CHAPTER

15 Vectors

1. (a) Scalar 6.
(b) Vector
(c) Scalar u
(d) Vector ~

1 u 3 u
–– ~
2. (a)
–~ 2
2
B A (a) (b)
5 cm
1 cm : 10 N
(b)
5 cm
–2u
v
~ ~
1 cm : 20 m s–1
(c)

3. (a) (i) u~   = 5 × 10 →

7. (a) AB    = 2u~
= 50 m s–1 →
u~   to the east RS = – 4u~
= –2(2u~  )
(ii) v~   = 5 × 10 →
= 50 m s–1 = –2AB → →
~v   to the west Therefore, AB   and RS   are parallel.
→
(b) (i) –u~   = 50 m s–1 (b) RS = – 4u~
–u~   to the west →
= – 4(3PQ  )
(ii) –v~   = 50 m s–1 →
= –12PQ
–v~   to the east → →
Therefore, RS   and PQ   are parallel.
4. (a) No → →
(b) Yes 8. AB   = 3u
~  , BC   = –7u~
(c) No → 1→
1
AB   = 3 – —BC  
7 2
→
5. PQ   = 2u → 3 →
~ AB   = – —BC
→ 7
RS   = –u~ Therefore, A, B and C are collinear.
→
AB   = 1— 1u
2~ 1
→ 1u 9. (a) (2k – 1)u~   = (2 + —h)v~
CD   = – — 3
2~
1
2k – 1 = 0 and 2 + — h = 0
1 3
k = — 1
2 —h = –2
3
h = – 6

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→ →
1 (b) BC   + DE   = 10v~  
(b) 6 —k
3 1 2
+ 2 u~   – (3h – 2)v
~  = 0~ = 10v~  
1 = 10 × 5
6 —k
3 1 2
+ 2 = 0 and 3h – 2 = 0
= 50 units
2
1
— h = —
k = –2 3
3
k = –6 15. (a)
Q
B
10. 2a + 3b – 1 = 0.................................... 1
2 – 4a + b = 0.................................... 2 u
~
2u
~
A
1 × 2, 4a + 6b – 2 = 0...................... 3
P
2 + 3, 7b = 0
b = 0
→ → → →
Substitute b = 0 into 1,
PQ – AB AB – PQ
(i) (ii)
2a + 3(0) – 1 = 0
1
→ → → →
PQ   – AB   = –(AB   – PQ  )
a = —
2
1 (b)
Therefore, a = — and b = 0.
2
C D
v
~
→ → → → R S
11. (a) AB   = DC  , DA   = CB 1 v
–~
→ → → → 2
(b) SR   = PQ  , SP   = RQ
→ → → → → → → →
(c) HE   = GF  , FE   = GH CD – RS RS – CD
(i) (ii)
→ → → →
12. CD   – RS   = –(RS   – CD  )

a b → →
~ ~ 16. (a) (i) AB   – CD = 5r~   – 3r~
= 2r~
→ →
a+b
~ ~ b+a
~ ~ (ii) CD   – AB = 3r~   – 5r~
= –2r~
→ →
a~   + b~   = b~   + a~ (iii) AB   – 2CD = 5r~   – 2(3r~  )
= 5r~   – 6r~
→ → = –r~
13. (a) 2PQ   + 3RS    = 2(3u~  ) + 3(5u
~  )
= 6u~   + 15u~ → →
(b) (i) AB   – CD   = 2r~  
= 21u~
= 2r~  
→ → =2×2
(b) 2PQ   + 3RS   = 21u ~   = 4 units
= 21u ~   → →
= 21 × 2 (ii) CD   – AB   = –2r~  
= 42 units = 2r~  
=2×2
→ → 2→ = 4 units
14. (a) BC   + DE = 6v~   + —BC
3 → →
2 (iii) AB   – 2CD   = –r~  
= 6v~   + —(6v~  )
3 = r~  
= 6v~   + 4v~ = 2 units
= 10v~

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→ →
→ 3→ 21. (a) r~   + ~s    = AB   + BC
17. (a) AD    = —BC
2
→
= AC
3
= —~s
2 → → →
(b) AC   = AD +   DC
→ → 3 1 →
(b) AD   – BC = —~s   – ~s = ~t   + —(AB  )
2 2
1 1
—
= ~s = ~t   + —~r
2 2
→ → 1 1 → →
(c) BC   – AD   = – —~s     (c) ~s   – —~r    = BC   + CD
2 2 →
1 = BD
= —s
2
1
= —(5)
2 22.
5
= — units
2
p
~
q
~
18.
s
q r ~
p ~ ~
~ 1
q – –p
–q 2~ q p+r+s s
~ p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ q
p+q ~ ~ r ~
~ ~ 1 p
p ~
p q––
r
~
p–q ~ 2~ ~
~ ~ ~ p p+r+s+q
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b)
r
19. ~

p–q+r –q
q ~ ~ ~ ~
p
~ ~ p
1 ~
p+q ––p
~ ~ –q 2~ q
p ~ ~ (c)
~
1p
q ––
p p–q
q ~ ~ ~ ~ 2~
~ (a) (b) (c)
→ → →
23. (a) RQ    = RS   + SQ
→ →
20. (a) p   + q = BD   + DA = – 4v~   + 5u
~
~ ~ →
= BA → →
(b) (i) PQ   – SQ   = 2v~   – 5u~
→ → → → →
(b) (i) AC   + CD    = AD (ii) RS   – QS    = – 4v~   – (–5u~  )
= –q = 5u~   – 4v~
~
→ → → → → →
(ii) BA   + AC = BC (c) PM    = PQ   + QM
= 2p → →
~ = 2v~   + QS   + SM
→ → →
(iii) CB   + BA    = CA 1→
= 2v~   + (–5u~  ) + —SR
→ → 4
= CD   + DA 1
= 2v~   – 5u~   + —(4v )
= –p   + q
~ ~ 4 ~  
= 3v~   – 5u~

