INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

DICTIONARY
OF THE

NEUTRAL LANGUAGE (IDIOM NEUTRAL)

NEUTRAL-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-NEUTRAL

WITH A COMPLETE GRAMMAR IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RESOLUTIONS OF

THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE AND
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

COMPOSED AND BY CONCESSION OF THE ACADEMY PUBLISHED BY A MEMBER

THEREOF

M. A. F. HOLMES

ROCHESTER, N. Y.
JOHN P. SMITH PRINTING COMPANY
1903
 PREFACE.

" What is most International is nearest the Ideal."

In publishing this Dictionary of the Neutral Language, some
thing must be premised as to the origin of the latter, for very few
are aware that there exists a well organized international society,
to which the language owes its origin.

After many fruitless attempts — and all by eminent scholars —

had been made in the course of the last three hundred years to
construct an artificial language that would serve to facilitate inter
course between persons of different nationalities, in the year 1879
Rev. J. M. Schleyer of Litzelstetten, Baden, succeeded in excogi
tating such a language, called Volapiik, which at the time attracted
general notice, since the grammar of this language, in contradis
tinction to the difficult grammars of the living languages, is-
surprisingly simple ; in a few hours the rules could be acquired
and correspondence immediately entered upon with the aid of a
dictionary.
This simplicity caused many to learn the interesting language,
and after a few years Volapiik was so widely spread that there were
hundreds of Volapiik clubs, and over twenty Volapiik papers were
published.
t
Soon, however, complaints arose as to certain imperfections of
the language : some Volapiikists arbitrarily introduced changes or
VI PREFACE

corrections, which were not recognized by others, among them the

inventor ; disagreements arose, and in consequence it was univer
sally deemed desirable to call into existence a society which would
preserve the unity of the language and perfect Volapiik.
Such a society, under the name of International Academy of
the Universal Language, was founded by the Volapiik congress,
held in Munich in the year 1887, and the statutes of this Academy
were ratified by the international Volapiik congress held in Paris
in the year 1889 ; by which statutes the Academy is to this day
guided. At first seventeen persons, from twelve different countries,
were chosen to constitute the Academy ; later the number of mem
bers fluctuated between fifteen and thirty-six. The labors of
the Academy could be carried on only in writing, since the
members lived in various localities (in Europe, America, Africa
and Asia).
In the beginning the Academy was occupied with the discussion
of grammatical questions ; later, when it was seen that very many
words are common to most European languages and consequently
are already familiar to those speaking a European langage, e. g.
tenor, plan, basin, brutal, and that therefore all these world-words
must find favor in a language intended for international communi
cation, the Volapiik words, which are to a great extent taken from
the English, but often so distorted as to be unrecognizable, were
replaced by international words.
Now, as the result of the labors of the Academy, a language
has arisen—called Neutral Language (Idiom Neutral), —which has
retained the good qualities of Volapiik, but differs essentially from
Volapiik in this, that it consists almost exclusively of international
words, and can thus, whether spoken or written, be understood by
every educated man almost without any previous study.
Consequently the Neutral Language is capable of rendering
effective service in all cases where persons of different nationalities
 PREFACE vll

must make themselves understood either orally or in writing,

whether it be for commercial, scientific, or other purposes ; in a
word, wherever the need of a so-called universal language
exists.
M. A. F. HOLMES.
Macedon, N. Y., May 4, 1903.
 GRAMMAR
OF THE

NEUTRAL LANGUAGE
(IDIOM NEUTRAL).

I. Pronuncia1ion and Or1hography.

§ I. The Neutral Language (Idiom neutral) has 22 letters,
5 vowels : a e i o u, and 17 consonants :bcdfghjklmn
p r s t v y.
The vowels are pronounced as follows :
a as a in the English word far, father, guard,
e a " " ' " cape, dale, fate.
i e " " ' " me.
o o " " ' " no, note.
u u " " ' " truth, or
oo " " ' " moon, room.
Consecutive vowels are pronounced separately, e. g hebre-ik
Hebraic, a-utomat automaton, E-urop Europe, no-l we, si-e his.
The consonants are always pronounced as follows :
b as b in the English word bar.
c " ch " " " " chain, charity, (r. 115, r. 126) (*)
d " d " " " " date.
f " 1 ' fate.
g " g " " " " get, give, got. (**)
(*) The figures after the "r." denote the number of the respective
resolution of the Academy.
(**) Never as in the English word gentle.
 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

h as h in the English word hold. (r. 119).

I ' Z
1 si
" " azure, seizure, or
French word Jean, je, jour, (r. 11o).
k <' ki English " keep, kill.
i • ni " " late, let.
in " " mat, met.
11 ' n " not, note.
P ' P ' " pale, pair.
r ' r ' " rain, red.
a ' 8 ' " sale, seal, sill (*) (r. 118).
t ' t ' " tale, till,
V ' V ' vale, vague,
y ' y ' yet, yoke. (r. 112).
The letters s and h, jf they stand together, form an exception
hereto ; they are then pronounced as sh in the English word
" shall." (r. 109).
REMARK. In the phonetic writing of proper names and
foreign words, in order to show their pronunciation, the following
letters and combinations of letters may be used (r. 116, r. 117):
1. a for the sound a in the German language=ai in the English
word fair.
2. 6 for the sound 6 in the German language=o in the English
word word.
3. ii for the sound ii in the German language=u in the French
word une.
4. Z for the sound Z in the English word zeal, zinc.
5. gh for the sound g in the Danish language, e. g. in the word
sag.
6. kh for the sound ch in the German language, e. g. in the word
Sache.
7. th for the sound th in the English language, e. g. in the word
Bath.
$ 2. Words are accented according to the following rule
(r. 57):
The accent (or stress of voice) is on the vowel that immediately
precedes the last consonant, if there be such vowel, e. g. fortun
(pronounced fortun) fortune, manu (pr. manu) hand, aloe (pr.
(*) Never as s in the English word rose; in other words, s of Idiom
neutral is always voiceless, never voiced.
 THE SUBSTANTIVE

aloe) aloe, filio (pr. filio) son ; otherwise it is on the first vowel,
e. g. mai (pr. mai) May, Deo (pr. Deo) God. In exceptional
cases the accented (stressed) vowel is denoted by a written accent,
e. g. ide idea, ale alley, depd depot.
REMARK. In the compounding of such words, that is words
having the written accent, with a suffix, the accent is dropped and
the word is accented (stressed) according to the general rule, e. g.
aleatr (pronunciation aleatr) alley-like.

II. The Subs1an1ive.

\ 3. The Neutral Language has only one declension for all
substantives (r. 43-47) :
SlNGULAR.
Nominative : dom ; the or a house.
Genitive : de dom ; of the or a house.
Dative : a dom ; to the or a house.
Accusative : dom ; the or a house.
PLURAL.
Nominative : dom/ ; the houses.
Genitive : de dom/ ; of the houses.
Dative : a dom/ ; to the houses.
Accusative : dom/ ; the houses.
The accusative is distinguished from the nominative by its place
in the sentence : the nominative stands before the verb, the accusa
tive after the verb, e. g. mi klos porta, I lock the door ; patr puni
filio, the father punishes the son. (r. 46).
The dative can be used also without the preposition a, and in
that case it is indicated by a fixed place in the sentence, namely
before the accusative ; this applies particularly to pronouns, e. g.
il donav mi libr, he gave me a book ; il mit mi flori, he sends me
flowers, (r. 55).
§ 4. There is no article ; accordingly the English articles the
and a, an are not translated, and conversely the word dom can
mean the house as well as a house ; which meaning is to be taken
can be almost always determined from the context.—If the word
a stands for a certain, it is translated by sert : sert dom, a house,
 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

a certain: house
kelkun kelkun ; but if ita house,
dom, stands for
somesome, any,Ifit•we
house. is translated by
wish to refer
to a definite object, the demonstrative pronouns can be used : ist
dom, this house; el dom, that house, (c. 42/441 (*).
I 5. Nouns are (I ) of the masculine gender, if they denote
persons or animals of the male sex, (2; of the feminine gender, if
they denote persons or animals of the female sex, and (3) of the
neuter gender in all other cases. —Masculine nouns are formed by
the addition of the suffix -o, e. g. kavalo stallion, ansiano old
man,—and feminine nouns by the addition of the suffix -a, e. g.
kavala mare, italiana an Italian (woman) (**). (r. 34, 35. Cf.
r. 122 d).
<)6. Diminutives are formed by the addition of the suffix -et,
e. g. slgaret cigarette, kaval^ pony, fllleta little daughter, (r 103).
$7. Designations for not fuli-grown (young) animals are
formed by compounds with the word yun young, e. g. yun-kaval
colt, yun-ran tadpole, (r. 86, c. 53/56).

III. The Adjec1ive.

§ 8. Adjectives are distinguished as primitive, e. g. grand
great, fasil easy,— and derivative, which are formed from other
parts of speech by the addition of one of the seven suffixes -abl,
-al, -an, -atr, -id, -ik, -os. (r. 12).
Adjectives in -abl show that something is possible or worthy,
with a passive meaning ; this suffix is used principally with verbal
roots, e. g. komprendaW comprehensible, intelligible, konvenaW
suitable, fitting, (r. 49).
The suffix -al is used instead of the suffix -ik (see below), if
the root ends in -ik, e. g. gramatika/ grammatical, teknika/
technical, (r. 133).
Adjectives in -an show appurtenance to some one or some
thing, e. g. mahometarc Mahometan, amerikara American, (r. 32).
(*) The figures after the " c." denote the numbers of the circulars of the
Director of the Academy to the members thereof, (1) of the circular in which
the respective words were proposed, (2) of the circular in which the Director
announced the acceptance of these words on the part of the Academy.
(**) The meaning of the roots kaval. an»ian, etc., can easily be found
in the dictionary ; it is therefore not repeated here.
 THE ADJECTIVE

Adjectives in -atr indicate similarity or likeness ; this suffix

can be joined to substantive and adjective roots, e. g. petratr stone-
like, petrous, \erdatr greenish, (r. 50).
REMARK. If words end in a, the suffixes -abl, -an, -atr are
changed into -bl, -n, -tr, e. g. rusiau Russian, akua/r watery,
(r. 49, 32, So).
Adjectives in -id show a quality of some one or of something;
this suffix is used with verbal roots, e. g. tim/of timid, splend/rf
splendid, bright, (r. 135).
Adjectives in -os indicate a fullness or multitude of anything,
e.g. petros stony, oleos oily, ltmos woolly, amoros amorous, (r. 33).
The suffix -ik is the general adjective suffix ; it indicates
quality and is used to form derivative adjectives, for which the
remaining suffixes, -abl, -an, -atr, -ld, -os, are not suitable
because of their special signification, e. g. elektr/£ electric, rusik
Russian, anuiA annual, Atiant/£ Atlantic, fantast/£ fantastic,
galvan/£ galvanic, hast/£ hasty, histor/£ historic, hom/£ human,
liorisont// horizontal, ideal//? ideal, ldent/£ identical, lan/£
woolen, etc. (r. 31, 139).
g 9. Comparison takes place by putting before the adjective
the adverbs plu, for the comparative, andleplu for the superlative,
e. g. plu grand greater, leplu grand greatest, (r. 123).
The conjunction than after the comparative is translated by
ka, e. g. vo es plu grand ka mi, you are taller than I. So—as,
as—as, are rendered by tale—kual?, e. g. vo es tate grand kuate
mi, you are as tall as I. (c. 42/44).
The adverb very is translated by multe, e. g. multe grand
very great, (c. 42/44).
\ 10. The adjective always follows the substantive to which it
belongs, e. g. dom grand the large house, lingu universal the
universal language (r. 84)—-and is never varied, e. g. patr bon the
good father, filia bon the good daughter, fili/ boa the good children.
(Gl. n.) (*).
|ll. Every adjective can be used as a substantive, and is then
declined as a substantive, e. g. bon/ e mal/ the good and the bad,
poltron cowardly, a coward, (r. 132).
(*) The letters Gl. n. signify that the rule in question is quoted from tAe
Qlamat nomik (Normal Grammar) , written in Volapiik. which was duly ac
cepted by the Academy and published in the year 1892 ; which rule has not
been changed by any subsequent resolution of the Academy.
 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

\ 12. It is not allowed to form a verb from an adjective by

means of the general verbal suffixes, but, for the sake of clearness,
either the verb &sar to be, or one of the suffixes, -ifikar or -eskar,
is to be used, e. g. esar san to be well (healthy), sanifikar to heal,
stMeskar to recover, to convalesce, (r. 121).

IV. The Numeral.

\ 13. Cardinal Numbers [which answer the question kuant?
how many ?] are either roots, e. g. i un, 2 du, 3 tri, 10 des,—or
compound words, e. g. 20 du-des. 34 tri-des-kuatr.
The following are roots : i un, 2 du, 3 tri, 4 kuatr, 5 kuink,
6 seks, 7 sept, 8 okt, 9 nov, o nul, 10 des, 100 sent, 1,000 mil,
1,000,000 milion, 1,000,000,000 bilion, 1.000,000,000,000 trilion,
1,000,000,000,000,000 kuadrilion, 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 kuin-
tilion.—The rest are formed from these by composition, des with
other numerals being always combined into one word, sent, on
the contrary, only when another numeral precedes ; the higher
numerals, mil, milion, bilion, etc., always stand alone, e. g.
1. un. 10. des. 11. desun.
2. dn. 20. dudes. 12. desdu
3. tri. 30. trides. 21. dudesun
4. kuatr. 40. kuatrdes. 32. tridesdn.
5. kuink. 50. kuinkdes. 46. kuatrdesseks.
6 seks. 60. seksdes. 101. sent un.
7. sept. 70 septdes. 120. sent dudes.
8. okt. 8o oktdes. 200. dusent.
9. nov. 90. novdes. 873. oktsent septdestri.
o. nul. loo. sent or unsent. 1000. mil.
loo1. mil un. 1020 mil dudes. 1300. mil trisent.
3000. tri mil. 10000. des mil. looooo. sent mil.
loooooo. milion. 2000000. du milion.
25,768,194, dudeskuink milion septsent seksdesokt mil unsent
novdeskuatr. (r. 8o, 128).
I 14. The ordinal numbers [which answer the question
kuant/w? which of the number? what number? which? what?
(what-th, if there were such word)] are formed from the cardinal
numbers by the addition of the suffix -im to the respective cardinal
 THE NUMERAL

number, and to the last word of the cardinal, e. g. I. nu/•/.v first.

2. dui'w second, 7. septiin seventh, 12. Uesdu/w twelfth, 30.
trideszw thirtieth, 100. sent/w hundredth, 120. sent dudesim
hundred and twentieth, 325. trisent dudeskuink//w three hundred
and twenty-fifth, 1000. mil//// thousandth, etc., but it is allowed
to use instead of the derived forms the following seven well-known
roots: 1. prim first, 2. sekund second, 3 ters third, 4 kuart fourth,
5. kuint fifth, 6. sekst sixth, and 8. oktav eighth. —It is also per
mitted to use the cardinals instead of the ordinals, if the sense
shows that there is no question of a cardinal ; but in this case the
cardinal must occupy the same place in the sentence that the ordi
nal would, if it were used, namely after the substantive (see below,
\ 19), e. g. \ des § 10, pagin trisent dudeskuink page 325. (r. 81).
§ 15. /iultiplicatives [which answer the question kuantupl?
how many fold ?] are formed by the addition of the suffix -upl to
the respective cardinal number, and to the last word of the cardi
nal, e g. 1. unupl simple, 2. duw/>/ double, twofold, 3 trlu/>l three
fold, triple, treble, 105. sent kulnkupl hundred and fivefold, etc ,
but it is allowed to use instead of the derived forms the following
three well-known roots : 1. simpl simple, 2. dupl double, twofold,
3. tripl threefold, triple, treble, i r. 82).
REMARK The suffix -upl is used also with the word mult
many : multnpl manifold, multiple, (r. 82).
| 16. The distributives [which answer the question a kuant?
how many apiece ? each how m my ? by how many ?] are formed
by placing the preposition a before the respective cardinal number,
e. g a un one apiece, one each, one by one, a du two apiece, two
each, two by two etc. (c. 20 28, 42 44 ) .
§ 17. The iteratives [which answer the question kuantfoa ?
how many times? and kuantim/ba ? (or the which time? for the
what (what-th ; see § 14 ) time ? lor the how many-th ( ?• time ?] are
formed by the addition of the suffix -foa to the respective cardinal
or ordinal, and to the last word of the cardinal or ordinal, e. g.
1. unfoa once, 2. dufoa twice, 100. sentfoa a hundred times, 1.
prlmfoa for the first time, 139. sent tridesnovim/cx/ for the one
hundred and thirty-ninth time, etc. (r. 83).
REMARK The suffix -foa can be used also with other parts
of speech, e. g. mult/oa manv times, ultlmfua for the last time,
etc. (r. 83).
§ 18. Fractions are formed by a cardinal (for the numerator)
with an ordinal (for the denominator) following it, e. g ^4 un
 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

sekundor un demi, % du ters/, 0.2 du desim/, 0.03 tri sentim/,

j fa du unsent novim/, 0.007 sePt milim/. If a fraction is used
with a whole number, the fraction is joined to the whole number
by the conjunction e, e. g. 3^ tri e un kuart, TT = 3.14159 ....
tri total/ e un kuatr unkuink nov e s., 0.145 • • • n"' total/ /: un
kuatr kuink e s. (r. 85).
§ 19. toCardinal
stantive numbers
which they and fractions
belong, e. g. du always
kavah•precede the sub
two horses, tri
kuart/ metr % meter ;—the remaining numerals always foliow
the substantive or verb to which they belong, e. g. paragraf se-
kund § 2, plesir dupl double pleasure, nol anilr/, • a du we went bj
twos, mi klarriaz' trlfoa I shouted three times, (r. 84).
§ 20. Numeral adverbs are formed by adding the adverbial
suffix -e to the respective ordinal, e. g. 1. prim<? first, 2. sckuiul,-
secondly, etc. (c. 29/33).
§ 21. Numeral verbs are formed by the addition of the suffix
-ifikar to multiplicatives, e. g. slmplifikar to simplify, dnplifika/
to double, etc. (r 52).
§ 22. Dating takes place in the following manner : in diun?
trides2>w de mens yuli de anu mil novsentim po nat de Krist,
which, by the omission of the words printed in ordinary roman,
and even of the word in, is usually shortened to : trides/w/ yuli,
mil novsent 30 July, 1900.
The twelve months of the year are called : yanuar, februar,
mars, april, mai, yuni, yuli, august, septembr, oktobr, no-
vembr, desembr.
The seven days of the week are called : soldi, lundi, marsdi,
merkurdi, yovdi, vendrdi, saturndi. (r. 100).
§ 23. The time of day is expressed in the following manner :
[it es] hor tri e un kuart, it is quarter after three o'clock ; hor
tri e des minuti, ten minutes after three ; hor tri e kuinkdes-
kuatr [minuti], six minutes to four; in hor septim de matin.
between six and seven o'clock in the morning.

V. The Pronoun.
§24. The Personal Pronoun, (r. 122).
 THE PRONOUN

SlNGULAR. , PLURAL.
1st Person : ml, I. noi, we.
ad " vo, yon. vo/, you
3d " il, he. • il/, they (masc. and neut.).
ila, she. ila/, they (fern.).
it, it.
on, one, they, people.
The reflexive pronoun is se, self.
§ 25. If only one person is addressed, the pronoun is always
in the singular, namely vo.
REMARK. There is also another pronoun for the second per
son singular, namely ta ; but it is used only for a literal transla
tion of the word thou, if such translation is absolutely necessary.
(r. 79>-
§ 26. The pronouns il, ila, it are employed according to the
following rule : il is used if we speak of persons or animals with
out distinctipn of sex, or of male persons or animals ; ila —if we
speak of female persons or animals ; it—if we speak of notions
signifying neither persons nor animals. —lla/ is used only if there
is special question of female persons or animals ; in all other cases
the plural form is lli. (r. 122).
§ 27. The pronoun it with an adjective or participle following
is used to express the indefinite, e. g. it bel the beautiful, it bon the
good, it lektW the read (what has been read), (r. 122).
§ 28. Personal pronouns (also other words) can be made em
phatic by the addition of the pronoun aut self, e. g. mi aut I
myself, vo aut you yourself, direktor aut the director himself.
(r. 122).
§ 29. The personal pronouns (as also all other pronouns used
as substantives) are declined by placing the preposition de (for the
genitive1 and a (for the dativeJ before them, e. g. mi I, de mi of
me, a mi to me, mi me ; voi you, de voi of you, a vol to you, vol
yon. (r. 122).
§ 30. THE POSSESSlVE PRONOUN.
ist Person : mie, my, mine. nostr, our, ours.
2d " votr, your, yours. vostr, your, yours.
3d " sie, his, her, hers, its. lor, their, theirs.
The reflexive possessive pronoun is sue his (own), her (own),
its (own), their (own). It is used instead of sie and lor, if it re-
10 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

lates to the subject of the sentence in which it stands, (c. 31/36).

The possessive pronoun tue corresponds to the personal pro
noun tu. (r. 79).
§ 31. The possess!ves, and in general all pronouns that relate
to a substantive, are always placed before the respective substan
tive, e. g. mie dom my house, ist sirkular this circular, kel tabl?
which table ? kuant lioin; ? how many men (human beings) ? kelk
parol/ some words, omni lingu/ all languages, (r. 84).
§ 32. THE DEflONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
ist, this ist-kos, this (thing).
el, that. el-kos, that (thing).
tel, that, the one. tel-kos, that (neuter).
el sem, the same.
yuste el sem, just the same.
it sem, the same thing.
yust^ it sem, just the same thing.
In case the pronouns ist and el are used as substantives, they
may take the masculine suffix -o and the feminine -a, if we wish
to specify particularly the sex of the persons or animals spoken of,
e. g. ista, elo. (c. 42/44, 46/48, r. 122<.
lst-kos, el-kos, tel-kos, it sem and yust, it sem can be
used only substantively.
§33. THE lNTERROGATlVE AND, EQUALLY, RELATlVE
PRONOUNS.
ki? who? kel? who? which? what? that?
6ekos ? what ? which ?
The pronoun ki is used for persons and £^kos for all other
notions, (r. 122).
These pronouns are declined like substantives by means of the
prepositions de and a, and kel takes in the plural the suffix
-i:kel/. If it should be necessary to indicate the sex of the persons
or animals spoken of, kel may take the endings -o and -a, e. g.
matr de ist sinior, kela veniav a mi, the mother of this gentle
man, who (the mother) came to me.
The pronoun kel may also be used adjectively, in which case
it remains unchanged, e. g. kel sinior es votr fratr? which gen
tleman is your brother ? kel siniora es votr matr? which lady is
your mother ?—The remaining interrogative and relative pronouns
in be used only substantively. (c. 42/44).
 THE VERB 11

§34. THE lNDEFlNlTE PRONOUNS.

kelk, some, any, several, omni du, both.
kelk-kos, something, anything, omni-hom, everybody, everyone,
kelk- hom, somebody, some one, each one, each.
anybody, anyone. omni /!•/ kos, whatever.
kelk mi, some, any, a. omni ki, whoever, whichever.
wohom, nobody, no one. omni-kos, everything,
wykos, nothing. otr, other.
noun, no otr-kos, something else.
omni (followed by the sing.), sert, (a) certain.
each, every. sert-kos, a certain thing, some-
omni (followed by the plur.), thing.
all. un—otr, the one—the other.
The pronouns kelk, omni, otr, sert and un— otr can be used
substantively and adjectively. —Pronouns used substantively are
declined by means of de and a and the suffix -i for the plural.
These pronouns can take the suffixes -o and -a, if it be necessary
to indicate the sex. (r. 122).
The pronouns otr and sert can take the adverbial suffix -e,
in which case they mean : otr^ otherwise, else ; serte certainly,
surely, (c. 27/32, 42/44).
§ 35 THE CORRELATlVE PRONOUNS.
kual t what kind of? tal, such.
kuant ? how much? how many? taut, so much, so many.
These pronouns can take the adverbial suffix -e, in which case
they mean :
kual, • ? how ? tal^, so.
kuant ? how much ? tante, so much, so greatly.
(c. 42/44)).

VI. The Verb.

§ 36. ldiom neutral has only one conjugation for all verbs ;
there are six tenses : present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future,
and future perfect. „
§ 37. The present active is formed from the simple root of
the verb, and is recognized by the place that the verb occupies in
12 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

the sentence, namely after the subject, e. g. mi am I love, infant

dorm the child sleeps, (r. 61).
The form of the present, as also of all other tenses of the
indicative and conditional, is independent of the gender, gram
matical person, and number of the subject, that is, it always
remains unchanged, (r. 59) e. g.
mi am, I love. noi am, we love.
yo am, you love. yoi am, you love.
il am, he loves. ili am, they love.
ila am, she loves. ilai am, they love.
it am, it loves. on am, one loves.
§ 38. The imperfect is formed by adding the suffix -av to the
root, (r. 87) e. g.
mi amar, I loved ;
the future, by adding the suffix -ero, (r. 88) e. g.
mi amero, I shall love.
§ 39. In the same way the present, imperfect, and future of
all other verbs are formed, including avar, to have, and esar, to
be, which are used as auxiliaries in forming other tenses, thus :
mi av, I have.
mi e.s, I am.
mi avav, I had. mi avero, I shall have.
mi es<jZ', I was. mi esero, I shall be.
The passive participle, which is used also in forming some
other tenses, always ends in -ed, (r. 94) e. g.
amed, loved. aved, had. esed, been.
§ 40. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active
(r. 95) are formed by means of the auxiliary verb avar and the
passive participle of the respective verb ; thus there is employed
for the formation of the
(a) perfect the present of avar, e. g. mi av anted, I have
loved.
(b) pluperfect the imperfect of avar, e. g. mi avav amed, I
had loved.
(c) future perfect the future of avar, e. g. mi avero amed, I
shall have loved.
§ 41. The present conditional is formed by adding the suffix
-erio to the root, e. g.
mi amerio, I should love. (r. 96).
 THE VERB 13

§ 42. The past conditional is formed by using the present

conditional of the auxiliary verb avar and the passive participle of
the respective verb, e. g.
mi averio amed, I should have loved, (r. 73).
§ 43. The subjunctive has the same form as the conditional
and is used in conditional secondary propositions with the conjunc
tion lf, if the condition expressed is considered as not having
happened or as not actual, e. g. mi akuirerio dom, if mi eserio
rik, I should buy a house, if I were rich.
REMARK. In secondary propositions with the conjunction
ke, that, the indicative, not the subjunctive, is used, e. g. on dik,
ke il es malad, they say that he is sick or they say he is sick ; (r.
74) the conjunction ke, that, is never omitted, though it may be
in English.
§ 44. The imperative is formed by the addition of the follow
ing suffixes to the root of the verb :
(a) for the 2d pers. sing, -a, e. g. ama / love you !
(b for the 2d pers. plur. -ate, e g. amate ! love ye !
(c) for the ist pers. plur. -am, e. g. amam ! let us love !
For the third person the conjunction ke, that, is used, e. g.
[mi komand, mi demand, mi desir] ke il (il/) am ! let him (them)
love ! ke nostr patria viv ! long live our native land ! ^r. 75).
§45. The general infinitive suffix is -ar, e g.
amar, to love. (r. 36).
§ 46. If the sense positively requires that past time be indi
cated (which is very seldom), the past infinitive may be formed
by the suffix -avar or by the infinitive of the auxiliary verb avar
with the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g. amavar or
avar amed, to have loved, (r. 91).—The future infinitive (a still
rarer form) is formed by the suffix -erar, e. g. amerar, to be about
to love. (r. 92).
§ 47. The general suffix for the active participle is -ant,?e. g.
amant, loving, (r. 58).
§ 48. The past participle is formed by means of the suffix
-avant or by the participle of the verb avar with the passive
participle of the respective verb, e. g.
amavant or avant. amed, having loved (r. 89).
The future participle is formed by means of the suffix -erant,
e- g-
amerant, being about to love. (r. 90).
14 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

§ 49. The participial adverb is obtained by adding the adver

bial suffix -e to the participle, e g.
amante, lovingly ; rldante, laughingly, (r. 58).
§ 50. The indicative, conditional, imperative and infinitive
passive are formed by means of the active of the auxiliary verb
esar, to be, and the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g.
lNDlCATlVE.
Present : mi es amed, I am loved.
Imperfect : mi esav amed, I was loved.
Perfect : mi av esed amed, I have been loved.
Pluperfect : mi avav esed amed, I had been loved.
Future : mi esero amed, I shall be loved.
Future Perfect : mi avero esed amed, I shall have been loved.
CONDlTlONAL.
Present : mi eserio amed, I should be loved.
Past : mi averio esed amed, I should have been loved.
lMPERATlVE.
2d pers. sing. esa amed ! be loved !
ad pers. plur. esate amed ! be ye loved !
1st pers. plur. esam amed ! let us be loved !
lNFlNlTlVE.
esaramed, to be loved, (r. 76).
g 51. The passive participle, as already mentioned (§ 39), is
formed by the addition of the suffix -ed to the root, e. g. amed,
loved.
The past participle takes the suffix -aved, the future -ered,
e. g. amaved, having been loved ; amefed, about to be loved, (r. 94).
§52. The gerundive is formed by means of the suffix -and,
e. g. amand, to be loved (that must, ought, deserves, to be loved).
(r. 97)-
§ 53. The following synopsis gives a distinct idea of the con
jugation of the verb amar, to love :
ACTlVE. PASSlVE.
(a) Indieative.
Present : mi am. mi es amed.
Imperfect : mi amav. mi esaz' amed.
Perfect : mi av amed. mi av esed amed.
 THE VERB 15

Pluperfect : mi avav amed. mi ava-L< esed amed.

