Question 1. What Is Structural Steel Design?

Answer :

structural steel design, is an area of knowledge of structural engineering used to design steel structures.
The structures can range from schools to homes to bridges. ... The second is the Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) method.

Question 2. What Are The Mechanical Properties Of Structural Steel?

Answer :

Resistence to deformation based upon:

Material.

Length.

X-section.

Question 3. Explain The Design Process Of Structural Steel?

Answer :

Design process :

Preliminary member sizing of beams

Structural analysis - modeling, analysis

Design review - member modifications

Cost of estimation

Preparation of structural drawings and specifications

Loads for structural analysis and design

Dead load

Live load

Mean return period OR

Recurrence interval OR

Live loads for various occupencies

Reduction in basic design live load

Impact Load

Wind load

Question 4. Describe The Steps Used For Erection Of Structural Steel?

Answer :

Material received at site.

Concrete bases and anchor bolts.

Shims.

Pre assembly at ground level.

Main construction steel erection (dimension bolt)

Tightening for anchor bolt.

Alignment for structural steel.

Tightening for steel.

Tightening for anchor bolts.

Grouting.

Complete structural steel erection (secondary beams, bracing).

Calibration of whrench and device.

Modification during and after erection includes cutting, welding, NDT,….etc).

Painting inspection.

Question 5. What Are The Defects You Can Except During Inspection Of Material Receiving At The Site?

Answer :

Lamination.

distortion.

pitting.

Question 6. Mention The Steps To Check Material Received At The Site?

Answer :

Visual inspection.

Dimension inspection.

Verification of heat no and mill certificate information’s.

Question 7. How Can You Check The Support Foundation ?

Answer :
Location.

Orientation.

Elevation.

Question 8. What Is The Minimum Top Elevation Of Leveling Shims?

Answer :

Minimum 25mm.

Question 9. What Is The Acceptable Variation In Dimensions Between The Centres Of Two Anchor Bolts
(within An Anchor Bolt Group)?

Answer :

Maximum 3 mm.

Question 10. Which Code You Can Use For Check Bolts Used For Primary Structural Connection?

Answer :

ASTM A325 N.

Question 11. What Is The Minimum Size Of Bolt Used At Astm A32 N ?
Answer :

Minimum size 20mm.

Question 12. How Much Variation In Elevation Of The Top Of Anchor Rods?

Answer :

Max 13 mm.

Question 13. How Many Days Minimum Required To Archive 70% Concrete Strength (curing Time)?

Answer :

7 days minimum.

Question 14. How Many Bolts Minimum Required Per Connection?

Answer :

2 bolt minimum required.

Question 15. How Much Variation In Dimension From Centre Of Any Anchor Bolts Group To Be Establish
Column Line Through The Group?

Answer :

Equal to or less than 6mm

Question 16. Which Code You Can Use For Welding Of Structural Steel?

Answer :

D1.1.

Question 17. What Are The Types Of Joints You Can Use For Erection Of Structural Steel?

Answer :

Snug-tightened joint. Pretension join or slip critical joint.

Question 18. What Is Minimum Thickness Of Any Part Of Structural Steel Shape?

Answer :

Minimum 5 mm.
Question 19. What Is The Vertical Tolerance (alignment) For Straight Compression Structural Member?

Answer :

1 mm per 1m accepted.

Question 20. What Are The Types Of Methods Of Bolt Tightening?

Answer :

Snug tightening, turn of nutpreten sioning calibrated wrench pretensioning or direct-tension indicator
pretensioning

Question 21. Complete, All Bolts, Nuts And Washers Shall Be Properly Identified And Marked With ?

Answer :

Material grade.

manufacture’s logo.

Question 22. .all Nuts For High Strength Bolts Shall Be …………. To Reduce To Torque Installation .

Answer :

Wax – dipped.
Question 23. All Gusset And Stiffener Plates Shall Be …………..mm Minimum Thickness

Answer :

10 mm minimum.

Question 24. What Is The Minimum Height Of Handrails Provided On Walkways And Platforms ?

Answer :

Over 1 meter heigh.

Question 25. Complete, Standard Bolt Holes Shall Not Be Enlarge By More Than ……………. Mm To Make
Connection Resulting From Minor Mislit

Answer :

1mm.

Question 26. What Are The Properties Of A Steel?

Answer :

The important characteristics of steel for design purposes are:

yield stress (Fy).

ultimate stress (Fu).

modulus of elasticity (E).

percent elongation (ε).

coefficient of thermal expansion (α).

Question 27. What Are The Types Of Structural Steel?

Answer :

Types of structural steel : Various types of structural steel sections and their technical specifications are
as follows:

Beams.

Channels.

Angles.

Flats

Question 28. What Are Steel Beams?

Answer :

Steel Beams : Steel Beams is considered to be a structural element which mainly carries load in flexure
meaning bending. Usually beams carry vertical gravitational force but are also capable of carrying
horizontal loads generally in the case of an earthquake.

The mechanism of carrying load in a beam is very unique, like; the load carried by a beam is transferred
to walls, columns or girders which in turn transfer the force to the adjacent structural compression
members. The joists rest on the beam in light frame constructions.
Question 29. Explain About Steel Channels?

Answer :

Steel channels : Steel channels are used ideally as supports and guide rails. These are roll-formed
products. The main metal used for making channels is steel along with aluminum. There are certain
variations that are available in the channels category, the categorization is mainly on the shape of the
channel, the varieties are mentioned below:

J channels: This kind of channel has two legs and a web. One leg is longer. This channel resembles the
letter-J.

Hat channels: This channel has legs that are folded in the outward direction resembling an old fashioned
man's hat.

U channels: This most common and basic channel variety. It has a base known as a web and two equal
length legs.

C channels: In this channel the legs are folded back in the channel and resemble the letter-C. C channels
are known as rests.

Hemmed channels: In this kind of channel the top of the leg is folded hence forming double thickness.

Question 30. What Are The Applications Of Steel Channels?

Answer :

Application : Steel channels are subjected to a wide array of applications. The application fields are:

Construction.

Appliances.

Transportation.

Used in making Signposts.

Used in wood flooring for athletic purposes.

Used in installing and making windows and doors.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Properties of Steel

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Properties of Steel”.

1. Steel is mainly an alloy of

a) Iron and Carbon

b) Sulphur and Zinc

c) Zinc and tin

d) Phosphorous and Tin

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Steel is alloy of iron and carbon. Apart from carbon, a small percent of manganese, sulphur,
phosphorous, chrome, nickel, and copper are added to give special properties to steel.

2. Which of the following is a disadvantage of Steel?

a) High strength per unit mass

b) High durability

c) Fire and corrosion resistance

d) Reusable

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Steel has high strength per unit mass, highly durable, and is reusable. But steel is poor in
fire and corrosion resistance, it needs to be protected.

3. Elastic Modulus of Steel is __________

a) 1.5 x 109 N/mm2

b) 2.0 x 105 N/mm2

c) 2.0 x 105 N/m2

d) 1.5 x 109 N/m2

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Elastic modulus = Stress/Strain. As per IS 800-2007, elastic modulus of steel is 2.0 x 10⁵
N/mm².

4. Unit mass of Steel = ________

a) 785 kg/m3

b) 450 kg/m3

c) 450 kg/cm3

d) 7850 kg/m3

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: As per IS 800-2007, unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m³. A steel member with small section
which has little self-weight is able to resist heavy loads because steel members have high strength per
unit weight.

5. Poisson’s ratio of steel is ________

a) 0.1

b) 1.0

c) 0.3

d) 2.0

View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Poisson’s ratio = transverse strain/axial strain. As per IS 800-2007, Poisson’s ratio of steel is
0.3 in elastic range and it is 0.5 in plastic range.

6. Structural Steel normally has carbon content less than _______

a) 1.0%

b) 0.6%

c) 3.0%

d) 5.0%

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Structural Steel normally have a carbon content less than 0.6%. Carbon content increases
hardness, yield and tensile strength of steel but it decreases ductility and toughness.