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→ →
24. (a) AB    = 3AP (b) DE : AC = 1 : 2
= 3(2r~  ) → → →
= 6r~ (c) AD    = AB   + BD
1
→ → → = 2u ~   + — v   – u
2~ ~
(b) BC = BA   + AC
= –6r 1
~   + 4s~ = u~   + —~v
2
→ → →
(c) PC   = PA   + AC
= –2r~   + 4s~ → → →
27. (a) (i) OR    = OQ   + QR
→ → →
(d) PQ    = PB   + BQ 1 →
= q   + —QP
~ 3
1→ 1 →
= 4r~   + —BC = q   + —(QO   + OP  
→
)
4 ~ 3
1 1
= 4r~   + —(–6r   + 4s~  ) = q   + —(–q   + p )
4 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~  
3 1 1
= 4r~   – —~r   + ~s = q   – —q   + —p
2 ~ 3~ 3~
5
= ~s   + —~r 1 2
2 = —p   + —q
3~ 3~
→ → →
(e) AQ    = AB   + BQ → → →
1→ (ii) RS    = RP   + PS
= 6r~   + —BC
4 2 →
= —QP   + 2q
1 3 ~
= 6r —
~ 4 (–6r~   + 4s~  )
  +
2
= —(–q   + p ) + 2q
3 3 ~ ~   ~
= 6r ~   – — r   + s
2~ ~ 2 2
= – —q   + —p   + 2q
9 3~ 3~ ~
= —~r   + ~s
2 2 4
= —p   + —q
3~ 3~
→ → →
25. (a) RT   = QT   – QR
= 4a~   + hb~   – (2a~  + b~  ) → 2 4
(b) RS    = —p   + —q
= 2a~   + (h – 1)b 3~ 3~
~
1 2
→ → →
ST    = SR   + RT
1
= 2 —p   + —q
3 ~ 3 ~   2
= (a~   – b~  ) + 2a~   + (h – 1)b~ = 2OR
→
= 3a~   + (h – 2)b~
Therefore, O, R and S are collinear.
→ →
(b) QT = kRT
4a ~   + hb~   = k[2a~   + (h – 1)b~  ]
4a 28. (a) –i~   – 3j
~   + hb~ = 2ka~   + k(h – 1)b ~ ~
2k = 4 and h = k(h – 1) (b) 4i~   + 5j
~
k = 2 = 2(h – 1) (c) 6i~  – 5j
= 2h – 2 ~
h = 2
–1
→ → →
26. (a) ED    = EB   + BD
29. (a)
1 2
–3
1
= u~   + —~v   – u~ 4

= —~v
1
2 (b)
12
5
2
6
= —AC
1→
2
(c)
1 2
–5
Therefore, AC is parallel to DE.

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

(–1)2 + (–3)2
30. (a) ABBBBBBBBB 34. (a) 2a~   – b~
10 units
= ABB 4 –3
42 + 52
(b)
ABBBBB
=2
12 1 2
5
–
1
8 –3
41 units
= ABB
(6)2+ (–5)B2
(c)
ABBBBBBB
=
1 2 1 2
10
–
1
11
61 units
= ABB =
1 29

1 (–i  – 3j ) 1
31. (a) –––– (b) —a~   – 3b~
~ ~   2
10
ABB
1 4 –3
1 (4i  + 5j )
(b) ––––
41
ABB ~ ~  
= —
2 5 12 1 2 –3
1
1 (6i  – 5j ) 2

121
(c) –––– 9
61
ABB ~ ~   =
5
—
2
+
–3 2
32. (a) a~   + b~    = (2i~  + 3j ) + (4i~  + 5j ) 11
= 6i~  + 8j
~
~   ~   =
1 21
–—
2
(b) 2a~   + ~c    = 2(2i~  + 3j ) + 3i~
~  
= 4i~  + 6j   + 3i~ 35. (a) r~   – ~s   = (3i~  – 4j ) – (2i~  + 5j )
~ ~   ~  
= 7i~  + 6j = 3i~  – 4j   – 2i~  – 5j
~ ~ ~
1 = ~i  – 9j
(c) —d~   + ~c   + 2a~ ~
2
1 1 1
= —(– 4j ) + 3i~  + 2(2i~  + 3j ) ~   – —
(b) 4r
3~
s = 4(3i~  – 4j ) – —(2i~  + 5j )
~   3 ~  
2 ~ ~  
2 5
= –2j   + 3i~  + 4i~  + 6j = 12i~  – 16j   – —~i  – —j
~ ~ ~ 3 3~
= 7i~  + 4j 34 53
~ = –––~i  – –––j
3 3~

33. (a) p   + q

~ ~ –1 0 3
=
3
12 1 2
+
–1 36. (a) r~   – ~s   + ~t    =
1 2 12 1 2
2
–
4
+
–5
4 5
–1 – 0 + 3
=
12
2
9
=
1 2
2–4–5

2
1
(b) 2p   + —~r   + q
~ 2 ~
=
1 2
–7

3 1 0 –1
=2
12 12 1 2
4
+—
2 4
+
5
1
(b) –2r~   – —~s   + ~t = –2
2
–1
2 1 2 12 1 2 1 0
–—
2 4
+
3
–5
6 0 –1
=
12 12 1 2
8
+
2
+
5 =
1
2–0+3
2
– 4 – 2 – 5
5
=
1 2
15 =
1 2
5
–11

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

h 1 4 –2
12 12 12 1 2
→
37. (a) + = 39. PQ    =
3 k 8 4
1

1 2 12
h+1
3+k
=
4
8

–2 1 2
= –2

→
h + 1 = 4 and 3 + k = 8 = –2RS
h = 3 k = 5 → →
Therefore, PQ   and RS   are parallel.

h – 4 6
(b) 2
12 1 2 12
5
+
0
=
k
→ →

–1
→
40. PQ    = PO   + OQ
–2
2h – 4 6
=
1 2 1 2
+

1 2 1210 + 0
=
k
–2
–3
– 4

2h – 4 = 6 and
2h = 10
10 = k
k = 10
=
1 2 – 6

h = 5 → → →
QR = QO   + OR
2 4
1 5 1 k
=
12 12
+
(c) —
2 h 12 12 1 2 –3
2
= 2
–1
4
6
8

5
=
1 2 12

1 2
— –3 2k
2
h
—–6
=
–2 1 2 =6
12
1
2 2
5 — h
– 6 = –2 –3
— – 3 = 2k and
1 2
→
2 2 PQ    =
1 h – 6
2k = – — — = 4
2 2
1
1
k = – —
4
h = 8
12
= –3
2
1 →
6 + 8 + ABBBBBBB
38. (a) a~   + b~   = ABBBBB 2
3 + (– 4)
2 2 2
= –3 —QR  
6 1 2
100 + ABB
= ABBB 25 1 →
= 10 + 5 = – —QR
2
= 15 units Therefore, P, Q and R are collinear.