Future : mi amero. mi esero amed.
Future perfect : mi a\ero amed. mi avero esed amed.
(b) Conditional.
Present : ml amerio. mi eserio amed.
Past : mi averio amed. mi a\erio esed amed.
(c) Impe/ative.
ad pers. sing.: ama! esa amed!
2d pers. plur.: amate! esute amed!
1st pers. plur.: amam! esam amed!
(d) Infinitive.
amar. . esaramed.
(e) Partieipte.
amant. amed.
(f) Gerundive.
amand.
All verbs without exception can be conjugated according to
this model ; and any subject may be used instead of the pronoun
mi, e. g. mi skrib, I write ; vo audi./r'. you heard; il av oleed, he
has oiled ; voi avav volued, you had wished ; noi andero, we
shall go ; it avero esed aksentued, it will have been accented ;
paya! pay ! etc.
§ 54, In impersonal verbs the pronoun it, it, is used as sub
ject, e g. it pluvi, it rains, (r. 78).
§ 55. Reflexive verbs are conjugated according to the follow
ing rules : (r. 98)
(a) For the first and second person singular and plural of the
indicative, conditional and imperative a personal pronoun [mi, vo,
noi, voi] corresponding to the subject is used after the verb, e. g.
mi lav mi. I wash myself.
vo lav vo, you wash yourself.
noi lav noi, we wash ourselves.
mi e mie fratr vis noi in miror, my brother and I see ourselves
in the mirror.
mi la\erio mi. I should wash myself,
lava vo ! wash yourself !
lavate voi! wash yourselves !
lavaw/ noi! let us wash ourselves !
16 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

(b) In all other cases the pronoun se is used after the verb, e. g.
1) lav se, he washes himself.
femin/ lav se, women wash themselves.
lavar se, to wash one's self.
lavanf se, washing one's self.
§ 56 Reciprocity is indicated by the pronoun unotr or by
the adverb resiproke, e. g. nol vis unotr in iniror or noi vis noi
resiproke in miror, we see each other in the mirror ; patr e filio
am unotr or patr e filio am se resiproke, father and son love each
other, (r. 98).
§ 57. Questions, both direct and indirect, are introduced by
the conjunction eske, whether, if an interrogative word is not
already in the sentence, (c. 23/28, 42/44) e. g.
Eske vo volu skribar ? Do you wish to write ?
Hi no konos, eske it plis a vo, I do not know whether it pleases you.
If, on the contrary, there is an interrogative word in the sen
tence, eske is omitted ; the interrogative word always precedes the
verb, (Gl. n.) e. g.
Ki parl ? Who speaks ?
Libr de ki es su tabl ? Whose book is on the table ?
A ki vo donav flori ? To whom did you give the flowers ?
Ki patr puni? Whom does the father punish ?
Ko ki vo esav in teatr ? With whom were you in the theater ?
Kuant arbori es in votr hort? How many trees are in your
garden ?
Kuant paroli vo av skribed ? How many words have you written ?

VII. The Adverb.

§ 58. Adverbs are distinguished as primitive and derivative.
1 59. The following are the primitive adverbs : (c. 42/44)
a < before numerals), apiece, each.
ankor, still, yet. minu, less,
bene, well. no, no, not.
denove, again, anew. plu, more.
ergo, therefore, consequently. respektive,"respectively.
gratis, gratis. retro, back.
ipse, even. si, yes.
 THE ADVERB 17

kuasi, nearly, almost. sirka, around, about.

la, there. tro, too.
leplu, most. ya, already.
£60. The remaining adverbs are derivative, and they are formed
by adding the suffix -e to other parts of speech or to roots, (r. 37)e. g.
dome, at home. posibl^, possibly, perhaps.
fakte, in fact. probabl^, probably.
flnle, finally, at last. rare, rarely, seldom.
frekuent<?, frequently, often. serte, certainly, surely.
interior^, within. setre, moreover.
kontiiuir\, continuously. siliUMSe, hence.
lent^, slowly. sole, only.
mulk', much, very. sue-tempe, in due time, duly.
noktu^, by night. suflse, enough, sufficiently.
norde, in the north. tale, thus, so.
obstin^, notwithstanding. total^, totally, wholly.
pede, afoot, on foot. ulterior^, further.
pen^, hardly, scarcely.
REMARK. For the adverbs in -foa see Chapter IV., §17 (Itera-
tivesi.
Ss 61. The following are the interrogative adverbs :
,frfrekuent<? ? how often t bemanlere? in what manner?
kekause? why ? kuale? how ?
kelfpa ? which time ? kuande ? when?
Itelimfoa ? see Dictionary. kuant^/ how much?
keloke ? keylase ? where ? kuantfoa ? how many times ?
The interrogative adverbs can be used also as relatives, (c. 42/44).
§ 62. The prefixes sl- and pre-, the preposition po and the
adverb plu are joined to the word diurn, day, to form words de
noting days close at hand : (r. 125)
sidlurne, to-day.
pre-sidlurne, yesterday. posidlurne, to-morrow.
plu/'jr-s/diurn^, day before yesterday.
plu-po.9/diuriU', day after to-morrow.
In the same way also from other roots, hor hour, seman week,
mens month, aim year, etc., adverbs of time are formed, e. g.
siYiore at this hour, presimense last month, plu-positutue year
after next, s/momenttf at this instant.
18 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

§ 63. Adverbs are compared by placing the adverb plu for the
comparative, and leplu for the superlative, before the word to be
compared, (r. 123) e. g. /
tarde late. plu tard^ later. leplu tard/ latest.
§ 64. An adverb used to modify a verb is always placed after
it, e. g. skribar korekte to write correctly, mi skrib korekt? I
write correctly. The adverb no forms an exception to this rule,
and is always placed before the verb, e. g. mi no skrib I do not
write.—An adverb used to modify any other part of speech than a
verb is placed before this word, e, g. multe grand very great, no
ankor not yet, yuste ist just this. (r. 84).
REMARK. Complements of time, place and reason may be
placed before the verb, if they are of special importance, e. g.
nokuande mi skribav tale never did I write so, in istdom Emerson
moriav in this house Emerson died, kausu pluvi noi restero dome
because of the rain we shall remain at home. (Gl. n.).

VIII. The Preposi1ion.

§ 65. The following are the primitive prepositions : (c. 42/44^
a, to, (before the infinitive) in per, through, by.
order to. po, after, behind.
ad, at (local), pro, for.
ante, before itime and place). sine, without.
da, from, since. sirka, around, about.
de, of. su, on. upon.
di, about, concerning. sub, under.
eks, out of, from. trans, over, across.
ekstr, besides. ultra, beyond.
in, in, into. usk, until, till.
iiitr, between, among. versu, toward.
ko, with. via, by way of, via.
kontr, against, toward.
§ 66. The remaining prepositions are derivative and are
formed from other parts of speech or from roots by the addition
of the suffix -u, or they are formed by circumlocution. The prin
cipal ones follow : (c. 42/44, r. 38;
 THB CONJUNCTION 19

a kont de, to the account of. ko sukurs de, with the help of.
dekstr^ de, at the right of. longw, along.
dorsw, back of, behind. mank«, for lack of, in default of
durantu, during. medi//, by means of, through, by.
eksepta, excepting, except negllgantu, regardless of.
eksterior^ de, outside of, outside. obstinw, in spite of.
favorw, in favor of. okasion//, on occasion of.
in dom de, in the house of. plas,v (or : in plas de), instead
inferior^ de, below. of, in place of.
in honor de, in honor of. presents, before, in presence of.
in manier de, afterthemanner of. profits, for the benefit of.
in medial/ de, in the middle of. prokslmu, near.
in nom de, in the name of. relative, relative to.
in sentr de, in the center of. seikuantu, according to. [of.
in sosietet de, in company with. sekuantu komand de, by order
in temp de, at the time of. sinistr? de, at the left of.
interior^ de, inside of, inside. siterior^ de, on the hither side of.
kaus«, because of, on account of. superion? de, over, above.
konsidera///w, in consideration of.ulterior?de, on the thither side of.
ko permit de, by permission of. visinw, in the vicinity of, beside.
Prepositions always precede the substantive in the nominative,
e. g.
favorw mie fratr, in favor of my brother.
ad mur, at the wall.
pro mi, for me.
kausw pluvi, because of the rain.

IX. The Conjunc1ion.

§ 67. The following are the primitive conjunctions : (c. 42/44)
e, and. ka, than.
e—e, both—and, as well as. ke, that.
eske, interrogative particle, ?, ma, but.
whether, if. ni—ni, neither—nor.
et, also. u, or.
if, if. u—u, either—or.
if et, even if.
20 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

§ 68. The remaining conjunctions are rendered by circum

locution ; for some conjunctions adverbial forms suffice. The
principal ones follow : (c. 42/44)
a fini ke, in order that. obstiiu? ke, notwithstanding that.
ante ke, before. omntfoa ke, whenever, as often
da temp ke, since. as. every time that.
durante ke, while, whilst. omni-lokd' ke, wherever, every-
eksept^ ke, unless. where that.
in \iita\it, ! de, in the capacity of, plase ke, instead of, in place of.
as. po ke, after.
kausr , because, for. sine ke, without.
kualr' if, as if. suposante ke, provided that, sup-
kuande, when. posing that, assuming that.
negligawfeke, although, though, tal? ke, so that.
«emediate po ke, as soon as. tal,? long, ke, as long as.
no sol^—ma et, not only—but usk ke, until.
also.

X. The In1erjec1ion.
§69. The following are the primitive interjections: (c.42/44,
51/56)
a ! ah ! o ! O ! oh !
apo ! away ! begone ! stop I stop ! halt !
ekse ! behold ! look ! here ! there ! ve ! woe !
fl! fie!
§ 70. The remaining interjections are rendered by other parts
of speech. (r. 107).—The principal ones follow: (c. 42/44,51/56)
a revlsad ! until we meet again ! parat ! ready !
audia/ hear ! hello ! pardon ! I beg your pardon !
brav^ / bravo ! good ! regrete / alas ! unfortunately !
damn/?s/ it is a pity ! what a pity! silensi ! silence ! hush!
haste ! hurry ! be quick ! sukurs ! help !
o Deo l for God's sake ! ve a mi ! woe to me !
 FORMATION OF WORDS 21

XL Forma1ion of Words.
§ 71. Words are distinguished into primitives (otherwise
known as radicals), e. g. tabl table, derivatives, e. g. nemult few,
drogist druggist, and compound words, e.g. grand-patr grandfather,
(a) PRIMITIVES.
§ 72. Radicals are taken from the Aryan languages. The
"International Academy of the Universal Language" has laid
down the following rule for the selection of radicals : ' ' That
word is most suitable for an international language, which already
exists as a national word or as a foreign word in the most of the
leading languages of Europe." (r II). In this the following
seven languages were especially considered : English (e), French
(f), German (Of [from the first letter of the word : deutschj, Spanish
(s), Italian (i), Russian (r) and Latin (l•, and, wherever practicable,
such words were chosen as occur in all seven languages, e. g.
apetit, e f d s i r l, appetite ; diametr, e f d s i r l, diameter ;
eksaminar, e f d s i r l, to examine ; tri, e f d s i r l, three, etc.
This work of the Academy has shown that there are very many
words which are already international, — many more than is
generally believed. The most of the radicals chosen occur in at
least four of the above-mentioned leading languages ; only excep
tionally had roots to be taken, that are common to fewer than four
of these languages, e. g. trotoar, f d r, sidewalk ; urs, f i ), bear ;
tint, d s, ink. For those notions for which there are no interna
tional words, derivatives or compounds (see below) were given the
preference over words of the natural languages ; thus were formed,
for instance, words such as nemult, (*)few ; kanalr/, ditch, trench ;
saneskar, to convalesce ; bel-filio, son-in-law.
§ 73. In order to bring the pronunciation into agreement with
the orthography, that is, in order to obtain a really simple, easily
acquired orthography, it was resolved to write :
1. ku, where qil appears in the national word, e. g. kuadrat
quadrat, square, fr. 120).
2. that c before consonants and before a, o, u is, in accordance
with general pronunciation, replaced by k, e. g. kart card, klas
class, kolor color, kub cube ; and before e and i by s, e. g. selebr
celebrated, sipres cypress, (r. 23).
(*) The meaning of the separate parts of words can be easily looked
up in the dictionary ; they are therefore not repeated here.
22 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

3. that t in the ending -tion is, in accordance with the

pronunciation, replaced by s, (*) e. g. nasion nation, (r. 23).
4. if a word occurs in English, French and German, but with
different endings, e. g. Anker d, anchor e, ancre f ;—Meter d,
meter e, metre I ; Bibel d, Bible e f,—two or three consonants may
be written consecutively at the end, e. g. ankr, metr, bibl, because
the insertion of a vowel, for instance e, before the final consonant
would, according to the general rule for accentuation, cause an
unnatural accentuation, e. g. l>ibel, and on the other hand the
writing of a meaningless vowel at the end of a word is useless.
(r. 23).
5. that Z of the national languages is replaced by s, (*) e. g.
basar bazaar, market, (r. 23).
6. ph is replaced by f, e. g. fosfor phosphorus, (r. 23'.
7. x is replaced by ks, e. g. eksaminar to examine. (Gl. n.,
c. 23/28).
8. if for the same meaning different roots are extant, e. g.
vid and vis, redig and redakt, kresk krev and kret, kolig and
kolekt, that root was chosen which is the better known, the more
general, e. g. visar to see, redaktar to edit, kreskar to grow,
kolektar to collect ir. 23).
9. in some cases roots having the same form but different
meanings were admitted, but only when they belong to different
parts of speech, e. g. dur hard, durar to last ; libr book, libr free ;
nov new, nov nine. (r. 23).
10. ae and oe of I/atin words were replaced by e, e. g. diet
diet, homeopati homeopathy. (r. 23).
11. ch of Greek words was replaced by k, e. g. kerub cherub,
Krist Christ. (r. 23).
12. double consonants of the national languages were replaced
by simple, e. g. aprendar to learn, erar to err, saposar to suppose,
because double consonants possess merely a historical, and no
practical, value, and at the same time are by no means international,
e. g. adresse f d, address e. (r. 23).
13. that j of Latin words was replaced by y, e. g. yug yoke,
obyekt object, mayestet majesty, (r. 23, 112).
14. g (before e and i) and j in words of French origin are
written j and pronounced like the French j (the sound of Z in the
(*/ For the pronunciation of * see Chapter I., 8 1,
 FORMATION OF WORDS 23

English words azure, seizure), e. g. jalus jealous, kurtaj broker

age. (r. 11o).
15. trie sound sh was written sh, e. g. shalup sloop, sharm
charm, (r. 109).
16. in the endings -ion, -ier i was written, e. g. nasion nation,
kavalier knight, (r. 113).
17. in words which in French contain il and gn liquid, an i
was written after i and n, e.g. biliet billet, viniet vignette, (r 114).
18. it was resolved to use : (a) no consonants with any distinctive
mark, e. g. c with a cedilla as in French, (b) no inverted letters, e. g.
3, such as phonetic societies make use of. (r. 108).
These rules served in general for guidance, but the Academy
did not deem them binding in every instance, and examined each
particular root as to its form and meaning, (r. 24).
§ 74. All words that, in any respect, do not agree with the rules
given below for the formation of derivatives and compounds, are
considered radicals of the Neutral Language, even if they are
derivatives in the national languages, e. g. dialekt dialect, doktor
doctor, eksempl example, optimist optimist, original original,
perpendikular perpendicular, ir. 25).
§ 75 . A root remains always unchanged ; prefixes and
suffixes may be added to it, or a second radical may be joined with
it. (r. 26).
§ 76. Radicals can belong to ali the parts of speech, e. g.
tabl table, grand great, tri three, mie my, [mi] am [I] love,
ergo therefore, de of, if if, fi fie. (r. 12).
§ 77. There are radicals of one, two, three, four, and even (in
a few instances) five syllables, e. g. verb verb, tortur torture,
mineral mineral, temperatur temperature, perpendikular per
pendicular. (r. 1, 2, 21).
§78. .Roots may begin with a vowel, e.g. adres address,
anticr to love, and end in a vowel, e.g.akua water, lingu language,
kontinuar to continue, pronunsiar to pronounce, fluar to flow,
vaku empty, (r. 18, 19).
§ 79. Two, three, and even four consecutive consonants may
stand at the beginning and in the middle of a word, if such spelling
is found in English, French and German, e.g. katastrof catastrophe,
magistral magistracy, monstrar to show, obskur obscure,
splenda/ to shine. (r. 22).
24 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

(b) DERIVATIVES.
Derivatives are formed by the addition of prefixes or suffixes
to the root.
§80. Prefixes. (r. 99, 124, 125, 129, 134, 141).
1 . anti- corresponds to the preposition kontr against : anti-
alkoltol/£ antialcoholic ; antipap antipope.
2. arki- signifies precedence, superiority: arkiangel arch
angel ; arkieplskop archbishop.
3. auto- signifies self, auto-: aw/obiografi autobiography.
4. dis- signifies a separating, a parting, a sundering : dis-
frangar to break to pieces ; diskupar to cut up.
5. ekui- signifies equality : ekuikmrik isosceles ; ekuivalar
to be equivalent.
6. elektro- signifies electricity :ftfeWn?teknikelectrotechnics.
7. foto- signifies light : foto-grafar to photograph.
8. gala- signifies magnificence or pomp : galadlnk state-
dinner ; galavest gala dress (attire).
9. hidro- signifies water : /nrfradens water-tight.
10. homo- signifies proportionateness : homoton consonance.
11. kali- signifies beauty : kali-giaf calligrapher.
12. ke- signifies interrogation: Moke? where? /rkaus^ ?
why?
13. krono- signifies time : krono-metr chrouometer.
14. ksilo- signifies wood : ksito-graf xylographer, wood-
engraver.
15. kubik- signifies cubic : kubikmiSO/i cube root.
16. mikro- signifies smallness : mikrokapik small-headed,
microcephalous ; mikro-metr micrometer.
17. mis- signifies something not good or something miscar
rying : wmkredit discredit ; w/Mkomprendar to misunderstand.
18. ne- signifies contradictory opposition : wramik enemy ;
nemult few ; wrfasil difficult.
19. neo- signifies something new : ueopersian Neo"persian
20. no- signifies contrary opposition : /,vkiiumlc never ;
ok^ nowhere ; noVios nothing.
21. para- signifies preservation from (against) something:
/an/pluvi umbrella ; parasol parasol.
22. pleni- signifies fullness : plenilvm full moon ; />/^w /potent
plenipotent'iary).
23. poli- signifies many-, poly-: politmypA polygon ; poli-
teknik,// polytechnic.
 FORMATION OF WORDS 25

24. pre- signifies pre-, before : prelud prelude ; preskrlbar

to prescribe.
25. proto- signifies origin : protoforest primeval forest ;
prototlp prototype.
26. pseudo- signifies something not authentic, not genuine :
pseudonom pseudonym.
27. re- signifies repetition or return: /edonario give back,
to return.
28. semi- signifies semi-, half : semilun half moon ; semi-
flllo stepson.
29. si- signifies the present time or the nearest object :
sitempe now ; siloke here ; sidlurne to-day.
30. te- forms words correlative with the interrogative words
formed by means of the prefix ke-: teloke there ; /^kausr- for
that reason.
31. termo- signifies heat : termo-metr thermometer.
32. ultra- signifies something excessive, ultra-: w//n/violet
ultra-violet.
33. vise- signifies a person taking the place of another ;
subordinate ; vice-: visedlrektor vice-director.
These prefixes may be appended to all radicals, in so far as the
sense allows it.
§81. SUFFlXES.
Besides the suffixes given above in the discussion of the various
parts of speech, the Neutral Language has the following :
-ad ; this suffix has no fixed meaning and forms substantives
having some reference to the root ; it is used also for the forma
tion of substantives that denote the result of an action ; e. g.
bene-fasirtKi' benefit ; edad food ; fontad spring ; garantarf
guarantee, surety ; lntrad entrance ; kampestrarf country
(not cky) ; kandelarf candlestick; kavalkrn/ cavalcade;
konosad knowledge ; limonaa' lemonade ; medlad middle ;
merkaiit / / merchandise ; plktad painting, picture ; platad
dish ; preferad preference ; promenad promenade ; skrlbad
writing ; — ganlad earnings ; kaptad capture, catch, booty ;
pensad thought ; rostad roast ; skritwa' writing, treatise,
essay, (r. 70, 931.
-aj forms collective nouns signifying things : follaj foliage ; Una/
linen (washing) ; monta/ mountain range ; eklpaj equipage
(e.g. horse and carriage) ; plumo/ plumage, (r. 104, 11o, 127).
26 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

-asion with a verbal root forms substantives denoting action :

dekllnasion declension ; preparasion preparation, (r. 53).
-ativ with a verbal root forms adjectives expressing a capability or
possibility : yurgativ purgative, (r. 130).
-ator with a verbal root forms substantives denoting a person or
thing acting : orator orator ; sa\vator savior ; ventila/or venti
lator ; numrator numerator, (r. 54).
-el forms collective nouns signifying persons : parente/ kindred,
relations, relatives ; klientr/ clients, customers, clientele,
(r. 105).
-er with a non-verbal root forms substantives denoting persons or
things having some reference to the root, and for which the
suffix -ist (see below), according to its special signification, is
not suitable : aksloner stockholder ; milioiir •/ millionaire ;
senator senator ; tabler cabinet-maker, joiner ; plnser eye
glasses, pince-nez, (r. 28, T38).
-eri forms substantives denoting place : taneri tannery ; apleri
beehive ; restaur^r/ restaurant ; kafm coffee-house, cafe ;
blrm' beer-house, ale-house, 'r. 106).
-esk[ar] forms verbs denoting to become, to grow, to begin :
\eraeskar to become green ; yatreskar to putrefy ; palldeskar
to become pale ; s&neskar to recover, to convalesce, (r. 51).
-graf forms substantives that denote persons who write, draw, etc.,
in a certain way : foto-graf photographer, (r. 131).
-ia forms substantives that denote a country : Espan//j Spain ;
Rus/a Russia; ltal/a Italy; patr/a fatherland, native country.
ir. 30).
-ifik[ar] forms verbs denoting that something specified in the root
is made : grandifikar to make large ; fa\sifikar to falsify ;
slmplifikar to simplify, (r. 52).
-ism forms substantives denoting a religion or a mental disposi
tion : protestantww Protestantism ; realism realism ; kosmo-
poMtism cosmopolitanism ; partikulamw particularism, (r 48,
140).
-ist with a non-verbal root forms substantives denoting persons
who apply themselves to something, occupy themselves with
something : velosiped/rf velocipedist ; drogist druggist ; tele-
graf/rf telegrapher, telegraphist. (r. 29, 140).
-itet with an adjective forms substantives denoting a quality :
egual/zW equality ; amaM/VV/ amiability ; \txa\itet quality ;
raritet rareness, rarity ; totalitet totality, (r. 27).
 FORMATION OF WORDS 27

-metr forms substantives denoting a person or thing measuring

something : termo-metr thermometer ; hor/nefr clock, (r. 102).
-on forms substantives that denote an enlargement : rastrow
harrow. '(r. 101).
-or forms substantives denoting the state or affection of a person or
thing acting, e. g. wnor love ; ardor ardor ; eror error, (r. 136).
All these suffixes may be employed in the formation of new
words, and in accordance with the rules given above, by anyone
using the language ; the suffix -ad is, however, excepted ; the
Academy reserves to itself the formation of new words in which this
suffix appears, on account of its indeterminate meaning, (r. 70).
(c) COMPOUND WORDS.

§ 82. Compound words, that is, words containing two roots,

may be formed from all the parts of speech with the exception of
the cardinal numbers (see below), if the sense allows it, by simple
juxtaposition, with a hyphen or (usually) without it ; the determin
ing (or modifying) word preeedes the determined, e. g. post-mark
postage stamp ; grand-patr grandfather ; dupl akuil double eagle;
omni-potent omnipotent ; bene-fasiar to benefit ; eks-posar to
expose, to exhibit.—Instead of cardinal numbers special prefixes
are used, the principal of which are the following : i mono-, 2 bi-,
3 tri-, 4 kuadri , 5 penta 6 heksa , 7 hepta-, 8 oktp-, 9 nona-,
10 deka -, 100 hekto-, and 1,000 kilo-, e. g. monovikxAik one-eyed ;
bik»valik two-horse ; pentaangul pentagon. (r. 86).
§ 83. REMARK. As the most common prefixes and suffixes
taken from the natural languages have been chosen, the most of
the artificially formed words correspond fully to the natural words
with the same meaning ; e. g. preskrtbar, pmtotlp, kavalk</</,
dekllnasion, ventllator, milion^r, patr/a, fa\sifikar, reattsm,
drogist, kualitet are formed according to the rules of the Neutral
Language, and yet they are perfectly international words. Often,
however, the natural words that have become international are not
identical with the regularly formed, artificial words, e. g. visibl—
vtsabl visible ; egualisar—egusAifikar to equalize ; anual—ttnuik
annual ; infeksion — lnfektasion infection. Such international
words are placed in the dictionary (in the orthography of Idiom
neutral) in parentheses immediately after the regularly formed,
artificial word of the same meaning. It is allowed to use at will
either form. (r. 56.)
28 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

XII. Abbrevia1ions.
§ 84. The following abbreviations are used in the Neutral
Language (r. 137) :
e s. for e setr/ means : etc., and so forth.
i. e. for it es means : i. e., that is.
kh for kelk-hom means : somebody, some one.
kk for kelk-kos means : something.
p. e. for pro eksempl means : e. g., for instance, for example.
8. (before numerals) for sirka means : c. , circa, about.

Conclusion.
§ 85. The following will serve to show how whole sentences
are formed :
SANKT-PETBRBURG, 8 februar 1901.
A SINIOR
P. LACHOU, injenier,
in Boulogne sur Seine ; Fransia.
Respondante votr letr de I februar 1901, direktorad de sosietet
de relsrut S. Peterburg-Tobolsk av honor komitar a vo, sinior
estimed, trides (30) nivelmetri (*) de votr sistem pro lokomotivi a
pris de seksdeskuink (65) franki pro eksemplar franku S. Peterburg,
a termin 8 april 1901 loku S. Peterburg e a kondisioni sekuant :
1. Aparati deb esar adresed a shef de stasion Peterburg de
relsrut nomed e deb esarasekured per vo epro votrkont ; if aparati
u partii de ili eserp ruined u perded in voyaj , vo deb mitar nemediate
otri, plasu aparati e partii ruined u perded.
2. Vo preud su vo garantad de funksion rekt de aparati
durantu un ami da resivasion de ili per ofiseri de relsrut nomed.
3. Mon esero payed a vo no plu tarde ka un seman po resiva
sion definitiv de aparati.
Direktorad nomed av honor pregar vo, sinior estimed, avisar
di akseptasion de ist komision no plu tarde ka 15 februar 1901 —
If tetempe votr respond no esero resived, direktorad nomed
estimero, ke yo av refused ist komision.
Shef de seksion ekonomik President de direktorad
N. N. N. N.
(') Aparat pro observasion de nivel de akua in kaldron.
 CONCLUSION 29

KRISTIANIA, 27 februar 1902.

A doktor de medisin P. O.
in S. Peterburg, Rusia.
Koleg estimed !
Mi aprendav. ke votr artikl di influensa es traduked eks lingu
rusik in lingu fransik.
It es motiv pro mi komuuikar avo, ke " Akademi internasional
de lingu universal " av publiked in ist anu diksionar e gramatik
de idiom neutral, tale ke sitempe artikli medisinik potes esar
skribed in ist idiom, kel potes esar komprended per oinnihom
kultived kuasi sine aprendasion anterior.
It es ver, ke ekspresioni mult spesiale medisinik no ankor
eksist in diksionar nomed, ma it no es obstakl pro skribasion de
artikli sientifik in ist lingu, kause ist ekspresioni es paroli inter
nasional.
Skribasion in idiom neutral don profit! sekuant in komparasion
ko kelkun lingu nasional :
1. Libri e broshuri sientifik publiked in ist idiom poles' esar
lekted per omnihom in original,
2. traduksion no plu es nesesar,
3. ili avero sirkl multe plu grand de lekta'tori, e tekause
4. ili potes esar imprimed in kuantitet plu grand de eksem-
plari ; ergo
5. ili potes esar vended a pris plu minim, e
6. profit material de editor vrespektive de autor) esero plu
grand.
Idiom neutral es usabl no sole pro skribasion, ma et pro
parlasion ; sikause in kongres sekuant internasional de medisimsti
mi av intension usar ist idiom pro mie raport di maladitet "lupus "
e mi esper esar komprended per omni medisinisti present.
Publikasion de idiom neutral intereserp et votr filio, kel kolekt
postmarki, kause ist idiom es lingu praktikal pro korespondad ko
kolektatori in otr landi.
Ko respekt grand e ko saluti kordial mi rest
votr serv leplu devot
F.
 DICTIONARY
OF THE

NEUTRAL LANGUAGE
(IDIOM NEUTRAL).