7. What is the permissible percentage of Sulphur and Phosphorous content in steel?

a) 0.1%, 0.12%

b) 1.0%, 3.0%

c) 3.0%, 1.0%

d) 1.0%, 1.0%

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Sulphur content is generally between 0.02 – 0.1%. If more than 0.1%, it decreases strength
and ductility of steel. If Phosphorous is more than 0.12%, it reduces shock resistance, ductility and
strength of steel.

8. What happens when Manganese is added to steel?

a) decreases strength and hardness of steel

b) improves corrosion resistance

c) decreases ductility
d) improves strength and hardness of steel

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Manganese is added to improve strength and hardness of steel . Based on Manganese
content, steel are classified as Carbon Manganese steel (Mn >1%) and Carbon Steel (Mn <1%). If its
content exceeds 1.5%, it increases the formation of martensite and hence decreases ductility and
toughness.

9. Which of the following is the effect of increased content of Sulphur and Phosphorous in Steel ?

a) yields high strength

b) affects weldability

c) increases resistance to corrosion

d) improves resistance to high temperature

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: When sulphur and phosphorous is used beyond 0.06%, it imparts brittleness and affects
weldability and fatigue strength.

10. Which of the following is added to steel to increase resistance to corrosion?

a) Carbon

b) Manganese

c) Sulphur

d) Copper

View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Addition of small quantity of copper increases resistance to corrosion. Even Chrome and
Nickel are added to impart corrosion resistance property to steel.

advertisement

11. Which of the following properties are affected due to addition of carbon and manganese to steel?

(i) tensile strength and yield property (ii) Ductility (iii) Welding (iv) Corrosion resistance

a) i and ii only

b) i and iii only

c) i, ii, iii

d) i and iv only

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Increased quantity of carbon and manganese imparts higher tensile strength and yield
properties but lowers ductility which is more difficult to weld.

12. Chrome and Nickel are added to Steel to improve _________

a) corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance

b) strength

c) ductility

d) weldablity

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Steel is weak in fire and corrosion resistance. So, to improve corrosion resistance and high
temperature resistance, chromium and nickel are added to steel.
Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Types of Steel

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Types of
Steel”.

1. Which of the following is the property of high carbon steel?

a) high toughness

b) reduced ductility

c) high strength

d) reduced strength

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: High carbon steel contains high carbon content. Hence it has reduced ductility, toughness
and weldability.

2. High carbon steel is used in ______________

a) transmission lines and microwave towers

b) structural buildings

c) fire resistant buildings

d) for waterproofing

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: High carbon steel is used in transmission lines and microwave towers where relatively light
members are joint by bolting.

3. What is the permissible percentage of micro-alloys in medium and high strength micro-alloyed steel?

a) 0.1%

b) 0.5%
c) 0.25%

d) 1.0%

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Medium and High strength micro-alloyed steel have low carbon content, but alloys such as
niobium, vanadium, titanium or boron are added to achieve high strength.

4. Fire resistant steels are also called as ____________

a) Stainless steel

b) Weathering steel

c) High strength steel

d) Thermomechanically treated steel

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Fire resistant steels are also called as thermomechanically treated steel. They perform
better than ordinary steel under fire.

5. What is the minimum percentage of chromium and nickel added to stainless steel?

a) 0.5%, 10.5%

b) 2%, 20%

c) 10.5%, 0.5%

d) 30%, 50%

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Stainless steel are low carbon steels to which a minimum of 10.5% chromium (maximum
20%) and 0.5% nickel is added.
6. Match the pair of Type of steel with its ultimate tensile strength :

TYPE OF STEEL ULTIMATE TENSILE CAPACITY

(A) Carbon Steel (i) 700-950 MPa

(B) High Strength Carbon Steel (ii) 440-590 MPa

(C) Weathering Steel (iii) 410-440 MPa

(D) High Strength quenched & tempered steel (iv) 480 MPa

(E) Medium and High strength microalloyed steel (v) 480-550 MPa

a) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv, E-v

b) A-v, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii, E-i

c) A-iii, B-v, C-iv, D-i, E-ii

d) A-ii, B-iii, C-v, D-i, E-iv

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Ultimate tensile strength is the capacity of material to withstand loads tending to elongate.
It is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled. The ultimate
tensile strength for Carbon Steel is 410-440 MPa, 480-550 MPa for High Strength Carbon Steel, 480 MPa
for Weathering Steel, 700-950 MPa for High Strength quenched & tempered steel, 440-590 MPa for
Medium and High strength microalloyed steel.

7. What is weathering steel?

a) low-alloy atmospheric corrosion-resistant steel

b) low-carbon steel

c) high strength quenched and tempered steel

d) fire resistant steel

View Answer
Answer: a

Explanation: Weathering steel are low-alloy atmospheric corrosion-resistant steel. They are often left
unpainted. They have an ultimate tensile strength of 480 MPa.

8. Match the pair of Type of steel with its yield strength:

advertisement

TYPE OF STEEL YIELD STRENGTH

(A) Carbon Steel (i) 300-450 MPa

(B) High Strength Carbon Steel (ii) 350 MPa

(C) Weathering Steel (iii) 350-400 MPa

(D) High Strength quenched & tempered steel (iv) 230-300MPa

(E) Medium and High strength microalloyed steel (v) 550-700 MPa

a) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv, E-v

b) A-i, B-iii, C-v, D-iv, E-ii

c) A-v, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii, E-i

d) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-v, E-i

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Yield Strength is the stress that a material can withstand without any permanent
deformation i.e. the point of stress at which any material starts to deform plastically. The yield strength
of carbon steel is 230-300MPa, 350-400 MPa for High Strength Carbon Steel, 350 MPa for Weathering
Steel, 550-700 MPa for High Strength quenched & tempered steel, 300-450 MPa for Medium and High
strength microalloyed steel.
Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Design Considerations, Analysis & Methods

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Design
Considerations, Analysis & Methods”.

1. Which of the following is correct criteria to be considered while designing?

a) Structure should be aesthetically pleasing but structurally unsafe

b) Structure should be cheap in cost even though it may be structurally unsafe

c) Structure should be structurally safe but less durable

d) Structure should be adequately safe, should have adequate serviceability

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Structure should be designed such that it fulfils it intended purpose during its lifetime and
be adequately safe in terms of strength, stability and structural integrity and have adequate
serviceability. Structure should also be economically viable, aesthetically pleasing and environment
friendly.

2. What is serviceability?

a) It refers to condition when structure is not usable

b) It refers to services offered in the structure

c) It means that the structure should perform satisfactorily under different loads, without discomfort to
user

d) It means that structure should be economically viable

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Serviceability is related to utility of structure. The structure should perform satisfactorily
under service loads, without discomfort to user due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration, etc.
Other considerations of serviceability are durability, impermeability, acoustic and thermal insulation etc.
3. Analysis is referred to _____________

a) determination of cost of structure

b) determination of axial forces, bending moment, shear force etc.

c) determination of factor of safety

d) drafting architectural plans and drawings

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Analysis refers to determination of axial forces, bending moment, shear force, torsional
moments etc. acting on different members of structure due to applied loads and their combinations.

4. The structure is statically indeterminate when________________

a) static equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining internal forces and reactions on that
structure

b) static equilibrium equations are sufficient for determining internal forces and reactions on that
structure

c) structure is economically viable

d) structure is environment friendly

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: When the static equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining internal forces and
reactions on that structure, the structure is said to be statically indeterminate. Analysis of these
structures is complex and cannot be analysed only by using laws of statics, various analytical methods
like slope deflection method, moment distribution method, etc.

5. Which of the following is one of the methods of analysis prescribed in the code for steel structures?

a) Hinge Analysis

b) Limit Analysis

c) Roller Analysis
d) Dynamic Analysis

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Code suggests the use of any of the following methods for steel structures : (i) elastic
analysis, (ii) plastic analysis, (iii) advanced analysis, (iv) dynamic analysis.

6. Which method is mainly adopted for design of steel structures as per IS code?

a) Limit State Method

b) Working Stress Method

c) Ultimate Load Method

d) Earthquake Load Method

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Steel structures and their elements are normally designed by limit state method. When
limit state method cannot be conveniently adopted, working stress method may be used.