(b) a~   + b~    =
6i~  + 8j   + 3i~  – 4j
~ ~
2
=9i~  + 4j
12
→
~ 41. PQ   =
92 + 42
a~   + b~   = ABBBBB 1
= ABB 97 units 2
12
→ →
PO   + OQ  =
1
(c) a~   – 2b~    = 6i~  + 8j   – 2(3i~  – 4j )
~ ~   1 2
1 2 12
→
= 6i~  + 8j   – 6i~  + 8j + OQ   =
~ ~ –3 1
= 16j
~
2 1
12 1 2
→
162
a~   – 2b~   = ABB OQ = –
= 16 units 1 –3
1
=
12 4
Therefore, the coordinates of Q are (1, 4).

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→ →
42. (a) PQ   – SR (e) a~   – 2b~    = [3i~  + (1 – k)j – 2(– 4i~  + 5j )
~   ~  
–1 –5 = (3 + 8)i~  + (1 – k – 10)j
=
2 1 2 1 2
–
3 = 11i~  + (–1 – 9)j
~
~

4 = 11i~  – 10j
=
1 2
–1 ~   – 2b~   = 11 + (–10)
a ABBBBBBBBB
2 2
~

221 units
= ABBB
→ →
42 + (–1)2
(b) PQ   – SR   = ABBBBBBB
~   = 3 + (1 – k) = 5
(f) a
= 17 units
ABB ABBBBBBBB
2 B2
32 + (1 – k)2 = 25
(1 – k)2 = 16
4
1
(c) Unit vector = ––––
17
ABB –1 1 2

1 – k = ±4
k = 1 4
= –3, 5

43. (a) 2a~   – 3b~   + ~c   = 0~ (g) 2b

~   – ~c   = 2(– 4i~  + 5j~  ) – (hi~  + 7j~  )
2[3i~  + (1 – k)j ] – 3(– 4i~  + 5j ) + hi~  + 7j   = 0~ = –8i~  + 10j   – hi~  – 7j
~   ~   ~ ~ ~
6i~  + 2(1 – k)j   + 12i~  – 15j   + hi~  + 7j   = 0~ = (–8 – h)i~  + 3j
~ ~ ~ ~
(18 + h)i~  + [2 – 2k – 15 + 7] j  = 0~ (–8 – h)2 + 32 = ABBB
2b~   – ~c   = ABBBBBBBBBB 298
~
(18 + h)i~  + [–2k – 6] j  = 0~ (–8 – h)2 + 32 = 298
~ (–8 – h)2 = 298 – 9
18 + h = 0 and –2k – 6 = 0
h = –18 k = –3 = 289
–8 – h = ±17
(b) a~   – 2b~    = 3i~  + (1 – k)j   – 2(– 4i~  + 5j ) h = –8 17
~ ~   = –25, 9
= 3i~  + (1 – 4)j   + 8i~  – 10j
~ ~
= 11i~  – 13j
~ 44. 2a~ = 3b~
~   = 11 + (–13)
a~   – 2b ABBBBBBBBB
2 2
m n+2
290 units
= ABBB
1 (11i  – 13j )
2
1 2 1
n–1
=3
–1 – m 2
Unit vector = –––––– ~ 2m = 3n + 6
290
ABBB ~  
2m – 3n = 6............................. 1
(c) Let b~   = mc~ 2(n – 1) = 3(–1 – m)
– 4i~  + 5j   = m(hi~  + 7j ) 2n – 2 = –3 – 3m
~ ~   2n = –1 – 3m
= mhi~  + 7mj
~ 2n + 3m = –1.......................... 2
mh = – 4........................... 1 1 × 2, 4m – 6n = 12............ 3
7m = 5 2 × 3, 6n + 9m = –3............ 4
5
m = —........................... 2
7 3 + 4, 13m = 9
Substitute 2 into 1, 9
m = –––
5 13
— h = – 4
7 9
7 Substitute m = ––– into 2,
13
h = – 4 —1 2
5 9
= – –––
28 1 2
2n + 3 ––– = –1
13
5 27
2n = –1 – –––
(d) a~  = b~   – ~c 13
3i~  + (1 – k)j   = – 4i~  + 5j   – hi~  – 7j 40
= – –––
~ ~ ~ 13
= (– 4 – h)i~  – 2j 20
~ n = – –––
– 4 – h = 3 and 1 – k = –2 13
h = – 4 – 3 k = 1 + 2
9 20
= –7 k = 3 Therefore, m = ––– and n = – –––.
13 13

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→ →
5. PR   + 2QR   = 5i~ – 7j
→ → → → ~
PO   + OR   + 2(QO   + OR  ) = 5i~  – 7j
~
1. (2h – 3)p + (k – 4)q = 0 – 
→ → → →
OP   + OR   + 2QO   + 2OR  = 5i~  – 7j
~ ~ ~
Since p and q are non-parallel and non-zero. Therefore, → → →
~ ~ –  OP   + 3OR   – 2OQ  = 5i~  – 7j
the coefficient of p and q are 0 value. ~
~ ~ –(– 4i~  + 5j ) + 3(7i~  + 2j ) – 2(hi~  + kj ) = 5i~  – 7j
Thus, 2h – 3 = 0 ~   ~   ~   ~
4i~  – 5j   + 21i~  + 6j   – 2hi~  – 2kj  = 5i~  – 7j
3 ~ ~ ~ ~
h = — (25 – 2h)i~  + (1 – 2k)j  = 5i~  – 7j
2 ~ ~
and k – 4 = 0 25 – 2h = 5 and 1 – 2k = –7
k = 4 2h = 20 2k = 8
h = 10 k = 4
3
Hence, h = — and k = 4.
2
→ → →
→ → → 6. (a) PR    = PO   + OR
2. (a) RQ = RP + PQ → →
→ → = – OP   + OR
= –PR + PQ
= –(3i~  – 4j ) + 6i~
= –6b
~ + 2a~ ~  
= –3i~  + 4j   + 6i~
~
(b) Given QS : SR = 1 : 2 = 3i~  + 4j
1 ~
\ QS = —QR →
3 32 + 42
(b) PR   = ABBBBB
→ → →
PS = PQ + QS = 5 units
→ 1 → 1
= PQ + —QR Unit vector = —(3i~  + 4j )
3 5 ~  
1 →
= 2a ~+— 3
QR
2 4
= 2a~ – —RQ
1→
3
1
7. ~r  – ~s   =
1 2 1 2
3
 –
t
= 2a~ – —(–6b ~ + 2a~)
3 –2
= 2a
2
~ + 2b~ – —
3~
a
=
1 2
3–t