EXPLANATlON OF THE ABBREVlATlONS AND SlGNS

USED lN THE DlCTlONARY.
a. adjective. n. substantive, noun.
ad. adverb. nr. numeral.
anat. anatomy. p. preposition.
art. article. part. participle.
astr. astronomy. plur. plural.
bot. botany. pr. pronoun .
c. conjunction. pr. d. demonstrative pronoun.
cf. compare. pr. ind. indefinite pronoun.
chem. chemistry. pr. int. interrogative pronoun.
e- g- for instance. pr. pers. personal pronoun.
fig. figurative. pr. rel relative pronoun.
i. interjection. sing. singular.
intr. intransitive. tr. transitive.
med. medicine v. verb.
Words containing a hyphen, e. g. grand pat r, grandfather,
are compounded of two roots ; the hyphen need not be employed
in the actual use of the language, e. g. grandpatr.
Prefixes and suffixes of derivatives are printed in italics, e. g.
prototlp, prototype ; bonitet, goodness.
If a word in parentheses immediately follows a derived Neutral
word, e. g. "absolution, n., absolvasion (ai'solusion)," either form
may he used.
32 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS

On the Neutral-English side the root of the Neutral word

occurs but once ; the suffixes in italics which follow should be
added to the root to form words, e. g. •• dorm, n., sleep, -ar, v., to
sleep " read : dorm, n., sleep, dormer, v., to sleep.—"kolekti/r,
v., to collect. -ad n., collection " read : kolektar, v., to collect.
kolektarf, n., collection.
The letters in parentheses given after the names of the chemical
elements, e.g. Fe in "fer, n., iron (Fe)," indicate the symbols
used in chemical formulae.
 NEUTRAL—ENGLISH.
a, ad., (before'numerals each ;
apiece ; by.
a, p., to ; (before the infinitive)
in order to ; also before the
infinitive in the following
usage : il es tro prudent a
monstrar sue koler [which
is a shortened form of il es
tro prudent a ke il monstr
sue koler] , he is too prudent
to show his anger.
a! L, ah!
-a, suffix denoting a person or
animal of the feminine gender.
-a, suffix forming the second
person singular of the impera
tive.
a anterion?, ad., to the front.
abandoner, v., to abandon ; to
forsake ; to leave.
a base, ad., down; to the bottom.
abat n., abbot. -a, n., abbess.
-eri, n., abbey.
abatar, v., to fell; to cut down.
abdikar, v., to abdicate. -asion,
n., abdication.
abdomin, n., abdomen.
aberar, v., to aberrate; to stray;
to wander. -asion, n., aberra
tion; straying; wandering.
ablet, n., fir.
Abisin/a, n., Abyssinia.
abism, n., abyss.
33
-abl, suffix forming adjectives
showing that something is
possible or worthy, with a
passive meaning.
ablativ, n., ablative.
abominar, v., to abominate ; to
detest ; to abhor ; to loathe.
-asion, n., abomination. -abl,
a., abominable.
abonar, v., to subscribe for.
-ant, part., subscriber.
abreviar, v., to abbreviate ; to
shorten ; to abridge, -asion,
n., abbreviation ; shortening ;
abridgment.
abrikos, n., apricot.
absent, a., absent. -itet (ab-
sensi, n., absence.
abses, n., abscess.
absint, n., wormwood; absinthi
um.
absolut, a., absolute. -ism, n.,
absolutism .
absolvar, v., to absolve, -asion
(absolusion), n.> absolution.
absorbar, v., to absorb.
abstinar, v., to abstain (from) ;
to refrain (from).
abstinent, a., abstinent ; ab
stemious. -//«f (abstinens), n.,
abstinence.
abstrakt, a., abstract.
abstraktar, v., to abstract.
absurd, a., absurd. -itet, n.,
absurdity .
34 abund,// —afliktar
abundar, v., to abound. -ad, n.,
abundance.
abyurar, v., to abjure ; to for
swear, [with.
ad. p., at ; by ; to ; on ; against;
-ad, suffix forming substantives
(see § 81 of Grammar!.
ad-bordar, v., to land ; to put
into ; to touch at.
nd-dorsar, v. trans., to lean.
a dekstr^^, ad., to the right.
a Deo/ i., adieu! good bye!
farewell !
ad-glutinar, v., to glue to; to
agglutinate.
iuliuni,// , v., to adjourn ; to put
off ; to defer ; to postpone.
administer, v., to administer.
-asion, n., administration.
-atpr, n., administrator.
admirer, v.. to admire, -asion,
n., admiration, -abl, a., ad
mirable.
admiral, n., admiral.
admiralitet, n., admiralty.
admit,// , v., to admit.
a dom^.ad ., home (to the house).
adoptar, v., to adopt.
adorar, v., to adore; to worship.
-asion, n., adoration; worship.
-ator, n., adorer; worshiper.
-abl, a., adorable.
ad-pendad, n., appendage ; ap
pendix.
ad-portar, v., to fetch; to bring.
ad-prokslmar, v., to approxi
mate (trans.), -asion, n., ap
proximation.
td-rangar, v. , to arrange.
adres, n., address; direction.
-ar, v. , to address ; to direct.
adult, a., adult.
adult en//, v., to commit adul
tery.
adverb, n., adverb.
adverb partisip//, participial
adverb.
advers, a., adverse, -er, n.,
adversary ; antagonist, -itet,
n., adversity.
advokat, n., advocate ; lawyer.
adyektiv, n.. , adjective, -ik, a.,
adjective ; adjectival.
ad-yudik</r, v. , to adjudge ; to
adjudicate. [join.
ad-yunkter, v., to add ; to sub-
ad-yustar. v., to watch for ; to
wait for ; to lie in wait for.
adyust,// , v., to adjust; to adapt.
adyutant, n., adjutant.
a eksterior^, ad. , out ; (to the)
outside.
aer, n., air (atmosphere).
afabl.ii., affable; friendly, -itet,
n., affability ; friendliness.
afeksion, n., affection (inclina
tion).
afekt, n., affection (feeling).
afektar, v., to affect (pretend).
afer, n., affair; concern; matter.
a fini ke, c., in order that ; that.
afirmar, v., to affirm ; to assert.
-asion, n., affirmation ; asser
tion.
aflrmur medi// yurad, to con
firm by oath.
afish, n., bill posted up ; poster.
-ar, v., to post ; to publish.
a flank, , ad., aside ; to the side.
afliksion, n., affliction.
aflikter, v., to afflict ; to embit
ter.
 aforism - akuser
aforism, n., aphorism; saying;
Afrik, n., Africa. [adage.
agat, n., agate.
agensi, n., agency.
agent, n., agent.
agil, a., agile; nimble.
agitar, v., to agitate, -asion, n.,
agitation, -ator, n., agitator.
agiiel, n., lamb.
agoni, n., agony.
agr, n., field; tilled land.
agraf, n., clasp, [agreeableness.
agreabl, a., agreeable, -itet, n.,
agrikultur, n., agriculture.
ai, n., sloth (animal).
a inferior^, ad., downward(s).
a interior^, ad., inward; (to the)
inside; within.
-aj, suffix denoting collective
nouns signifying things.
ajio, n., agio; premium.
akademi, n., academy -an, a.,
academic, and n., academician.
akasia, n., acacia.
a ke, c., that; to (used in the
second clause, if the word
tro is in the former, p. e. il
es tro benevolent, a ke il
refus it, he is too kind to re
fuse it), [n., acclamation.
aklamar, v., to acclaim, -asion,
akomodar, v., to accommodate;
toadapt. — se, v., to accommo
date one's self; to submit.
-asion, n., accommodation ;
adaptation.
a kont de, p., to the account of.
akord, n , accord; agreement.
-ar, v. , to accord, to agree ;
-ar se, v., to agree (be on
good terms).
35
akreditar, v. , to accredit.
aks, n., axis; axle.
akselerar, v., to accelerate; to
hasten; to hurry, -asion, n.,
acceleration; hastening.
aksent, n., accent (mark).
akseiitii</r. v., to accentuate; to
accent. -asion, n., accentu
ation; accent.
aksept, n., acceptance, -ar.,
v., to accept.
aksidar, v., to happen.
aksident, n., accident; incident.
-e, ad., accidentally.
aksinni, n., axiom.
aksion, n., share; stock, -er,
n., shareholder; stockholder.
akt, n., act; deed; action, -ar,
v. . to act.
aktiv, a., active, -itet, n., ac
tivity.
aktiv, n., active voice; the ac
tive
aktor, n., actor, -a, n., actress.
aktual, a., actual, -itet, n., ac
tuality.
aku, n., needle.
akua, n., water.• -tr, a., watery
(water-like).
akuafort, n., aquafortis; nitric
acid.
akuarium, n., aquarium.
akuavit, n., brandy.
akuil, n., eagle.
akuirar, v., to buy; to purchase.
akumular, v., to accumulate.
-ator, n. , accumulator, -asion,
n., accumulation.
akurat, a., accurate, -itet, n.,
accuracy.
akus./r, v., to accuse.
36 akusativ—amar
akusativ, n., accusative, -ik,
a., accusative; accusatival.
akustik, n., acoustics.
akut, a., acute; sharp. -itet,n.,
sharpness; acuteness. -ifikar,
v., to sharpen.
al, n., wing, -ar, v., towing; to
addwings to. -ed, part. ,
winged.
-al, adjective suffix used instead
of -ik, if the root ends in -ik.
alabastr, n., alabaster.
alambik, n., alembic, [alarm.
alarm, n., alarm . -ar,v.,to
alaiid, n., lark.
alb, n., alb.
Alban/a, n., Albania.
alberg, n., inn. -ar, v., to har
bor; to entertain, -ist, n., inn
keeper.
albom, n. , album.
ale, n., avenue; alley; walk;
path, -atr, a., like an alley
or path.
alegori, n., allegory, -ik (ale-
gorik), a., allegoric(al).
alegr, a., cheerful; merry; gay.
-itet, n., cheerfulness ; mirth.
alektar, v., to allure; to entice.
-asion, n., allurement; entice
ment.
alen, n., awl.
alfabet, n., alphabet.
alfenid, n., alfenide.
aigebra, n., algebra, -ik, a.,
algebraic.
alians, n., alliance.
aliener, v., to alienate. -ik, a.,
alien, -asion, n. , alienation.
-ia, n., alien country; alien
land.
aligator, n., alligator.
aliment, n., aliment; food; nu
triment; nourishment, -ar,
v., to feed; to nourish. -asion,
n., alimentation; nurturing;
nourishing, -os, a. , alimental ;
nutritive; nutritious.
aline, n., new paragraph.
Aljer/a, n., Algeria.
alkali, n., alkali, -ik, a., alka
line.
alkirni, n., alchemy. -/Vtalki-
mist), n., alchemist, -istik
(alkimistik), a., alchemistic.
alkohol, n., alcohol.
alkov, n., alcove.
almanak, n., almanac.
almosin, n., alms.
ain, n., alder.
aloe, n., aloe.
Aip/, n., Alps.
Aisas/a, n., Alsace.
alt, a., high; lofty, -itet, n.,
height ; loftiness ; altitude.
-eskar, v., to grow tall.
altar, n., altar.
alternar, v., to alternate, -asion,
n., alternation.
alternativ, n., alternative.
aluder, v. , to allude; to refer.
-asion, n., allusion; reference.
alum, n., alum.
aluminium, n., aluminium;
aluminum (Al).
-am, suffix forming the first per
son plural of the imperative.
amar, v., to love; to like, -ator,
n., lover, -abl, a., amiable.
-ablitet, n., amiability, -or,
n., love, -oros, a., amorous.
-orositet, n., amorousness.
 amaigam—angl
amaigam, n., amalgam', -ar, v.,
to amalgamate.
a mason, n , an Amazon.
ambasad, n., embassy, -er, n.,
ambassador.
ambigu, a., ambiguous, -itet,
n., ambiguity.
ambisi, 'n., ambition, -os, a.,
ambitious.
ambl, n., amble, -ar, v., to
amble, -ator, n. , ambler;
pacer
ambrosi, n., ambrosia, -an, a.,
ambrosial.
ambuler, v., to walk.
amen ! i., amen !
inner, a., bitter.
Amerik, n., America, -an, a.,
American, and n., American.
ametist, n., amethyst.
amfibi, n., amphibian, -an, a..,
amphibian.
amidon, n., starch, -ar, v., to
starch.
amik, n., friend, -ad, n., friend
ship.
a mi nil, ad., at least.
amnesti, n., amnesty; pardon.
-ar, v., to amnesty; to pardon.
amoniak, n., ammonia.
amortisar, v., to extinguish (a
debt); to amortize, -asion, n.,
extinction (of a debt) ; amorti
zation.
ampl, a., ample, -itet, n., am
plitude. -ifikar,v., to amplify.
amputar, v., to amputate.
-asion, n., amputation.
amulet, n., amulet.
amusar, v., to amuse; to divert;
to entertain.
37
an, n., anus, -ik, a., anal.
-an, suffix forming derivative
adjectives indicating appur
tenance to some one or some
thing.
anal/, n., annals. [analyze.
analis, n., analysis -ar, v., to
analog, a., analogous.
ananas, n., pineapple.
anapest, n., anapest. -ik, a.,
anapestic.
anarki, n., anarchy, -ik (an-
arkik ),a., anarchic, -ist
(anarkist), n., anarchist, -ism
(anarkism), n., anarchism
anat, n., duck.
anatem, n., anathema.
Anatoh'a, n., Asia Minor; Ana
tolia.
anatomi, n. , anatomy, -ik
(anatomik), a. anatomical.
-ist (anatomist ) , n. , anatomist.
-and, suffix forming the gerun
dive.
and,// , v. , to go.
andar a kontr^, to go to meet.
Andalus/a, n., Andalusia.
ande/ anterior^, to precede; to
go before.
andar tro lent, , to be slow
(of a timepiece).
andar tro velos^, to be fast
(of a timepiece).
anekdot, n., anecdote.
aneks, n., annex, -ar, v., to
annex.
anel,n., ring. — rotik, felloe.
angel, n., angel.
angin, n., angina.
angl, n., fish-hook, -ar, v., to
angle.
38 AnghV/—api
AnghV/, n., England, -ik, a.,
English; in English; English-
speaking, -ian, a., English;
pertaining to England, and
n., Englishman.
angoraw, a., Angora.
anguil, n., eel.
angul, n., angle; corner. '
angust, n., anxiety; distress;
straits. -ar, v. , to cause anx
iety to; to distress.
,-iniui, n., soul, -ar, v., to ani
mate; to vivify; to enliven.
animal, n., animal, -ik, a., an
imal.
animal rapas, beast of prey.
anis, n., anise.
aniversar, n., anniversary.
ankor, ad., still; yet. -foa, ad.,
once more; once again.
ankr, n., anchor, -ar, v., to
anchor.
anonim, a., anonymous, -itet,
n., anonymity.
ans, n., handle; haft; hilt.
ansian, a., ancient; old, and n.,
old man. -itet, n., age; an-
cientnesa. -eskar, v. , to grow
old; to age.
-ant, suffix forming the active
participle.
ante, p., before (temporal and
local).
ante ke, c. , before.
anterior, a., anterior; former;
previous, -e, ad., anteriorly;
previously; first; before; in
front; foremost
anti-, prefix corresponding to
the preposition kontr.
antis\*ufttolik , a., antialcoholic.
antifoti, n., antiphon; anthem.
-ik, a., antiphonal.
antik, a., antique, -itet, n.,
antiquity.
Anti I/, n., Antilles.
antilop, n., antelope.
antimon, n., antimony; stibium
(Sb).
aatipap, n., antipope.
antipati, n., antipathy, -ik (an-
tipatik), a., antipathetic.
antipod, n., antipode.
anu, n., year, -ik ^nual), a.,
annual; yearly.
anul</r, v., to annul; to cancel;
to abolish; to abrogate; to re
peal; to quash; to annihilate.
anunsi, n., announcement. -ar,
v. , to announce.
aort, n., aorta.
a otr-lok^, ad. .elsewhere; some
where else.
apanaj, n., appanage, -ar, v.,
to appanage.
aparar, v., to appear (be or be
come visible); to rise (of heav
enly bodies).
aparat, n., apparatus.
apart, ad., apart; separately;
aside.
apartener, v., to belong; to ap
pertain.
apati, n., apathy, -ik (apatik),
a., apathetic.
apel, n., appeal, -ar, v., to ap
peal.
Apenin/, n., Apennines.
aperlar, v., to open, -ad, n.,
opening.
apetit, n., appetite.
api, n., bee. -eri, n., beehive.
 aplaudar—arkieplskop 39

aplaudar, v., to applaud. aran n., spider.

apo ! i., away ! begone ! arbitr, n., arbiter; umpire.
apo-andaT, v., to go away; to arbitraj, n , arbitration.
go off. arbitrar, a., arbitrary, -itet, n.,
apologi, n., apology (defence), arbitrariness.
-/£(apologetik), a. , apologetic, arbor, n., tree.
-^(apologist), n., apologist. arbust, n., shrub; bush.
apopleksi, n., apoplexy, -ik ardar, v., to glow. -or, n., ar
(apoplektik), a., apoplectic. dor; glow; heat; fire, -oros,
apo-prendar, v. , to take away. a., hot; heated; ardent; fiery.
apo-pusar, v., to put away; to aren, n., arena.
cast off. arendar, v., to rent; to hire.
apo-seler, v. , to sail away . -ator, n., tenant; hirer.
apostat, a., apostate. areometr, n., areometer; hy
a posterior?, ad. , to the rear. drometer.
apostol, n., apostle, -ik, a , arest, n., arrest, -ar, v., to
apostolic. arrest.
apostrof, n., apostrophe ('). j a revlsadl i., until we meet
apostrofer, v., to apostrophize; again !
to address. -ad, n., apostro 1 argent, n., silver (Ag). -ar,v.,
phe; address. to silver.
apotek, n.. apothecary shop; argil, n., clay; argil, -os, a.,
drugstore; pharmacy -er, argillaceous; clayey.
n., apothecary. argon, n., argon.
aprender, v., to learn. -abl,a., argument, n., argument, -ar,
learuable. v., to argue.
april, n., April. aria, n., aria; air; tune.
aprotwr, v., to approve. aristokrat, n , aristocrat, -i,
aproksimativ, a., approximate: n., aristocracy.
approximative, -e, ad., ap aritmetik, n., arithmetic
proximately; tpproximative- arivar, v., to arrive; to arrive at.
ly ark, n., bow; arch; arc. -ad,
apropriar, v., to appropriate. n., arcade; archway. -er, n.,
apt, a., apt; skilful, -itet, n., archer; bowman.
aptitude; skill. arkan, a., secret; hidden; con
ar, n., are (1oo square meters). cealed.
-ar, the infinitive ending. arki-, prefix signifying supe
&rar. v., to till; to cultivate. riority.
Arab/e, n., Arabia. I, n., archangel.
arabesk. n . arabesque. ;, n., archduke.
arak, n., arrack. >, n., archbishop.
40 arkitekt—astr
arkitekt, n., architect.
arklv, n., archives
arm, n., arm; weapon, -ar, v.,
to arm.
armatur, n., armature.
arm-emblem, n., escutcheon ;
coat of arms; arms.
Armen/a, n. , Armenia.
armi, n., army. -ik and de
armi, a., army.
arogant, a., arrogant, -itet
(arogans), n., arrogance.
aromat, n., aroma; fragrance.
-ik, a., aromatic; fragrant.
arorut, n., arrowroot.
arsen, n., arsenic (As).
arsenal, n., arsenal.
art, n., art. -ist, n., artist.
arter, n., artery.
artifisi, n., artifice; art. -os, a.,
artful; ingenious.
artifislal, a., artificial.
artikl, n., article (in paper; also
part of speech).
artikl definit, indefinit, defi
nite, indefinite, article.
artileri, n., artillery, -ist (ar-
tilerist), n., artillerist.
artishok, n., artichoke.
as, n., ace (cards).
asasin, '/ . v., to assassinate; to
murder, -asion, n., assassi
nation: murder, -ator, n.,
assassin; murderer.
asbest, n., asbestos.
asekurer. v., to secure: to make
certain; to assure; to insure.
-asion, n., assurance; insur
ance.
asendar, v., to ascend; to mount;
to rise.
asension, n., the Ascension.
asenti, n., assent, -ar, v. , to
assent.
aser, n., maple-tree.
aserb, a., acerb; acrid.
asesor, n., assessor; judge
lateral.
asfalt, n., asphalt.
Asia, n., Asia. -w (asiatik), a.,
Asiatic.
asid, a., acid; sour, -ad, n.,
acid, -itet, n., acidity.
asidu, a., assiduous. -itet, n.,
assiduity.
asier, n., steel, -ar, v., to steel;
to harden; to temper, -ik, a.,
steel.
asignar, v., to assign.
asil, n., asylum.
a siloike, ad., hither; here; to
this place.
asin, n., ass.
a sinistr^, ad., to the left.
-asion, suffix which, with a
verbal root, forms nouns de
noting action .
Aslr/a, n., Assyria.
aslstar, v., to assist, -ant, part.,
assistant.
asket, n. ascetic.
asosu/r, v., to associate (trans.).
-asion, n., association, -ed,
part., associate.
asot. n., azote; nitrogen (N).
asparg, n., asparagus.
aspekt, n., aspect; view; sight;
prospect. -ar, v,, to view; to
behold.
aspirar, v., to aspire.
astmat, n., asthma.
astr, n., star; heavenly body.
 astrolog—autoriser
astrolog, n., astrologer.
astrologi, n., astrology.
astronom, n., astronomer.
astronomi, n., astronomy, -ik
(astronomik), a., astronomical.
astusi, n., craft; cunning; art.
-os, a., crafty; cunning; art
ful; sly.
a superior^, ad., up; upward;
aloft.
asur, a., azure.
atak, n., attack; assault, -ar,
v., to attack; to assault; to as
sail.
-ate, suffix forming the second
person plural of the impera
tive.
ateism, n., atheism.
ateist, n., atheist.
afelofc?, ad., thither; there.
atend, n., waiting, -ar, v., to
wait; to await.
atension, n., attention. -os, a.,
attentive.
atest, n., testimony, -ar, v., to
attest; to testify; to depose; to
witness. -ator, n., witness.
atinar, v., to attain; to reach.
-ativ, suffix which, with a verbal
root. forms adjectives indicat
ing ability to do something.
Atiant/£ (osean), Atlantic
Ocean.
atias, n., atlas.
allot, n., athlete, -ik, a., ath
letic.
atmosfer, n.. atmosphere.
atom, n., atom.
-ator, suffix which, with a verbal
root, forms a noun denoting a
person or thing acting.
41
-atr, suffix forming adjectives
showing a resemblance to the
root. whether this be a noun
or an adjective.
atraktar, v., to attract. -asion
(atraksion), n., attraction.
atrap, n., trap; snare; pitfall.
-ar, v., to entrap; to ensnare.
audit//, v., to hear, -a!, i., ,
hello ! ; ho 1 ; hear ! ; hark !
audiens, n., audience.
audit, n., hearing (the sense).
augment, n., augment, -ar, v.,
to augment, -asion, n., aug
mentation.
august, n., August.
auksion, n., auction, -ar, v.,
to auction. [and fro.
a ulterior^ e a siteriorc, ad., to
aur, n., gold (Au). -ar, v., to
gild, -asion, n., gilding.
uiiskulter, v., to listen; to aus
cultate.
Austr/a, n., Austria.
Austral/a, n., Australia.
aut, pr., self (emphatic: myself,
himself, etc., according to con
text).
aiitcnt//-. a., authentic.
auto-, prefix signifying self-,
auto-.
a«/obiografi, n., autobiography.
automat, i?., automaton, -ik,
a , automatic, -e, ad., auto
matically.
automobll, a., automobile; self-
moving, [vehikl] automobll,
automobile.
autor, n., author.
autoriser, v., to authorize; to
empower; to entitle.
42 autoritet— bankrot
autoritet, n., authority.
-av, suffix forming the imper-
• feet.
avar, v., to have.
avansar, v. , to advance, -e, ad.,
beforehand; in advance.
avar, a. , avaricious, and n.,
miser; niggard, -itet, n., ava
rice
aven, n., oats.
aveniar, v., to occur.
aventur, n , adveuture.
aversion, n , aversion.
avertar, v., to hint, -asion, n ,
hint.
avar famel, to be hungry; to
hunger.
avid, a., eager; avid, -itet, n.,
avidity; eagerness.
avis, n., advice; news, -ar, v.,
to advise.
avar koneks, to be connected.
avar lok, to take place.
avar nesesitet de, to need.
avar paslent//rf (pasiens), to
have patience.
avar permit a, to have per
mission for; may; to be al
lowed.
avar siti, to thirst; to be thirsty.
avar sukses ko kk, to suc
ceed with anything (mi avav
sukses ko voyaj ; my jour
ney succeeded, resulted well).
avar tendens, to have a ten
dency; to tend to.
B banket, n., banquet.
babiliar, v., to babble; to prattle.
bagaj, n., baggage; luggage.
bagatel, n., trifle
bakar. v., to bake, -ad, n.,
baking; batch
bal, n., ball (dance).
balad, n , ballad.
balans, n., balance; equipoise.
-ar, v. int., to balance; to
poise.
balast, n., ballast. [stutter.
balbusiar, v., to stammer; to
baldakin,n., baldachin; canopy.
balen, n., whale.
balet, n., ballet.
balistik, n., ballistics.
balkon, n , balcony.
balon, n., balloon.
baisam, n., balsam; balm, -ar,
v., to embalm.
baisamin, n., balsamine.
Bait/£ (mar), Baltic Sea.
balustr, n., baluster, -ad, n.,
balustrade.
bambu, n., bamboo.
banan, n., banana.
band, n., band; tie; bond, -ar,
v., to tie; to bind, -aj, n.,
bandage, -ajist, n., bandage-
m1iker.
bandit, n., bandit.
baner, n., banner.
bani, n., bath, -ar, v., to bathe.
-eri, n., bath; bathing-place.
-er, n., bather.
bani-kuf, n., bathtub.
bank, n., bank (for money), -er,
n.. banker. [note.
bank-biliet, n., bankbill; bank-
bankrot, n., bankruptcy.
fasiar —, v., to become bank
rupt.
 baptar—berilium 43

bapter, v., to baptize, -asion, bateri, n., battery (military).

n., baptism, -ist, n.,baptizer. batist, n., batiste.
bar, n., bar; ingot; bolt, -ar, bat,,-/- p&sante, to take en
v., to bar; to bolt. passant (in chess).
barak, n., barrack; hovel; hut. Bavaria, n., Bavaria.
barb, n., beard, -er, n., barber. bayonet, n., bayonet.
-os, a., bearded. beat, a., blessed. -ifikar, v., to
barbar, a., barbarous, and n., beatify, -itet, n., beatitude;
barbarian. blessedness.
toarbi, n., barbel. bed, n., bed.
baret, n., biretta; cap. bedel, n., beadle.
barier, n., barrier, j beduin, n., a Bedouin.
barikad, n., barricade. j bek, n., beak; bill (of a bird).
bariton, n., baritone (voice). -ar, v., to peck; to pick.
barium, n., barium (Ba). bekas, n., woodcock; snipe.
bark, n., bark (boat). bel, a., beautiful, -ifikar, v. , to
barometr, n., barometer. beautify; to embellish, -itet,
baron, n , baron, n., beauty.
bas, a., base; low. -e,ad., beladon, n., belladonna; deadly
down below; at the bottom. belnightshade.
I•iii ', n., son-in-law.
-ifikar, v., to lower; to debase;
to abase, -ist, n., bass-singer. bel-fratr, n., brother-in-law.
-itet, n., lowness; baseness. Beig/e, n., Belgium.
basalt, n., basalt. bel-patr, n., father-in-law.
basar, n., bazaar; market. belveder, n., belvedere; belvi-
bas-bot, n., shoe. dere.
bashkir, n., Bashkir. bene, ad., well.
basilisk, n., basilisk. benediker, v., to bless, -asion,
basin, n., basin. n., blessing; benediction,
basis, n., basis; base. bene fasi,»-, v., to benefit, -ad,
bast, n., bast. n., benefit, -ant, part., benefi
bastard, n., bastard. cent, -ator, n., benefactor,
bastion, n., bastion; bulwark. benefis, n., benefice. [kind.
baston, n., staff; stick; rod; benevolent, a., benevolent;
cane; baton, -ar, v., to cane; bensin, n., benzine.
to cudgel; to beat, bensol, n., benzole.
bat, n., blow, -ar, v., to beat ber, n., berry.
(strike); to take (in chessJ Berberia, n., Barbary.
batali, n., battle. beril, n., beryl.
batalion, n., battalion. berilium, n., beryllium; gluci-
batat, n., sweet potato. num (Be).
44 Besarab/'a—bot