7. Which IS code is used for general construction of steel?

a) IS 456

b) IS 256

c) IS 800

d) IS 100

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: IS 800:2007 is the code of practice for general construction in steel. It is issued by Bureau of
Indian Standards.

8. Which of the following relation is correct?

a) Permissible Stress = Yield Stress x Factor of Safety

b) Permissible Stress = Yield Stress / Factor of Safety

c) Yield Stress = Permissible Stress / Factor of Safety

d) Permissible Stress = Yield Stress – Factor of Safety

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Permissible Stress = Yield Stress / Factor of Safety. Permissible Stress is the amount of
stress that will not cause failure. It is a fraction of yield stress. It takes care of overload or other
unknown factors.

9. In Working Stress Method, which of the following relation is correct?

a) Working Stress ≤ Permissible Stress

b) Working Stress ≥ Permissible Stress

c) Working Stress = Permissible Stress

d) Working Stress > Permissible Stress

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: In Working Stress Method, Working Stress ≤ Permissible Stress. Each member is checked
for number of different combinations of loadings.

10. Arrange the following in ascending order according to their factor of safety in working stress method
:

(i) tension members, (ii) long column, (iii) short column, (iv) connections

a) i < ii < iii < iv

b) i < iv < ii < iii

c) i = iii < ii < iv

d) iv = i < iii < ii

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: In working stress method, the factor of safety for the above are as follows : (i) for tension
members = 1.67, (ii) for long column = 1.92, (iii) for short columns = 1.67, (iv) for connections = 2.5-3.

11. What is Load Factor?

a) ratio of working load to ultimate load

b) product of working load and ultimate load

c) product of working load and factor of safety

d) ratio of ultimate load to working load

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Load Factor = working load / ultimate load. In ultimate load design, different types of loads
and load combinations have different load factors assigned.

12. Which of the following is not a main element of framed structure?

a) Beam

b) Column

c) Shear connector

d) Lattice member

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: For framed structure, the main elements are beam, column, beam-column, tie and lattice
members.

advertisement
13. Which of the following are subjected to both axial loads and bending moments?

a) Beam-Column

b) Column

c) Lattice member

d) Beam

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Beams are those elements which are subjected to bending moments and shear force only.
Columns are subjected to axial loads. Beam-Column is subjected to axial load and bending moment. In
special cases, beams are subjected to torsional moments.

14. How much percentage increase of permissible stress is allowed when dead load, live load and wind
load are considered together in working stress method?

a) 50%

b) 33%

c) 40%

d) 60%

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: In working stress method, working stress ≤ permissible stress.

Stress due to dead load + live load ≤ permissible stress

Stress due to dead load + wind load ≤ permissible stress

Stress due to dead load + live load + wind load ≤ 1.33 permissible stress.
Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Limit State Method

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Limit
State Method”.

1. Limit State Method is based on _____________

a) calculations on service load conditions alone

b) calculations on ultimate load conditions alone

c) calculations at working loads and ultimate loads

d) calculations on earthquake loads

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Working stress method is based on calculations on service load conditions alone. Ultimate
Strength method is based on calculations on ultimate load conditions alone. In Limit State method,
safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads are considered.

2. What is limit state?

a) Acceptable limits for safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs

b) Acceptable limits for safety and serviceability requirements after failure occurs

c) Acceptable limits for safety after failure occurs

d) Acceptable limits for serviceability after failure occurs

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Acceptable limits for safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called
limit state. In Limit State design, structures are designed on the basis of safety against failure and are
checked for serviceability requirements.

3. Which of the following format is used in limit state method?

a) Single safety factor

b) Multiple safety factor

c) Load factor

d) Wind factor

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Limit state method uses multiple safety factor format that helps to provide adequate safety
at ultimate loads and adequate serviceability at service loads, by considering all possible limit states.
Multiple safety factor format is also called partial safety factor format.

4. Which of the following factors is included in the limit state of strength?

a) Fire

b) Failure by excessive deformation

c) Corrosion

d) Repairable damage or crack due to fatigue

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Limit state of strength are prescribed to avoid collapse of structure which may endanger
safety of life and property. It includes (i) loss of equilibrium of whole or part of structure, (ii) loss of
stability of structure as a whole or part of structure, (iii) failure by excessive deformation, (iv) fracture
due to fatigue , (v) brittle fracture.

5. Which of the following factors is included in the limit state of serviceability?

a) Brittle facture

b) Fracture due to fatigue

c) Failure by excessive deformation

d) Deformation and deflection adversely affecting appearance or effective use of structure

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Limit state of serviceability includes (i) deformation and deflection adversely affecting
appearance or effective use of structure, (ii) vibrations in structure or any part of its compound limiting
its functional effectiveness, (iii) repairable repair or crack due to fatigue, (iv) corrosion, (v) fire.

6. What is permanent action according to classification of actions by IS code?

a) due to self weight

b) due to construction and service stage loads

c) due to accidents

d) due to earthquake loads

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Permanent actions are actions due to self weight of structural and non structural
components, fittings, ancillaries, fixed equipments etc.

7. What is variable action according to classification of actions by IS code?

a) due to self weight

b) due to accidents

c) due to construction and service stage loads

d) due to earthquake loads

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Variable actions are actions due to construction and service stage loads such as imposed
loads, wind loads, earthquake loads, etc.

8. Which of the following relation is correct?

a) Design Load = Characteristic Load

b) Design Load = Characteristic Load + Partial factor of safety

c) Design Load = Characteristic Load / Partial factor of safety

d) Design Load = Characteristic Load x Partial factor of safety

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Design Load = Partial factor of safety x Characteristic Load.

This partial safety factor accounts for possibility of unfavourable deviation of load from characteristic
value, inaccurate assessment of load, uncertainty in assessment of effects of load and in assessment of
limit state being considered.

9. Which of the following relation is correct?

a) Design Strength = Ultimate strength + Partial factor of safety

b) Design Strength = Ultimate strength – Partial factor of safety

c) Design Strength = Ultimate strength /Partial factor of safety

d) Design Strength = Ultimate strength x Partial factor of safety

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Design Strength = Ultimate strength /Partial factor of safety.

This partial safety factor accounts for possibility of unfavourable deviation of material strength from
characteristic value, variation of member sizes, reduction in member strength due to fabrication and
tolerances and uncertainty in calculation of strength of members.

10. Which of the following criteria is to be satisfied in selection of member in limit state method?

a) Factored Load > Factored Strength

b) Factored Load ≤ Factored Strength

c) Factored Load ≥ Factored Strength

d) Sometimes Factored Load < Factored Strength (or) Factored Load > Factored Strength

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Limit Sate method is also known as load and resistance factor design. Load factors are
applied to service loads and then theoretical strength of member is reduced by application of resistance
factor. The criteria is to be satisfied in selection of member in limit state method is factored load ≤
factored strength.

advertisement

11. The partial factor of safety for resistance governed by yielding is :

a) 1.10

b) 1.5

c) 2.0

d) 1.25

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Partial factor of safety for resistance governed by yielding and resistance of member to
buckling is 1.10. The loads are multiplied or resistances are divided by this factor to get design values.

12. The partial factor of safety for resistance governed by ultimate strength is :

a) 1.10

b) 1.5

c) 2.0

d) 1.25

View Answer
Answer: d

Explanation: Partial factor of safety for resistance governed by ultimate strength is 1.25. Factors
affecting ultimate strength are stability, fatigue and plastic collapse. The loads are multiplied or
resistances are divided by this factor to get design values.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Characteristic Loads

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Characteristic Loads”.

1. Which IS code is used for calculating different loads on different structures?

a) IS 800

b) IS 200

c) IS 300

d) IS 875

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: IS 875 (all 5 parts) is recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards for calculating various
types of loads on the structure. Part 1 is for dead loads, part 2 for imposed loads, part 3 for wind load,
part 4 for snow loads and part 5 for special loads and combinations.

2. Which of the following load is to be considered on liquid retaining structure?

a) hydrostatic load

b) wave and current load

c) earth pressure

d) dynamic load

View Answer
Answer: a

Explanation: Hydrostatic load is considered on liquid retaining structures or hydraulic structures. Wave
and current load is considered in marine and offshore structure. Earth pressure is considered in
basements, retaining walls, column footings, etc. Dynamic load is due to earthquake and wind.

