 2014 supp
1
54 Nucleotide analogues with an 1 Aug 2018
example 1
55 Differences between DNA and 1 Aug 2018
RNA 1
56 Inhibitors of replication 1 1 Feb 2019 supp
84 / 85
THANKS TO
AMRITA
PHILROSE JOHNY
SREELAKSHMI NARAYANAN
SWATHINATH P K
ANAS
BINIMOL
JANAKI
RASHA
HIBA A R
HANNATH
ROOPA
RASEENA
RISWANA
FEBIN OUSEPH
85 / 85

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GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE THRISSUR

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

TOPICS NO. OF TIMES MARKS YEAR

1. A football player fell heavily and

Other sub questions-

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

2. A 25 year old cricket player

3. Assisted delivery was required

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

4. A 48 year old woman came to the

4. A 45 year old man was brought to

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

5. Flexor retinaculum of hand 2 3mark 2012

6. Axillary artery 4 2 2012

7. Interossei of the hand 2 2 2012

7. Intermuscular spaces of scapular 2 2mark 2012(s)

8. Axillary lymph nodes 1 3 2013

9. Brachial plexus 4 5 mark 2014(s)

10. Carpal tunnel 1 3 mark 2014(s)

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

11. Anastomoses around elbow joint 1 Diagram-2mark 2014(s)

12. Deltoid muscle 1 5 mark 2014

13. Coracoid process 3 2mark 2014

14. Adductor pollicis 1 2mark 2014

15. Ulnar nerve 2 5mark 2015(s)

16. Erb’s paralysis 1 3 mark 2015(s)

17. Nerve supply of lumbricals 1 2 mark 2015(s)

18. Superficial palmar arch 8 3mark 2012(s)

19. Anatomical snuff box 1 2 mark 2015

20. Median nerve 1 5 mark 2016(s)

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

21. Supination and pronation 1 3mark 2016(s)

22. Palmar space 2 3mark 2016(s)

23. Brachial artery 1 3mark 2016

24. Median cubital vein 1 2mark 2016

25. Rotator cuff 2 5mark 2011

26. Erb’s point 1 3mark 2018(s)

27. Breast 2 3mark 2011

28. Posterior interosseus nerve 1 3mark 2011

29. Deep palmar arch 1 3marks 2018

30. Palmar aponeurosis 1 2marks 2013(s)

31. Anterior interosseus nerve 1 3marks 2019(s)

32. Section through middle of arm 1 Diagram 2018(s)

1. A 12 year old boy following an

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

2. 35 year old lady was admitted

3. A 30 year old man was brought

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

4. A football is suffering from 10marks(essay)

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

5. A 35 years male patient was

6. Sciatic nerve 2 5mark 2012

7. Longitudinal arch of foot 2 5mark 2012

8. Great saphenous vein 2 3mark 2012

9. Linea aspera 1 2 mark 2012

10. Femoral triangle 5 5mark 2016(s)

11. Hip joint 1 5mark 2013

12. Hamstring muscle 1 3mark 2013

13. Greater sciatic foramen 2 2mark 2013

DISHA COLLEGE UNION ’18-‘19

14. Longitudinal arches of foot 3 3mark 2017(s)

15. Knee joint- ligaments 2 5mark 2012(s)