Besarab/a, n., Bessarabia. blank, a., white, -atr, a., whit

bet, n., bed (in garden). ish.
betarubr, n., beet. blank-kaval, n., white horse.
betul, n., birch. blank-pan, n., white bread.
bi-, prefix signifying bi-, two-. blasfemar, v., to blaspheme,
blbar, v., to drink, -ad, n., blok, n., block (wood, stone,
drink. etc.,); log.
bibl, n., Bible. blokar, v., to blockade; to block
bibliotek, n., library. -er, n., up; to obstruct.
librarian. blond, a., blonde.
/>/fl:uik/£, a., bilateral; two- blu, a., blue, -atr, a., bluish.
sided. -ifikar, v., to blue.
bifstek, n. , beefsteak. bobin, n., spool; bobbin, -ar,
bigot, a., bigoted. v., to spool; to wind on a spool.
bikavalik, a., two-horse. Bohem/a, n., Bohemia.
bilans, n., balance (in finance*. bok, n., mouth. -on, n., jaws;
bili, n., bile; gall, -os, a., bil mouth.
ious. I bokal, n., cup; goblet; bowl;
bNiard, n., billiards. beaker.
biliet, n., billet; note. boksar, v., to box.
billn%uik, a.., bilingual. Boliv/a, n , Bolivia.
bilion, nr., billion(1, 000,000,000) bomb, n., bomb; shell.
binokl, n., opera-glass. bombardar, v., to bombard.
biografi, n., biography. bon, a., good, -ifikar, v., to
bir, n., beer. -eri, n., beer make good; to indemnify.
house; ale-house. -itet, n., goodness.
blr-kuker, v., to brew, -eri, bonbon, n., bonbon; sweetmeat;
n., brewery. candy.
biseksl.il (anu), leap-year; bon-temp/£, a., early, -e, ad.,
bissextile. early.
bisikl, n., bicycle, -ist, n., bi ' bor, n., boron (B).
cyclist. boraks, n., borax.
biskit, n., biscuit; rusk. bord, n., border; edge; hem;
biskuit, n., cracker; biscuit. brim; brink; margin; rim.
bismut, n., bismuth (Bi). -ar, v., to border; to edge; to
bitumin, n., bitumen, -os, a., hem.
bituminous. bordel, n., brothel.
bivuak, n., bivouac, -ar, v., to borges, n., citizen.
bivouac. bors, n., purse.
blam, n., blame. -ar, v., to bosket, n., thicket; copse.
blame; to censure. bot, n., boot. -er, n., shoemaker.
 botanik—cokolad
botanik, n. , botany, -al, a , bo
tanical.
botanisar, v. , to botanize.
boteli, n., bottle.
boton, n , bud. -ar, v.,to bud.
bov, n., bovine animal (ox, bull,
bov-karn, n , beef, [cow, etc.).
bran, n., bran.
branki(/), n., gill(s) (of fish).
bras, n., arm.
braselet, n., bracelet.
brasik, n., cabbage.
Brasih'a, n., Brazil.
bras-stul, n , arm-chair
brav, a., brave. -itet, n., brav
ery, -e!, i., bravo ! ; good !
bresh, n., breach; gap; break.
BretonM, n., Brittany.
brev, a., short; brief, -itet, n.,
brevity; briefness; shortness.
breviar, n., breviary.
brill, n. , bridle, -ar, v., to bridle.
brigad, n., brigade.
brigand, n., brigand.
brik, n., brick; tile.
brikon.n., rogue; rascal; knave.
briliar, v. , to sparkle; to glitter.
bris, n., breeze.
Britan/a, n., Great Britain.
brodar, v. , to embroider.
brom, n , bromine (Br).
bronki, n., bronchus, -ik
(bronkial), a., bronchial.
brons, n., bronze, -ar, v., to
bronze.
brosltar, v., to stitch (books).
broshur, n., pamphlet; bro
chure; stitched book.
bTuer, v., to bluster; to roar.
brun, a., brown, -ifikar, v., to
brown.
45
brus, n. , brush, -ar, v. , to brush .
brusk, a., brusque; blunt, -itet,
n., brusqueness; bluntness.
brutal, a., brutal, -itet, n., bru
tality.
bruto, ad., gross; in the gross.
bufet, n., sideboard; buffet.
bufon, n., buffoon; clown, -ar,
v., to play the clown, -ad, n.,
buffoonery, -ik, a., buffoon;
waggish.
buket, n., bouquet.
bukl, n., lock (of hair); curl;
ringlet.
bul, n., bullet; ball.
bulb, n., onion. [to seethe.
buliar, v. tr. and intr., to boil;
bulion, n., broth; bouillon
burg, n., borough; market-
town.
buriesk, a., burlesque.
burs, n., exchange (place);
bourse.
bushl, n., bushel.
bust, n., bust.
but, n., end; aim; object; mark;
goal; butt, -ar, v., to aim;
to aim at.
butik, n., shop; store.
butir, n., butter, -ifikar, v., to
make butter; to churn.
buton, n., button, -ar, v., to
button.
cek, n., check.
cekh, n., Czech.
Cili, n., Chili.
Clnesia, n., China.
cokolad, n., chocolate.
 da—dekliv
D , v. , to lead off; to lead
da, p., since; from.
daks, n., badger.
daktil, n., daktyl. -ik, a., dac
tylic.
Dalmal/W, n., Dalmatia.
dam, n., dam; dike.
damn, n., hurt; harm; damage;
detriment. -ifikar, v., to hurt;
to harm; to damage, -os ! i.,
it is a pity ! ; what a pity !
Dan/</, n., Denmark.
dans, n., dance, -ar, v., to
dance.
Dardanel/, n., Dardanelles
dat, n., date (time).
da temp ke, c., since; from the
time that.
da tetempe, ad., since; from
that time.
dativ, n., dative.
dati, n., date (fruit).
de, p., of.
Deo, n., God. -a, n., goddess.
-ifikar, v., to deify.
deb, n., duty, -ar, v., e. g. mi
deb=I ought, I should, I must.
de-bandar, v. , to untie; to un
bind.
de-bater, v. , to beat off.
debat, n., debate, -ar, v., to de
bate.
debet, n., debit side, -ar, v., to
debit; to charge.
de-brusar, v., to brush off; to
brush away.
debt, n., debt, -ar, v. , to owe.
debt aktiv, outstanding debt.
dcdik<//-, v., to dedicate; to de
vote.
away.
tie falsw/ , v., to mow off; to cut
down.
defekt, n. , defect; blemish ;
fault, -os, a., defective, and
n., cripple.
defendar, v., to defend, -asion,
n., defense; defending, -ator,
n., defender
deflnlar, v. , to define.
definitiv, a., definitive; deci
sive; definite.
defisit, n , deficit; deficiency.
de-florar, v., to shed (its) blos
soms.
de-fluar, v., to flow off.
de-former, v., to disfigure; to
deform; to deface, -ik, a.,
deformed; ugly.
de-frangar, v., to break off.
defraudar, v, to defraud.
-asion, n., defrauding.
degenerer, v., to degenerate.
de-glisar, v., to slip off; to slide
off; to glide off.
degradar, v , to degrade.
dek, n., deck.
deka-, prefix signifying deca-,
ten-.
de-kadar, v., to fall off.
dekan, n., dean.
de-kapar (dekapiter), v. , to de
capitate; to behead, -asion
(dekapites/ow), n , decapita
tion: beheading.
deklamer, v., to declaim.
deklarar, v. , to declare.
deklinar, v., to decline (gram
mar), -asion, n., declension.
dekliv, n., declivity.
 de-kombustar—de-pulv,/r
de kombustij/ , v. tr. , to burn
down; to burn up.
de-komitar, v., to countermand.
de-konsiliar, v., to dissuade; to
advise against.
de-kontar, v. , to deduct.
dekor, n , decoration, -ar, v.,
to decorate.
de-kratar, v. , to scratch off.
dekret, n., decree, -ar, v., to
decree.
dekstr, a., right (not left), -e,
ad., at (on) the right, -e de,
p., to (at) the right of.
de-kukar, v., to decoct.
de-kupar, v. , to cut off.
de-kurajar, v., to discourage; to
dishearten.
de-kustonwr, v., to disaccus
tom; to wean.
de-kuvrar, v., to uncover; to
unveil; to disclose; to reveal.
dekuvrar, v., to discover, -ad,
n., discovery.
deleger, v. , to delegate.
delekter. v., to delight (tr.).
delfin, n., dolphin
delikat, a , delicate.
delikates, n , delicacy.
delikt, n., crime.
delinwr, v , to delineate; to
draw; to design.
delir, n., delirium, -ar, v., to
be delirious; to rave.
delisi, n , enjoyment; delight.
-ar, v., to enjoy, -os, a., de
lightful.
delivrar, v. , to deliver (furnish).
demagog, n., demagogue
demand, n , demand, -ar, v.,
to demand; to ask.
47
de-marsher, v. , to march off.
de-masktr, v., to unmask.
de-mendikar, v , to beg of; to
beg from.
dementi, n., belying; lie; con
tradiction, -ar, v., to belie; to
contradict.
de-merkanttfr, v. , to cheapen;
to beat down (prices).
demi, a., half.
demokrat, n., democrat, -ik,
a., democratic.
demolar, v. , to demolish.
demon, n., demon.
demonstrar, v., to demonstrate.
— se, v. , to prove.
denominator, n., denominator.
denove, ad , again; anew.
dens, a., dense; thick, -itet,
n., density; thickness.
dent, n., tooth; tine; prong.
-aj, n., set of teeth; teeth.
-ar, v., to teeth; to cut (one's)
teeth, -ist, n., dentist.
dentel, n., lace.
denunsiar, v., to denounce; to
inform against.
departement, n., department.
de pasu a pasu, ad., step by
step.
depender, v. , to depend.
deplorar, v., to deplore.
depo, n.. depot; depository.
de poplar, v., to depopulate.
de-posar, v. , to set down ; to lay
down; to set aside.
de-prendar, v., to take off.
de-presar, v. , to press off.
deprimar, v., to depress; to de
ject
de-pulvar, v. , to dust off.
48 de-pusar—diafan
de-pusar, v , to push off; to re
pel.
deputar, v., to depute, -ed,
part., deputy.
de-rabotar, v. , to plane off.
de-radikar, v., to root up; to
root out; to eradicate.
de-ridar, v. , to deride.
deriver, v., to derive.
de-roder, v. , to gnaw off.
de-ruptar, v., to tear off.
dervish, n., dervish.
des, nr. , ten. [jump off.
de-saltar, v., to leap off; to
des-du, nr. , twelve. .
de-sedler, v. , to unsaddle.
desembr, n., December.
desendar, v., to descend; to
alight; to put up (at inn).
desent, a., decent; becoming.
deser, n., dessert.
desert, a., desert; waste.
desertar, v., to desert; to run
away.
de-sharjar, v., to unload; to
discharge.
desldar, v., to decide, -asion
(desision), n., decision.
desinar, v , to design; to pur
pose; to plan; to mean.
deslnfekte/ , v. , to disinfect.
desir, n., desire; wish. -ar,v.,
to desire; to wish; to long for;
to yearn for.
de-skribar, v., to write off (out);
to transcribe.
deskribar, v , to describe.
de-skuma/, v. , to skim.
desperar, v. , to despair.
despot, n., despot, -/£, a. .des
potic.
destilar, v , to distil.
destina/ , v , to destine, -asion,
n., destination.
des-tri, nr. , thirteen.
destruktar, v. , to destroy.
de-sukusar, v., to shake off.
ties u n, nr. , eleven.
detali, n., detail, -ar, v. , to de
tail, -ed, part., detailed, -ik,
a., detail; retail.
determinar, v., to determine.
de-turnar, v., to turn off; to
turn away; to divert.
de-urga/-, v. , to extort; to wring.
de-usar, v., to wear out.
deveniar, v. , to become.
deveniar misandant, to become
lame.
deveniarmut, to become dumb.
deveniar pasionas, to fall into
a passion
de-versar, v., to pour off; to
decant.
de-vestar, v., to undress; to di
vest.
devis, n., device.
devon/r, v., to devour.
devosion, n., devotion.
devot, a , devoted.
de-voyajar, v., to go on a jour
ney.
de-yunkter(kavali), v., to un
hitch.
di, p., about; on; of; concern
ing.
diabet, n., diabetes, -ik, a., di
abetic.
diabol, n., devil.
diadem, n., diadem.
diafan, a., diaphanous. -itet, n.,
diaphanousness.
 diafragm—disolut
diafragm, n., diaphragm.
diagnos, n., diagnosis, -ar, v.,
to diagnose.
diagonal, a., diagonal, -e, ad.,
diagonally.
diakon, n., deacon.
dialekt, n., dialect.
dialektik, n., dialectic(s). -al,
a., dialectic(al).
dialog, n., dialogue.
diamant, n., diamond.
diametr, n., diameter.
diare, n., diarrhoea; diarrhea.
didim, n., didymiuin (Di).
diet, n., diet.
diferar, v. , to differ.
diferens, n., difference.
difteri, n., diphtheria, -ik, a.,
diphtheritic.
diftong, n., diphthong.
dlgestar, v., to digest.
digit, n., finger.
dlgnar, v., to deign, -ik, a.,
worthy, -itet, n., dignity;
worth.
dlkar, v. , to say; to tell.
diksionar, n., dictionary.
diktar, v., to dictate.
diktator, n., dictator.
dilem, n., dilemma.
diletant, n., dilettante.
diligent, a., diligent, -itet (dili-
gens), n., diligence.
dimension, n., dimension.
dimision, n., relinquishment.
-ar, v., to relinquish; to give
up.
dlmltar, v. , to dismiss; to dis
charge.
dinamik, n. , dynamics, -al, a.,
dynamic(al).
4
49
dinamit, n., dynamite.
dinasti, n., dynasty.
dine, n. , dinner, -ar, v. , to dine.
dioses, n., diocese.
diplom, n., diploma, -ar, v., to
diploma.
diplomat, n., diplomat.
diplomati, n., diplomacy, -ik
( diplomatik), a., diplomatic.
direksion, n. , direction (course) .
direkt, a., direct.
direktor, n., director, -ad, n.,
directorship; directorate.
dirigar, v., to direct (manage).
dlrlgar karos, to drive.
dis-, prefix signifying separa
tion.
disaparar, v. , to disappear; to
go down (of sun, etc.); to set
(of sun).
disenteri, n., dysentery, -ik
(diseuterik), a., dysenteric.
disfrangar, v. , to break to pieces ;
to break up.
dlsgustar, v., to disgust, -ik,
a., disgusting.
dlslpar, v., to scatter; to dis
perse; to dispel; to dissipate.
disiplin, n., discipline:
disk, n., disk; quoit.
diskont, n., discount, -ar, v.,
to discount.
diskord, n., discord.
diskret, a., discreet.
diskupar, v., to cut up; to dis
sect.
diskutar, v., to discuss.
dismembrar, v. , to dismember.
disnodar, v., to untie; to un
ravel.
disolut, a., dissolute.
50 disordar—drap de sak
disordar, v. , to disarrange; to
disorder.
dispaketar, v. , to unpack.
dispar, a., disparate; radically
different, -itet, n., disparity.
dispens, n., dispensation, -ar,
v. , to dispense; to exempt.
dispepsi, n., dyspepsy; dys
pepsia, -ik (dispeptik), a.,
dyspeptic.
disposer, v., to dispose, -ed,
part., disposed.
disput, n., dispute, -ar, v., to
dispute.
dissonar, v., to be dissonant; to
be discordant.
distant, a., distant; far; remote.
-itet (distans), n., distance.
distingu, n., distinction (differ
ence^, -ar, v., to distinguish;
to discriminate; to discern; to
distinguish (mark out).
distinkt, a., distinct. [nity).
distinsion, n., distinction (dig-
distrakt, a., distracted. -itet,
n., distraction; distractedness.
distribuar, v., to distribute; to
dispense.
distrikt, n., district.
disunlar, v. , to disunite.
dium, n., day. -e, ad., by day;
in the daytime.
diurnal, n., journal; review;
periodical.
divan, n., sofa; lounge.
divergar, v. , to diverge.
divers, a., diverse; different.
dividar, v., to divide.
dividend, n., dividend.
ilivin, a., divine, -itet, n., di
vinity; godhead.
v., to divine; to guess.
division, n., division (military).
divors, n., divorce, -ar, v., to
divorce.
dog, n., mastiff.
dogmat, n., dogma.
dpktor, n., doctor (title), -ad,
n., doctorate.
doktrin, n., doctrine; teaching.
dokument, n., document, -ar,
v., to authenticate.
dolar, n., dollar.
dolor, n., pain; ache, -os, a.,
painful.
dom, n., house, -e, ad., at
home; home.
domen, n., domain; dominion.
dominar, v., to dominate; to
lord over.
dominike», n., Dominican.
domisil, n., domicile; dwelling.
-ar, v., to dwell.
don, n., gift, -ar, v. , to give; to
impart; to bestow.
donat, n., donation; present.
-ar, v., to donate; to present.
dorm, n., sleep, -ar, v., to
sleep, -os, a., sleepy.
dors, n., back, -u, p., back of;
behind.
dosent, n., docent; tutor (in
university).
dosi, n., dose, -ar, v., to dose.
dot, n., dowry, -ar, v., to en
dow.
dragon, n., dragoon.
drakon, n., dragon.
dramat, n., drama.
drap, n., cloth, -ar, v., to drape.
drap de sak, handkerchief;
pocket-handkerchief.
 drast//-—egual
drast/£, a., drastic.
dresar, y., to break; to train; to
break in; to drill; to dress.
dresar kaval, to break a horse.
drog, n., drug, -ist, n., druggist.
drol, a., droll.
dromedar, n., dromedary.
du, nr., two. -foa, nr., twice.
duan, n., customs; duty; toll.
-eri, n., custom-house, -er, n.,
toll-gatherer; custom-h o u s e
officer.
dubi, n., doubt, -ar, v., to
doubt, -os, a., doubtful; dubi
ous, [thing; to question.
dubiar di kk, to doubt of any-
dublon, n., doubloon.
du-des, nr., twenty.
du-des-un, nr., twenty-one.
duel, n., duel, -ar ko kelkhom,
to duel.
duet, n., duet.
duk, n., duke.
duker, v., to lead, -asion, n.,
lead; leadership, [tention to.
dukar atension a, to call at-
dukat, n., ducat.
duis, a., sweet, -ifikar, v., to
sweeten, -itet, n., sweetness.
dun, n., dune; down.
duper, v., to dupe.
dupl, nr., double.
dupl-akuil, n., double eagle.
dupl-punkt, n., colon (:).
dur, a., hard, -ifikar, v., to
harden; to indurate. -itet,n.,
hardness.
durar, v. , to last; to endure.
-abl, a., durable, -ablitet, n.,
durability. -anteke,c., while;
whilst, -antu, p., during.
51
dusen, n., dozen.
dush, n., douche.
e, c., and.
-e, adverbial suffix.
eben, n., ebony.
ebr, a., drunken; drunk, -ifikar,
v., to make drunk, -ifikar sO,
v. , to become drunk, -itet, n.,
drunkenness; inebriety.
-ed, ending of the passive parti
ciple, [eatable, -ad, n., food.
edar, v., to eat. -abl, a., edible;
edifisi, n., edifice; building.
-ar, v. , to build.
edikt, n., edict.
editer, v., to issue; to publish.
-asion (edision), n., issuing;
publication, -ator (editor), n.,
publisher; issuer.
edukar, v., to educate.
e — e, c.,both — and; as well as.
efekt, n., effect.
efektiv, a., de facto; effective.
efektuar, v., to effect; to ac
complish, -ad, n., effect; thing
effected; work.
efemer, a., ephemeral.
efors, n., effort; endeavor; at
tempt; exertion, -ar, v., to
strive; to try; to endeavor; to
attempt.
Egipt/a, n., Egypt.
egoism, n.. egotism.
egoist, n., egotist.
egual, a., equal, -e, ad., like
wise; equally, -ifikar (egua-
lisar), v., to equalize, -itet, n.,
equality.
52 ekipar—ekspert
ekipar, v., to equip; to furnish
(fit out), -aj, n., equipage.
eklat, n., display; show. - escape.
ekles, n., church. Ekles/a, n.,
States of the Church.
eklips, n., eclipse, -ar, v., to
eclipse.
ekliptik, n., ecliptic.
eko, n., echo.
ekonomi, n., economy (man
agement of affairs), -ik (eko-
nomik), a., economic, -ist
(ekonomist), n., economist.
eks, p., out of; from; by virtue
of.
eksagerar, v. , to exaggerate.
-asion, n., exaggeration.
eksamin, n., examination, -ar,
v., to examine.
eks-andar, v., to go out.
eks-audiar, v. , to hear; to grant.
ekse!, i., behold!; look!;
here !; there !; lo!
eksekutur, v., to execute; to
accomplish; to fulfil.
eksekut<z/or yustis/£, execu
tioner; hangman.
ekselens, n., excellency (title).
ekselent, a., excellent. -itet, n.,
excellence.
eksempl, n., example; instance;
sample; specimen.
eksemplar, n., copy.
eksept, n., exception, -ar, v.,
to except, -e ke, c. , unless.
-u, p., with the exception of;
excepting; except; but.
eksersar, v., to exercise, -ad,
n., exercise.
ekses, n., excess, -ik, a., ex
cessive.
eks-fluar, v., to flow out.
eks-glisar, v., to slip out; to
eks-humar, v., to exhume; to
disinter.
eksil, n., exile (state); banish
ment. -ar, v., to exile; to
banish.
eksist<ir, v., to exist.
eksistens, n., existence.
eksitar, v., to excite; to rouse;
to stir (up).
eks klam<//, v., to cry out; to
exclaim.
eks-klosa»-, v., to lock out; to
shut out; to exclude.
eksklusiv, a., exclusive, -e,
ad., exclusively.
ekskrement, n., excrement.
ekskusar, v. , to excuse.
eks laborar, v., to work out; to
elaborate.
eks-moriar, v., to die out.
eks-movar, v., to drive out; to
cast out; to eject; to expel.
eksorsism, n., exorcism, -ar,
v., to exorcise.
eksot/£, a., exotic.
ekspandar, v. , to expand.
ekspediar, v., to dispatch; to
send off; to forward.
ekspedient, n., expedient.
ekspektar, v. , to expect, -asion ,
n., expectation.
eksperiar, v., to experience.
-ad (eksperiens), n., experi
ence.
eksperiment, n., experiment.
-ar, v., to experiment.
ekspert, a. , expert; experi
enced.
 ekspiar—etectromagnet
eksplar, v., to expiate; to atone
for. -asion, n., expiation;
atonement.
eksplikar, v., to explain.
eksploatar, v., to exploit; to
work, -asion, n., exploitation;
working.
eksplodar, v., intr., to explode.
eksplorar, v., to explore.
eksport, n., export; exporta
tion, -ar, v., to export.
eks-posar, v., to expose; to ex
hibit, -asion (eksposision),
n.. exposition; exhibition.
ekspres, a., express.
eks-presar, v., to press out; to
squeeze out.
ekspresion, n., expression.
eksprimar, v. , to express.
eks-respirar (ekspirar), v., to
expire (breathe out).
eks sanguhwr, v., to bleed to
death.
ekstas, n., ecstasy.
eks-tendar, v. tr , to extend.
eksterior, a., exterior, -e, ad.,
exteriorly; outwardly; (on
the) outside, -e de, p., out
side of; outside; without.
ekstern, a., external.
ekstinguar, v., to extinguish.
ekstr, p. , besides, -ad, n.,
egress; exit; going out. -ia,
n., foreign parts; abroad.
ekstrakt, n., extract, -ar, v.,
to extract.
ekstrem, a., extreme, -e, ad.,
extremely, -itet, n., extrem
ity, -iteti, n., extremities
(hands and feet).
ekstr it, ad., besides.
53
ekstr-ordinar, a., extraordi
nary; unusual.
eks-usar, v., to use up.
eks-vakuar, v., to empty.
eks-versar, v., to pour out; to
empty (both trans.).
ekuator, n., equator.
ekui , prefix signifying equal
ity.
ekuiflankik (ekuilateral), a.,
equilateral; equal-sided.
ekuikmrik, a., isosceles.
ekuilibri, n., equilibrium, -ist
(ekuilibrist), n. , equilibrist.
-istik (ekuilibristik), a., equi-
libristic.
ekuivalar, v., to equal; to be
equal to.
el, pr. d., that. -foa, ad., that
time.
-el, suffix denoting collective
nouns signifying persons.
elast/£, a., elastic, -ikitet (elas-
tisitet), n., elasticity.
elefant, n., elephant.
elegant, a., elegant. -itet (ele-
gans), n., elegance.
elegi, n., elegy, -ik (elegik), a.,
elegiac.
elektr/£, a., electric, -ikitet
(elektrisitet), n., electricity.
elektrisar, v., to electrify; to
electrize.
elektro-, prefix signifying elec
tricity.
etektrodlnamlk, n., electrody
namics.
^foWrokinii, n., electrochemis
try.
etectromagnet, n., electromag
net.
54 etektro-metr—ergo
etektro-metr, n., electrometer.
etektronegatlv, a., electronega
tive.
etektro^etr, n., amber. [tive.
etektroposltrv , a., electroposi-
etektrostatik, n., electrostatics.
etektrotekrMt, n., electrotech-
nics. -ist, n., electrotechni-
cian.
element, n., element.
elev, n., pupil,
elevar, v., to elevate.
clips, n., ellipse. ~ik (eliptik),
a., elliptic.
elit, n., elite.
el-kos, pr. d., that (neuter).
elokuent, a., eloquent. -itet,
n., eloquence.
el sem, pr. d., the same.
emansipar, v. , to emancipate.
emblem, n., emblem.
embrion, n., embryo, -ik, a.,
embryonic.
emigrar, v., to emigrate, -ant,
part., emigrant, -asion, n.,
emigration .
eminent, a., eminent.
empir/£, a., empiric,
emular, v., to emulate, -asion,
n.", emulation.
endiv, n., endive.
energi, n., energy. -/£(energik),
a., energetic.
enigmat, n., enigma; riddle;
puzzle, -ik, a., enigmatic.
e nom^, ad., namely.
enorm, a., enormous.
entomologi, n., entomology.
-ik (entomologik), a. , entomo-
logic(al). -ist (entomologist),
n., entomologist.
entrepren, n., enterprise; un
dertaking, -ar, v. , to under
take.
entusiasm, n. , enthusiasm. -ar,
v., to make enthusiastic.
enui, n., ennui; tediousness.
-ar, v. , to bore; to weary.
-ant, part. , and -os, a. , tedious;
tiresome.
envi, n., envy, -ar, v. , to envy.
-os, a., envious.
epidemi, n., epidemic. -/£(epi-
demik), a., epidemic.
epigraf, n., epigraph.
epigram, n., epigram.
epilepsi, n., epilepsy, -ik (epi-
leptik), a., epileptic.
epilog, n., epilogue.
episkop, n. , bishop, -ad, n. ,
episcopate (office), -et, n.,
episcopate (body), -ik, a.,
episcopal.
epitaf, n., epitaph.
epok, n., epoch.
epol, n., shoulder.
epope, n., epic.
-er, suffix used with a non
verbal root to form a substan
tive denoting a person or a
thing that has some relation
to the root.
erar, v., to err. -ad, n., mis
take, -or, n., error.
era, n., era.
erbium, n., erbium (E).
erektar, v., to erect; to raise; to
set up; to rear; to hoist.
eremit, n., hermit, -eri, n.,
hermitage.
ergo, ad., therefore; conse
quently.
 -eri—esar veksed
-eri, suffix denoting place.
-erio, suffix forming the present
conditional.
-ero, suffix forming the future.
entdlar, v., to teach; to culture.
-ed, part., learned; cultured;
erudite, and n., an erudite
person; a scholar; a learned
man.
eruktar, v. , to eructate; to
belch, -asion, n., eructation;
belching.
e s.=e setri, etc. ; and so forth.
esar, v., to be.
esar ad-yunkttv/, to be sub
joined; to accompany.
esar autor, to be an author.
esar avar, to be avaricious.
esar deb, to be due; to be the
duty.
esar de-kuraj«/, to be discour
aged.
esar de sert sentiment, to be
of a certain mind (disposi
tion); to be minded.
esar distant, to be distant.
esens, n., essence.
esar ferv, to be zealous.
esar in stand, to be in condi
tion (be able).
eskadr, n., squadron (naval).
eskadron, n., squadron (cav
alry).
-eskar, suffix forming verbs de
noting to become, to grow, to
begin.
eskart, n., refuse; discard, -ar,
v. , to discard .
eske, interrogative particle; ? ;
whether; if.
eskimo, n., Esquimaux.
55
esar kontent, to be satisfied.
esar konvenaW, to be fitting.
esar ko-patr, ko-matr, to be
sponsor.
eskort, n., escort, -ar, v., to
escort.
esmalt, n., enamel.
es merit, n., emery.
esar neses (nesesar), to be
necessary.
esar nomed, to be called; to
be named.
esar ofended, to be offended.
esar orgulos di kk, to be proud
of.
espad, n., rapier.
Espan/a, n., Spain.
esparset, n., esparcet.
esper, n., hope, -ar, v., to hope.
esar perded, to be lost.
esar plu astuslos, to outwit.
esprit, n., wit. [tute of.
esar prlved de, to be desti-
esar [su via, su punkt de vis]
rekt, to be right.
esar simil, to resemble.
esar sltaed, to be situated.
esar surprise/, to be surprised;
to wonder; to be astonished.
est, n., east, -e, ad., in the
east; easterly.
estim, n., esteem. -ar, v., to
esteem (honor; also, deem).
estimar kh kapabl, to think
one capable of; to give one
dredit for.
Bstind/a, n., East India.
estrad, n., estrade; dais.
estran, a., strange; singular.
esar veksed, to be vexed; to be
irritated.
56 et—fasan
et, c., also; too.
-et, suffix forming diminutives.
etaj, n., story; floor.
etap, n., night-quarters; halt
ing-place.
eter, n., ether.
etern, a., eternal, -ifikar, v., to
eternize; to eternalize, -itet,
n., eternity.
etik, n., ethics, -al, a., ethical.
etiket, n., etiquette.
etimologi, n., etymology, -ik
(etimologik), a., etymological.
-M/(etimologist), n., etymolo
gist.
Etiop/a, n., Ethiopia.
eukarist, n., eucharist. -ik, a.,
eucharistic.
eunuk, n., eunuch.
Europ, n., Europe, -an, a.,
European.
evangel, n., gospel, -ik, a.,
evangelic(al); gospel, -ist, n.,
evangelist.
eventual, a., eventual, -e, ad.,
eventually, -itet, n., eventu
ality. ' [escape.
evitar, v., to avoid; to shun; to
evolusion, n., evolution.
fabl, n., fable; fairy tale.
fabrik, n., factory; manufac
tory, -ar, v., to manufacture;
to fabricate; to make.
fag, n., beech.
fnkt, n., fact. -e, ad , in fact.
faktur, n., invoice; bill.
fakultet, n., faculty (of medi
cine, etc.).
falang, n., phalanx.
falb, a., fawn-colored; tawny.
faliar, v., to fail, -abl, a., falli
ble.
falkon, n., falcon. [sify.
fais, a., false, -ifikar, v., to fal-
-itet, n., falsity.
faiset, n., falsetto.
faisi, n., scythe, -ar, v., to
mow. -et, n., sickle.
fais serpent, n., blind-worm;
slow-worm.
fam, n., fame; report, -os, a.,
famous.
famel, n., hunger, -ik, a.,
hungry.
I'umili. n., family.
familiar, a., familiar. -itet, n.,
familiarity.
fanat//-, a., fanatic(al). -ism, n.,
fanaticism.
fanfar, n. , flourish (of trumpets).
fang, n., dirt (mud); mire.
fantasi, n., fancy, -ar, v., to
fancy.
fantast, n., fantast. -ik, a., fan
tastic.
fantom, n., phantom; spectre;
ghost; apparition.
fantom/' apar in dom, the house
is haunted.
far, n., beacon; lighthouse.
farin, n., flour; meal.
faring, n., pharynx.
farm, n., farm, -er, n. , farmer.
farmasi.n., pharmacy (science).
-ik (farmaseutik), a., phar-
maceutic. -ist, n., pharmacist.
fas, n., face; countenance.
fasad, n., facade; front.
fasan, n., pheasant.
 fashin— fibrin
fashin, n., fagot; fascine.
faster, v., to make; to do. -abl,
a., feasible.
faster finter, to put a stop to;
to put an end to.
faster kaptarf, to make a cap
ture or prize.
fasil, a., easy, -ifikar, v., to
facilitate; to make easy, -itet,
n., facility; ease.
faster w^korekte, to do wrong
(incorrectly). [possible.
faster neposlbl, to render im-
faster sum de, to amount to.
faster tro haste, to be too hasty ;
to be precipitate.
fask, n., bundle; bunch.
fasol, n., bean.
fat, n., fate; destiny.
fatal, a., fatal.
fatig, n., fatigue; weariness.
-ar, v. , to fatigue; to weary;
to tire, -ed, part., fatigued;
wearied; tired.
favor, n., favor, -ar (favorisar),
v., to favor, -u, p., in favor of.
fayans, n., earthenware; pot
tery.
tea, n., fairy.
febl, a., feeble; weak, -itet, n.,
weakness; feebleness.
febr, n., fever.
februar, n., February.
federasion, n., federation.
felis, a., happy; fortunate;
lucky, -ifikar, v., to make
happy; to bless, -itet, n., fe
licity; happiness.
felisittfr, v., to congratulate; to
felicitate, -asion, n., congrat
ulation; felicitation.
57
feltr, n., felt.
femin, n., woman; female, -ik
(feminin), a., feminine.
fenestr, n., window.
fenig, n., pfennig.
fenomen, n., phenomenon.
fenul, n., fennel.
feodal, a., feudal.
fer, n., iron (Fe).
feri, n., fair.
ferment, n., ferment; yeast;
leaven, -ar, v., to ferment.
-asion, n., fermentation.
feros, a., wild; fierce; ferocious.
-eskar, v. , to become wild.
-itet, n., fierceness; ferocity.
fertil, a., fertile; fruitful, -itet,
n., fertility.
ferv, a., fervent; zealous, -itet,
n., fervor; zeal.
test, n., feast; festival, -ar, v.,
to celebrate; to solemnize; to
keep, -asion, n., celebration.
festin, n., feast.
feston, n., festoon, -ar, v. , to
festoon.
fl !, i., fie !
ftakr, n., coach; hack.
fians</r, v., to affiance; to be
troth; to engage, -asion, n.,
affiance; betrothal; engage
ment., -edo, n., bridegroom;
man who is betrothed, -eda,
n., bride; one who is be
trothed . -edi, n. , the betrothed
(couple).
fiasko, n., fiasco; failure.
fibl, n., buckle, -ar, v., to
buckle.
fibr, n., fibre.
fibrin, n., fibrine.
58 fidel—flor
fldel, a., faithful; true, -itet,
n., fidelity; faithfulness; troth.
fien, n., hay.
(if, n., whistle, -ar, v., to
whistle, -ad, n., whistle
(sound).
fig, n., fig. [figure.
figur, n., figure, -ar, v., to
fiksizr, v., to fix; to fasten.
iil, n., thread. -ar, v., to spin.
-ad, n., spun material, -eri,
n., spinning-mill.
fil de kandel, wick.
fil de lamp, wick.
fili, n., child, -o, n., son. -a,
filis, n., fern. [n., daughter.
filomel, n., nightingale.
filosof, n., philosopher, -ar, v.,
to philosophize.
filosofi, n., philosophy, -ik
(filosofik), a., philosophic(al).
filtr, n., filter, -ar, v., to filter;
to strain.
fin, a., fine, -itet, n., fineness.
finans/, n., finances.
fingar, v., to feign; to pretend.
fini, n., end. -ar, v., to end; to
finish; to conclude; to termi
nate, -ad, n., ending (gram.).
-e, ad., finally; at last, -ik
(final), a., final.
Finland/</, n., Finland.
fint, n., feint.
firm, a., firm. -itet,n., firmness.
flrma, n., firm.
firmament, n., firmament.
flsar, v., to split; to crack; to
fissure; to cleave; to rive, -ad,
n., split; slit; fissure; crevice;
cranny; cleft; crack; chap;
rift; chink; seam.
fisik, n., physics; natural phi
losophy, -al, a., physical.
-ist, n., physicist.
fisionomi, n., physiognomy, -ik
(fisionomik), a., physiognom
ic, -ist (fisionomist), n., phy
siognomist.
fistul, n., fistula.
flag, n., flag.
flagel, n., whip; scourge, -ar,
v., to whip; to scourge, -asion,
n., whipping; scourging; flag-
flagitar, v. , to require, [ellation.
fltigrar, v., to burn (intrans.).
-eskar, y., to kindle; to catch
fire; to ignite, -eskator, n.,
match, -ifikar, v., to kindle;
to set on fire; to ignite.
flagr^s£-kordon, n . , match;
slow-match; fuse.
flaksid, a., flaccid; flabby;
limp ; wilted ; withered . -eskar,
v., to wilt; to wither.
flam, n., flame; blaze, -ar, v.,
to flame; to blaze.
Flandr/a, n., Flanders.
flanel, n., flannel.
flank, n., side; flank. -e, ad., at
the side; on the side.
flatar, v., to flatter.
flaut, n., flute.
flegmat, n., phlegm, -ik, a.,
phlegmatic, -iker, n., phleg
matic person.
flekt, n., joint, -ar, v., to bend;
to flex. -aW(fleksibl), a., flex
ible, -ablitet, n., flexibility.
-asion (fleksion), n., flexion.
flok, n., flake.
flor, n., flower, -ar, v., to
flower; to blossom; to bloom.
 flor-braslk—foto-metr
flor-brasik, n., cauliflower.
florin, n., florin.
flor-koron, n., wreath.
florotemp, n., spring.
flot, n., fleet. -ar, v., to float;
to swim.
f laar, v., to flow.
fluid, a., fluid; liquid, -ad, n.,
fluid; liquid, -itet, n., fluidity;
liquidity.
fluks, n., flood; high tide.
Huktiwr, v., to fluctuate.
fluor, n., fluorine(Fl).
flur, n., floor, -ar, v. , to floor.
fluvi, n., river, -et, n., brook.
fluvi-bord, n., bank (of river).
-foa, sufHx which, with a cardi
nal or ordinal number, forms
an iterative; this suffix is used
also with other words.
fok, n., fire.
fokus, n., focus.
fol, a., foolish, and n., fool.
-itet, n., foolishness; folly.
foii, n., leaf; sheet, -aj, n., fo
liage. -etar, v. , to turn the
leaves (of a book); to thumb.
folieton, n., feuilleton. -ist, n.,
feuilletonist.
fomentar, v., to foment.
fon, n., ground; background.
fondar, v., to smelt; to melt; to
fuse, -ator, n., founder, -eri,
n., foundry.
fonetik, n., phonetics, -al, a.,
phonetic.
fonograf, n., phonograph.
font, n., fountain; source;
spring, -ar, v., to spring
(from) ; to issue. -ad, n., spring
(of water).
59
fontan, n., fountain.
for, n., hole; orifice, -ifikar,
v. , to perforate.
foren, a., foreign, -ia, n., for
eign country.
forest, n., forest.
forg, n., forge, -ar, v., to forge.
fork, n., fork.
form, n., form, -ar, v., to form;
to fashion; to shape.
formal, a., formal, -itet, n.,
formality.
formidabl, a., formidable.
formik, n., ant. -ar, v., to
swarm.
formul, n., formula, -ar, v.,to
formulate.
forn, n., furnace; stove, -ar, v.,
to heat.
fornikar, y ., to fornicate, -asion,
n., fornication, -ator, n., for-
nicator.
forn-tub, n., stovepipe.
fors, n., force, -ar, v. , to force;
to compel ; to enforce.
fort, a., strong; powerful.
-ifikar, v. , to fortify; to
strengthen, -itet, n., strength.
fortres, n., fortress; fort.
fortult, n., chance,
fort mi, n., fortune. -e, ad.,
fortunately.
fos, n., excavation; pit. -ar, v.,
to dig.
fosfor, n., phosphorus (P).
fosil, a., fossil.
foto-, prefix signifying light.
Joto-graf,n., photographer, -ar,
v., to photograph, -ad, n.,
photograph.
foto-metr, n., photometer.
60 frag—fugas
frag, n., strawberry.
fragment, n., fragment.
frak, n., dress-coat; frock.
frakas, n., crash, -ar, v., to
smash; to shatter; to dash to
pieces.
fraksin, n., ash (tree).
fraksion, n., fraction.
frambos, n., raspberry.
frangar, v., to break; to frac
ture, -abl, 'a., fragile; frail;
brittle, -ablitet, n., fragility;
brittleness. -ad, n., fracture;
break.
frangar glas, to cut ice.
frangl, n., fringe.
frank, n., franc.
frankar, v., to frank; to prepay
postage.
Frankon/a, n., Francouia.
Frans/e, n., France.
fransisk</w, n., Franciscan.
fras, n., phrase; sentence.
fraterniser ko kh, v., to fra
ternize with any one. -asion,
n., fraternization.
fratr, n., brother.
fraud, n., fraud; deceit. -ar, v.,
to cheat; to deceive; to over
reach.
fregat, n., frigate.
frekuent, a., frequent, -e, ad.,
often; frequently.
frekuentar, v., to frequent.
-asion, n., frequentation.
fren, n., curb; check; restraint;
brake, -ar, v., to curb; to
check; to restrain.
frenet/£, a., frantic.
fresk, a., fresh, -itet, n., fresh
ness.
fresko, n., fresco.
friar, v., to fry.
friand, n., lickerish person;
dainty person, -ar, v. , to be
lickerish; to be dainty; to be
sweet-toothed.
frigar, v. , to freeze; to be cold.
-id, a., frigid; cold, -ideskar,
v., to become cold, -or, n.,
frigidity; cold, -ad, n., (catch
ing) cold, -adar se, v., to
catch cold.
frigotemp, n., winter.
frikar, v., to rub. -asion, n.,
rubbing; friction, -ator, n.,
grater.
fringil, n., finch.
fris, n., frieze.
Msar, v., to frizz.
frivol, a., frivolous; giddy.
-itet, n., frivolity; levity.
front, n., forehead; brow.
frontier, n., frontier.
frost, n., frost.
frotar, v., to wipe.
frugal, a., frugal, -itet, n.,
frugality. [fructify.
frukt, n., fruit, -ifikar, v., to
fruktotemp, n., autumn; fall.
frument, n., wheat; corn.
frustrar, v., to frustrate; to
thwart; to baffle; to balk; to
defeat; to disappoint; to foil.
ftisi, n., phthisis; consumption.
-ik (ftisik), a., phthisical;
consumptive.
fug, n., flight, -ar, v., to flee.
fuga, n., fugue.
fugas, a., fugitive; fleeting;
fugacious, -itet, n., fugacity;
fugitiveness.
 fuligin—garnar
fuligin, n., soot, -os a., sooty.
fulmin, n., lightning, -ar, v. ,
to lighten.
tulmin kolon, n., guncotton.
fum, n., smoke, -ar, v., to
.smoke.
fum-negrad, n., lampblack.
fundar, v., to found; to ground.
fundament, n., foundation.
funksion, n., function, -ar, v.,
to function; to act; to officiate;galon, n., galloon, -ar, v., to
to discharge the duties of an
office; to work.
fur, n., fur.
furaj, n., forage, -ar, v., to
forage. ~er, n., forager.
furet, n., ferret.
furi, n., fury; rage, -ar, v., to
be in a fury; to rage, -os, a.,
furious, -a, n., a fury.
furnar, v., to furnish; to sup
ply; to provide; to afford; to
bring, -ator, n., purveyor.
fusil, n., gun. -ar, v., to shoot.
futur, a., future, and n., the
future; futurity; future tense.
-^, ad., in the future; here
after.
futur perfekt, future perfect.
gabion, n., gabion.
gal, n., gall-apple.
Gal/a, n., Gaul.
gala-, prefix signifying magnif
icence or pomp.
galadlnb, n., state-dinner.
galaksi, n., galaxy; Milky Way.
galant, a., gallant (polite).
galavest, n., gala dress (attire). j garnar, v., to garnish; to trim.
61
galen, n., galena.
galer, n., galley.
galeri, n., gallery.
galin, n., fowl, -a, n., hen. -o,
n., cock.
galina-klamar, v., to cackle.
galiii((-klama/ , v., to crow.
Galis/a, n., Galicia (in Spain).
Galits/ff, n., Galicia (in Austria).
galium, n., gallium (Ga).
lace; to trim with galloon.
galop, n., gallop; galop (dance).
-ar, v. , to gallop.
galosh, n., overshoe; galosh.
galvan/s/tt, n., galvanism, -ik,
a., galvanic.
gamash, n., gaiter; spatterdash.
gamb, n.,leg.
gambon, n., ham.
gangren, n., gangrene; morti
fication, -ar, v., to gangrene;
to mortify, -os, a. , gangrenous.
ganiar, v., to gain; to earn; to
win. -ad, n., earning(s); gain;
gaining(s).
ganlur pan, to earn a living
(livelihood).
gant.n., glove, -ar, v., to glove;
to put on gloves.
garant, n., bondsman; bailor;
guarantor; surety, -ar, v., to
bail; to guarantee; to warrant.
-ad, n., guarantee; security;
bail.
garb, n., sheaf; bundle.
gard, n., guard; shelter, -ar,
v., to guard; to shield; to
shelter.
garderob, n., wardrobe (place).
 62 garnison—glmnastik