3. What is P-Δ effect?

a) earthquake load

b) second order moments arising from joint displaced

c) second order moments arising from member deflection

d) load due to shrinkage effect

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Second order moments arising from joint displaced is called P-Δ effect and second order
moments arising from member deflection is called P-δ effect.

4. Match the pair :

(A) Mass and gravitational effect (i) wind load

(B) Mass and acceleration effect (ii) load due to settlement

(C) Environmental effects (iii) imposed load

a) A-i, B-ii, C-iii

b) A-iii, B-ii, C-i

c) A-iii, B-i, C-ii

d) A-ii, B-iii, C-i

View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Load on structure may be due to following :

1) Mass and gravitational effect : examples of such loads are dead loads, imposed loads, snow and ice
loads, earth loads, etc.

2) Mass and acceleration effect : examples of such loads are those caused by earthquake, wind, impact,
blasts, etc.

3) Environmental effects : examples of such loads are due to temperature difference, settlement,
shrinkage, etc.

5. The probability that a specific load will be exceeded during life of structure depends on _______

a) wind

b) factor of safety

c) partial factor of safety

d) period of exposure

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The probability that a specific load will be exceeded during life of structure depends on
period of exposure. It also depends on magnitude of design load.

6. What is characteristic load?

a) seismic load

b) load which will be exceeded by certain probability during life of structure

c) load which will not be exceeded by certain probability during life of structure

d) pressure load

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Characteristic load is the load which will not be exceeded by certain assumed or pre-
assumed probability during life of structure. These loads are anticipated loads due to self weight,
imposed load, snow, wind load, etc.
7. Which of the following is not included in imposed load classification?

a) Residential load

b) Earthquake load

c) Industrial load

d) Educational load

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Imposed loads are gravity loads other than dead load and cover factors such as occupancy
by people, stored material etc. It is classified into following groups : (i)residential, (ii)educational,
(iii)institutional, (iv)assembly halls, (v)office and business buildings, (vi)mercantile buildings,
(vii)industrial, (viii)storage buildings.

8. What is the minimum imposed load on roof trusses as per IS code?

a) 0.5 kN/m2

b) 0.4 kN/m2

c) 0.9 kN/m2

d) 0.75 kN/m2

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: As per IS 875, the minimum imposed load on roof truss should be 0.4 kN/m2. For sloping
roof upto 10˚, the imposed load is taken as 0.5 kN/m2 if access is not provided and 0.75 kN/m2 if access
is provided.

advertisement

9. For roofs of slope greater than 10˚, the imposed load is reduced by ____ for every degree rise in
slope.

a) 0.02 kN/m2
b) 0.05 kN/m2

c) 0.75 kN/m2

d) 0.5 kN/m2

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: As per IS 875, for roofs of slope greater than 10o, the imposed load is taken as 0.75 kN/m2
and reduced by 0.02 kN/m2 for every degree rise in slope.

10. Calculate imposed load on roof truss of span 20m with slope of 20o.

a) 0.75 kN/m2

b) 0.95 kN/m2

c) 0.45 kN/m2

d) 0.55 kN/m2

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: As per IS 875, for roofs of slope greater than 10o, the imposed load is reduced by 0.02
kN/m2 for every degree rise in slope.

Therefore, Imposed load = 0.75 – 0.02*(20o-10o) = 0.55 kN/m2.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Determination of Earthquake Loads

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Determination of Earthquake Loads”.

1. Which IS Code is used for designing a structure considering earthquake loads?

a) IS 800

b) IS 875
c) IS 1893

d) IS 456

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: IS 1893(Part 1) is used for designing a structure considering earthquake loads. For all other
loads like dead load, wind load, IS 875 is used for design.

2. What is the load factor considered for steel structures when combination of dead load and
earthquake load is considered?

a) 1.5

b) 1.3

c) 1.2

d) 1.7

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: In plastic design of steel structures, load factor is 1.7 when combination of dead load and
earthquake load is considered i.e. 1.7(DL + EL) or 1.7(DL – EL).

3. What is the load factor considered for steel structures when combination of dead load, imposed load
and earthquake load is considered?

a) 1.5

b) 1.3

c) 1.2

d) 1.7

View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In plastic design of steel structures, load factor is 1.3 when combination of dead load,
imposed load and earthquake load is considered i.e. 1.3(DL +/- IL +/- EL ).

4. For earthquake loads, axially loaded members have to resist ________________

a) tension only

b) compression only

c) both tension and compression

d) bending moment

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Earthquake are cyclic and induce reversal of stresses. Hence as per seismic philosophy,
axially loaded members have to resist both tension and compression.

5. For earthquake loads, beams are designed to resist ________________

a) tension only

b) positive and negative bending moments

c) compression only

d) torsion

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Beams are designed to resist positive and negative bending moments at the same section
for earthquake loads.

6. Structures are designed for seismic forces which is ____ than expected seismic force.

a) lesser

b) greater

c) equal to

d) seismic forces are not considered

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Structures are designed for seismic forces which is less than expected seismic force under
strong earthquakes, if the structures were to remain linearly elastic.

7. Which of the following factors does not influence earthquake resistance design?

a) geographical location of structure

b) wind of location

c) site soil

d) strength of structure

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The factors which influence earthquake resistance design are : (i) geographical location of
structure, (ii) site soil and foundation condition, (iii) importance of structure, (iv) dynamic characteristics
of structure such as strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation factor.

8. Structures should be designed such that ___________

a) Minor and frequent earthquakes can collapse the structure

b) Moderate earthquakes can cause damage to the structure

c) Major earthquakes should not cause any damage to the structure and the structure should be
functional

d) Minor earthquake should not cause any damage to the structure and the structure should be
functional

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: As per IS 1893, the following seismic philosophy is adopted

(i) Minor and frequent earthquakes should not cause any damage to the structure

(ii) Moderate earthquake should not cause significant structural damage but could have some non
structural damage(the structure should become operational once the damage is repaired)

(iii) Major and infrequent earthquake should not cause collapse( structure will be dysfunctional for
further use, but will stand so that people can be evacuated and property can be recovered).

9. Which of the following assumption is correct for earthquake design resistant structure?

a) Earthquake will not occur simultaneously with wind

b) Earthquake will occur simultaneously with maximum flood

c) Earthquake will occur simultaneously with maximum sea waves

d) Earthquake will occur simultaneously with wind

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: As per IS 1893, it is assumed that earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind
or maximum flood or maximum sea waves.

10. Which analysis is used to obtain design seismic force?

a) Elastic Analysis

b) Plastic Analysis

c) Dynamic Analysis

d) Both elastic and plastic analysis

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Dynamic analysis is used to obtain design seismic force, and its distribution to different
level along the height of the building and to various lateral load resisting members.

11. Which of the following relation is correct for design horizontal seismic coefficient?

a) A = ZISa*2Rg
b) A = ZISa/2Rg

c) A = ZISa-2Rg

d) A = ZISa+2Rg

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Design horizontal seismic coefficient is given by A = ZISa/2Rg, where Z is zone factor, R is
response reduction factor, I is importance factor, Sa/g is average response acceleration coefficient.

12. What is structural response factor?

a) factor denoting the acceleration response spectrum of the structure subjected to earthquake ground
vibrations

b) factor by which the actual base shear force is reduced

c) factor to obtain the design spectrum

d) factor used to obtain the design seismic force

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Structural response factor (Sa/g) is the factor denoting the acceleration response spectrum
of the structure subjected to earthquake ground vibrations. It depends on natural period of vibration
and damping of the structure. Response Reduction Factor(R) is the factor by which the actual base shear
force is reduced. Zone Factor(Z) is factor to obtain the design spectrum. Importance Factor (I) is the
factor used to obtain the design seismic force.

advertisement

13. Wind pressure acting normal to individual is element or claddity unit is _________

a) F = [ (Cpe – Cpi)A/pd].

b) F = [ (Cpe + Cpi)A/pd].

c) F = [ (Cpe – Cpi)Apd].
d) F = [ (Cpe – Cpi)/Apd].