4 |r~  – ~s  |= 
(–2)2 + 
(3 – t)2 =  13
= —a~ + 2b ~
3 4 + (3 – t)2 = 13
(3 – t)2 = 9
→
3. (a) OA   = 8i~  – 6j 3 – t = ±3
~ t = 3 – 3, 3 + 3
→ → → t = 0, 6
(b) AB    = AO   + OB
→ → \  For non-zero t, t = 6.
= –OA   + OB
= (–8i~  + 6j ) + 10j
~   ~ → →
= –8i~  + 16j 8. (a) Let AB  = mBC
~
–8 3p   – 2q   = m[(1 – k)p   + 4q ]
=
161 2 ~ ~
= m(1 – k)p   + 4mq
~
~ ~  
~
4m = –2 and m(1 – k) = 3
1
→ → →
4. AC    = AB   + BC m = – —
2
1 1
1 2
→
= + AO Substitute m = – — into m(1 – k) = 3,
–2 2
1
1 –2 1 2
– — (1 – k) = 3
2
=
1 2 1 2
–2
+
– 4

1 – k = –6
k = 7
–1
=
1 2
– 6

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 8

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→ → →
→ 1→ (ii) AE    = AB   + BE
(b) AB  = – —BC 1
2 = – (4x~   + 8y ) + —(6x~  )
1 ~   2
AB = —BC = – 4x~   – 8y   + 3x~
2 ~
AB 1 = –x~   – 8y
––– = — ~
BC 2 → → →

AB : BC = 1 : 2 (iii)
BD    = BE   + ED
1→
= 3x~   + —EA
3
9. (a) Let p = lq 1
~   ~ = 3x~   + —(x~   + 8y )
6 k+1 3 ~  
12 1 2
= l
8 2
1
= 3x~   + —~x   + —y
3
8
3~
2l = 8 10 8
= –––~x   + —y
l = 4 3 3~
and l (k + 1) = 6
4 (k + 1) = 6 → → →
3 (b) BF = BC   + CF
k + 1 = —
2 1 →
= 6x~   + —CA
1 2
k = —
2 1
= 6x~   + —(–2x~   + 8y )
2 ~  
62 + 82 = 10
(b) p = ABBBBB = 6x~   – ~x   + 4y
∼
p ~
p = ∼ = 5x~   + 4y
∼ ~
p
∼ → 10 8
6 BD    = –––~x   + —y

1 2
3 3~
= 10
2
8 = —(5x~   + 4y )
3 ~  
10
2 →
3 = —BF

12
— 3
= 5
4 Therefore, B, D and F are collinear.
—
5
→
(c) AC = 2x~   – 8y
~
→ → → 2x~   = 2x
10. (a) BC = BA   + AC ~  
= – 4p   + 8q = 2 × 3
~ ~ = 6 units
→ → →
(b) DA    = DB   + BA 8y  = 8y 
~   ~  
1 → =8×2
= —CB   + (– 4p ) = 16 units
3 ~  
→
1 62 + 162
AC   = ABBBBBB
= —(4p   – 8q ) – 4p
3 ~ ~   ~ = 292 units
ABBB
4 8
= —p   – —q   – 4p
3~ 3~ ~
→ → →
8 8 12. (a) PR = PS   + SR
= – —p   – —q
3~ 3~ = –3y   + 6x~
~
→ → → → →
11. (a) (i) AC   = AB   + BC (b) Given ST =
2TR
→ →
= –BA   + BC 2→ →
—
ST   =SR
= –(4x~   + 8y ) + 6x~ 3
~   2
= 2x~   – 8y = —(6x~  )
~ 3
= 4x~

9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→ →
→ 3→ (b) (i) QT   = nQR
Given SR   = —PQ
2 = n(6x~   – 3y )
~  
→ 2→ = 6nx~   – 3ny
PQ   = —SR
3 ~
2
= —(6x ) (ii)
→ →
TS   = mOS
3 ~  
= 4x~ = m(3x~   + 2y )
~  
= 3mx~   + 2my
→ → ~
Since ST  = PQ  
, therefore PQTS is a parallelogram.
→ → →
→ → → (c) QS    = QT   + TS
(c) (i) PA    = PQ   + QA
= 6nx~   – 3ny   + 3mx~   + 2my
2→ → ~ ~
= —SR   + nQT = (6n + 3m)x~   + (2m – 3n)y
3 ~
2 → 1 →
= —(6x ) + n(–3y ) Also QS   = —QP
3 ~   ~   3
= 4x~   – 3ny 1 → →
~ = —(QO   + OP   )
3
(ii) Given P, A and R are collinear. 1
= —(–3y   + 9x~  )
→ → 3 ~
Let PA  = kPR = –y   + 3x~
~
4x~   – 3ny   = k(–3y   + 6x~  )
~ ~ 3x~   – y   = (6n + 3m)x~   + (2m – 3n)y
= –3ky   + 6kx~ ~ ~
~ 6n + 3m = 3
6k = 4 and 3k = 3n
2n + m = 1.................................. 1
2 2 2m – 3n = –1................................ 2
k = — 3n = 3 —
3 3 1 2
= 2 1 × 2, 4n + 2m = 2.................... 3
2 3 – 2, 7n = 3
n = —
3
3
n = —
→ → → 7
13. (a) (i) OS    = OP   + PS
3
2→ Substitute n = — into 1,
= 9x~   + —PQ 7
3
3
2 →
= 9x~   + —(PO   + OQ  )
→
7 1 2
2 — + m = 1
3 6
m = 1 – —
2 7
= 9x~   + —(–9x ~   + 3y~  ) 1
3 = —
7
= 9x~   – 6x~   + 2y
~ 1 3
Therefore, m = — and n = —.
= 3x~   + 2y 7 7
~
→ → →
(ii) QR    = QP   + PR →
14. (a) AB   = ~r   – ~s
1→
= (9x~   – 3y ) + —PO →
~   3 (b) PQ   = ~r   + ~s
1 →
= 9x~   – 3y   + —(–9x
~  ) (c) UV   = ~s   + 2r~
~ 3
= 9x~   – 3y   – 3x~
~
= 6x~   – 3y
~