garnison, n., garrison, -ar, v., genu, n., knee, -ar, v., to kneel.
to garrison. genu-flektar, v., to genuflect.
garson, n., fellow. -asion (geuufleksion ) , n., gen
gas, n., gas. uflection, [genuineness.
gasel, n., gazelle. genuin, a., genuine, -itet, n.,
gaset, n., newspaper; paper. geodesi,n., geodesy; surveying.
gasometr, n., gasometer. -ik, a., geodetic.
gastronom, n., gastronomer; geografi, n., geography, -ik
gastronomist. (geografik), a., geographic.
gaudi, n., joy; gladness. -ar, geolog, n., geologist.
v., to gladden; to cheer, -os, geologi, n., geology, -ik (geo-
a., joyous. logik), a., geological.
gaudiar se, v., to be glad; to geometri, n., geometry, -ik
rejoice. (geometrik), a., geometric.
gavot, n., gavotte. [geal. geranium, n., geranium.
gelur, v. intr., to freeze; to con- german, a., German; German-
gelatin, n., jelly; gelatin(e). speaking; in German, andn., a
gemar, v. , to groan. German-speaking person, -ia,
gemel, n., twin. n., Germany. -ian, a., Ger
gen, n., gender. man; relating to Germany.
genealogi , n . , genealogy . -ist germanik, a., Germanic, and
(genealogist), n., genealogist. n., one of Germanic blood.
-ik (genealogik), a., genea germanium, n., germanium
logical. (Ge).
generar, v., to generate; to be germin, n., germ; sprout; shoot.
get; to engender; to procre -ar, v., to germinate; to sprout.
ate, -asion, n., generation. -asion, n., germination.
-ator, n., generator; begetter; gerundi, n., gerund.
procreator. -atori, n., parents. gerundi v, n., gerundive.
general, a., general, and n., gestikular, v., to gesticulate.
general, -e, ad., generally. -asion, n., gesticulation.
generalisar, v., to generalize. gib, n., hump; hunch, -os, a.,
-asion, n., generalization. humpbacked; hunchbacked;
generos, a., generous; liberal. gibbous, and n., hunchback.
-itet, n., generosity ; liberality. gid, n., guide, -ar, v., to guide.
genial, a., highly-gifted; in gigant, n., giant, -ik, a.,
genious. -itet, n., genius. ^gigantic, [lege.
genitiv, n., genitive. gimnas, n., gymnasium; col-
gensian, n., gentian. gimnastik, n., gymnastics, -al,
gentil, a. .genteel; gentle, -itet, a., gymnastic, -ar, v., to ex
n., genteelness; gentility. ercise in gymnastics.
 gips—gravin 63

gips, n., gypsum; plaster of grad de longitet, degree of

Paris. longitude.
glrar, v., to endorse. -graf, suffix forming nouns de
giraf, n., giraffe; camelopard. noting a person or thing writ
giriand, n., garland. ing or painting in the manner
gitar, n., guitar. -ist, n., gui indicated by the first part of
tarist; guitar-player. the word.
gladi, n., sword, -ar, v., to graflt, n., graphite.
fence, -ator, n., gladiator. gram, n., gramme.
gland, n., gland. gramatik, n., grammar. -a/, a.,
glas, n., ice. grammatical.
glasar, v., to glaze, -ad, n., gran, n., grain; kernel.
glazing; glaze. granat, n., garnet.
(ilas/£ (mar), Polar Sea. grand, a., great; large, -ifikar,
glas-rosi, n., hoar-frost; white v., to make large, -itet, n.,
frost; rime. greatness; largeness; size.
glat, a., smooth; glossy; pol grand -filiu, n., grandson.
ished. -ifikar, v., to smooth; grandios, a., grandiose; grand;
to polish; to iron (clothes). imposing, -itet, n., grandeur.
-itet, n., smoothness. grand-comersant, n. , great
gleb, n., clod. [slip. merchant.
gllsar, v., to glide; to slide; to grand-nef, n., grandnephew or
gliserin, n., glycerine. grandniece.
glob, n., globe, -et, n., globule. grand-onkl, n., granduncle.
glori, n., glory, -os, a., glorious. grand-parti^, ad., in great
glorifikar, v., to glorify, -asion, part; for the most part; to a
n., glorification. great extent.
glutin, n., glue, -ar, v., to glue; grand-patr, n., grandfather.
to stick; to paste; to fasten. granit, n., granite
golf, n., gulf; bay. grap, n., grape.
gom, n., gum. -ar, v., to gum. gras, n., grace
gondol, n., gondola. grasil, a., slender; slight; slim.
gorg, n., throat, -ar, v., to -itet, n., slenderness.
gargle. grasios, a., gracious, -itet, n.,
got, n., Goth, -ik, a., Gothic. graciousness.
grad, n., grade; degree; step. gratis, ad., gratuitously; gratis.
-ar, v. , to grade; to graduate. ! grav, a., grave; weighty, -itet,
-asion, n., gradation; gradua n., gravity; weight; heavi
tion. ness.
grad de largitet, degree of graver, v. , to engrave.
latitude. gravin, n., gravel.
64 gravitasion—hast
gravitasion, n., gravitation.
grel, n., hail, -ar, v., to hail.
gremi, n., lap. -ad, n., apron.
gren, n., grain (cereals), -eri,
n., granary.
grenad, n., grenade.
gren-bata/"-, v., to thresh.
Qrenland/'a, n., Greenland.
gres, n., grease; fat. -ar, v., to
grease; to smear.
Gres/a, n., Greece.
grif, n., claw; talon.
gril, n., cricket (insect).
gril-klamar, v., to chirp.
grimas, n., grimace, -ar, v., to
grimace; to make faces.
gris, a., gray.
grit, n., grits; groats.
griv, n., grief; sorrow, -ar, v.,
to grieve.
gros, a., thick; big. -itet, n.,
thickness.
groso, n., wholesaling, -ist
(grosist), n., wholesaler.
grot, n., grotto; grot.
grotesk, a., grotesque.
grum, n., clot, -os, a. ,grumous;
clotted.
grup, n., group; cluster, -ar,
v., to group.
grus, n., crane (bird).
Qrusia, n., Georgia (in Asia).
guen, n., cheek.
guen-barb, n., side-whiskers.
guer, n., war. -arko kh, v., to
(wage) war; to make war upon
anyone.
gulnd, n., reel; windlass, -ar,
v. tr., to wind; to reel.
gumigut, n., gamboge.
gus, n., goose.
gust, n., taste, -ar, v., to taste.
gut, n., drop, ar, v., to drop; to
trickle; to drip.
guvern, n., helm. ar, v., to
steer; to manage; to govern.
H
habitat, v., to inhabit, -abl, a.,
habitable, -ant, part., inhab
itant.
hal, n., hall. [halberdier.
halebard, n., halberd, -er, n.,
halit, n. , breath; exhalation ;
whiff; puff, -ar, v., to breathe
out; to exhale; to puff, [fisher.
haision, n., halcyon; king-
halusinasion, n., hallucination.
hamak, n., hammock.
hamster, n., hamster.
Hanovr, n., Hanover.
hanseat, n., Hanseatic League.
-ik, a., Hanseatic.
hard, a., bold; daring, -itet, n.,
boldness; hardihood; daring.
haring, n., herring.
hariekin, n., harlequin.
harmoni, n., harmony, -os, a.,
harmonious.
harmonium, n., harmonium.
harnes, n., harness, -ar, v. , to
harness.
harp, n., harp, -ist, n., harper.
harpun, n., harpoon.
hasard, n., hazard, -ar, v. , to
venture; to stake; to hazard.
hast, n., haste; speed; hurry.
-ar, v., to hasten; to hurry; to
speed, -ik, a., hasty. -e, ad.,
hastily, -e ! i., hurry ! ;
quick ! ; be quick !
 hastor— hord
hastor, n., hawk.
hebre/£, a., Hebraic; Hebraical;
Hebrew.
hedr, n., ivy.
hegemoni, n., hegemony.
heksa -, prefix signifying hexa-,
six-.
heksa-metr, n., hexameter.
hekto-, prefix signifying
hekto-, hundred-.
hektograf, n., hectograph; hek-
tograph. -ar, v., to hecto
graph; to hektograph.
helium, n , helium.
Helvet/a, n., Switzerland.
hepat, n., liver.
hepta- , prefix signifying
hepta-, seven-.
herald, n., herald.
heraldik, n., heraldry.
herb, n., grass -aj, n., herbage.
tiered, n., heir, -ar, v. , to in
herit. -ad, n., heritage; in
heritance.
heret/£, a., heretical, and n.,
heretic, -ism, n., heresy.
hermafrodit, n., hermaphro
dite.
hermelin, n , ermine.
hermet/£, a., hermetical; air
tight.
hero, n., hero, -ik, a., heroic.
-ism, n., heroism.
heron, n., heron.
hesitar, v., to hesitate.
heterogen, a., heterogeneous.
-itet, n . , heterogeneousness.
hlasint, n., hyacinth (flower).
hidra, n., hydra.
hidro-, prefix signifying water.
///rfradens, a., water-tight.
5
/z/t/rr>dinamik, n., hydrodynam
ics.
hidrofobi, n., hydrophobia, -os,
a., hydrophobic
hidrogen, n., hydrogen (H).
hidropsi, n., dropsy, -ik, a.,
dropsical; hydropic.
liidrostatlk, n., hydrostatics.
hien, n., hyena.
hik, n., hiccough. -ar, v., to
hiccough.
himn, n., hymn.
hiperbol, n., hyperbole.
hipodrom, n., hippodrome.
hipokrit, n , hypocrite, -ik, a ,
hypocritical.
hipopotam, n., hippopotamus.
hipotek, n., mortgage.
hipotes, n , hypothesis.
histeri, n , hysteria, -ik (his-
terik), a., hysterical.
histor, n., history, -ik, a., his-
toric(al).
hom, n., man (human being).
-ik, a., human
homeopati, n., homeopathy.
-ik (homeopatik), a., homeo
pathic -ist, n , homeopathist.
homo-, prefix signifying pro
portionality.
homogen, a., homogeneous.
homolog, a., homologous.
homonim, a., homonymous.
homoton (konsonans), n., con
sonance.
honest, a , honest.
honor, n., honor, -ar, v., to
honor, -abl, a., honorable.
-asion, n , honoring.
hor, n., hour, -metr, n., clock.
hord, n., horde.
66 horisont—imperfekt
horisont, n., horizon, -ik (hori-
sontal), a , horizontal.
horor, n., horror, -os, a., hor
rible.
hort, n., garden.
hospit, n , hospice.
hospital, n., hospital.
hotel, n., hotel, -er, n., land
lord; hotel-keeper; host.
hum, n., ground; earth; humus.
human, a., humane, -itet, n.,
humanity; humaneness.
humid, a., humid; moist; wet;
damp, -ifikar, v., to wet; to
moisten: to dampen, -itet, n.,
humidity; moisture; damp
ness.
humil, a , humble, -itet, n.,
humility.
humor, n., humor, -ist, n.,
humorist
Hungar/a, n., Hungary.
husar, n., hussar.
I imag, n., picture; image.
-i, suffix indicating the plural.
-la, suffix indicating a country.
iamb, n. , iambus. -ik, a., iambic.
-id, suffix used with verbal roots
to form adjectives showing the
quality of some one or of
something.
lde, n., idea.
ideal, n., ideal, -ik, a., ideal.
idc-nt // , a., identical, -ikitet
(identitet), n., identity,
idil, n., idyl.
ldiom, n.. idiom.
idol, n., idol.
i. e.=it es, that is.
if, c., if.
if et, even if.
-ifikar, suffix forming verbs
showing that something stated
in the root is made.
ignorar, v. , to ignore (not to
know: to wish not to know).
-ik, general suffix, indicating
quality, used to form deriva
tive adjectives.
il, pr., he. -a, she. -ai, they
(fern.), -i, they (masc and
ueut. ).
llir/a, n., Illyria
llumlnar, v., to illumine; to il
luminate; to light )up).
ilusion, n., illusion, -ar, v., to
delude; to deceive
llustrar, v., to illustrate (ex
plain; alsopictorially). -asion,
n., illustration (explanation;'
also a picture)
-im, suffix which, with a cardi
nal number, forms an ordinal.
imaginar, v. , to imagine.
imatrikular, v., to matriculate.
-asion, n., matriculation.
imens, a , immense.
imitar, v., to imitate; to coun
terfeit; to forge.
impedier, v., to impede; to hin
der.
imperar, v., to bid; to enjoin;
to charge; to command, -ator,
n., commander; emperor.
-atorik, a., imperial, -ia, n.,
empire.
imperativ, n , imperative.
imperfekt, n., imperfect tense;
imperfect.
 impertinent—ln-fumar
impertinent, a., impertinent;
impudent; also not pertinent.
impetu, n., impetus. -os, a.,
impetuous. -ositet, n., impet
uosity.
important, a., important.
impost, n., impost; tax. -ar,
v. , to tax.
impregnisr, v., to impregnate.
impresion, n., impression (men
tal), -ar, v. , to impress (men
tally).
imprimar, v., to print; to im
print; to impress, -eri, n.,
printing office.
improvisar, v., to improvise.
-ator, n., improvisator.
impuis, n., impulse, -ar, v., to
impel, [ascribe; to attribute
imputar, v., to impute; to
in, p., in; into.
inaugurar, v., to inaugurate.
-asion, n., inauguration.
in-brasar, v. , to embrace.
lndia, n., India
indiferent, a., indifferent.
indigen, a., indigenous; native.
indigent, a., indigent; needy.
-itet (indigens), n., indigence;
need.
indigo, n., indigo.
iudik</r. v., to indicate.
indikativ, n., indicative.
indinwr, v., to be indignant.
indium, n., indium (In).
in diurn, in mens e s., a day;
a month, etc. (p. e. dufoa in
mens=twice a month).
individu, n., individual, -ik
(individual(itet)), a., individ
ual, n., individuality.
67
indolent, a., indolent, -itet, n.,
indolence.
in dom de, p., in the house of;
at the house of.
induigent, a., indulgent, -itet,
n., indulgence; forbearance.
industri, n., industry, -^(in
dustrial), a., industrial, -os,
a., industrious.
in-ebrar, y., to intoxicate.
inert, a., inert; lazy; slothful;
inactive, -itet, n., inertia;
laziness; slothfulness ; sloth;
inactivity.
infant, n., infant; child -o, n.,
child (male), -a, n., child
(female).
infanteri, n. , infantry, -an, a.,
infantry. -/V(infanterist), n.,
foot-soldier; infantryman.
infektar, v. , to infect, -asion
(infeksion), n., infection.
inferior, a., inferior; lower.
-itet, n., inferiority, -e, ad.,
below; inferiorly.
inferior^ de, p. , below.
infern, n., hell.
infinitiv, n., infinitive.
in(laiTi,/r. v., to inflame (med.).
-asion, n., inflammation.
in-fluar, v. , to flow into.
influens, n., influence, -ar, v.,
to influence.
influensa, n., influenza.
informar (kh di kk), v. , to in
form ; to apprize, -ar se di kk,
to inform one's self; to in
quire about; to inquire into.
-asion, n., information.
ln-fumar, v., to smoke (hams,
etc.).
68 inglotar—instrument
ingloter, v., to swallow.
inhibitr, v., to forbid; to pro
hibit.
in honor de, p. , in honor of.
injenier, n., engineer.
i njenier/ mi litar//• , military
engineers.
in-kadrar, v., to frame.
in karnrr r, v., to incarnate,
-asion, n., incarnation.
ln-kasar, v., to collect; to call
in.
inklinr/r, v., to incline, -asion,
n., inclination.
in-klosar, v., to enclose.
iiiklusivr, ad., inclusively.
in kual/'/r/ de, c., as; in the ca
pacity of.
inkud, n., anvil; also incus (of
ear).
in-kurajar, v., to encourage.
in manier de, p., after the
manner of.
in mamier, v., to hand over.
in medl1nt, ad., in the middle;
in the midst.
in medial de, p., in the middle
of.
in-metar, v. , to put in.
in nom de, p. , in the name of.
ln omni kasu, ad. , in every case;
at all events.
in omni temp, ad., all the time;
the whole time. „
inosent, a., innocent. -itet, n.,
innocence.
ln-plasar, v., to insert.
in-presar, v., to press in.
in-respirar (inspin/r), v. , to in
spire (breathe in).
in-saka^ v., to pocket.
in-sarkar, v., to coffin.
insekt, n., insect.
in seminar, v., to seed.
insendi, n., fire; conflagration.
-an, a., incendiary, -er, n.,
fireman.
insens, n., incense, -ar, v., to
incense -er, n., censer; thuri
ble, -ator, n., incenser.
in sentr de, p., in the center of.
lnserar, v., to insert; to adver
tise (in paper). [cestuous.
insestu, n., incest, -os, a., in-
insinuar, v. , to insinuate.
insipid, a., insipid; flat.
in-skribar, v., to inscribe; to
enter.
insolent, a., insolent. -itet, n.,
insolence.
in sosietet de,p., in company
with; in the society of.
inspektar, v. , to inspect, -ator,
n., inspector.
inspire r, v., to inspire, -asion,
n., inspiration.
lnstar su kk, v., to insist upon
anything.
instaler, v., to install. [cite.
lnstlgar, v., to instigate; to in-
instinkt, n., instinct.
institiiar, v., to institute; to es
tablish, -ad anstitut), n. , in
stitution.
lnstltuad de edukaswn, educa
tional institution.
instruar, v. , to i n s tr u c t ; to
teach, -ator, n., instructor;
teacher.
instrument, n., instrument;
tool; implement, -ar, v., to
instrument (a composition).
 instrument-kompleks—lnvltar
instrument-kompleks, n., set
of instruments.
in-sugar, v., to suck in.
insul, n., island, -an, n.,
islander. [suit.
insult, n., insult, -ar, v. , to in-
integr, a., whole; entire, -itet,
n., integrity; entirety.
intelektu, n., intellect; under
standing; mind; intelligence.
-os, a., intellectual.
in temp de, p., in the time of;
at the time of.
intension, n., intention, -ar,
v. , to intend, -e, ad. , inten
tionally.
intensiv, a., intensive.
intent, n. , intent; purpose.
interes, n., interest, -ar, v., to
interest.
interest, n. , interest(on money).
portar interest, to bear in
terest.
interior, a., interior; inner, -e,
ad., inside; within; interiorly.
interior^ de, p., inside of; in
side; within.
intern, a., internal.
internasional, a., international.
interogar, v., to interrogate; to
ask; to inquire; to question.
interpret, n., interpreter, -ar,
v., to interpret.
interpunkter, v., to punctuate.
-asion, n., punctuation.
intersedar, v. , to intercede.
interumpar, v., to interrupt.
interval, n., interval.
interyeksion, n., interjection.
intestin, n., in testine ; gut;
bowel.
69
intim, a., intimate; close, -itet,
n., intimacy.
intr, p., between; among, -ar,
v., to enter, -ad, n , entrance
(place), -asion, n., entrance;
entry (act), -e, ad., between;
in between.
intrig, n., intrigue, -ar, v., to
intrigue.
intr-lud, n., interlude.
hit roil iik,,v , v., to introduce.
intr-temp^, ad. , m'e a n w h i 1 e;
meantime.
intuar, v., to contemplate,
-asion (intuision), n., intui
tion; contemplation, -ativ
(intuitiv), a., intuitive; con
templative.
inu, p., within (time).
inundar, v. , to i n u n d a t e ; to
deluge; to flood, -asion, n.,
inundation; deluge; flood.
in-urgar, v., to force in; to in
trude.
invalid, a., invalid, and n., in
valid, -itet, n., invalidity.
invasion, n., invasion.
inventar, v., to invent, -asion
(invension), n., invention.
-ator (inventor), n., inven
tor.
inventar, n., inventory.
in-versar, v., to infuse; to pour
into; to instil.
inversiar, v., to invert; to re
verse, -e, ad., inversely; vice
versa.
investigar, y., to investigate.
-asion, n., investigation.
-ator, n., investigator.
invitar, v. , to invite.
70 inyuri—kalibr
inyuri, n., abuse; reviling; rail
ing; affront, -ar, v., to abuse;
to revile; to rail at; to affront;
to speak injuriously to or of.
iod, n., iodine (I).
ipse, ad., even.
iridium, n., iridium (Ir).
irigar, v., to irrigate; to water.
-asion, n., irrigation.
iris, n., rainbow; iris.
Mtar, v., to irritate (excite).
lrlaiid/tf. n., Ireland.
ironi, n., irony, -os, a., ironical.
lsiands, n., Iceland.
-ism, suffix equivalent to the
English -ism.
lsolar, v., to isolate; to insulate.
ist, pr. d., this. -foa, ad., this
time.
-ist, suffix which, with a non
verbal root, forms a substan
tive denoting a person who
applies himself to something,
occupies himself with some
thing.
ist-kos, pr., this (thing).
istm, n., isthmus.
it, pr., it.
ttalia,
Italian;n., pertaining
Italy, to -ian, a., c
Italy,
and n., an Italian, -iana, n.,
Italian (woman), -ik, a.,
Italian; in Italian; Italian-
it bel, the beautiful, [speaking.
it bon, the good.
it mal, the bad; the evil.
it sem, the same (neut. ).
iterblum n., ytterbium (Yb).
-itet, suffix which, with an ad-
iective, forms a substantive
noting quality.
itrium, n., yttrium (Y).
ivor, n., ivory.
jalus, a., jealous, -itet, n., jeal
ousy.
K
ka, c., than.
kabal, n., cabal, -ar, v., to cabal.
kabin, n., cabin (of a ship).
kabinet, n., cabinet; study.
kabl, n., cable.
kad, n., fall, -ar, v., to fall; to
drop.
kadavr, n., corpse; cadaver.
kadcns, n., cadence.
kadet, n., cadet.
kadmium, n., cadmium (Cd).
kadr, n., frame.
kaf, n., coffee, -eri, n., coffee
house; caf£.
kakadii, n., cockatoo.
kakao, n., cacao; cocoa.
kakt, n., cactus.
kal, n., callus, -os, a., callous.
kalar, v. , to be warm, -id, a.,
warm; hot. -ideskar, v., to be
come warm., -idifikar, v , to
warm, -or, n., warmth; heat.
kalamitet, n., calamity.
kalandr, n., calender, -ar, v.,
to calender. [boiler.
kaldron, n., cauldron; kettle;
kalendar, n., calendar.
kalesh, n.. calash; caleche.
kali-, prefix signifying beauty.
kalibr, n., calibre, -ar, v. , to
calibrate.
 kalidoskop—kanson
kalidoskop, n., kaleidoscope.
kalif, n., caliph.
Kaliform'a, n., California.
kali-graf, n., calligrapher. -ar,
v., to calligraph; to write beau
tifully.
kalikot, n., calico.
kalioiktllos, a., beautiful-eyed.
kalis, n., chalice; cup; calyx
(bot. )
kalium, n., kalium; potassium
(K).
kalkar, v., to tread, -ator, n.,
treader.
kalkul, n., calculation; compu
tation; reckoning, -ar, v., to
calculate; to compute; to
reckon.
kalm, n., calm, -ar, v., to calm;
to still; to quiet.
kalomel, n., calomel.
kais, n., stocking, -on, n.,
drawers (pair of). -oni, n.,
drawers (more than one pair).
kaisin, n., lime, -ar, v., to cal
cine.
kaisium, n., calcium (Ca).
kalumniar, v. , to calumniate; to
slander, -asion, n., calumny;
slander.
kalv, a., bald. -itet, n., baldness.
kamarad, n., comrade, -itet, n.,
comradeship; fellowship.
kambi, n., exchange, -ar, v.,
to exchange; to change; to
barter; to swap, -asion, n.,
exchange; barter.
kambi kurs, n., course or rate
of exchange.
kame, n., cameo.
kamel, n., camel.
71
kameleon, n., chameleon.
kameli, n., camellia.
kamfor, n., camphor.
kamin, n., chimney.
kamis, n., shirt.
kamisol, n., waistcoat; vest.
kamomil, n., camomile.
kamosk, n., chamois.
kamp, n., field.
kampani, n., campaign.
kampestr, a., country; rural.
-ad, n., country (not city).
kamr, n., room; chamber, -er,
n., chamberlain.
kan, n., reed; cane.
kanab, n. , hemp.
kanal, n., canal; channel, -et,
n., ditch; trench.
kanali, n., rabble.
kanarit, n., canary bird.
kandel, n., candle, -ad,n.,
candlestick.
kandelabr, n., candelabrum;
chandelier.
kandidat, n., candidate, -ad, n.,
candidature; candidacy.
kanel, n., groove; flute; cham
fer; channel, -ar, v., to
groove; to flute; to chamfer;
to channel.
kani, n., dog.
kanibal, n., cannibal, -ik, a.,
cannibalistic.
kani-klamer, v., to bark.
kanon, n., cannon, -ar, v., to
cannonade.
kanon/£, a., canonical; canon
(adj.).
kanseter, n., chancellor, -eri,
n., chancery.
kanson, n , song.
72 kansr—karton