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: F = (Cpe – Cpi)A pd , where F=net wind force on element, Cpi= internal pressure coefficient,
Cpe=external pressure coefficient, A=surface area of element, pd=design wind pressure.

14. Internal pressure coefficient in a building is positive if acting from ________ and external pressure
coefficient in a building is positive if acting from ___________

a) outside to inside, inside to outside

b) inside to outside, outside to inside

c) outside to inside, outside to inside

d) inside to outside, inside to outside

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Internal pressure coefficient in a building is positive if acting from inside to outside and
external pressure coefficient in a building is positive if acting from outside to inside. The pressure
depends on degree of permeability of cladding and direction of wind.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Determination of Wind Loads & Load Combinations

This set of Design of Steel Structures Interview Questions and Answers focuses on “Determination of
Wind Loads & Load Combinations”.

1. Which IS Code is used for design loads for buildings and structures for wind load?

a) IS 456

b) IS 875 Part 3
c) IS 500

d) IS 1280

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: For design loads for buildings and structures for wind load, IS 875-Part 3 given by Bureau of
Indian Standards is used.

2. IS Code gives basic wind speed averaged over a short interval of ______

a) 10 seconds

b) 20 seconds

c) 5 seconds

d) 3 seconds

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Basic wind speed is based on peak wind gust velocity averaged over a short interval of 3s
and having return period of 50 years and corresponds to mean above ground level in open terrain.

3. Positive sign of pressure coefficient indicates ______________

a) pressure acting towards the surface

b) pressure acting away the surface

c) pressure acting above the surface

d) pressure acting below the surface

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Positive sign of pressure coefficient indicates pressure acting towards the surface and
negative sign of pressure coefficient indicates pressure acting away the surface.
4. Which of the following relation is correct for pressure coefficient?

Vp = Actual wind speed at any point on structure at height corresponding to Vz (design wind speed)

a) [1+(Vp/Vz)2].

b) [1+(Vz/Vp)2].

c) [1-(Vz/Vp)2].

d) [1-(Vp/Vz)2].

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Pressure Coefficient is the ratio of difference between pressure acting at point on surface
and static pressure of incident wind to the design wind pressure.

5. What is return period?

a) number of years, the reciprocal of which gives the probability of extreme wind exceeding given wind
speed in any one year

b) number of years, the reciprocal of which gives the probability of extreme wind less than given wind
speed in any one year

c) number of years, the reciprocal of which gives the probability of mild wind exceeding given wind
speed in any one year

d) number of years, the reciprocal of which gives the probability of mild wind less than given wind speed
in any one year

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Wind load acting on structure varies from year to year based on wind speed and maximum
that can be expected to occur at a given location only once in so many years. This period is called return
period.

6. Wind Pressure at any height of structure does not depend on _______

a) velocity and density of air

b) angle of wind attack

c) topography of ground surface

d) material of structure

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Wind Pressure at any height of structure depend on (i)velocity and density of air, (ii)height
above ground level, (iii)shape and aspect ratio of building, (iv) topography of surrounding ground
surface, (v)angle of wind attack, (vi)solidity ratio or openings in the structure.

7. Which of the following relation is correct for design wind speed (Vz) and basic wind speed (Vb) ?

a) Vz ∝ Vb2

b) Vz ∝ 1/Vb2

c) Vz ∝ Vb

d) Vz ∝ 1/Vb

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Vz = k1k2k3Vb , where k1=probability factor(risk coefficient), k2=terrain, height and

structure size factor, k3=topography factor.

8. Calculate design wind speed for a site in a city with basic wind speed of 50 m/s, risk coefficient =1,
topography factor = 1, terrain is with closely spaced buildings and height of building (class A) = 15m.

a) 40 m/s

b) 48.5 m/s

c) 50 m/s

d) 52.5 m/s

View Answer
Answer: b

Explanation: Vb = 50m/s, k1 = 1, k3 = 1,

for terrain with closely spaced buildings, height of building=15m, class A : k2=0.97 (from IS 875 Part 3)

Vz = k1k2k3Vb = 1×0.97x1x50 = 48.5 m/s.

9. Which of the following relation between design pressure, pz and design wind speed, Vz is correct?

a) pz ∝ Vz2

b) pz ∝ 1/Vz2

c) pz ∝ Vz

d) pz ∝ 1/Vz

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: pz = 0.6Vz2, where pz is in N/m2 and Vz is in m/s. 0.6 factor depends on number of factors
and mainly on atmospheric pressure and air temperature.

10. Calculate the design wind pressure if the basic wind speed is 44 m/s, risk coefficient is 1, topography
factor is 1, terrain is with closely spaced buildings and height of building(class A) = 20m .

a) 1285 N/m2

b) 1580 N/m2

c) 1085 N/m2

d) 1185 N/m2

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Vb = 44m/s, k1 = 1, k3 = 1,

for terrain with closely spaced buildings, height of building=20m, class A: k2=1.01 (from IS 875 Part 3)

Vz = k1k2k3Vb = 1×1.01x1x44 = 44.44 m/s

pz = 0.6Vz2 = 0.6x(44.44)2 = 1184.95 N/m2.

11. What is the partial safety factor for combination of DL+LL for limit state of strength, where DL=Dead
load, LL=imposed load?

a) 1.2

b) 1.0

c) 0.8

d) 1.5

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: For limit state of strength, the load combination is 1.5(DL+LL), for limit state of
serviceability, the load combination is 1.0(DL+LL), where DL=Dead load, LL=imposed load.

12. Which of the following load combination is not possible?

a) Dead load + imposed load + wind load

b) Dead load + imposed load + earthquake load

c) Dead load + wind load + earthquake load

d) Dead load + imposed load

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: According to IS code, it is assumed that maximum wind load and earthquake load will not
occur simultaneously on a structure. The following combination of loads with appropriate partial safety
factors may be considered : (i)Dead load + imposed load, (ii) Dead load + imposed load + earthquake
load or wind load, (iii) Dead load + wind load or earthquake load, (iv) Dead load + erection load.

advertisement

13. What is the partial safety factor for dead load in combination of DL+LL+WL/EL for limit state of
serviceability, where DL=Dead load, LL=imposed load , WL=wind load, EL=earthquake load ?
a) 1.0

b) 0.8

c) 1.5

d) 1.2

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: For limit state of strength, the load combination is 1.2(DL+LL+WL/EL), for limit state of
serviceability, the load combination is 1.0DL+0.8LL+0.8WL/EL, where DL=Dead load, LL=imposed load,
WL=wind load, EL=earthquake load.

14. What is the partial safety factor for dead load in combination of DL+ WL/EL for limit state of
serviceability, where DL=Dead load, WL=wind load, EL=earthquake load ?

a) 1.0

b) 1.5

c) 1.2

d) 0.8

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: For limit state of serviceability, the load combination is 1.0(DL +WL/EL), for limit state of
strength, the load combination is 1.5(DL +WL/EL), where DL=Dead load, WL=wind load, EL=earthquake
load.

15. What is the partial safety factor for imposed load in combination of DL+LL+AL , where DL=Dead load,
WL=wind load, AL=Accidental load ?

a) 1.0

b) 0.5

c) 0.4

d) 0.35
View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The load combination is 1.0DL+ 0.35LL+ 1.0AL, where DL=Dead load, WL=wind load,
AL=Accidental load for limit state of strength.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Methods and Assumptions of Analysis

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Methods
and Assumptions of Analysis”.

1. The design action effects for design basis earthquake loads is obtained by _____________

a) Elastic Analysis

b) Plastic Analysis

c) Advanced Analysis

d) Dynamic Analysis

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The design action effects for design basis earthquake loads is obtained by elastic analysis.
The maximum credible earthquake load can be assumed to correspond to load at which significant
plastic hinges are formed and shall be obtained by plastic analysis.

2. What is non-sway frame?

a) transverse displacement of one end of member relative to other end is not effectively prevented

b) longitudinal displacement of one end of member relative to other end is not effectively prevented

c) transverse displacement of one end of member relative to other end is effectively prevented

d) longitudinal displacement of one end of member relative to other end is effectively prevented

View Answer
Answer: c

Explanation: In non-sway frame, transverse displacement of one end of member relative to other end is
effectively prevented. Example : in triangulated frames and trusses, in plane stiffeners is provided by
bracings or by shear walls, etc.