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

h 3 2. (a) A
15. a~   – b~   =
12 1 2
4
–
–1
k
5
h–3
=
1 2 5 3 O

k=4
Let a~   – b~    = ka~
→ → →
h–3 h (b) AB    = AO   + OB

1 2 12
5
= k
4
→
= – OA   + OB
→

–3 2
h – 3 = kh

and 5 = 4k
k = —
5
4
= –
41 2 12
+
0
5
5
Substitute k = — into h – 3 = kh,
4
=
1 2
– 4
5
h – 3 = —h →
4 3. (a) AB  = 12i~  – 5j
→ → ~
5 AO   + OB   = 12i~  – 5j
h – —h = 3 ~
4 → →
1 AO  = (12i~  – 5j ) – OB
– —h = 3 ~  
4 = 12i~  – 5j   – (– 4i~  + 3j )
~ ~  
h = –12 = 16i~  – 8j
→ ~
OA   = –16i~  + 8j
~
Therefore, A = (–16, 8).
→ →
1. (a) OB   = 4i~  + 3j 122 + (–5)2
(b) AB   = ABBBBBBBB
~ = 13 units
→
42 + 32
(b) OB   = ABBBBB 1
Unit vector = –––(12i~  – 5j )
= 5 units 13 ~  
1
Unit vector = —(4i~  + 3j )
5 ~   →
4.  = 12
CD 
–2 42 + (–k)2 = 12
ABBBBBBB
1 2
→
(c) BC  =
– 1 16 + k2 = 144
k2 = 128
–2
1 2 k = ±ABBB 128
→ →

BO   + OC  =
– 1
–2
1 2
→ → →
–OB   + OC   = k2 + (– 4)2
5. PQ   = ABBBBBBB
– 1
k2 + 16 = 3k
\ ABBBBB
–2 k2 + 16 = 9k2
1 2
→ →
OC  = + OB
– 1 8k2 = 16
k2 = 2
–2 4
=
1 2 12
– 1
+
3
k = ±AB 2

2
=
12 2
6. 2p   – q = 4i~  + 5j
~ ~   ~
2(ni~  + 4j ) – (6i~  – mj) = 4i~  + 5j
~   ~  ~
Therefore, C = (2, 2). 2ni~  + 8j   – 6i~  + mj = 4i~  + 5j
~ ~   ~
(2n – 6)i~  + (8 + m)j = 4i~  + 5j
~   ~
2n – 6 = 4 and 8 + m = 5
n = 5 m = –3

11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

7. (a) p  + q    = (5i~  – 7j ) + (4i~  + 3j ) 9. 2a

~   – 3b~   = 4c~  
~ ~ ~   ~  
= 9i~  – 4j 2 k

~
92 + (– 4)2
p   + q  = ABBBBBBB
~ ~  
12 12
2a~   – 3b~   = 2
3
–3
h
= ABB 97 units 4 – 3k
(b) kp = (m + 1)q
~   ~
=
1 2
6 – 3h
k(5i~  – 7j ) = (m + 1)(4i~  + 3j ) (4 – 3k)2 + (6 – 3h)2
2a~   – 3b~   = ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB
~   ~  
5ki~  – 7kj = 4(m + 1)i~  + 3(m + 1)j 4c~   = 4c~  
~   ~
= 4ABBBBBBB (– 4)2 + 32
5k = 4(m + 1)
= 4 × 5
= 4m + 4
= 20
5k – 4m = 4.................................. 1
(4 – 3k)2 + (6 – 3h)2 = 20
ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB
–7k = 3(m + 1)
(4 – 3k)2 + (6 – 3h)2 = 400
= 3m + 3
16 – 24k + 9k2 + 36 – 36h + 9h2 = 400
–7k – 3m = 3................................ 2
9k2 + 9h2 – 24k – 36h – 348 = 0
1 × 7, 35k – 28m = 28.............. 3 3k2 + 3h2 – 8k – 12h – 116 = 0
2 × 5, –35k – 15m = 15............ 4
3 + 4, – 43m = 43 10. (a) p   + 2q   = ki~  + 3j   + 2(3i~  – 4j )
m = –1 ~ ~ ~ ~  
= (k + 6)i~  – 5j
Substitute m = –1 into 1, ~
5k – 4(–1) = 4 (k + 6)2 + (–5)B2 = ABBB
p   + 2q  = ABBBBBBBBBB 125
~ ~  
5k = 0 (k + 6)2 + 25 = 125
k = 0 (k + 6)2 = 100
Therefore, k = 0 and m = –1. k + 6 = ±10
k = ±10 – 6
= 4, –16
8. (a) ~r   + ~s   = 2r~
k 4 k k2 + 32 = ABBBB
(b) p  = ABBBBB k2 + 9B

12 12 12
3
+
n
=2
3
~  
32 + (– 4)2 = 5
q  = ABBBBBBB
~  
k+4 2k Given p  + 2q  = 15