kansr, n., cancer. karaf, n., caraffe; decanter.

kunt, n., singing; chant, -ar, karakter, n., character, -ik, a.,
v. , to sing; to chant. characteristic.
kanton, n., canton. karambol, n., carambole; red
kanvas, n., canvas. ball (billiards), -ar, v., to
kaot, n., chaos, -ik, a., chaotic. carom, -ad, n., carom.
kap, n., head. karamel, n., caramel.
kapabl, a., capable; able, -itet, karat, n., carat.
n., capability; ability; capac karavan, n., caravan.
ity; faculty. karbon, n., carbon; coal (C).
kapar, n., caper (bot.) karbunkl, n., carbuncle (med.).
kapel, n., chapel, -an, n., chap kardin, n., hinge.
lain. kardinal, a., cardinal, and n.,
kapil, n., hair (single hair), -os, cardinal (dignitary).
a., hairy. kardon, n., thistle.
kapital, n., capital (finance). karem, n., fast, -ar, v., to fast.
kapitan, n., captain. kares, n., caress, -ar, v., to
kapiti, n., chapter; head. caress.
kapitol, n., capital. karikar, v. , to distort.
kapon, n., capon. karikatur, n., caricature, -ar,
kaporal, n., corporal. v., to caricature.
kapr, n., goat, -o, n., he-goat. Kar hit,,/, n., Carinthia.
-a, n., she-goat. kar mi n, n., carmine.
kapreol, n., roe Animal). karn, n., meat; flesh.
kaprikorn, n., Capricorn. karneval, n., carnival.
kapriol, n., curvet; caper; capri karob, n., carob; carouba.
ole. karos, n., carriage, -an, n.,
kapris, n., caprice; whim, -os, coachman.
a., capricious. karot, n., carrot.
kapsul, i<., capsule. karpar, v., to pick; to pluck;
kaptar, v., to capture; to catch. to gather.
-ad, n., capture; catch; booty; Karpat/, n., Carpathian Moun
•
prize. tains.
kapus, n., cowl; hood; capouch. karpentar, v., to carpenter.
kapusin, n., Capuchin. -ator, n., carpenter.
kar, n., wagon, -et, n , cart. karp-fil/, n., lint; charpie.
kar, a., dear, -ifikar, v , to make karpion, n., carp.
dear; to raise (price). -itet, n., kart, n , card.
charity. kart geografi/£, map.
karabin, n., carbine, -er, n., kartilag, n., cartilage; gristle.
carbineer. karton, n., pasteboard; board.
 kartush—,
kartush, n., cartridge ; car
touche.
karusel, n., carrousel; merry-
go-round.
kas, n., cash-box, -er, n.,
cashier.
kase, n., cheese.
kasein, n., casein.
kasemat, n., casemate.
kasern, n., barrack.
kaserol, n. , saucepan; stewpan.
kaset, n., box (in general).
kask, n., helmet, -et, n., cap.
kaskad, n., cascade; waterfall.
Kasp/£ (man, Caspian Sea.
kast, a., chaste; pure, -itet, n.,
chastity; purity.
kast, n., caste.
kastani, n., chestnut.
kastel, n. , castle.
kastigar, v., to castigate; to
chastise; to chasten, -asion,
n., castigation; chastisement.
kastor, n., beaver.
kastrar, v., to castrate; to geld;
to emasculate.
kasu, n., case; event.
kasubl, n., chasuble.
kat, n., cat.
katafalk, n., catafalque.
katakomb, n , catacomb.
katalepsi, n., catalepsy, -ik
(kataleptik), a., cataleptic.
katalog, n., catalogue.
kataplasm, n., cataplasm; poul
tice.
katar, n., catarrh.
. katarakt, n., cataract (med.).
katastrof, n., catastrophe.
katedr, n., pulpit.
katedral, n., cathedral.
73
kategor/£, a., categorical.
kategori, n., category.
katekism, n., catechism.
katen, n., chain.
kat-klamer, v., to mew.
kalol//-. a., Catholic, -ikism, n.,
Catholicism. .
kaucuk, n., India rubber; rub
ber.
kaud, n. , tail.
Kaukas, n., Caucasus Moun
tains, -ia, n., Caucasus.
kaus, n., cause; reason, -ar,
v., to cause, -e, c., because;
for; since; as; that, -u, p.,
because of; on account of; for.
kaus// Deo, ad., for God's sake.
kaus prinsipal, principal
reason.
ktiust//'. a., caustic.
kauterisar, v. , to cauterize.
kav, n., cellar.
kaval, n., horse; knight (in
chess), -a, n., mare, -an, n.,
groom; hostler, -et, n., pony.
-o, n. , stallion.
kavaleri, n., cavalry, -an, a.,
cavalry, -ist (kavalerist), n.,
cavalryman.
kavalier, n., knight.
kavalkar, v., to ride on horse
back, -ad, n., cavalcade.
kavern, n., cavern; cave, -ar,
v., to excavate; to hollow.
-ik, a., cavernous; hollow.
kaviar, n., caviare.
kay, n., quay.
ke, c., that. [tion.
ke-, prefix signifying interroga-
£rfrekuente, ad., how often;
how frequently.
74 kek—koagulur
kek, n., cake.
kekause, ad., why.
<£^kos, pr. int. and rel., what;
which (thing).
kel, pr., who; which; what;
that, -foa, ad., which (what)
time, -imfoa, ad., for the
which (what-th, if there were
such word i time; (for the how
many-th time).
kelk, pr. indef. , s o m e ; a n y ;
several, -foa, ad., sometimes;
now and then; occasionally.
kelk-hom, pr , somebody ; some
one; anybody; anyone.
kelk-kos, pr., something; any
thing, [where.
kelk-lok^, ad., somewhere; any-
kelk-un, pr. indef. a., some;
any; a. -foa, ad., ever; at any
time.
keloke, ad., where.
/, inanicr, , ad., how; in what
manner.
keplase, ad., where.
kerub, n., cherub.
kest, n., chest; case; box.
kh - kelk-hom, somebody;
anybody.
ki, pr. int., who.
kil, n., keel.
kilo-, prefix signifying kilo-,
thousand-.
kilogram, n., kilogramme.
kitometr, n., kilometer.
kiini, n., chemistry, -ik, a.,
chemical, -ist, n., chemist.
kinin, n., quinine.
kiras, n., cuirass; breastplate.
kirurg, n., surgeon.
kirurgi, n., surgery.
kk - kelk-kos, something; any
thing.
klamar, v., to shout.
klamar a kh, to call out or cry
out to anyone.
klap, n., flap.
klar, a., clear, -itet, n., clear
ness.
klarinet, n., clarinet; clarionet.
klas, n., class.
klas/X-. a., classic(al). -ikitet, n.,
classicality.
klausul, n., c 1 a u s e ; proviso.
-ar, v., to provide.
klav, n., nail.
klavi, n., key (instrument; also
in music), -aj, n., keyboard;
claviature.
klematit, n., clematis.
klement, a , clement. -itet, n.,
clemency.
kler, n., clergy, -an, n., cleric;
clergyman.
klient, n., client; customer, -el,
n., clients; customers; client
ele.
klimat, n., climate.
klimbar, v., to climb.
klister, n., clyster; enema; in
jection.
kloak, n., sewer; drain.
klok, n , bell.
klor, n., chlorine (Cl).
klos, n., lock, -ar, v., to lock.
kloset, n., privy; water-closet.
klo.s,;/- medi.Y treliaj, to trel
lis; to lattice; to grate up.
klub, n., club (society). •
ko, p , with.
koagular, v., to coagulate; to
curdle, -ad, n., rennet.
 kobalt—kompakt
kobalt, n., cobalt (Co).
kod, n., code.
kodisil, n., codicil.
koefisient, n., coefficient.
kofr, n., trunk.
ko-hered, n., coheir.
ko-hom, n., fellow-man; fellow-
koif, n., hood. [creature.
koin, n., wedge; quoin; coin.
kokard, n., cockade.
koketvr. v., to coquet, -ik, a.,
kokle, n., snail. [coquettish.
kokon, n., cocoon.
koks, n., coke.
kol, n., neck, -ad, n., collar.
koleg, n., colleague.
kolektar, v., to collect, -ad, n.,
collection.
koler, n., anger; wrath. -ar,
\., to be angry -os, a., angry.
koler/£, a., choleric, -iker, n.,
choleric man.
kolera, n., cholera.
kolik, n., colic.
kolision, n., collision, -ar, v.,
to come into collision.
kolonel, n , colonel.
koloni, n., colony, -ar, v., to
colonize, -ik (kolonial), a.,
colonial -ist (kolonist), n.,
colonist.
kolor, n. , color. -ar,v., to color.
kolos, n., colossus, -ik (kolosal),
a., colossal.
kolumb, n., dove; pigeon.
kolumn, n., column (typogra
phy, architecture); pillar.
koma, n., comma.
komand, n., command; com
mandment; order, -ar, v. , to
command; to order.
75
komandit, n., silent partner
ship.
koma-punkt, n., semicolon.
ko-matr, n., godmother.
kombat, n., combat; fight; con
flict, -ar, v., to fight; to com
bat.
kombin</r, v., to combine; to
compound.
kombustar, v., to burn (trans.).
komedi, n., comedy, -an, a.,
comedic, and n., comedian.
komens, n., commencement;
beginning, -ar, v., to com
mence; to begin, -e (or : in
komens), ad., in the begin-
ning.
Komentar, v., to comment.
komers, n., commerce; trade.
-ar, v. , to trade. [man.
komers-medis///, n., middle-
komet, n., comet.
komfort, n., comfort, -os, a.,
comfortable.
kom/£, a., comic(al).
komisar, n., commissioner;
commissary. [errand.
komision, n., commission;
komltar, v. , to order; to com
mission, -asion, n., order.
komitar avans^, to order in
advance.
komitet, n., committee.
komod, n., bureau; chest of
drawers; commode.
komod, a., convenient, -itet,
n., convenience; commodious-
ness.
kompakt, a., compact.
kompan, n., companion, -ar,
v. , to accompany.
76 komparar—konfet
kttinparu /•. y., to compare; to komunion, n., communion
liken, -asion, n., comparison. (sacrament).
komparativ, n., comparative. kon, n., cone, -ik, a., conic(al).
kompas, n., compass. kondamn,-/r. v. , to condemn;
kompasion, n., com passion; to damn, -asion, n., condem
pity. -ar, v. , to compassionate ; nation.
to pity. kondensar, v., to condense; to
kompenser, v., to compensate, j thicken; to inspissate (all
-asion, n., compensation. trans.), -asion, n., condensa
kompetent, a., competent. tion, -ator, n., condenser.
kompleks, n., the aggregate; kondesendar, v., to condescend.
the whole. -ar, v. ,to aggregate. kondision, n., condition (stipu
komplement, n., complement. lation).
komplesant, a., complaisant. kondisional, n., conditional
komplet, a., complete, -e, ad., mood.
completely. -ifikar, v., to kondoler, v., to condole with.
complete. -asion, n., condolence.
komplikar, v., to complicate; to kondor, n., condor.
entangle; to involve. kondukar, v., to conduct (e. g.
kompliment, n., compliment. water, etc.). -asion, n., con
-ar, v., to compliment. ducting; conduction.
komplot, n., complot; plot. kondukt, n., conduct; behavior;
komposur, v., to compose. deportment; demeanor, -ar
-ator, n. , composer (music). se, v., to conduct (one's self);
kompost, n., compost; manure. to behave; to deport (one's
-ar, v. , to manure. self); to demean (one's
kompot, n., stew. self).
komprendar, v., to compre konduktor, n., conductor.
hend; to understand, -abl, a., koneks, n., connection, -ar, v.,
comprehensible; intelligible. to connect.
kompres, n., compress. konfederer, v., to confederate.
komt, n., count (title). -asion, n., confederation.
komuii, n., community, -ik, a., konferar, v., to confer; to nego
common. tiate.
komunikar, v., to communi konfesar, v., to confess; to ac
cate; to hold intercourse; to knowledge; to avow; to own.
deal; to communicate (in sense -asion (konfesion), n., con
of to make known }. -asion, fession.
n., communication; inter konfesion, n., religious denomi
course; dealing; communica nation.
tion (making known). konfet, n., confectionery.
 konfid— konsist</r
konfid, n., confidence; trust;
reliance, -ar, v., to entrust;
to confide (in); to rely (upon);
to trust.
konfidens, n. , confidence, -ik
(konfidensial), a., confiden
tial.
konf irmer, v. , to confirm, -and,
part., one to be coufirrned.
konfiskar, v. , to confiscate.
konflikt, n., conflict; clash.
konform, a., conformable, -e,
ad. , conformably, -u, p., con
formable to. -itet, n., con
formity.
konfrontar, v., to confront.
konfundar, v.. to confound; to
mistake, -asion, n., confound
ing; mistaking.
konfusion, n., confusion; dis
order, -ar. v., to confuse.
kongestar, v., to congest.
-asion (kongestion), n., con
gestion.
kongres, n., congress.
kongruent, a., congruent, -itet
(kongruens), n., congruence.
koniak, n., cognac.
konifer, n., conifer.
konk, n., shell; conch.
konkav, a., concave, -itet, n.,
concavity.
koiikludrfr. v., to conclude; to
infer.
konkord, n., concord.
konkuist, n., conquest, -ar, v.,
to conquer, -ator, n. , con
queror.
konkurar, v. , to compete. -ant,
part., competitor, -asion, n.,
competition.
77
konosar, v., to know; to be ac
quainted with. -ad, n., knowl
edge. -eskar, v., to make the
acquaintance of; to become
acquainted with.
konsakrar, v., to consecrate.
konsekuent, a., consequent.
-itet (konsekuens), n., conse
quence.
konsent, n., consent, -ar, v.,
to consent
konsentiw, v. , to concentrate.
konseptar, v., to conceive-(men-
tally or physically); to appre
hend, -asion, n., conception
(mental or physical).
konsenir/r, v., to concern; to
relate to.
konsert, n., concert, -ar, v. , to
give a concert.
konservar, v., to conserve.
konsesion, n., concession;
grant, -ar, v., to concede; to
grant; to accord.
konsidar, v., to consider; to re
gard; to mind; to pay atten
tion to.
konsiderar, v., to consider (re
flect upon; also deem); to pon
der; to deem, -asion, n., con
sideration, -antu, p., in con
sideration of; in view of.
konsient, n., conscience, -os,
a., conscientious.
konsil, n., council.
konsili, n., counsel; advice.
-ar, v., to counsel; to advise.
-abl, a., advisable, -er, n.,
councilor.
konsister eks, konsistar in,
v., to consist of; to consist in.
78 konsistori —kontrol
konsistori, n., consistory, -an
(konsistorial), a., consistorial.
konsolar, v., to console; to com
fort.
konsonans, see homoto\\.
konsonant, n., consonant.
konsoiiant dental, dental.
konsonant dur, hard conso
nant.
konsonant eksplosiv, explo
sive consonant; explosive.
konsonant frikativ, fricative.
konsonant gutural, guttural.
konsonant labial, labial.
konsonant likuid, liquid.
konsonant mol, soft conso
nant.
konsonant nasal, nasal.
konsort, n., consort.
konspirar, v., to conspire,
-asion, n., conspiracy.
konstant, a., constant; contin
ual.
konstatar, v., to ascertain; to
establish.
konstelasion, n., constellation.
konsterner, v. , to dismay.
konstitusion, n., constitution.
konstruar, v. , to construct.
konstriiar dam, to dam up.
konsul, n., consul.
konsulat, n., consulate.
konsultffr, v., to consult.
-asion, n., consultation.
konsum, n., consumption (use).
-ar, v., to consume.
kont, n., account; count; reck
oning, -ar, v., to count; to
reckon.
kontakt, n., contact; touch.
-ar, v., to touch.
kontant, n., ready money, per
kontant, ad., in cash.
kontemt, n., contempt, -ar, v.,
to despise; to contemn.
konteivzr, v., to contain, -ad,
n., contents.
kontent, a., contented; satis
fied, -itet, n., contentment;
satisfaction.
kontestar, v. , to contest, -asion,
n., contest; strife, -abl, a.,
contestable.
kontinent, n., continent, -ik
(kontinental), a., continental.
kontingent, n., contingent.
kontinutf/, v., to continue, -ik,
a., continuous. -e, ad., con
tinuously, -asion, n., contin
uation, [office.
kontor, n., counting-room;
kontr, p., against; opposite to;
toward(s). -e, ad., oppositely);
face to face.
kontraband, n., smuggling.
-ar, v., to smuggle, -ist, n.,
smuggler. [to contract.
kontrakt, n., contract, -ar, v.,
kontralt, n., contralto voice.
-ist, n., contralto singer.
kontrar, a., contrary, -e, ad.,
on the contrary; contrariwise.
kontrast, n., contrast, -ar, v.,
to contrast.
kontribuar, v., to contribute.
-ad, n., contribution.
kontrit, a., contrite, -ad, n.,
contrition.
kontrol, n., control; supervi
sion ; looking over, -ar, v. , to
control; to supervise; to look
over.
 kontrovers — kortin
kontrovers, n., controversy.
-ar, v., to controvert.
kontur, n., contour; outline.
-ar, v., to outline.
kontusion, n., contusion;
bruise, -ar, v., to bruise.
konvalari, n., convallaria; lily-
of-the-valley, -an, a., lily-of-
the-valley.
konveks, a., convex, -itet, n.,
convexity.
konvenar, v., to be fitting; to
. be proper; to be right; to be
suitable, -abl, a., fitting;
proper; right; suitable.
konvension, n., convention;
agreement.
konvent, n., convention; meet
ing; assembly, -ar, v. , to con
vene; to meet; to assemble.
konvergar, v., to converge.
konverser, v. , to converse,
-asion, n., conversation.
konvert, n , convert, -ar, v., to
convert, -asion (konversion),
n., conversion. -ator, n., con
verter.
konvinsia/-, v. , to convince.
konvuision, n., convulsion.
konyektur, n., conjecture, -ar,
v., to conjecture.
konyugar, v., to conjugate.
-asion, n., conjugation.
konyunksion, n., conjunction.
konyunktur, n., conjuncture.
koordinar, v. , to coordinate.
ko-patr, n., godfather, -itet, n.,
sponsorship.
kopek, n., kopeck.
ko permit de, p., with permis
sion of; by permission of.
79
kopi, n., copy, -ar, v. , to copy.
-ist, n., copyist.
kopul, n., copula.
kor, n., choir, -ist, n., chorister.
koral, n., choral.
korali, n., coral.
koran, n., Koran.
korb, n., basket.
kord, n., heart.
korda, n., string; chord (mus.
and mathem.).
kordial, a., cordial; hearty.
-itet, n., cordiality; hearti
ness.
kordon, n., rope.- -et, n., string;
cord.
korekt, a., correct, -itet, n.,
correctness.
korelativ, a. , correlative.
korespondar, v., to correspond
(write; also be fitting), -ad
(korespondens), n., correspon
dence.
koridor, n., corridor.
korife, n., coryphaeus.
korigar, v., to correct, -asion
(koreksion), n., correction.
-abl, a., corrigible.
kork, n., cork.
kornis, n., cornice.
kornu, n., horn.
koroborar, v. , to corroborate.
koron, n., crown, -ar, v. , to
crown.
korp, n., body.
korporasion, n., corporation.
korpulent, a., corpulent, -itet
(korpulens), n., corpulence.
korset, n., corset.
Korsika, n., Corsica.
kortin, n., curtain.
80 koru mpar— kruel
korumpar, v., to corrupt. -ator,
n., corrupter. -abl, a., cor
ruptible, -ablitet, n., corrup
tibility, -asion (korupsion),
n., corruption.
korv, n., raven.
kos, n., thing.
kosak, n., Cossack.
koshinil, n., cochineal.
ko-skolew, n., schoolfellow.
kosmograf, n., cosmographer.
kosmografi, n., cosmography.
-ik (kpsmografik), a., cosmo-
graphic.
kosmopolit, n., cosmopolitan.
-ism, n., cosmopolitanism.
kost, n., cost, -ar, v., to cost.
kosta, n., rib. [to costume.
koslum, n., costume, -ar, v.,
ko sukurs de, p., with the help
of; by the aid of.
kotlet, n., cutlet.
koton, n., cotton.
krab, n., crab.
krak, n., crack, -ar, v., to
crack; to burst.
kramp, n., clamp; bracket.
krani, n., skull; cranium, -ik
and de krani, a., cranial.
krapul, n., crapulence; debauch.
-ar, v. , to indulge in a de
bauch, -os, a. , crapulous.
kras, a., gross; coarse, -itet, n.,
grossness; coarseness; crassi
tude.
kratar, v., to scratch.
krater, n., crater.
kravat, n., cravat.
krayon, n., lead-pencil.
krear, y., to create, -asion, n.,
creation, -ator, n., creator.
kred, n., belief; faith, -ar, v.,
to believe.
kredarin kk, to believe in
something.
kredit, n., credit, -ar,- v., to
credit, -er, n., creditor.
krem, n., cream.
kren, n., battlement.
krep, n., crape; gauze.
kres, n., cress.
kreskar, v. , to grow; to in
crease; to grow up. -asion,
n., growth.
kret, n., chalk.
kreutser, n., kreutzer.
krev, n., crayfish; crawfish.
krib, n., sieve, -ar, v., to sift.
kripar, v., to creep; to crawl.
kris, n., crisis.
krisalid, n., chrysalis.
krispar, v., to curl; to crisp.
-ik, a., curly; crispy.
Krist, n., Christ.
kristal, n., crystal.
kristian, a., Christian, and n.,
Christian, -a, n., Christian
(fern.), -ism, n., Christianity.
kritik, n., criticism, -ar, v., to
criticize.
Kroat/a, n., Croatia.
krok, n., hook; crook.
krokodil, n., crocodile.
krom, n., chromium (Cr).
kron/£, a., chronic.
kronik, n., chronicle.
krono-, prefix signifying time.
kronologi, n., chronology, -ik
(kronologik), a., chronologi
cal.
krono-metr, n., chronometer.
kruel, a., cruel, -itet, n., cruelty.
 kruk— kulmin
kruk, n., pitcher; jug; ewer.
krup, n., croup.
krupa, n., croup; rump, -ad,
n., croupade.
krur, n., thigh.
krus, n., cross, -ar, v., to cross.
krusad, n., crusade.
krusifiks, n., crucifix, -ar, v.,
to crucify.
krust, n., crust; bark; rind;
shell; peel, -os, a., crusty;
crustated; having a bark, rind,
shell, or peel.
ksilo-, prefix signifying wood.
ksito-graf, n., xylographer;
wood-engraver, -ar, v., to en
grave on wood.
kuadrant, n., quadrant.
kuadrat, n., square; quadrat.
-ik, a., square; quadratic.
kuadrat met r, n., square meter.
kuadrat-radik, n., square root.
kuadri-, prefix signifying
quadri-, four-.
kuadrili, n., quadrille.
kuadrilion, nr., quadrillion
(1,000,000,000,000,000).
kuak, n., curd.
kual, pr., what kind of. -ifikar,
y., to qualify, -itet, n., qual
ity, -e, ad., how; as. -e, c.,
as; like; just as.
kuak if, c., as if.
kualitativ, a., qualitative, [do?
