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To cite this article: Se-Kwon Kim, Y. Dominic Ravichandran & Chang-Suk Kong (2012): Applications of Calcium and its
Supplement derived from Marine Organisms, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52:6, 469-474
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52:469–474 (2012)
Copyright C Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1040-8398 / 1549-7852 online
DOI: 10.1080/10408391003753910
Calcium, being an essential mineral with many important and diversified functions, plays an important role in the health and
well being of the human. Marine organisms serve as an alternate source for calcium. Calcium has to be solubilized in the
body in order to have the maximum benefits. The increased solubility of calcium from diet contributes to calcium absorption
and bioavailability in the body. In this paper, we report various marine sources of calcium, solubilizing the calcium to
improve the bioavailability and the applications of calcium as an important mineral in controlling different diseases.
469
470 S-K. KIM ET AL.
as one of the important sources for dietary calcium as well blood pressure, as well as for colon cancer and it metastasis
as health supplements. These observations indicate the impor- with a high absorption ratio (Hirota and Sugisaki, 2000).
tance of dietary calcium as an important mineral for the human Coral calx (Praval bhasma) is a natural source of calcium
body. Therefore, in this review, we report marine organisms as widely used in the traditional system of Indian medicine as
rich sources of calcium, the methods to improve the solubi- a supplement in the treatment of a variety of bone metabolic
lization and bioavailability of calcium, and beneficial applica- disorders that include osteoporosis (Reddy et al., 2003). Coral
tions of calcium as an important mineral in controlling different calcium has been marketed in the United States not only as a
diseases. calcium supplement but also as a preventive agent for cancer,
heart disease, diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and other
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2012.52:469-474. downloaded from www.tandfonline.com
The aquatic environment has an enormous potential for dif- as a protective factor for colorectal cancer and adenomas. Ear-
ferent sources of enzymes. Recovery and characterization of lier research suggests that calcium may help to reduce the risk of
enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates have been achieved colon cancer, a killer of older men (Kampman et al., 2000). The
and some interesting and novel applications related to marine study of this nutrient against colorectal cancer was initiated by
enzymes in food processing have emerged (Shahidi ans Janak the mechanisms proposed in the early 1980s (Wargovich et al.,
Kamil, 2001). Among them, digestive enzymes have been ob- 1983; Newmark et al., 1984). Calcium has been found to reduce
served to improve calcium uptake. Taking enzymes with cal- the risk of colorectal cancer by binding to carcinogenic bile
cium containing foods will facilitate breakdown of the food and acids and ionized fatty acids, thereby reducing the proliferative
improve nutrient release to the body (Hunt and Johnson, 1983). activity of these compounds on the colonic mucosa (Lamprecht
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2012.52:469-474. downloaded from www.tandfonline.com
Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) derived from the intestinal di- and Lipkin, 2003; Newmark et al., 1984). It has also been hy-
gestion of casein have been found to enhance bone calcification pothesized to enhance differentiation of colonic cells through
in rats (Tsuchita et al., 1993). CPP like calcium fortifiers also binding to the calcium-sensing receptors, resulting in a wide
have the capacity to chelate calcium ion and to prevent precipi- range of biological actions such as the activation of isozymes
tation of calcium phosphate salts at neutral pH (Berrocal et al., of protein kinase C (Lamprecht and Lipkin, 2003; Chakrabarty
1989). Moreover, the addition of CPP to calcium fortified milk et al., 2003). Alternations in the expression of protein kinase C
could increase calcium absorption by growing rats mainly from isoforms have been observed in human and rodent colon cancer
CaCO3 added to the milk (Tsuchita et al., 2001). Furthermore, cells (Saxon et al., 1994; Frey et al., 2000). The progression
the positive effect of CPPs on passive calcium absorption seems of the disease from normal colonic epithelium to the malignant
to depend on the relative amounts of both species in intestinal phenotype is associated with diverse genetic and epigenetic al-
lumen (Erba et al., 2002). terations (Lamprecht and Lipkin, 2001). In double-blind studies,
Heterogenous enzyme extracted from the intestine of the calcium supplementation has shown to be helpful in protecting
carnivorous fish, bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), and intestinal the cells against precancerous changes in the colon. A few epi-
crude enzyme (TICE) has been found to digest the skeletal demiological studies have also noted an inverse relationship
frames of hoki (Johnius belengerii) that is otherwise discarded between distal colon cancer incidence and calcium intake (Wu
as an industrial process waste. This has improved the utilization et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2005). However, these findings are yet to
of the bone as nutraceutical with the high calcium bioavailability be substantiated.