3. What is sway frame?

a) longitudinal displacement of one end of member relative to other end is not effectively prevented

b) transverse displacement of one end of member relative to other end is effectively prevented

c) longitudinal displacement of one end of member relative to other end is effectively prevented

d) transverse displacement of one end of member relative to other end is not effectively prevented

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: In sway frame, transverse displacement of one end of member relative to other end is not
effectively prevented. Such members and frames occur in structure which depend on flexural action of
members to resist lateral loads and sway.

4. Which of the following is true about rigid construction?

a) connections between members at their junction does not have sufficient rigidity

b) connections between members at their junction have sufficient rigidity

c) members are not connected

d) connection between members at junction will not resist any moment

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: In rigid construction, connections between members at their junction have sufficient
rigidity to hold angles between members connected at joint, unchanged under load.

5. In simple construction, connection between members at their junction will __________

a) resist moment

b) resist force

c) not resist force

d) not resist moment

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: In simple construction, connection between members at their junction will not resist any
appreciable moment and shall be assumed to be hinged.

6. What percent of factored load is notional horizontal force?

a) 0.5%

b) 1%

c) 10%

d) 20%

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Notional horizontal force = 0.5% of factored dead load + vertical imposed load at that level.
Notional horizontal force are applied to analyse a frame subjected to gravity loads, considering sway
stability of frame.

7. In first order elastic analysis, equilibrium is expressed in terms of ___________

a) geometry of deformed structure

b) geometry of undeformed structure

c) geometry of both deformed and undeformed structure

d) geometry of any structure

View Answer
Answer: b

Explanation: In first order elastic analysis, equilibrium is expressed in terms of geometry of undeformed
structure. This assumption is valid when elastic displacement are small compared to dimensions of
structure.

8. Which of the following is not an assumption of first order elastic analysis of rigid jointed frame?

a) materials behave linearly

b) yielding effects can be ignored

c) member instability effects cannot be ignored

d) frame instability effects can be ignored

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The following are the assumptions of first order elastic analysis of rigid jointed frame : (i)
materials behave linearly, (ii) yielding effects can be ignored, (iii) member instability effects such as
those caused by axial compression can ignored, (iv) frame behaves linearly frame instability effects such
as those caused by moments due to horizontal frame deflection, etc can be ignored.

9. Basic objective of second order elastic analysis is :

a) to calculate external force equilibrium in deformed geometry of structure

b) to calculate internal force equilibrium in deformed geometry of structure

c) to calculate external force equilibrium in undeformed geometry of structure

d) to calculate internal force equilibrium in undeformed geometry of structure

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Basic objective of second order elastic analysis is to calculate internal force equilibrium in
deformed geometry of structure. In this P-Δ effect is also considered.

10. First order analysis yields bending moment equal to those for a _____

a) cantilever beam
b) continuous beam

c) fixed beam

d) simply supported beam

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: First order analysis yields bending moment equal to those for a simply supported beam
since material and frame are assumed to behave linearly and member instability effects and frame
instability effects can be ignored.

advertisement

11. When plastic analysis is used, the yield stress of grade of steel used shall not exceed _____

a) 250 MPa

b) 500 MPa

c) 450 MPa

d) 800 MPa

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: When plastic analysis is used, the yield stress of grade of steel used shall not exceed 450
MPa and the stress strain distribution of steel shall not be significantly different from those obtained for
steels complying with IS 2062.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Riveted Connections

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Riveted
Connections”.
1. What is riveting?

a) the process of making holes in the structure

b) process of making mould for structure

c) method of joining together pieces of metal by inserting ductile metal pins called rivets

d) method of joining together pieces of metal by inserting non ductile metal pins called rivets

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Riveting is the method of joining together pieces of metal by inserting ductile metal pins
called rivets into holes of pieces to be connected and forming a head at end of rivet to prevent each
metal piece from coming out.

2. Size of rivet hole is _________ size of rivet

a) more than

b) less than

c) equal to

d) not compared with

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Size of rivet hole is kept slightly more than size of rivet.

Size of rivet hole is 1.5mm more for rivet diameter < 25mm

Size of rivet hole is 2mm more for rivet diameter ≥ 25mm.

3. Hammering is done in rivet to _______

a) give proper shape to rivet

b) completely fill up the rivet hole

c) partially fill up the rivet hole

d) make a rivet hole

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Holding red hot rivet at shop head end, hammering is made. It results into expansion of
rivet to completely fill up the rivet hole and also into formation at driven head.

4. Which of the following about rivet is correct?

a) causes low level of noise pollution

b) it does not require skilled work

c) labour cost is low

d) removing poorly installed rivet is costly

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: (i)Rivet connection is associated with high level of noise pollution, (ii)needs heating rivet to
red hot, (iii)inspection of connection is skilled work, (iv) removing poorly installed rivet is costly,
(v)labour cost is high.

5. Which of the following is correct?

a) effective diameter of rivets = rivet hole diameter

b) effective diameter of rivets = nominal diameter of rivet

c) effective diameter of rivets = 1.5 x rivet hole diameter

d) effective diameter of rivets = 1.5 x nominal diameter of rivet

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Effective diameter of rivet is taken as rivet hole diameter instead of nominal diameter of
rivet. Rivet hole diameter is diameter of rivet + clearance.
6. Diameter of head for button head rivet is ______

a) 1.60d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

b) 2.5d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

c) 3d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

d) 5d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Diameter of head for

(i) button head rivet = 1.6d,

(ii) flat countersunk head = 1.5d,

(iii) flat head = 2d, where d=nominal rivet diameter.

7. Height of head for flat countersunk head rivet is ______

a) 0.7d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

b) 0.5d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

c) 0.43d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

d) 0.25d, where d=nominal rivet diameter

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Diameter of head for

(i) button head rivet = 0.7d,

(ii) flat countersunk head rivet = 0.43d,

(iii) flat head rivet = 0.25d, where d=nominal rivet diameter.

8. Tolerance on length for rivet diameter > 16mm is_____

a) 1.5mm

b) 2mm

c) 5mm

d) 3mm

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Preferred nominal length of shank are 28,30,32,…..,225mm. Range of length depends on
rivet diameter. Tolerance on length = 1.5mm, for rivet diameter ≤ 16mm and tolerance on length =
3mm, for rivet diameter > 16mm.

9. Which of the following assumption is true for rivet connection?

a) friction between plates is considered

b) distribution of direct stress on portions of plates between rivet holes is uniform

c) bending stresses are considered

d) shear stress is not uniform on cross section of rivet

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The assumptions for rivet connection are : (i) friction between plates is neglected, (ii)
distribution of direct stress on portions of plates between rivet holes is uniform, (iii) shear stress is
uniform on cross section of rivet, (iv) bending stresses are neglected.

10. Rivets in group subjected to direct loads share load ________

a) equally

b) unequally

c) according to rivet diameter

d) rivets are not used in groups

View Answer
Answer: a

Explanation: Rivets in group subjected to direct loads share load equally.

Strength of group of rivets = Strength of single rivet x number of rivets in group.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Bolted Connections – I

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Bolted
Connections – I”.

1. What is the yield strength of bolt of class 4.6?

a) 400 N/mm2

b) 240 N/mm2

c) 250 N/mm2

d) 500 N/mm2

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: For class 4.6, ultimate strength = 4×100 = 400 N/mm2

yield strength / ultimate strength = 0.6

yield strength = 0.6×400 = 240 N/mm2.

2. Which of the following is correct?

a) size of hole = nominal diameter of fastener – clearances

b) size of hole = nominal diameter of fastener x clearances

c) size of hole = nominal diameter of fastener / clearances

d) size of hole = nominal diameter of fastener + clearances

View Answer
Answer: d

Explanation: Size of hole = nominal diameter of fastener + clearances

Clearance may be standard size, oversize, short slotted or long slotted.

3. High strength bolt is used for ____________

a) shear connection

b) slip resistant connection only

c) bearing type connection only

d) both slip resistant and bearing type connection

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: High strength bolt may be used for slip resistant and bearing type connection. At
serviceability, HSFG bolts do not slip and the joints are called slip resistant connections. At ultimate load,
HSFG bolts do not slip and the joints behave like bearing type connections.