1 2 1 2
3+n
=
6
~   ~  
k + 9B + 2 × 5 = 15
ABBBB
2

k + 4 = 2k and 3 + n = 6 k2 + 9B = 5
ABBBB
k = 4 n = 3 k2 + 9 = 25
k2 = 16
(b) Let ~r   + ~s   = mr~
k = ±4
k+4 k

1 2 12
3+n
= m
3 → → →
11. (a) BC   = BA   + AC
k + 4 = mk.................................... 1
= –x~   + y
~
3 + n = 3m → → →
3+n (b) AD    = AB   + BD
m = –––––.............................. 2 2→
3 = ~x   + —BC  
3
Substitute 2 into 1,
2
3+n = ~x   + —(–x~   + y )
k + 4 = ––––– k
3 1 2 3 ~  
2 2
3k + 12 = 3k + nk = ~x   – —~x  + —y
3 3~
nk = 12
1 2
12 = —~x   + —y
k = ––– n 3 3~

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 12

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→ → →
12. (a) PT    = PQ   + QT → 2→
14. (a) (i) AF   = —AB
3 → 3
= 2x~   + —QR
4 → 3→
AB    = —AF
3 2
= 2x~   + —(4y )
4 ~   3
= —(4x~  )
= 2x~   + 3y 2
→ ~ = 6x~
(b) PT    = 2(2i~  + 3j ) + 3(i~  – 4j )
~   ~  
= 4i~  + 6j   + 3i~  – 12j
~ ~ → 2→
= 7i~  – 6j (ii) DC   = —AB
~ 3

→
72 + (– 6)2
 = ABBBBBBB 2
PT   = —(6x~  )
= ABB 85 units 3
= 4x~
→ → → → → →
13. (a) BD    = BA   + AD AC   = AD   + DC
2→ = 3y   + 4x~
= – 4x~   + —AC ~
3
2 → → → 1 →
= – 4x~   + —(AB   + BC  ) AE    = —AC
3 2
2 1
= – 4x —
~   + 3 (4x ~   + 12y~  ) = —(3y   + 4x~  
2 ~
)
8 3
= – 4x~   + —~x   + 8y = 2x~   + —y
3 ~ 2~
4
= – —~x   + 8y → → →
3 ~ (iii) DF = DA   + AF
→ = –3y   + 4x~
(b) AB 
 = 4x~  
 ~
= 4x~   – 3y
= 4x~  
 ~
→
=4×3 (b) AF 
 = 4x~ 

= 12 units →
→  = 2x~ 
FB  
 = 12y 
BC 
~   \ Area of ∆ACF = 2 × Area of ∆BCF
= 12y 
~   = 2 × 12
= 12 × 2
= 24 unit2
= 24 units
C
→ → →
15. (a) PT    = PS   + ST
= (–2x~   – 4y~  ) + (8x~   + 4y~  )
= 6x~
24 units
D
PT m
(b) ––– = ––
TQ 1
PT
A B m = ––––
12 units
TQ
→
242 – 12B2
 = ABBBBBB
AC  6x~ 

= ––––
= 432 units
ABBB 2x~ 

→ 2 → 3
 = —AC 
AD  = —
3
 1
2 = 3
= —ABBB 432 units
3
→ → →
(c) TR   = TS   + SR

→
 = —
BD 
4
9 ABBBBBBBBB
(432) + 122 = –8x~   – 4y   + 8x~
= – 4y
~
= ABBB 336 units ~

13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→
(d) SP   = 2x~   + 4y (ii)
→ →
= kAN
AL  
~
→ → → →
P AO   + OL    = k(AO   + ON  )
→ 1
–a ~   + OL   1
= k –a~   + —b~  
2 2
→ 1
OL   = –ka~   + —kb~   + a~
4y 2
~ 1
= (1 – k)a~   + —kb~
2
Compare (i) and (ii)
S O 1
2x
~ —h = 1 – k
2
→
SO  = 2x~   h = 2 – 2k........................ 1
= 2x~   1 1
—k = — h
=2×3 2 2
= 6 units k = h................................ 2
→
PO   = 4y Substitute 2 into 1,
~ 
=4×4 h = 2 – 2h
= 16 units 3h = 2
→ 2
162 + 6B2
 = ABBBBB
SP   h = —
3
= ABBB 292 units 2
From 2, k = —
3
2 2
Therefore, h = — and k = —.
16. (a) (i) y 3 3
B
b → → →
~
N M 17. (a) (i) OM    = OA   + AM
1→
A = u~   + —AB
~a x
2
O 1 → →
= u~   + —(AO   + OB  )
2
→ 1 → 1
ON   = —OB = u~   + —(–u   + v )
2 2 ~ ~  
1 1 1
= —b~ = u~  – —u~   + —~v
2 2 2
→ → → 1 1
(ii) OM   = OA   + AM = —u~   + —~v
2 2
1→
= a~   + —AB
2
1 →
→ 1→
→
= a~   + —(AO   + OB  ) (ii) AT   = —AB
2 4
1 1
= a~   + —(–a~   + b~  ) = —(–u~   + ~v  )
2 4
1 1 1 1
= a~   – —a~   + —b~ = – —u~   + —~v
2 2 4 4
1 1
= —a~   + —b~
2 2
(b) Since ∆AOT and ∆AOB has the base ratio
AT : AB = 1 : 4 with O as the vertex, therefore
→ →
(b) (i) OL   = hOM the area of ∆AOT
1 1 1
= h —a~   + —b~   1 2 = — × Area of ∆AOB
2 2 4
1 1 1
= —ha~   + —hb~ = — × 24
2 2 4
= 6 unit2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 14

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→
(c) u~   – ~v   = BA 3
Substitute k = – — into 1,
→ 4
u~   – ~v 
 = BA 
 3 3
M
1
–l + 2 = – – — l + 3 – —
4 2
4 1 2
1 (u – v) 3 9
–
2 ~ ~ = —l – —
4 4
3 9
l + —l = 2 + —
B
4 4
30°
7 17
10
— l = –––

