PHYSICS 9th

Chapter # 2

KINEMATICS

Q#1 Define Mechanics?

Ans. The branch of Physics which deals with the study of motion of bodies.

Q#2 Types of Mechanics?

Ans. There are two types of Mechanics: (1) Kinematics (2) Dynamics

Q#3 Define Kinematics?

Ans. It is the branch of Mechanics, which deals with the study of motion of bodies without
discussing the cause of motion.

Q#4 Define Dynamics?

Ans. It is the branch of Mechanics, which deals with forces and their action on the motion of
bodies.

Q#5 What is meant by rest and motion? Explain by giving example.

Ans. Rest: A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings.

Example: A book lying on table in a room is at rest because it does not change its position with
respect to walls, roof and floor of the room.

Motion: A body is said to be in motion if it does change its position with respect to its
surroundings.

Example: A moving bus on a road is in a state of motion because it changes its position with
respect to its surroundings.

Q#6 What are the types of motion? Name them?

Ans. There are three types of motion:

(1) Translatory motion (2) Rotatory motion (3) Vibratory motion

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Q#7 Define and explain the types of motion?

Ans.

(1) Translatory motion: The types of motion in which body moves along a line without any
rotation. The line may be straight or curved.

Example: A moving car on a road.

Translatory motion is further subdivided into three types:

(a) Linear Motion: Motion of a body along a straight line is called linear motion.

Example: The motion of a freely falling body is a good example of linear motion.

(b) Circular Motion: If a body moves in a circular path, its motion is called circular
motion.

Example: A stone attached to one end of the string, when whirled, will move along a
circular path. Its motion is called circular motion.

(c) Random Motion: if a body moves in an irregular manner, it is called in random

motion.

Example: The motion of gas molecules is in random motion.

(2) Rotatory motion: The spinning motion of a body bout its axis is called rotator motion.

Example: Motion of a ceiling fan, rotation of Earth about its own axis.

(3) Vibratory Motion: If a body moves to and fro about a mean position and repeats its motion
again and again, the body is in vibratory motion.

Example: Motion of a pendulum or a swing.

Q#8 Define Scalar quantities?

Ans. Scalars are those physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude.

Example: mass, speed, time, distance etc.

Q#9 Define Vector quantities?

Ans. Vectors are those physical quantities which need both magnitude and direction to
completely describe them.

Example: weight, displacement, velocity, momentum etc

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Q#10 Define Distance?

Ans. The total length of path between two points is called distance. It is a scalar quantity. It is
represented by ‘S’. The SI unit of distance is meter denoted by ‘m’.

Example: The length of path between A and B in the given figure is the distance.

A B

Q#11 Define Displacement?

Ans. The shortest distance between two points in a specified direction is called displacement. It
is a vector quantity. It is represented by ‘d’. The SI unit of displacement is meter denoted by ‘m’.

Example: The shortest distance between points A and B in given figure.

A B

Q#12 Define Speed?

Ans. The distance covered by a body in unit time is known as speed. It is a scalar quantity. It is
represented by ‘v’. The SI unit of speed is m/sec.
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Speed =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝑆
v=
𝑡

Where ‘S’ is the distance covered and ‘t’ is the time taken.

Example: If a person covers a distance of 100m in 5sec then the speed of the person will be
100
Speed = 5

v = 20 m/sec

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Q#13 Define Average Speed?

Ans. It is defined as the ratio of total distance covered by a body to total time taken.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Average Speed = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

𝑆
𝑣𝑎𝑣 =
𝑡

Q#14 Define Uniform Speed?

Ans. If a body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, however small the intervals
maybe, the speed of the body is said to be uniform.

Q#15 Define Variable Speed?

Ans. If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of tome or equal distance in unequal
intervals of time the speed is said to be variable.

Q#16 Define Velocity?

Ans. The rate of change of displacement of a body with respect to time is called velocity. It is a
vector quantity. It is denoted by ‘v’. The SI unit of velocity is m/sec.
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Velocity =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝒅
v=
𝒕

Q#17 Define Average Velocity?

Ans. The ratio of total displacement to the total time taken by the body is said to be average
velocity.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒗𝒂𝒗 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝒅
𝒗𝒂𝒗 =
𝑡

Q#18 Define Uniform Velocity?

Ans. A body has uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time
however short the interval may be.