kual^ vo stand ? how do you
kuande, ad. , when (rel. and int.).
kuant, pr., how much; how
many, -itet, n., quantity, -e,
ad., how much. -Joa, ad., how
many times, -upl, a., how
manifold.
6
81
kuantitativ, a., quantitative.
kuaranten, n., quarantine.
kuart, nr., fourth.
kuartet, n., quartette.
kuartier, n., quarter; ward.
kuarts, n., quartz.
kuasi, ad., almost; nearly.
kuast, n., tassel.
kuatr, nr., four.
kuatr-des, nr., forty.
kub, n., cube; die. -ik, a., cubic.
kubik-, prefix signifying cube.
kubikm&tr, n., cubic meter.
/•tt<W'radik, n., cube root.
kuekr, n., Quaker.
kuerel, n., quarrel, -ar, v , to
quarrel.
kuerk, n., oak.
kuestion, n., question.
kuf, n., tub; vat. -er, n., cooper.
kuldon, n., quince.
kuiet, n., rest; repose; quiet.
-ar, v., to rest; to repose.
kuink, nr., five.
kuink-des, nr., fifty.
kuint, nr., fifth.
kuint-esens, n., quintessence.
kuintet, n., quintette.
kuintilion, nr., quiutillion
( 1,000,000,000,000,000,000).
kuir, n., leather.
kuir band, n., strap.
kuit, n., receipt; quittance, -ar,
v., to receipt.
kukrtr, v., to cook, -ab!, a.,
cookable. -eri, n., kitchen.
kukul, n., cuckoo.
kukum, n., cucumber.
kuliar, n., spoon.
kulmin, n., top. -ar, v., to cul
minate.
82 kulp - laks
kulp, n., fault; guilt, -ar, v., to kurv, n., curve; bend, -ar, v.,
find fault with, -os, a., culpa to curve; to bend. -«'£, a. ,
ble; guilty. curved; crooked; bent,
kuipo.v de, guilty of. kusin, n., cousin. -0, n., cousin
kult, n., worship (system of). (masc.). -a, n., cousin (fern.).
kultel, n., knife, -er, n., cutler. j kustod, n., guard; watchman.
kultivar, v., to cultivate (edu- -ar, v., to guard; to watch.
kultur, n., culture. [cate). kustom, n., custom; habit, -ar,
kumin, n., cumin; caraway. v.. to accustom; to habituate;
kumul, n., heap; pile, -ar, v., to inure.
to heap; to pile; to amass. kuv, n., brood; covey, -ar, v. ,
kun, n., cradle, -ar, v., to to incubate; to hatch.
cradle; to rock. kuvert, n., cover; envelope;
kunikl, n., rabbit. wrapper, -ar, v., to envelop;
kuosient, n., quotient. to wrap (up).
kuot, n., quota. kuvr, n., covering; casing;
kupor, v., to cut. sheathing; integument, -ar,
kupld, a. .covetous; greedy, -itet, v., to cover; to encase, -ad, n.,
n., cupidity; covetousness; covering; coverlet, -ator, n.,
greed. cover; hd.
kupol, n., cupola; dome. kuvr«r medlu nub/, to cloud.
kupon, n., coupon.
kupr, n., copper (Cu).
kur, n., care; cure (e. g. water-
cure), -ar, v., to care; to care la, ad., there.
kuraj, n., courage. [for. labi, n., lip.
kurios, a., curious; inquisi labil, a., labile; unstable; tot-
tive, -itet, n., curiosity; in- j tering.
quisitiveness. labirint, n., labyrinth; maze.
kurs, n., course; current. -ar, labor, n., labor; work, -ar, v.,
v., to run; to course, -er, n., to labor; to work.
courier; bishop (in chess). lag, n., lake.
-on, n. , race, -onar, v. , to race. lagun, n., lagoon, [to lacquer.
-oneri, n., race-course, -oner, lak, n., lacquer; lacker, -ar, v.,
n., runner; racer. lak6, n., lackey.
kurt, n., court; yard. lakmus, n., litmus; lacmus.
kurtaj, n., brokerage, -ist, n., lakrim, n., tear, -ar, v., to
broker. weep; to cry.
kurtisar, v., to court, -an, n., laks, a., lax; loose; slack, -itet,
courtier(masc.). -ana, n.,cour n., laxity; looseness; slack
tier (fern.). ness.
 laksi—lepr
laksi, n., loop.
lakt, n., milk, -ar, v., to milk.
laktuk, n., lettuce.
lam, n., blade.
lama, n., lama, -ism, n., lama-
ism.
lament, n., lament; plaint, -ar,
v., to lament; to complain.
lament,// di kk, to complain of
anything.
lamin, n., plate; leaf; layer;
lamina, -ar, v., to roll; to
laminate.
lamp, n., lamp.
lampret, n., lamprey.
lan, n., wool, -ik, a., woolen.
-os, a., woolly.
land, n., land; country.
lang, n., tongue.
lans, n., lance; spear, -ar, v.,
to throw; to hurl; to launch;
to cast. -ad, n., throw; cast;
toss; fling, -on, n., shot.
-onar, v. , to shoot.
luutari, n., lanthanum (La).
lantern, n. , lantern.
lanugin, n., down, -os, a.,
downy.
lapidar, v., to stone.
Lapon/a, n., Lapland.
lard, n., bacon.
targ, a., wide; broad, -itet, n.,
width; breadth, -ifikar, v., to
widen; to broaden.
lariks, n., larch.
taring, n., larynx.
larv, n., larva.
lasar, v., to leave; to let.
lasar andor, to let go.
lasaret, n., lazaretto; infirmary.
lasear, v., to lace (tie).
83
laserar, v., to lacerate; to rend;
to tear.
lasert, n., lizard.
laso, n., lasso; noose.
lat, n., lath.
latin, n., Latin (language).
latrin, n., privy-vault.
latun, n., brass.
laud, n., praise; commendation.
-ar, v., to praise; to laud; to
commend; to extol.
laur, n., laurel; bay.
lav, n., lava.
lavar, v., to wash, -atora, n.,
laundress; washerwoman.
lav-basin, n., washbasin.
leg, n., law.
legend, n., legend.
legion, n., legion.
legitim, a., legitimate; lawful.
-itet, n., legitimacy.
legum, n., vegetables.
legumin, n ., legumin ; vegetable
casein, -osi, n., legumes; pulse
(beans, peas, lentils, etc.).
lejer, a., light, -itet, n., light-
lekar, v., to lick. [ness.
lekaj, n., leak, -ar, v., to leak.
leksion, n., lesson.
leklr// , v., to read; to read off.
-abl, a., legible; readable.
lent, a., slow. -itet, n., slow
ness, -e, ad., slowly.
lentil, n., lentil.
lcon, n., lion.
leopard, n., leopard.
leplu, ad., most; the most; at
most; mostly; (the superla
tive ending) -est.
lepr, n. , leprosy. -os, a. , leprous.
-oseri, n , leprosery.
84 lesar—logaritm
lesar, v., to hurt; to injure,
-asion, n., hurt; injury; lesion.
letr, n., letter; epistle. -^, ad.,
by letter.
leutenant, n., lieutenant.
levar, v., to raise; to lift, -ator,
n., lever.
levar se, v., to stand up; to
arise; to get up.
libr, a., free, -ifikar, v., to lib
erate; to free; to deliver, -itet,
n., liberty; freedom.
libr, n., book. -eri, n., book
store; bookshop, -er, n., book
seller, -et, n., booklet.
libr-bandar, v. , to bind (books).
-ator, n., bookbinder.
libr-tenar, v., to keep books.
-ator, n., bookkeeper.
lievr, n., hare.
liga, n., league.
lign, n., wood, -ik, a., wooden.
-atr, a., woodlike; ligneous.
-os, a., abounding in wood;
lign vas, n., trough, [woody.
lign-yen, n., vein (of wood) ;
grain.
liken, n., lichen (bot. and med.).
liker, n., liquor.
liksiv, n., lye.
likuider, v., to liquidate.
lili, n., lily.
lim, n., file, -ar, v., to file,
-ator, n., filer.
limit, n., limit; boundary, -ar,
v., to limit; to bound.
limon, n., lemon, -ad, n.,
lemonade.
limpid, a., limpid.
lin, n., flax; lint, -a/, n., linen
(washing).
lin-drap, n., linen-cloth; linen.
lingu, n., language, -ist, n., phi
lologist; linguist.
lingu universal, universal
language.
lini, n., line, -ar, v., to line; to
rule; to draw lines on. -ik
(linear), a., linear.
lmlet de separasion, dash;
break.
linic/ de union, hyphen.
links, n., lynx.
lin-pekt, n., hatchel; heckle.
-ar, v., to hatchel; to heckle.
lir, n., lyre.
lisensi, n., license, -ar, v., to
license, -ad, n., the licit, -ed,
part., licentiate, -os, a., licen
tious, -ositet, n., licentious
ness.
liseum, n., lyceuin; college.
list, n., list.
litani, n., litany.
litarg, n., litharge.
liter, n., letter (of alphabet);
character, -ar, v., to spell.
literal, a., literal.
literatur, n., literature.
litium, n., lithium (Li).
lltr, n., liter; litre.
Lituan/a, n., Lithuania.
liturgi, n. , liturgy, -ik (liturgik),
a., liturgical.
liut, n., lute.
Livon/a, n., Livonia.
livr, n., pound (weight).
livre, n., livery.
lob, n., lobe.
lodji, n., box (in theater, etc.);
lodge (place of meeting).
logarltm, n., logarithm.
 logik— magr
logik, n., logic, -al, a., logical.
loji, n., lodging, -ar, v., to
lok, n., place. [lodge.
lokal, n., locality.
lokomobil, n., locomotor.
lokomutiv, n., locomotive.
lokuas, a., loquacious; garru
lous; talkative, -itet, n., lo
quacity; garrulousness; talka
tiveness.
lokust, n., locust; grasshopper.
lomb, n., loin.
lombard, n., pawnshop.
LombardM, n., Lombardy.
lombrik, n., earthworm.
long, a., long, -itet, n., length.
-e, ad., long; for a long time.
-u, p., along.
lor, pr., their; theirs.
lot, n., lot.
lota, n., burbot; eel-pout.
Lotaring/a, n., Lorraine.
loteri, n., lottery.
loyal, a., loyal, -itet, n., loyalty.
luar, v., to lease, -ator, n.,
lessee, -ad, n., lease.
lubr/£, a., slippery, -ikitet, n.,
slipperiness. -ifikasion, n.,
lubrication.
lud, n., play; game, -ar, v., to
play.
luk, n., pike (fish). [able.
lukrativ, a., lucrative; profit-
luks, n., luxury, -os, a., luxu
rious, -ositet, n., luxurious-
ness.
luksur, a., luxuriant, -itet, n.,
luxuriance.
luktu, n., mourning, -ar, v., to
mourn, -os, a., mournful;
sorrowful.
85
lum, n., light, -ar, v., to shine;
to give light.
lun, n., moon.
lliuat//', a., lunatic; crazy.
lundi, n., Monday, -an and de
lundi, a. .Monday.
lup, n., wolf.
lupin, n., lupine.
lupul, n., hop; hops.
lusid, a., lucid, -itet, n., lucid
ity.
luterew, a., Lutheran, and n.,
Lutheran, -anism, n., Luther-
anism.
lutr, n., otter.
lyam, n., llama.
M
ma, c., but.
madona, n., Madonna.
maestr, n., master.
magasin, n., magazine; store
house.
magi, n., magic, -ar, v., to
practise magic, -ik (magik),
a. , magic(al). -er, n. , magician.
magistrat, n., magistracy.
magnanim, a., magnanimous.
-itet, n., magnanimity.
magnat, n., magnate. [(Mg).
magnesium, n., magnesium
magnet, n., magnet, -ik, a.,
magnetic, -ism, n., magnet
ism.
magnetise/r, v., to magnetize.
magnif, n., magnificence, -ik,
a., magnificent; splendid.
magr, a., lean, -eskar, v., to
grow thin; to become lean.
-itet, n., leanness.
86 mahagoni— mariner
mahagoni, n., mahogany, -ik
and de m., a., mahogany.
mahomet^w, a. and n., Ma
hometan, -anism, n., Mahom-
etanism.
mai, n., May. -an and de m.,
a., May.
mail, n., mesh.
mais, n., maize; Indian corn.
makaron, n., macaroni.
makrel, n., mackerel.
maksil, n., jaw; jawbone; max
illa.
maksil inferior, lower jaw.
maksil superior, upper jaw.
maksim, n., maxim.
maksimum, n. maximum.
maktar, v., to butcher; to
slaughter, -asion, n., butcher
ing, -ator, n., butcher.
makul, n., stain; spot; blot;
blemish; speck, -ar, v., to
stain; to blot; to spot; to
blemish; to speck.
mal, a., bad; evil; wicked.
malad, a., sick; ill. -eskar, v.,
to become sick, -itet, n., sick
ness; illness; disease; malady.
-os, a., sickly.
malay, n., a Malay.
malediker, v. , to curse, -asion
(malediksion), n., maledic
tion; curse.
malisi, n., malice, -os, a., ma
licious.
malt, n., malt.
malv, n., mallow.
mamel, n., pap; breast, -ar, v.,
to suckle; to nurse.
mamifer (animal), a mammal.
mamut, n., a mammoth.
mana, n., manna.
mand, n., almond.
mandat, n., mandate.
mandolin, n., mandolin.
, mandragor, n., mandrake.
manej, n., manage; riding-
school.
mangan, n., manganese (Mn).
mani, n., mania.
manier, n. , manner; way; mode.
manifest, n., manifesto, -ar, v.,
to manifest; to disclose; to di
vulge; to reveal.
manipul,/r, v. , to manipulate.
-asion, n., manipulation.
manivel, n., winch; crank.
mankrfr, v. intr. , to be wanting;
to be lacking, and v. tr. , to
miss. -w, p., for lack of; for
want of; in default of.
manovr, n., manceuver; ma
noeuvre. -ar, v.,to manceuver.
. mansard, n., Mansard roof.
j mansh, n., sleeve, -et, n., cuff;
ruffle.
mantel, n., mantle; cloak, -ar,
v., to cloak; to palliate.
manten<// , v., to maintain.
mantili, n., mantilla.
. manu, n., hand.
j manu drap, n , towel.
manuskript, n., manuscript.
mar, n., sea.
marasm, n., marasmus.
mar-bord, n., seashore; strand;
coast; beach.
marg, n., marl.
margarit, n., daisy.
marin, n., marine; navy.
marin<// , v. , to m a r i n a t e ; to
pickle, -ad, n., pickled food.
 marionet—medi
marionet, n., marionette; pup
pet.
marit, n., spouse, -ar, v., to
marry, -o, n., husband, -a,
n., wife.
mark, n.. mark, -ar, v., to
mark; to mark out (render
conspicuous).
mark, n., mark (money).
mar-krev, n., lobster.
marli, n. , marly, -ik and de m.,
a., marly (of marly)
marmelad, n., marmalade.
marmor, n., marble.
marmot, n. , marmot.
marokin, n., morocco.
maron, n., maroon (chestnut).
mars, n., March.
marsdi, n.. Tuesday, -an and
de m., a., Tuesday.
marsh, n., march; move (in
chess), -ar, v., to march; to
move (in chess).
marshal, n., marshal.
marsipan, n., marchpane.
mart, n., marten. [hammer.
martel, n., hammer, -ar, v., to
martir, n., martyr.
mas, n., mass (bulk).
masakr, n., massacre. -ar, v.,
to massacre.
mashin, n., machine.
masiv, a., massive.
mask, n., mask, -ar, v., to
mask.
maskul, n., male, -ik (masku-
lin), a., masculine; male.
mast, n., mast (of ship).
mastik, n., mastic.
mastiker, v., to masticate; to
chew.
87
mastodon, n., mastodon.
masurka, n., mazurka.
mat, a., dim; dull; mate (in
chess). -ifikar, v., to dim; to
dull.
matador, n., matador.
matematik, n., mathematics.
-al, a., mathematical.
materi, n., matter, -ik (mate
rial), a., material.
material, n., material, -ism,
n., materialism.
matin, n., morning, -e, ad., in
the morning.
matin-repast, n., breakfast.
-ar, v., to breakfast.
matr, n., mother.
matras, n., mattress.
matrimoni, n., matrimony;
marriage, -an (matrimonial),
a., matrimonial.
matris, n., matrix; mold;
womb; uterus.
matron, n., matron.
matur, a., mature; ripe, -eskar,
v., to ripen, -itet, n., maturity;
ripeness.
maur, n., mulberry-tree.
maur-ber, n., mulberry.
mayestet, n., majesty.
mayor, n. , major.
mayoran, n., marjoram.
mayoritet, n., majority.
medal i, n., medal.
medalion, n., medallion.
medi, n., medium; means, -ar,
v., to mediate, -ad, n , mid
dle, -asion, n., mediation
-ator, n., mediator. -ik, a.,
middle, -u, p., by means of
through; by; with.
88 mediat—mespil
mediat, a., mediate.
niedi digit, n., middle finger.
medi-diurn, n., midday; noon.
-e, ad., at noon.
medi-epok, n., Middle Ages.
medi -grand, a., medium.
medik, n., physician; doctor.
medikament, n., medicament;
medicine.
medi-noktu, n., midnight, -e,
ad., at midnight.
mediokr, a., mediocre, -itet,
n., mediocrity.
medisin, n., medicine (the sci
ence), -ist, n., medical man.
meditar, v., to meditate.
meditt» profunde di kk, to
be lost in thought; to be ab
sorbed in thought.
Mediteran (mar), Mediterra-
incilul. n., marrow, [nean Sea.
mekanik, n., mechanics. -er,
n., mechanician.
mekanism, n., mechanism.
Meksik, n., Mexico, -an, a.,
Mexican.
melankoli, n., melancholy, -ik
(melankolik), a. , melancholic.
-«to"(melankoliker), n., mel
ancholy person.
melas, n., molasses.
meleagr, n., turkey.
melodi, n., melody, -os, a.,
melon, n., melon, [melodious.
membr, n., member.
membran, n., membrane.
memori, n., memory, -ar, v.,
to remember; to recollect; to
call to mind, -abl, a., memo
rable, -e, ad., from memory;
by heart.
menaj, n., management, -ar,
v., to manage.
menas, n., menace; threat, -ar,
v. , to menace; to threaten.
mendikar, v., to beg.-aw/, part. ,
mendicant; beggar.
mens, n., month.
mension, n., mention, -ar, v. ,
to mention.
ment, n., mint (bot.).
mentiar, v., to lie. -ad, n., lie.
mentie/ a kh, to lie to any
one.
menton, n., chin.
mentor, n., mentor.
mergar, v. , to immerse; to
plunge; to dip.
meridian, n., meridian, -ik, a.,
meridional.
merit, n., merit . -ar, v., to
merit; to deserve.
merkant, n., merchant, -ar, v.,
to bargain; to haggle, -ad, n.,
merchandise; goods; wares, -ik
(merkantil), a., mercantile.
merkur, n., mercury; quick
silver (Hg).
merkurdi, n., Wednesday, -an
and de m., a., Wednesday.
meri, n., blackbird.
mersiar, v., to thank, -ad, n.,
thanks. -asion, n., thanking;
thanksgiving. -os, a., thank
ful; grateful, -ositet, n.,
thankfulness; gratitude.
mes, n., mass (sacrifice).
mesanin, n., mezzanine.
mesenteri, n., mesentery, -ik
(mesenterik\ a., mesenteric.
Mesias, n., Messiah.
mespil, n., medlar.
 mestis— mirt
mestis, n., half-breed; hybrid.
mesur, n., measure, -ar, v., to
measure; to measure off.
metar, v., to put.
metafisik, n., metaphysics.
rnetafor, n., metaphor. [lie.
metal, n., metal, -ik, a., metal-
metal-fil, n., wire.
metamorfos, n., metamorpho
sis, -ar, v., to metamorphose.
meteor, n., meteor.
meteorologi, n., meteorology.
metier, n., handicraft; trade.
-ist, n., artisan; mechanic.
metar in parentes/. to put in
parentheses.
metar ovi, to lay (of fowls).
metr, n., m e t e r (measure of
length).
-metr, suffix signifying a per
son or thing measuring some
thing.
metropol, n., metropolis.
mi, pr., I.
miasm, n., miasm; miasma.
mie, pr. , my; mine.
miel, n., honey.
migrar, v. , to migrate.
migren, n., migraine; megrim.
mikro-, prefix signifying small-
ness.
mikroilMtipik, a., small-headed; minut, n., minute.
microcephalous.
mikro-metr, n., micrometer.
mlksar, v. , to mix; to mingle;
to blend; to admix.
mil, nr., thousand.
miliar, n., mile.
miliet, n., millet.
milion, nr., million, -er, n., miror,n., mirror; looking-glass.
millionaire.
89
miiisi, n., militia, -an and elr
m., a., militia.
militar, n., the military, -ik,
a., military, -ism, n., mili
tarism .
mim, n., mien.
mimik, n., mimics; mimic art.
mimos, n., mimosa; sensitive-
plant.
min, n., mine, -ar, v., to mine.
mineral, n., mineral.
minim, a., small; little, -itet,
n., smallness.
minimum, n., minimum.
minion, a., pretty; nice. .
minister, n., ministry (minis
terial department).
ministr, n., minister (public
official).
minium, n., minium.
min-konstrua«'ow, n., mining.
minoritet, n., minority.
minu, ad., less, -ar, v. , to les
sen; to diminish; to reduce;
to lower; to decrease, -eskar,
v., to decrease; to diminish;
to lessen.
minusi, n., minutia. -os, a.,
petty; paltry; trivial; minute.
-ositet, n., minuteness; petti
ness; paltriness.
j miop, a., myopic; shortsighted.
-itet, n., myopia; shortsight
edness.
miosot, n., forget-me-not.
mir, n., myrrh.
miraki, n., miracle, -os, a.,
miraculous.
mlrt, n., myrtle.
90 mirtil— monet

mirt.il, n., bilberry. ' mod, n., fashion; style. -ik,a..,

mis-, prefix signifying some fashionable; stylish.
thing not good or something modal, a., modal, -itet, n.,
miscarrying; mis-. modality.
misal, n., missal. model, n., model; pattern. -ar,
misandar, v., to limp. v., to model; to mold.
misantrop, n., misanthrope. moderar, v., to moderate; to
misdellnlar, v. , to misdraw. temper, -asion, n., modera
misdukar, v. , to mislead. tion.
miser, n., misery; wretched modern, a., modern.
ness, -ar, v. , to commiserate. modest, a., modest; unassum
-abl, a., miserable; wretched. ing, -itet, n., modesty.
miserikord, n., mercy, -os, a., modifikffr, v., to modify.
merciful. mok, n., mockery; scoff, -ar,
misfortun, n., misfortune. v., to mock; to scoff.
miskomprendar, v., to misun j mol, a., soft; mellow, -ifikar,
derstand, -ad, n., misunder v., to soften ; to mollify.
standing. -ifikant, part., emollient; soft
wmkonfid, n., distrust, -ar, v., ening, -itet, n., softness; mel
to distrust, -ik, a., distrustful. lowness.
wmkredit, n., discredit. Moldavia, n., Moldavia.
mismetar, v., to mislay; to mis molekul, n., molecule, -ik
place. (molekular), a., molecular.
wmparlar, v., to misspeak. molestar. v., to molest; to
misteri, n., mystery. -os, a., annoy, -ik, a , burdensome;
mysterious. troublesome.
mistifikar, v., to mystify. molibden, n., molybdenum
-asion, n., mystification. . (Mo).
mislts, n., misuse; abuse, -ar, molin, n.,mill. -ar,v., to grind.
v., to misuse; to abuse. molo, n., mole; wharf.
mis\ersar, v., to spill. molusk, n., inollusk.
mltar, v. , to send. moment, n., moment; instant.
mltar posterior^, to send -ik, a., momentary.
afterwards. mon, n., money.
mitr, n., mitre; miter. monak, n., a religious. -o, n.,
mltar radli su kk, to shine monk, -a, n., nun.
upon. monark, n., monarch. -ia, n.,
mobil, a., mobile. -i, n., furni monarchy.
ture. monaster, n., monastery.
mobilise , v.,to mobilize. monet, n., coin, -ar, v. , to coin;
-asion, n., mobilization. to mint, -eri, n., mint.
 monit— munisipal 91