O
4 4
7l = 17
BM
sin 30° = –––– 17
10 l = –––
BM = 5 7

u~   – ~v   = 2 × 5

→ →
= 10 units 3. Let = kAB
AP  
→ → → →
AO   + OP  
= k(AO   + OB  )
2 1
–a~ + —a~ + —b~ = k(–a~ + b~)
3 3
1. (a) 1 1
– —a~ + —b~ = –ka~ + kb~
C B E 3 3
1 1
\ –k = – and k = —
—
b 3 3
~
1
k = —
5 cm
3
→ 1→
Since k are the same, then AP   = —AB  .
a
~
O 6 cm A P 3
→ → → Therefore, APB is a straight line.
AC
= AB   + BC
→ →
= (AO   + OB  ) + (–a~)
= –a~ + b~ – a~ 4. 5
|v~| = AB
= b~ – 2a~
p + q = 5
ABBBBB
2 2 AB
p2 + q2 = 5................................ 1
→ → →
(b) OE = OA   + AE 3 + 2p
= a~ + ~ b
1 u~ + 2v~ =
2 2
p
~ + b~| = OP + PE 3 3 + 2p
ABBBBBBBB
1 2 12 1
2 2

2
|a
+2 =
= ABBBBBB 122 + 52 –2 q 2
= 13 units \ –2 + 2q = 2
2q = 4
→ → q = 2
2. Let AB   = kAC   where k is a constant
→ → → → Substitute q = 2 into 1,
AO   + OB   = k(AO   + OC  ) p2 + 22 = 5
–l~i + (2i~ + 3j ) = k[–l~i + 3i~ – 4j ] p2 = 1
~ ~
–l~i + 2i~ + 3j = –kl~i + 3ki~ – 4kj p = 1, p = –1 is ignored since p . 0.
~ ~
(–l + 2)i~ + 3j = (–kl + 3k)i~ – 4kj Hence, p = 1, q = 2.
~ ~
\ –l + 2 = –kl + 3k.....................1
and 3 = – 4k
3
\ k = – —
4

15 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→ → → → →
5. (a) AB = –2i~ + 3j AO  + OB = p(AM   + MD  )
→ → ~
AO   + OB   = –2i~ + 3j 1 →

→
AO   + (–i~ + 5j ) = –2i~ + 3j
~ 2 1
–a~ + b~ = p – —a~ + kMC  )
~ ~ 1 →
→ = – —pa~ + pkMC
AO   = –i~ – 2j 2
~ 1 → →

→
OA   = ~i + 2j = – —pa~ + pk(MO   + OC  )
~ 2
\ A(1, 2) 1 1
→ → →
= – —pa~ + pk – —a~ + 4b~
2 2 1 2
(b) AC   = AB   + BC 1 1
= – —pa~ – —pka~ + 4pkb~
= (–2i~ + 3j ) + (3i~ – 4j ) 2 2
~ ~
= ~i – j 1 1
~ 2 1
= – —p – —pk a~ + 4pkb~
2 2
→
12 + (–1)2
|AC  | = ABBBBBBB 1 1
\ – —p – —pk = –1
= AB 2 units 2 2
1 1
—p + —pk = 1
2 2
→ → →
6. (a) AC   = AO   + OC p + pk = 2........................... 1
= (–2i~ – 3j ) + l(–i~ + 5j )...................1 and 4pk = 1
~ ~
= –2i~ – 3j – l~i + 5lj 1
pk = —..................................... 2
~ ~ 4
= (–2 – l)i~ + (5l – 3)j
~ Substitute 2 into 1,
→
(–2 – l)2 + (5l – 3)2
|AC  | = ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1
p + — = 2
4 + 4l + l2 + 25l2 – 30l + 9
= ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 4
7
26l2 – 26l + 13
= ABBBBBBBBBBB p = —
4
7
→ → → Substitute p = — into 2,
(b) AB   = AO   + OB 4
= (–2i~ – 3j ) + (– 4i~ + 20j )..................2 7 1
~ ~ —k = —
→ → 4 4
Given |AB  | = |AC  | 1
k = —
From 1 and 2, 7
l(–i~ + 5j ) = – 4i~ + 20j → →
~ ~ (b) Since AB   = pAD
–l = – 4 and 5l = 20 7→
l = 4 = —AD
20 4
l = –––
5 AD 4
= 4 \ –––– = —
AB 7
\ l2 – l = 42 – 4 Therefore, AD : AB = 4 : 7
= 12
8.
7. (a) A
A a
~

C
O D
b
~ M
M B
D
a → → → →
~
Given OD   = hOC   
and BD   = kMA  
→ →
BD   = kMA
→ → → →
O C BO   + OD   = k(MO   + OA  )
b B 3b
~ ~ → 1
→ →
–b —
~ + hOC   = k – 2 b~ + a~ 1 2
A, B and D are collinear, therefore AB  = pAD  
where p is a constant.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 16

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→ →
→ → 1 and BT = kBD
–b~ + h(OA  + AC  ) = – —kb + ka~
2 ~
→ →
BC   + CT = k(4b~ + 2a~)
2→ 1 6a~ + (–6ha~ + 4hb~) = 4kb~ + 2ka~
31
–b~ + h a~ + —AB   = – —kb~ + ka~
2 2 6a~ – 6ha~ + 4hb~ = 4kb~ + 2ka~
2 → → 1 (6 – 6h)a~ + 4hb~ = 4kb~ + 2ka~.......................1
3
–b~ + h a~ + —(AO   + OB  ) = – —kb~ + ka~
3 2 4
2 1 Equating coefficient of b~,
3
–b~ + h a~ + —(–a~ + b~) = – —kb~ + ka~
3 2 4 4h = 4k
2 2 1 \ h = k
–b~ + ha~ – —ha~ + —hb~ = – —kb + ka~
3 3 2 ~ (b) For coefficient of a~ in 1,
2 2 1 6 – 6h = 2k
1 —
3 2 1 2
h – 1 b~ + h – —h a~ = – —kb~ + ka~
3 2 6 – 6k = 2k
2 1 1 8k = 6
1
3 ~ 3 ~ 2
—h – 1 b + —ha = – — kb + ka~
2 ~ k = —
3
2 1 1 4
\ —h – 1 = – —k and —h = k
3 2 3
h = 3k
10.
2 1 B
Substitute h = 3k into —h – 1 = – —k,
3 2
2 1
—
(3k) – 1 = – k —
3 2 4y
3
1 ~
2k + —k = 1
2 Q
5 T 1
— k = 1 6x
~
2 O
1 P 2
A
2
k = —
5 → → → → → →
2 OA = 6x~, OB  = 4y , BT   = kBP  
, OT   = hOQ
Substitute k = — into h = 3k, ~
5
→ →
2 → 2BO   + 1BA Concept of ratio theorem
h = 3 —1 2 (a) BP = ––––––––––
5 2+1
→ →
6 2(– 4y ) + (BO   + OA  )
= — ~
5 = ––––––––––––––––––
2 6 3
Therefore, k = —, h = — –8y + [(– 4y ) + 6x~]
5 5 ~
= –––––––––––––––– ~
3
9. (a) D –8y – 4y + 6x~
2a
~
~
= –––––––––––– ~
T 3
A C = 2x~ – 4y
~
→ →
–4b 6a
~ → 1OB   + 3OA
OQ = ––––––––––
~