(Jung et al., 2005). Furthermore, the fish-bone phosphopeptide
(FBP), J. belengerii frame peptide (JFP) from the skeleton
and flesh of hoki (Jung et al., 2006; Jung and Kim, 2007), and Calcium Signaling
Theragra chalcogramm backbone peptide (TBP) from Alaska
Pollack (Jung et al., 2006) have also been found to increase the Cells must signal in order to adapt to changing environments
calcium retention and to decrease the mineral loss of the bone. and signalling requires messengers whose concentration varies
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) have been found to inhibit with time. Calcium ions (Ca2+) affect every aspect of a cell’s
the formation of insoluble calcium salts efficiently during life and death. These ions bind to thousands of proteins to effect
in vitro and in vivo studies. Chitosan plays a role in wound changes in localization, association, and function. Filling this
healing, drug delivery, excretion of lipids or heavy metals and role, calcium ions (Ca2+) and phosphate ions have come to
irradiation materials throughout the intestinal tract. However, rule cell signalling (Clapham, 2007). Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a
its biological activity was limited to acidic medium because universal messenger with a pivotal role in almost all types of
of its poor solubility at alkaline conditions and low absorba- cells including T cells, B cells, and mast cells (Lewis, 2001;
bility of non-digestible and high molecular polysaccharide. Feske, 2007; Scharenberg et al., 2007). Moreover, Ca2+ signals
Therefore, chitosan has been converted into water soluble can control proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells
chitooligosaccharides (COSs). It has also been observed that in a variety of transcriptional programs (Hogan et al., 2003;
the water soluble COS supplementation has increased the Lewis, 2007; Hogan and Rao, 2007).
calcium retention and decreased the bone turnover. Moreover,
the COS has increased the levels of femoral total calcium, bone
mineral density, and femoral strength significantly similar to Calcium and Bone Health
those of CPP (Jung et al., 2006).
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by
a low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone
BENEFICIAL HEALTH EFFECT OF CALCIUM tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility and suscep-
tibility to fracture throughout the life span (Anonymous, 1993).
Calcium to Reduce the Colon Cancer It is a universal health problem mainly with postmenopausal
women and particularly elderly people. The two nutrients es-
Colorectal cancer is a predominant cause of mortality in sential for bone health are calcium and vitamin D. Calcium
Western societies. Dietary calcium has been considered for ages intake has an important impact on bone metabolism and bone
472 S-K. KIM ET AL.
health. Reduced calcium intake is associated with a reduced benefits (Myer and Champagne, 2007). Calcium supplementa-
bone mass and osteoporosis (Gennari, 2001). Adequate intake tion has proved to reduce systolic and diastolic BP, but people
of calcium and vitamin D can lower the menace of fractures with a relatively low calcium intake (<800 mg per day) have
(Michaelsen et al., 1994). Besides the amount of calcium in the higher BP. Moreover, it is suggested that an adequate calcium
diet, the absorption of dietary calcium in food is also a critical intake should be recommended for the prevention of hyper-
factor in determining the availability of calcium for bone de- tension. Even though there are a number of reports giving the
velopment and maintenance. Thus, there is a need to identify beneficial effects of calcium, more research on BP in people
food components and/or functional food ingredients that may with calcium-deficient diets is warranted (Mierlo et al., 2006).
positively influence calcium absorption (Cashman, 2002).
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