4. Which of the following is advantage of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts?

a) joints are not rigid

b) bolts are subjected to shearing and bearing stresses

c) high strength fatigue

d) low static strength

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The advantages of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts are : (i) joints are rigid, (ii) bolts are
not subjected to shearing and bearing stresses as load transfer is mainly due to friction, (iii) high static
strength due to high frictional resistance, (iv) high strength fatigue since nuts are prevented from
loosening, (v)smaller number of bolts results into smaller number of gusset plates.
5. Which of the following is correct for pitch of the bolts and gauge?

a) pitch is measured along direction of load, gauge is measured perpendicular to direction of load

b) pitch is measured perpendicular direction of load, gauge is measured along to direction of load

c) pitch is measured along direction of load, gauge is measured along to direction of load

d) pitch is measured perpendicular direction of load, gauge is measured perpendicular to direction of

load

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Pitch is centre to centre spacing of bolts in a row, measured along direction of load. Gauge
is the distance between two consecutive bolts of adjacent row measured at right angles to the direction
of load.

6. What is the minimum pitch distance?

a) 2.0 x nominal diameter of fastener

b) 3.0 x nominal diameter of fastener

c) 1.5 x nominal diameter of fastener

d) 2.5 x nominal diameter of fastener

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Pitch is centre to centre spacing of bolts in a row, measured along direction of load.
Distance between centre to centre of fasteners shall not be more than 2.5 times nominal diameter of
fasteners.

7. Maximum pitch distance = ______________

a) 16 x thickness of thinner plate

b) 32 x thickness of thinner plate

c) 40 x thickness of thinner plate

d) 20 x thickness of thinner plate

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Distance between centre of any two adjacent fasteners shall not exceed 32t or 300mm,
whichever is less where t is thickness of thinner plate.

8. Pitch shall not be more than ___ in tension member and _______ in compression member.

a) 12t, 16t, where t = thickness of thinner plate

b) 20t, 16t, where t = thickness of thinner plate

c) 16t, 12t, where t = thickness of thinner plate

d) 16t, 20t, where t = thickness of thinner plate

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Pitch shall not be more than 16t or 200mm, whichever is less in tension member where t is
thickness of thinner plate. Pitch shall not be more than 12t or 200mm, whichever is less in compression
member, where t is thickness of thinner plate.

9. In case of staggered pitch, pitch may be increased by ______

a) 50%

b) 20%

c) 100%

d) 30%

View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Spacing between centres of fasteners may be increased by 50% when fasteners are
staggered at equal interval and gauge does not exceed at 75mm, subjected to maximum spacing
condition.

10. What is the difference between end and edge distance?

a) Edge distance is measured parallel to direction of stress, while end distance is measured
perpendicular to direction of stress

b) Edge distance is measured parallel to direction of stress, while end distance is measured parallel to
direction of stress

c) Edge distance is measured perpendicular to direction of stress, while end distance is measured
perpendicular to direction of stress

d) Edge distance is measured perpendicular to direction of stress, while end distance is measured
parallel to direction of stress

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Edge distance is distance at right angles to the direction of stress from centre of hole to
adjacent edge. End distance is distance in the direction of stress from centre of hole to end of element.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Bolted Connections – II

This set of Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers for Freshers focuses on “Bolted
Connections – II”.

1. Maximum gauge length is _________

a) 100+4t, where t is thickness of thinner plate

b) 100-4t, where t is thickness of thinner plate

c) 4t, where t is thickness of thinner plate

d) 100mm

View Answer
Answer: a

Explanation: Distance between centres of any two consecutive fasteners in line adjacent and parallel to
edge of outside plate shall not exceed (100+4t) or 200mm, whichever is less in compression and tension
members.

2. Minimum edge distance and end distance for rolled, machine flame cut is

a) 1.7 x hole diameter

b) 1.2 x hole diameter

c) 1.5 x hole diameter

d) 2.0 x hole diameter

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Minimum edge distance and end distance from centre of any hole to nearest edge of plate
shall not be (i) less than 1.7 x hole diameter, in case of sheared or hand flame cut edge, (ii) less than 1.5
x hole diameter, in case of rolled, machine flame cut.

3. Maximum edge distance should not exceed ______

a) 10tε, where ε = √(250/fy), t = thickness of thinner outer plate

b) 20tε, where ε = √(250/fy), t = thickness of thinner outer plate

c) 16tε, where ε = √(250/fy), t = thickness of thinner outer plate

d) 12tε, where ε = √(250/fy), t = thickness of thinner outer plate

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Maximum edge distance should not exceed 12tε, where ε = √(250/fy), t = thickness of
thinner outer plate. If members are exposed to corrosive influence, it shall not exceed (40+4t), where t =
thickness of thinner connected plate.

4. Tacking fasteners are used when _______

a) minimum distance between centre of two adjacent fasteners is exceeded

b) maximum distance between centre of two adjacent fasteners is exceeded

c) maximum distance between centre of two adjacent fasteners is not exceeded

d) for aesthetic appearance

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Tacking fasteners are used when maximum distance between centre of two adjacent
fasteners is exceeded. These are not subjected to calculated stress.

5. Spacing of tacking fasteners when exposed to weather should not exceed ______

a) 32t, where t= thickness of outside plate

b) 25t, where t= thickness of outside plate

c) 20t, where t= thickness of outside plate

d) 16t, where t= thickness of outside plate

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Spacing of tacking fasteners in a line should not exceed (i)32t or 300mm, whichever is less
when not exposed to weather, where t= thickness of outside plate, (ii)16t or 200mm, whichever is less
when not exposed to weather, where t= thickness of outside plate.

6. In case of compression members where forces are transferred through butting faces, pitch shall not
exceed ___ for a distance of 1.5 times width of member from butting faces.

a) 4.5d, where d= diameter of fasteners

b) 5d, where d= diameter of fasteners

c) 2.5d, where d= diameter of fasteners

d) 5.5d, where d= diameter of fasteners

View Answer
Answer: a

Explanation: In case of compression members where forces are transferred through butting faces, pitch
shall not exceed 4.5d, where d= diameter of fasteners for a distance of 1.5 times width of member from
butting faces.

7. Shear strength of bolt is given by ____

a) fu(nnAnb+ nsAsb)/(√3 x 1.1)

b) fy(nnAnb+ nsAsb)/(√3 x 1.1)

c) fu(nnAnb+ nsAsb)/(√3 x 1.25)

d) fy(nnAnb+ nsAsb)/(√3 x 1.25)

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Shear strength of bolt = fu(nnAnb+ nsAsb)/(√3 x 1.25), where fu=ultimate strength of bolt,
nn=number of shear planes with thread intercepting shear plane, ns=number of shear planes without
thread intercepting shear plane, Anb=nominal plain shank area of bolt, Asb=net shear area of bolt at
threads.

8. Nominal bearing strength of bolt is 2.5kbdtfu where kb depends on

(i) end distance, (ii)pitch distance, (iii)ultimate tensile stress of bolt, (iv)shank area of bolt, (v)yield stress
of bolt, (vi)diameter of hole

a) i, ii, iv, v

b) i, ii, iii, vi

c) ii, iii, iv, v

d) iii, iv, v, vi

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Nominal bearing strength of bolt is 2.5kbdtfu, where kb is smaller of e/3d0, p/3d0 -0.25,
fub/fu, 1 ; where e, d = end and pitch distances, d0= diameter of hole, fub and fu = ultimate tensile
stress of bolts and plate, d = nominal diameter of bolt.
9. Tensile strength of bolt is given by

a) 0.9fubAn/1.1

b) 0.9fybAn/1.1

c) 0.9fubAn/1.25

d) 0.9fybAn/1.25

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Tensile strength of bolt is given by 0.9fubAn/1.25, where fub=ultimate tensile stress of bolt,
An= net tensile area.