1+3
4y + 3(6x~)
B ~
= –––––––––
→ → → 4
CA = CB   + BA
9
= –6a~ + 4b~ = y + ~x
~ 2
→ → →
BD = BA   + AD Alternative method
= 4b~ + 2a~ → → →
BP = BO + OP
→
Given CT = hCA
→ 1 →
= –4y + OA
= h(–6a ~ 3
~ + 4b~) 1
= –6ha~ + 4hb~ = –4y + (6x~)
~ 3
= 2x~ – 4y
~

17 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15

→

→ →
OQ = OA + AQ
→ 82 + 62
(d) (i) |AB  | = ABBBBB
1 → = ABBB 100
= 6x~ + AB = 10 units
4
1 → →
8
= 6x~ + ( AO + OB ) (ii) tan ∠OAB = —
4 6
1 8
= 6x~ + (–6x~ + 4y~)
4 ∠OAB = tan–1 —
6 1 2
3 = 53°8′
= 6x~ – ~x + y
2 ~
9
= ~x + y
2 ~ → → →
11. (a) DM = DC   + CM
→ 1 →
→ → = AB   + —CB
(b) BT = kBP 2
= k(2x~ – 4y ) 1
~ = u~ + (– 4v~)—
= 2kx~ – 4ky 2
~ = u~ – 2v~
→ → →
(c) BT = BO   + OT → 4 →
= – 4y + hOQ
→ (b) DN = —DA
~ 5
9 4 →
= – 4y + h y + —~x1 2 = —CB
~ ~ 2 5
9 4
= – 4y + hy + —hx~ = —(– 4v~)
~ ~ 2 5
9 16
= (h – 4)y + —hx~ = – –––~v
~ 2 5
→ → → →
Compare BT = 2kx~ – 4ky and (c) MN = MD   + DN
~
→ 9 16
BT = (h – 4)y + —hx~ 1
= –(u~ – 2v~) + – –––~v 2
~ 2 5
\ h – 4 = – 4k 16
= –u~ + 2v~ – –––~v
h = 4 – 4k................................ 1 5
6
9 = –u~ – —~v
2k = —h.................................... 2 5
2
Substitute 1 into 2,
9 12.
2k = —(4 – 4k) A
2
= 18 – 18k 2
a
~ X
20k = 18 M
18 1
k = –––
20 O B
9 b
= ––– ~
10
→ → → →
9 Given BX = hOA  , OM   = kOX
Substitute k = ––– into 1,
10 → →
9 BX = hOA
h = 4 – 4 –––1 2
10
→ →
BO   + OX = ha~
18
= 4 – ––– 1 →
5 –b~ + —OM = ha~
2 k
= —
5

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 18

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 15  

→ → →
1 2b~ + a~ (b) BC = BD   + DC
–b~ + — ––––––
k 3 1 = ha~ 2 Use ratio theorem to find
= (4b —4→
~ – 12a~) + 3 AB
→
OM or
2 1 → → → 4
–b~ + –––b~ + –––a~ = ha~ OM = OB + BM = 4b~ – 12a~ + —(12a~)
3k 3k 1 → 3
= b + BA = 4b~ – 12a~ + 16a~
~ 3
2 1
1 3k 2
–1 + ––– b~ + –––a~ = ha~
3k
1 →
= b + ( BO + OA)
~ 3
→ = 4b~ + 4a~
1 → →
= b + (– b + a ) AE  = 3(a~ + b~) and BC   = 4(a
~+~
b)
2 1 ~ 3 ~ ~
\ –1 + ––– = 0 and = h 2 1 AE
3k 3k = b + a 3
3~ 3~ \ –––– = —
2 BC 4
––– = 1
3k
AE : BC = 3 : 4
3k = 2
2
k = — → →
3 14. OA   = 12a~, OB   = 12b~

2 1 B
Substitute k = — into ––– = h,
3 3k
1
h = –––––
2 8b
1 2
3—
3
~
3
1
= —
2 Q
R
2 1
Therefore, k = —, h = —
4b
~
3 2 1
O A
4a P 8a
13. ~ ~
D 4 C → → →
1 = AP  + PR
AR
E 1→
= –8a~ + —PB
4b
~ 4
3 1 → →
= –8a~ + —(PO   + OB  )
12a
4
~
1
= –8a —
~ + 4 (– 4a~ + 12b~)
A 3 B

= –8a~ – a~ + 3b~
→ → →
(a) DB = DA  + AB = –9a~ + 3b~
= – 4b ~ + 12a~ = 3(–3a~ + b~)
→ →
→ 1 × AB   + 3 × AD Concept of ratio
AE = ––––––––––––––– theorem
→ → →
1+3 AQ = AO   + OQ
12a~ + 12b~ = –12a~ + 4b~
= –––––––––
4 = 4(–3a~ + b~)
= 3a~ + 3b~ 1→
1
= 4 —AR  
3 2
Alternative method 4 →
= —AR

→ →
AE = AB + BE
→ 3
3 → Therefore, A, R and Q are collinear.
= 12a ~ + 4 BD
3
= 12a~ + (4b~ – 12a~)
4
= 12a~ + 3b~ – 9a~
= 3a ~ + 3b~

19 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.