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Q#19 Define Acceleration?

Ans. The rate of change of velocity of a body is known as acceleration. It is vector quantity. It is
denoted by ‘a’. Its SI unit is m/sec2

Consider a body is moving with some velocity say 𝑣𝑖 after some time t its velocity changes say
𝑣𝑓 then its acceleration will be:

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝜟𝒗
a =
𝒕

𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
a =
𝒕

Q#20 Types of acceleration?

Ans. There are two types of acceleration: (i) Positive acceleration (ii) Negative acceleration
(deceleration or retardation)

(i) Positive acceleration: If velocity of a body increasing then its acceleration will be
positive. Its direction is in the direction of motion.
(ii) Negative acceleration: If velocity of body decreases then its acceleration will be
negative. Its direction is opposite to the direction of motion.

Q#21 Define Uniform acceleration?

Ans. If the velocity of a body changes equally in equal intervals of time however short the
interval may be, its acceleration is said to be uniform.

Q#22 Define Average Acceleration?

Ans. It is the total change in velocity per unit total time.

𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒂𝒂𝒗 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

Q#23 Write the equations of motion?

Ans. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

1 2
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2

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2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2

Q#24 Derive the first equation of motion?

Ans. Consider a body moving with uniform velocity ‘𝑣𝑖 ’ after time ’t’ its velocity becomes ‘𝑣𝑓 ’
as body is moving in straight line so it has acceleration uniform.

Speed

B
𝑣𝑓

A 1
Area = t x at
2
𝑣𝑖 C

Area = 𝑣𝑖 x t

O t D Time

𝐵𝐶 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Slope of the line AB = a = 𝐴𝐶 = ……………..(i)
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Where AC = OD = t

OA = DC = 𝑣𝑖

BD = 𝑣𝑓

BD = BC + CD

Then BC = BD – CD

Put values in equation (i)

𝐵𝐷−𝐶𝐷
a= 𝑂𝐷

𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
a= 𝑡

at = 𝑣𝑓 - 𝑣𝑖

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + at

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Q#25 Derive the second equation of motion?

Ans.

Speed
B

𝑣𝑓

A 1
Area = t x at
2
𝑣𝑖 C

Area = 𝑣𝑖 x t

O t D Time

Area under the line AB = Total Distance = S

S = area of rectangle OACD + area of triangle ABC …………. (i)

1
Area of triangle ABC = 2 (AC x BC)

1
Area of triangle ABC = t x at ………… (ii)
2

Area of rectangle OACD = OA x OD = 𝑣𝑖 x t ……… (iii)

Put the values of equation (ii) and (iii) in (i)

1
S = (𝑣𝑖 x t)+ ( 2 t x at)

1
S = 𝑣𝑖 t+ 2 a𝑡 2

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Q#26 Derive the third equation of motion?

Ans.

Speed
B

𝑣𝑓

A 1
Area = t x at
2
𝑣𝑖 C

Area = 𝑣𝑖 x t

O t D Time

1
Area of trapezium OABD = 2 (sum of parallel sides) x height

1
S = 2 (OA + BD) x OD

2 S = (OA + BD) x OD
𝐵𝐶
Multiply both sides by 𝑂𝐷

𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶
2 S x 𝑂𝐷 = (OA + BD) x OD x 𝑂𝐷

𝐵𝐶
2 S x 𝑂𝐷 = (OA + BD) x BC ………. (i)

𝐵𝐶
Where =a
𝑂𝐷

OA = 𝑣𝑖

BD = 𝑣𝑓

BC = 𝑣𝑓 -𝑣𝑖

Put the values in equation (i)

2 S x a = (𝑣𝑓 +𝑣𝑖 ) x (𝑣𝑓 -𝑣𝑖 )

2aS = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2

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Q#27 What is meant by acceleration due to gravity?

Ans. The acceleration of a freely falling body is called acceleration due to gravity or
gravitational constant. It is a denoted by ‘g’. It is a constant having value 10. It is acceleration so
its unit is m/sec2.

If a body moves upward its value of ‘g’ is negative i.e -10m/sec2 and if a body moves downward
then the value of ‘g’ is positive i.e +10m/sec2.

In that case the equation of motion becomes

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡

1 2 1 2
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 ℎ = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2 2

2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2

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