10. Proof stress for minimum bolt tension is :

a) 0.7fub

b) 0.5fub

c) 0.7fyb

d) 0.5fyb

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Proof stress for minimum bolt tension is 0.7fub, where fub= ultimate tensile stress of bolt.
Proof stress is an approximation for yield point for materials which do not have a definite one because
of their structure.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Bolted Connections – III

This set of Design of Steel Structures Interview Questions and Answers for freshers focuses on “Bolted
Connections – III”.

1. Which of the following equation is correct for bolt subjected to combined shear and tension?

a) (Vsb/Vdb)2 + (Tsb/Tdb)2 ≤ 1
b) (Vsb/Vdb)2 + (Tsb/Tdb)2 ≥ 1

c) (Vsb/Vdb) + (Tsb/Tdb) ≤ 1

d) (Vsb/Vdb) + (Tsb/Tdb) ≥ 1

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Bolt required to satisfy both shear and tension at the same time should satisfy (Vsb/Vdb)2
+ (Tsb/Tdb)2 ≤ 1 , where Vsb= factored shear force, Vdb = design shear capacity, Tsb = factored tensile
force, Tdb= design tensile capacity.

2. Shear Capacity of HSFG bolts is

a) μfnekhFo

b) μfnekhFoγmf

c) μfnekhoγmf

d) μfnekhFo/γmf

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Shear Capacity of HSFG bolts is μfnekhFo/γmf, where μf = coefficient of friction(0.55), ne =

number of frictional interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip, kh = 1 for fasteners in clearance
holes, 0.85 for fasteners in over sized and short slotted holes, γmf = 1.1 (slip resistance designed at
service load), 1.25 (slip resistance designed at ultimate load), Fo = minimum bolt tension = Anbf0 ,
where Anb = net area of bolt, f0 = 0.7fub , fub = ultimate tensile stress of bolt.

3. The maximum number of bolts of diameter 25mm that can be accomodated in one row in 200mm
wide flat are:

a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) 5
View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Minimum end distance = 2.5×25 = 62.5mm

Number of bolts that can be accommodated = (200-2×62.5)/25 = 3 bolts.

4. Calculate strength in shear of 16mm diameter of bolt of grade 4.6 for lap joint

a) 50 kN

b) 40 kN

c) 29 kN

d) 59 kN

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Bolts will be in single shear. Diameter of bolt = 16mm. Net area =
0.78x(π/4)x162=156.83mm2.

Strength of bolt in shear = Anbfub/(√3 x 1.25) = 156.83x400x10-3/1.25x√3 = 28.97kN.

5. What is the value of kb in nominal bearing strength for a bolt of 20mm diameter of grade 4.6?

a) 0.5

b) 1

c) 0.97

d) 2

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: diameter of bolt = 20mm, diameter of hole = 20+2 =22mm

e=1.5×22=33mm, p=2.5×20=50mm
e/3d0 = 33/(3×22) = 0.5, p/3d0 -0.25 = 50/(3×22) -0.25=0.5, fub /fb = 400/410=0.975

kb = minimum of (e/3d0 , p/3d0 -0.25, fub /fb, 1) = 0.5.

6. Calculate bearing strength of 20mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6 for joining main plates of 10mm thick
using cover plate of 8mm thick using single cover butt joint.

a) 70.26 kN

b) 109.82 kN

c) 50.18 kN

d) 29.56 kN

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: diameter of bolt = 16mm, diameter of hole =16+2 =18mm

e=1.5×18=27mm, p=2.5×16=40mm

e/3d0 = 27/(3×18) = 0.5, p/3d0 -0.25 = 40/(3×18) -0.25=0.49, fub /fb = 400/410=0.975

kb = minimum of (e/3d0, p/3d0 -0.25, fub /fb,1) = 0.49

bearing strength = 2.5kbdtfu/1.25 = 2.5×0.49x16x8x400x10-3/1.25 = 50.18 kN.

7. Find the number of HSFG bolts of diameter 20mm, grade 88 for connection of member carrying
factored tensile load of 200kN when no slip is permitted.

a) 5

b) 4

c) 3

d) 2

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Fo=0.7fubAnb=0.7x800x0.78x(π/4)x202x10-3=137.22 kN
Assume μf=0.5, ne=1, kh=1

Slip resistance of bolt = μf ne kh Fo/1.25 = 0.5x1x1x137.22/1.25 =54.88 kN

Number of bolts required = 200/54.88 = 3.64 = 4(approximately).

8. What is the efficiency of joint when strength of bolt per pitch length is 60kN and strength of plate per
pitch length is 150kN?

a) 25%

b) 30%

c) 35%

d) 40%

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Efficiency = (strength of bolt per pitch length/ strength of plate per pitch length)x100 =
60×100/150 = 40%.

9. Strength of bolt is

a) minimum of shear strength and bearing capacity of bolt

b) maximum of shear strength and bearing capacity of bolt

c) shear strength of bolt

d) bearing capacity of bolt

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Strength of bolt is minimum of shear strength and bearing capacity of bolt. Design shear
strength = nominal shear capacity/1.25, Design bearing strength = nominal bearing capacity/1.25.

10. Prying forces are

a) friction forces

b) shear forced
c) tensile forces

d) bending forces

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: In connections subjected to tensile stresses, the flexibility of connected parts can lead to
deformations that increases tension applied to bolts. This additional tension is called prying force.

Design of Steel Structures Questions and Answers – Pin Connections

This set of Design of Steel Structures Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Pin
Connections”.

1. What are pin connections?

a) structural members connected by bolts

b) structural members connected by cylindrical pins

c) structural members connected by bolts and pins

d) structural members connected by welding

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: When two structural members are connected by means of cylindrical-shaped pins, the
connection is known as pinned connection. It resists horizontal and vertical movement, but not
moment.

2. Pin connections are provided when _______ required.

a) hinge joint

b) fixed joint

c) irrotational joint

d) rigid joint
View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Pin connections are provided when hinged joints are required , where zero moments or
free rotation is desired and horizontal and vertical movement are not desired.

3. Pins used for the connection _________

a) does not affect secondary stresses

b) increase secondary stresses

c) reduce secondary stresses

d) doubles secondary stresses

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Pins used for the connection reduce secondary stresses. It serves the same purpose as
shank of bolt.

4. Forces acting on pin are ______ those on bolt

a) less than

d) equal to

c) half the force

d) greater than

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Since only one pin is present in the connection, forces acting on pin are greater than those
on bolt.

5. In which of the following cases pin connections are not used?

a) truss bridge girders

b) hinged arches

c) tall buildings

d) diagonal bracing connection

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Pin connections are used in following cases : (i) truss bridge girders, (ii) hinged arches,
(iii)tie rod connection in water tanks, (iv)as diagonal bracing connections in beams and columns,
(v)chain-link cables suspension bridges.

6. Shear capacity of pin when rotation is allowed is given by

a) 0.5fypA

b) 0.6fypA

c) 0.7fypA

d) 0.8fypA

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Shear capacity of pin is given by (i) 0.5fypA, when rotation is required, (ii) 0.6fypA, when
rotation is not required, where fyp=design strength of pin, A = cross sectional area of pin.

7. Bearing capacity of pin when rotation is not allowed is given by

a) 0.8fypdt

b) 0.6fypdt

c) 0.7fypdt

d) 1.5fypdt

View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Bearing capacity of pin given by (i) 1.5fypA, when rotation is not required, (ii) 0.8fypdt,
when rotation is not required, where fyp=design strength of pin.

8. Moment capcity of pin when rotation is not allowed is given by

a) 0.8fypZ

b) 0.6fypZ

c) 1.5fypZ

d) 2.0fypZ

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Moment capacity of pin given by (i) 1.5fypZ, when rotation is not required, (ii) 1.0fypdt,
when rotation is not required, where fyp=design strength of pin, Z=section modulus of the pin.

9. Members joined by pin connections are separated some distance _____

a) to allow friction

b) to allow for bolt heads

c) to allow bending

d) to allow to be removed

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Members joined by pin connections are separated some distance (i) to prevent friction, (ii)
to allow for bolt heads, if the members are built up, (iii) to facilitate painting.

10. Design of pin connections is primarily governed by

a) shear

b) bending

c) flexure

d) friction
View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Large bending moments are generated since members joined by pin connections are
separated some distance. So the pin diameter is generally governed by flexure.