monit, n., admonition; warn morsel, n., morsel; bit. -ar, v.,
ing, -ar, v., to admonish; to to divide in pieces; to divide
warn. into bits.
mono-, prefix signifying mort, n., death, -ik, a., dead;
mono-, one-. defunct. [mortality,
monoaxMik, a , (of) one year; mortal, a., mortal, -itet, TO..,
annual. mortar, n., mortar (cement).
monogram, n., monogram. mortifikar, v., to kill; to slay.
monokac\aMk, a., one-horse, mosaik, n., mosaic.
mono log, n., monologue. moske, n., mosque.
monooikulik , a., one-eyed. moskit, n., mosquito.
monopol, n., monopoly. most, n., must.
}nonosllabik, a., monosyllabic. mostard, n., mustard.
monoton, a., monotonous. motiv, n., motive; reason, -ar,
monstrar, v., to show; to point v. , to motive; to move; to
out. actuate.
monstru, n., monster, -os, a., moli), n., motto.
monstrous. movar, -v. tr., to move. -abl, a.,
mont, n., mountain; mount. movable, -asion, n., motion;
-of, n., mountain range; chain movement, -ator (motor), n.,
of mountains. motor.
montar, v., to mount (make muf, n., mold, -ar, v., to mold;
ready). to become moldy.
monument, n., monument, -ik, \ mul, n., mule.
a., monumental. mulat, n., a mulatto.
mor, n., delay, -ar, v. , to de mulet, n., hinny.
lay; to linger; to loiter; to mulkt, n., mulct; fine, -ar, v.,
tarry. to mulct; to fine.
moral, a., moral, -ad, n., mult, a. .much; many, -e, ad.,
morals; moral philosophy. much; very, -foa, ad., many
-itet, n., morality; morals. times, -itet, n., multitude;
morbil, n., measles. crowd, -upl, a., manifold;
mordar, v., to bite, -ad, n., multiple.
bite. multr bene, ad., very well.
morel, n., morel. multiplier, v., to multiply.
moresk, a., Moorish, and n., mumi, n., mummy.
Moor. mund, n., world.
morfin, n., morphine; morphia. munision, n., munition (war
morier, v. , to die; to expire. material).
moros, a., morose. munisipal, a., municipal, -itet,
mors, n., walrus. n., municipality.
92 mur—nause
mur, n., wall, -ar, v., to wall
(up), -afar, n., mason.
murmurar, v. , to murmur; to
grumble.
mus, n., mouse.
musa, n., muse.
musard, n., gaper; gazer; starer.
-ar, v., to gape; to gaze; to
stare.
muse, n., museum.
musel, n., muzzle (snout of an
imal).
muselier, n., muzzle (fasten
ing)-
musik, n., music, -ar, v., to
make (render) music, -al, a.,
musical.
musikar mediw flaut, to play
the flute.
musikar niedi// sitr, to play
the zither.
musikar medi« violin, to play
the violin.
musikar medlu violoncel, to
play the violoncello.
musk, n., fly.
muskad, n., nutmeg.
musket, n., musket.
muski, n., moss, -os, a., mossy.
muskul, n., muscle, -os, a.,
muscular.
musiin, n., muslin.
mustak/, n., moustache; mus
tache.
mustel, n., weasel.
mut, a., mute; dumb.
mutar, v., to change; to alter.
mut fir domisil, to change one's
residence; to remove.
mutilar, v., to mutilate.
muton, n., sheep.
N
nadir, n., nadir.
naft, n., naphtha.
nalv, a., naive; artless; ingen
uous, -itet, n., naivety; art-
lessness; ingenuousness.
nan, n., dwarf; pygmy.
nankin, n., nankeen.
narar, v., to narrate; «to tell; to
relate, -asion, n., narration;
account.
naris, n., nostril.
narkotisar, v., to narcotize,
-ant, part., narcotic, -asion,
n., narcosis.
narsis, n., narcissus.
narval, n., narwhal; unicorn-
whale.
nas, n., nose.
nasion, n., nation.'
nasional, a., national, -itet, n.,
nationality.
naskar, v., to be born.
nas-katar, n. , cold (in the head) .
nat, n., birth; nativity, -ar, v.,
to give birth to; to bring forth ;
to bear, -asion, n., childbirth;
delivery; confinement.
nativitet, n., Christmas.
natrium, n., natrium; sodium
(Na).
natur, n., nature, -e (natural^),
ad., naturally, -ik (natural),
a., natural.
naturalisa/, v., to naturalize.
-asion, n., naturalization.
naufrng, n., shipwreck, -ar, v.,
to suffer shipwreck.
nause, n., nausea, -ar, v., to
nauseate. -os, a., nauseous.
 nav— neoperstan
nav, n., ship; vessel.
navigar, v. , to navigate, -asion,
n., navigation.
nayad, n., naiad.
ne-, prefix signifying contra
dictory opposition.
wamik, n., enemy.
nrapt, a. , clumsy; awkward;
unskilful; inapt, -itet, n.,
clumsiness; awkwardness; in
aptitude.
nebl, n., fog; mist, -os, a., foggy;
misty; nebulous.
nedependant, part., indepen
dent, -itet, n., independence.
Nederiand/a, n., Holland;
Netherlands, -ian, a., Dutch;
Holland, and n., Hollander.
-ik, a. , Dutch; in Dutch;
Dutch-speaking. [evitable.
neevltabl, a., unavoidable; in-
nef, n., nephew or niece, -o, n.,
nephew, -a, n., niece.
nefallabl, a., infallible.
wrfasil, a., difficult; hard, -itet,
n., difficulty, -ifikar, v., to
make (render) difficult.
negar, y., to deny, -asion, n.,
negation; denial, -ativ, a.,
negative.
negligar, v., to neglect; to
slight, -antu, p., regardless
of. -ik, a., negligent.
negllgante it, ad., nevertheless;
however.
negllgante ke, c., although;
though.
negosi, n., business, -ar, v., to
carry on business; to do busi
ness, -ant, part., business
man. -/£. a., business.
93
negr, a., black, and n., negro.
-ad, n., blacking, -atr, a.,
blackish. -ifikar, v., to black
en.
Negr (mar), Black Sea.
negr-kaval, n., black horse.
negr-pan, n., black bread.
H^important, a., unimportant;
insignificant.
//rkapabl, a. , incapable.
neViar, a., cheap.
n/'kast, a.; unchaste; impure.
-itet, n., unchasity; impurity.
wrkomunik</r, v., to keep (not
communicate); to conceal.
w^kontent, a., discontented;
dissatisfied, -itet, n., discon
tent; dissatisfaction.
nekredabl, a., incredible, -ant,
part., incredulous; unbeliev
ing, -antitet, n., incredulous-
ness; incredulity.
nekrolog, n., necrology; obitu
ary.
nekromant, n., necromancer.
nektar, n., nectar.
nelonge, ad., lately; recently;
not long ago.
nemakuled, part., immaculate;
unblemished; unstained; spot
less.
«c matur, a., immature; unripe.
w^mediat, a., immediate, -e,
ad., immediately; at once.
/// mediate po ke, c., as soon as.
nemult, a. , not much ; not many ;
few; little, -e, ad., little; not
much; somewhat.
neo-, prefix signifying some
thing new.
neopersian, a., Neopersian.
94 >ifpartls/in—no sole
aepartlsan, a., impartial; un-
partisan.
w^pasient, a., impatient, -itet,
n., impatience.
neplakabl, a., implacable.
w^pur, a. , impure; unclean ;
dirty.
nerv, n., nerve, -os, a., nervous.
neses (nesesar), a., necessary.
-itet, n., necessity; need.
nesesant, part., incessant; un
ceasing.
nesesitar, v., to necessitate.
w^sonor, a., soft; low. -^, ad.,
softly; low; not loudly.
net, a., cleanly; neat, -ifikar,
v., to clean; to cleanse, -itet,
n., cleanliness; neatness.
neto, ad., net; clear.
netravar, v., to miss.
wutil, a., useless.
neutr, n., neuter; neuter gen
der, -ik, a., neuter.
neutral, a., neutral, -itet, n.,
neutrality.
nev, n., snow. -ar, v., to snow.
ni—ni, c. , neither—nor.
nid, n., nest. -//5/fc1ir,v.,tonest;
to build a nest.
nikl, n., nickel (Ni). -ar, v., to
nickel.
nimb, n., nimbus; halo.
niobium, n., niobium (Nb).
nish, n., niche.
nitr, n., nitre; saltpeter.
Niufundiand/Vz, n., Newfound
land.
nivel, n., level, -ar, v.,to level.
no, ad., no; not.
no-, prefix signifying contrary
opposition.
nobl, a., noble, -ifikar, v. , to
ennoble, -itet, n., nobility;
nobleness.
nod, n., knot, -ar, v., to knot;
to tie.
nolwm, pr. ind. ,'no one; nobody.
noi, pr., we.
nokos, pr. ind., nothing.
noktu, n., night, -e, ad., at
night; by night, -ik, a., noc
turnal; nightly.
wokuande, ad., never.
noloike, ad., nowhere.
nom , n . , name, -ar, v. , to name ;
to call.
nomad, n., nomad.
iioiniiwr, v., to nominate; to
appoint, -asion, n., nomina
tion; appointment.
nominativ, n., nominative.
nom personal, personal name.
nona -, prefix signifying nine-.
no observer, to overlook; not
to notice.
nopudik, a., shameless; impu
dent.
nord, n., north, -e, ad., in the
north; northerly. -ik, a.,
north; northern.
Nord/£ fmar), North Sea.
nord est, n., northeast, -e, ad.,
in the northeast; northeaster
ly, -ik, a , northeast(ern).
nord-uest, n., northwest. r,
ad., in the northwest; north
westerly, -ik, a., northwest-
(ern). [a., normal.
norm, n., norm. • /£ (normal),
nosion, n., notion.
no sole — ma et, c., not only—
but also,
 nostr— obskur-brun
nostr, pr. , our; ours.
not, n., note; notice; remark.
-ar, v., to note, -abl, a.,
notable; remarkable.
nota, n., bill; reckoning.
notar, n., notary.
notifikrtr, v., to intimate; to sig
nify, -asion, n., intimation.
notor/£, a., notorious.
noun, pr. ind. a., no.
nov, a., new. -itet, n., novelty;
newness.
nov, nr., nine.
nov-des, nr., ninety.
novembr, n., November.
novisi, n., novice.
nuans, n., shade (color), -ar,
v., to shade (color).
nub, n., cloud.
nubil, a., nubile; marriageable.
-itet, n., nubility.
nud, a., nude ; naked ; bare.
-ifikar, v., to bare; to denude.
-itet, n., nudity; nakedness.
nuk, n., nucha ; nape of the
neck
nul, nr., nought; zero.
numerativ, n., numeral.
numerativ distributiv, dis
tributive.
numerativ iterativ, iterative.
numerativ kardinal, cardinal.
numerativ multiplikativ, mul
tiplicative.
numerativ ordinal, ordinal.
numr, n., number, -ar, v., to
number, -ator, n., numerator.
-os, a., numerous.
numr pan',4, even number.
nunsl, ii., messenger.
nupt, n., wedding; nuptials.
95
nus, n., nut. -et, n., hazel-nut.
nutriar, v., to nourish; to nurse;
to foster, -atora, n., nurse.
o
o!, i., O !; oh!
-O, suffix denoting a person or
animal of the masculine gen
der.
oasi, n., oasis.
obediar, v., to obey, -ant, part.,
obedient.
obelisk, n., obelisk.
obllgar, v., to oblige; to bind.
-ad, n., obligation, -asion,
n., obligation.
obllgar mediw yurad, to bind
by oath.
obliku, a., oblique; slanting.
-itet, n., obliquity; oblique
ness.
obliviar, v., to forget, -asion
(oblivion), n., forgetting; for-
getfulness; oblivion. -os, a.,
forgetful; oblivious, -psitet,
n., forgetfulness; oblivious-
ness.
oblong, a., oblong.
obsen, a., obscene, -itet, n.,
obscenity.
observer, v., to observe (notice;
also, follow), -asion, n., ob
servation.
obsidiar, v., to besiege; to be
leaguer; to invest, -asion, n.,
siege.
obskur, a., obscure; dark, -itet,
n., obscurity; darkness.
obskur -blu, a., dark-blue.
obskur-brun, a., dark-brown.
96 obstakl - omin
obstakl, n. , obstacle ; hindrance.
obstlnar, v., to be obstinate.
-ant, part., obstinate; wilful;
stubborn, -asion, n., obsti
nacy; wilfulness; stubborn
ness, -e, ad., notwithstand
ing, -u, p., in spite of; not
withstanding; despite, [that.
obstine' ke, c., notwithstanding
obtenar, v., to obtain; to pro
cure; to get; to acquire.
obtus, a., obtuse; blunt; dull.
-e, ad., obtusely, -eskar, v.,
to become blunted; to become
dull. [n., obviation.
obvlar, v., to obviate, -asion,
obyekt, n., object, -of, v., to
obyektiv, a., objective. [object.
od, n., ode.
o Deo ! i., for God's sake !
odi, n.,hate; hatred, -ar, v. , to
hate, -abl, a., hateable. -os,
a., hateful; odious.
odor, n., odor; smell; scent.
-ar, v., to smell (emit odor).
odorat, n., smell; sense of
smell, -ar, v., to smell (per
ceive odor); to scent.
ofendar, v., to offend.
ofendar se, v. , to take it ill.
ofls, n., office; calling. -ik
(ofisial), a., official.
ofisin, n., office (place of busi
ness); workshop.
ofisir, n., officer.
ofr, n., offer, -ar, v., to offer;
to proffer; to tender.
okasion, n., occasion; oppor
tunity, -ar, v., to occasion.
-e, ad., on occasion, -u, p.,
on the occasion of.
okr, n., ochre.
oksal, n., wood sorrel, -ik, a.,
oxalic.
oksid, n., oxid(e). -ar, v., to
oxidize.
oksident, n., Occident.
oksigen, n., oxygen (O).
okt, nr., eight.
oktav, nr., eighth.
okt-des, nr., eighty.
oktet, n., octette.
okto-, prefix signifying octo-,
eight-.
oktobr, n., October.
okul, n., eye. -ik, a., ocular.
-ist, n., oculist.
okultar, v. , to conceal; to hide;
to secrete.
okupar, v., to occupy; to em
ploy, -asion, n., occupation;
employment.
okuparse in kk, to busy one's
self with something; to apply
one's self to something; to
occupy one's self with some
thing, [ter.
okun/r, v., to meet; to encoun-
-asion, n., meeting (encoun
ter).
ole, n., oil. -ar, v., to oil. -atr,
a., oily; oleaginous. -os, a.,
oily.
oleandr, n., oleander.
oliv, n., olive.
ombr, n., shadow; shade, -ar,
v., to shadow; to shade; to
overshadow.
omin, n., omen; sign; portent.
-ar, v., to presage; to fore
bode; to portend, -os, a.,
ominous; portentous.
 omltar—organ
omltar, v., to omit.
omlet, n., omelet.
onini, pr. ind., each; every;
(followed by the plural) all.
-foa, ad., every time.
omni-anur, ad., yearly; every
year.
omnibus, n., omnibus.
omni- diunu-, ad., daily; every
day.
omni du, pr. ind., both.
omni-du/oa, ad., both times.
omni-flank?, ad., on all sides;
on every side.
omnlfoa ke, c. , whenever; as
often as; every time that.
onini- honi, pr. ind., everybody;
everyone; each one; each.
omni fo"kos, pr. ind., whatever.
omni ki, pr. ind., whoever;
whichever.
omni-kos, pr. ind., everything.
omni-lok^, ad., everywhere.
omnl-lokr ke, c. , wherever;
everywhere that.
omnl mense, ad., monthly;
every month.
omni semanr, ad., weekly;
every week.
omoplat, n., shoulder-blade;
scapula.
on, pr. , one; they; people.
-on, suffix forming substantives
which denote an enlargement.
oniks, n., onyx.
onkl, n., uncle.
ons, n., ounce.
opal, n., opal.
operar, v., to operate, -asion,
n., operation, -ator, n., ope
rator.
97
opinion, n., opinion.
opium, n., opium.
oportun, a., opportune, -e, ad.,
opportunely; seasonably.
oposar, v., to oppose, -asion
(oposision), n., opposition.
opr, n., opera.
opresar, v. , to oppress.
optativ, n., optative.
optik, n., optics, -al, a., optical.
-ist, n., optician.
optimist, n., optimist.
opulent, a., opulent; wealthy.
or, n., ear.
-or, suffix which, with a verbal
root, forms substantives that
denote the state or affection
of a person or thing acting.
orar, v., to speak (as an orator).
-asion, n., oration, -ator, n.,
orator; public speaker.
orakl, n., oracle.
oral, a., oral, -e, ad., orally.
oranj, n., orange.
oranj amer, Seville orange;
bigarade. [ored.
oranj-kolor/£, a., orange-col-
ord, n., order; arrangement.
-ar, v. , to order; to set in
order.
ordinar, a., ordinary; common.
ordn, n., order (religious or
secular).
ordonar, v., to order; to ordain;
to direct, -asion, n., order;
ordinance; direction.
orfan, n., orphan.
org, n., organ (instrument).
-ist (organist •, n., organist.
organ, n., organ (medium). -4k,
a., organic.
98 organisar—palet
organisar, v., to organize,
-asion, n., organization.
organism, n., organism.
orgasm, n., orgasm.
orgi, n., orgy.
orgul, n., pride, -os, a., proud.
orient, n., Orient.
orientar, v., to orient; to orien
tate; to set right.
orientar se, v., to set one's self
right.
origin, n., origin.
original, a., original, and n., an
original (e. g. text, book, pic
ture); an original or eccentric
character. -itet, n., originality.
orkestr, n., orchestra, -ar, v.,
to orchestrate.
ornament, n.,' ornament, -ar,
v., to ornament; to adorn.
ornit, n., bird.
ornit kant<^//, singing-bird.
ornitologl, n., ornithology.
ornit rapas, bird of prey.
ors, n., barley.
ortografi, n., orthography, -ik
(ortografik) a., orthographic.
Os, n , bone.
-os, suffix forming adjectives
denoting fullness or multi-
osean, n., ocean. [tude.
Osean/a, n., Oceanica.
osi, n., leisure; ease. -os, a.,
idle, -ositet, n., idleness.
osllar, v., to oscillate.
Osltar, v., to yawn; to gape.
oskul, n., kiss, -ar, v., to kiss.
osmium, n., osmium (Os\
ostentar, v., to boast of; to
brag of; to flaunt; to display.
-ativ, a., showy; ostentatious.
ostr, n., oyster.
otr, pr. ind., other; another.
-e, ad., otherwise; else, -foa,
ad., another time.
otr-flante, ad., on the other
side.
otr-kos, pr. ind., something
else. [where else.
otr-lok^, ad., elsewhere; some-
otr-temp^, ad., formerly.
ov, n., egg. -ik, a., egg-; of egg.
oval, a., oval.
ovari, n., ovary.
ovasion, n., ovation.
ovipar, a., oviparous.
pagan, n., pagan; heathen. -ik,
a., pagan; heathen; heathen
ish, -ism, n., paganism;
heathenism.
pagin, n., page (of a book), -ar,
v., to page. .
pagod, n., pagoda. .
paisaj, n., landscape, -ist, n.,
landscape-painter.
paj, n., page (boy).
paket, n., pack; package;
packet, -ar, v., to pack, to
pack up.
paks, n., peace.
pakt, n., agreement; compact.
-ar, v. , to agree.
pal, n., post; pole.
paladium, n., palladium (Pd).
palast, n., palace.
palat, n., palate.
Palestina, n., Palestine.
palet, n , spade; shovel; palette.
-ar, v., to shovel.
 palia—pariament
palia, n., straw.
palid, a., pale; pallid; wan.
-eskar, v., to become pale; to
fade, -ifikar, v., to bleach.
-ifikeri, n., bleachery.
palisad, n., palisade, -ar, v. ,
to palisade.
palm, n., palm.
palp, n., feeler; antenna; ten
tacle, -ar, v., to feel, -abl, a.,
palpable.
paipebr, n., eyelid, -ar, v., to
wink.
paipitar, v., to palpitate.
pallid, n., swamp; marsh, -os,
a., swampy; marshy.
pan, n., bread.
panik, n., panic.
panoram, n., panorama.
pantalon, n., pantaloons;
trousers; breeches.
panter, n., panther.
pantomim, n., pantomime.
pantufl, n., slipper.
pap, n., pope, -ad, n., papacy.
-ik, &., papal.
papagay, n., parrot.
papavr, n., poppy.
papil, n., pap.
papilion, n., butterfly.
papir, n., paper (material).
papir-foli, n., sheet (paper).
papir-kest, n., pasteboard box.
papir-kornu, n., cornucopia.
papir libr, n. , blank-book ; note
book.
papir-tapet, n., wall-paper.
par, n., pair; couple, -ik, a.,
paired; mated; matched; even.
para-, prefix signifying preser
vation from something.
99
parabol, n., parable; parabola.
-ik. a., parabolic.
parad, n., parade; show, -ar,
v. , to parade.
paradis, n., paradise, -ik, a.,
paradisaic; paradisaical.
paradoks, a., paradoxical?
parafin, n., paraffin.
/tanifutmln, n., lightning-rod;
lightning-conductor.
paragraf, n., paragraph.
paralel, a., parallel.
paralis, n., paralysis; palsy.
-ar, v., to paralyze; to palsy.
paranimf, n., bridesman;
groomsman.
parapluvl, n., umbrella.
parasit, n., parasite.
parasol, n., parasol.
parat, a., ready; prepared.
parat !, i., ready !
/an/vent, n., screen.
pardon, n., pardon; forgiveness.
-ar, v., to pardon; to forgive.
pardon I, i. , pardon ! ; I beg
your pardon ! ; excuse me !
parent, a , related; kin; cognate,
and n., relation; relative, -et,
n., kindred; relations; rela
tives.
parentes, n., parenthesis.
parfum, n., perfume, -ar, v.,
to perfume.
part, n., wager; bet.- -ar, v., to
wager; to bet.
pariet, n., wall; partition.
park, n., park.
parket, n., parquet (theater);
pit.
parla r, v. , to speak.
pariament, n., parliament.
100 par-lamentt// —patruli
pariamentar, v. , to parley, -er,
n., flag (person) of tnice.
parodi, n., parody.
paroki, n., parish, -an, a..,
parochial; parish, and n.,
parishioner.
parol, n.,word
parol derlved, derivative.
parol ko-posed, compound.
parol-sort, n., part of speech.
parsel, n., particle; parcel (a
part), -ar, v;, to parcel (out).
parsimoni, n., economy, -ar,
v., to save; to economize, -os,
a., saving; economical.
partar, v., to depart, -ad, n.,
departure.
parter, n., parterre.
parti, n., part, -ar, v. , to part;
to partition, -e, ad., partly;
in part; partially.
partikl, n., particle (gram.).
partikular, a., particular; pe
culiar, -e, ad., particularly.
-ism, n., particularism, -itet,
n., particularity; peculiarity.
partis, n., party, -an, a., parti
san; party; partial, and n.,
adherent; partisan.
partisip, n., participle.
partisip</r, v., to participate.
partner, n., partner.
pasar, v. , to pass; to pass by,
away, through; to pass over
(set over), -ante, ad., by the
waj; en passant (in chess).
pasaj, n., passage.
pasajer, n., passenger.
pasement, n., braid, -er, n.,
fringe-maker; braid-maker.
pasha, n., pasha.
paslar, v., to suffer, -asion, n.,
suffering.
pasient, a., patient, -itet
(pasiens), n., patience.
Pasifik (osean), Pacific Ocean.
pasion, n., passion, -os, a., pas
sionate.
pasiv, a., passive, and n., pas
sive (voice). -itet, n , passive-
ness.
pask, n., Easter.
paskuil, n., lampoon; pasqui
nade.
pasport, n., passport; pass.
pasr, n., sparrow.
past, n., dough; paste.
pastet, n., pastry; pie.
pastinak, n., parsnip.
pastor, n., pastor.
pastur, n., pasture, -ar, v. tr.
and intr., to pasture; to graze.
-an, a., shepherd.
pasu, n., step; pace, -ar, v., to
step; to pace.
Patagon/'a, n., Patagonia.
patel, n., kneepan; patella.
patent, n., patent.
patin, n., skate, -ar, v., to skate.
patr, n., father, -ia, n., father
land; native land; native
country.
patriark, n., patriarch.
patrimoni, n., patrimony.
patriot, n., patriot . -ik, a.,
patriotic, -ism, n., patriotism.
patrisi, n., patrician.
patrnostr, n., Lord's Prayer;
Our Father.
patron, n., patron.
patruli, n., patrol, -ar, v., to
patrol .
 paus—periferi
paus, n ., pause, -ar, v. , to pause.
pav, n., pavement, -ar, v., to
pave.
pavian, n., baboon.
pavilion, n., tent; pavilion.
pavon, n., pea-fowl; peacock.
payar, v., to pay; to pay in.
payar duan, to pay duty.
pean, n., paean.
ped, n., foot, -e, ad., on foot;
afoot.
pedagog, n. , pedagogue.
pedagogi, n., pedagogy; peda
gogics. -ik (pedagogik), a.,
pedagogic.
pedant, n., pedant, -ik, a.,
pedantic.
ped-digit, n., toe.
pedestal, n., pedestal.
pedikul, n., louse.
pekar, v., to sin. -ad, n., sin.
-ator, n., sinner.
pekt, n. , comb, -ar, v., to comb.
pektor, n., breast; chest.
pel, n., skin, -ar, v., to skin; to
flay; to peel; to pare.
pelikan, n., pelican.
pelmel, n., jumble; medley;
hodgepodge.
pelt, n., pelt; hide.
pen, n., trouble; pains, -ar, v. ,
to take pains(with) ; to
trouble; to apply one's self;
to exert one's self, -e, ad.,
hardly; scarcely.
pendar, v. tr. and intr., to hang;
to suspend; to be hung; to be
suspended.
pendul, n., pendulum, -ar, v.,
to swing.
penetmr, v., to penetrate.
101
peninsul, n., peninsula.
penitens, n., penance, fasiar
penitens, to do penance.
penitent, a., penitent, and n.,
penitent.
pensar, v., to think; to deem;
to judge; to consider, -ad, n.,
thought.
pension, n., pension, -ar, v.,
to pension.
penta-, prefix signifying penta-,
five-.
penta-metr, n., pentameter.
pentekost, n., Pentecost; Whit
sunday.
peoni, n., peony. [pepper.
pepr, n., pepper, -ar, v., to
pepton, n., peptone. .
per, n., pear.
per, p., through; by.
perd, n., loss. -ar, v., to lose.
perdiks, n., partridge.
peregrin, n., pilgrim, -ar, v.,
to go on a pilgrimage ; to make
a pilgrimage, -asion, n., pil
grimage.
per-fasiar, v., to complete; to
consummate; to achieve; to
perfect; to finish.
perfekt, a., perfect, and n., the
perfect (tense), -ifikar, v. , to
perfect, -itet (perfeksion), n.,
perfection.
perfid, a., perfidious, -itet, n.,
perfidy.
perforar, v., to bore.
pergamen, n., parchment.
perier, v., to perish.
periferi, n., periphery; circum
ference, -ik (periferik), a.,
peripheric.
102 perikl—pik
perikl, n., peril; danger, -os,
a., dangerous; perilous.
period, n., period. -ik, a., per/-
odic.
perliatar, v., to strike; to hit;
to smite; to knock; to percuss
(med. ). -asion (perkusion),
n., percussion.
peri, n., pearl.
permanar, v. , to remain; to
abide, -ant, part. , permanent.
-asion, n., permanence.
permision, n., furlough; leave
of absence.
permit, n., permission, -ar, v.,
to permit; to allow; to let.
permutar, v., to interchange;
.to permute. -asion, n., inter
change; permutation.
peron, n., perron.
perpendikular, a., perpendicu
lar.
perpetu, a., perpetual. -?, ad.,
perpetually, -itet, n., perpe
tuity.
perplekser, v. , to perplex, -ed,
part. , perplexed; puzzled.
-itet, n., perplexity.
persar, v., to pierce.
Persia, n., Persia.
persekuer, v. , to persecute; to
pursue.
perseptar, v., to perceive; to
descry; to distinguish; to dis
cern.
persever, n., perseverance, -ar,
v. , to persevere.
persik, n., peach.
person, n., person.
perspektiv, n., perspective, -ik,
a., perspective.
perspikas, a. , perspicacious.
-itet, n., perspicacity.
persuadar, v., to persuade; to
induce, -asion (persuasion),
n., persuasion.
pertinent, a., pertinent.
Peru, n., Pern.
peruk, n., wig.
pervers, a., perverse. e, ad.,
perversely, -itet, n., perver
sity.
peryuri, n., perjury, -ar, v., to
perjure one's self. -os, a.,
pes, n., pitch. [perjured,
peser, v. , to weigh (be weighty).
-ant, part., heavy; weighty.
-ad, n., weight.
pes fluid, tar.
pesimist, n., pessimist.
pest, n., pestilence; pest;
plague. [to petition.
petision, n., petition, -ar, v.,
petr, n., stone, -atr, a., stone-
like; petrous. -ifikar, v., to
petrify, -os, a. , stony.
petrole, n., petroleum.
petrosel, n., parsley.
petulant, a. , petulant, -itet
(petulans), n., petulance.
pianin, n., upright piano.
piano, n ., pianoforte; piano.
-ist (pianist), n., pianist.
pies, n., piece.
piet, n., piety, -ik, a., pious.
-ist, n., pietist, -ism, n.,
pietism, -os, a., devout.
-ositet, n., devoutness.
pignor, n., pledge; pawn.
pik, n., pike, -ar, v.. to prick;
to puncture; to stab, -et, n.,
stake.
 pikas—plisar
pikas, n., magpie.
pikl, n., woodpecker, -ik and
de p., a., woodpecker; pica-
rian.
pikter, v., to paint; to depict.
-ad, n., painting; picture.
-asion, n., painting, -ator,
n., painter.
pilastr, n., pilaster.
pilot, n., pilot, -ar, v., to pilot.
pilul, n., pill.
pin, n., pine.
pins, n., pincers; nippers, -ar,
v., to pinch; to nip. -er, n.,
eye-glasses; pince-nez.
pinsl, n., brush; pencil.
pip, n., pipe (for smoking).
piramid, n., pyramid.
pirat, n., pi rate. -ar,v., to
pirate.
Pireneik (mont/), the Pyrenees.
pirit, n., pyrite.
piroteknik, n., pyrotechnics.
-al, a., pyrotechnic.
pis, n., pea.
pisk, n , fish, -ar, v., to fish.
-ator, n., fisher; fisherman.
pisk-gres, n., blubber.
pistol, n., pistol.
piston, n., piston.
pitoresk, a., picturesque.
pituit, n., mucus; phlegm;
slime, -os, a., mucous; slimy.
pivot, n., pivot, -ar, v , to
pivot.
plakar, v. , to placate; to ap
pease, -abl, a., placable.
plakard, n., placard.
plan, n., plane (surface), -ar,
v., to planish, -ik, a., plane.
-ifikar, v., to even.
103
planet, n., planet.
plank, n., plank; board, -ar,
v., to plank.
plant, n., plant, -ar, v., to
plant, -aj, n., plantation.
plas, n., place; spot; square (of
a chess-board). -ar, v., to
place, -u, p., in place of; in
stead of; for. [of.
plas/ ke, c., instead of; in place
plastik, a., plastic (formative).
-itet, n., plastic art.
plastr, n., plaster (pharmacy).
plat, n., flat surface, -ar, v., to
flatten, -ad, n., dish (platter;
also mess); mess, -ik, a., flat.
platan, n., plane-tree.
platform, n., platform.
platil, n., plate.
platin, n., platinum (Pt).
platon/£, a., Platonic.
plausibl, a., plausible.
plebe, n., pleb e ian . -ik, a.,
plebeian.
plen, a., full, -ifikar, v., to fill;
to replenish, -itet, n., plenty;
fullness; plenitude.
pleni-, prefix signifying full
ness, pleni-.
ptenil\m, n., full moon.
ptenipotent, a, plenipo-
plesir, n., pleasure. [tent(iary).
plik, n., fold; plait; ply. -ar,
v., to fold; to plait; to fold up.
plisar, v., to please, -ik, a.,
pleasing; pleasant, -ad, n.,
pleasure; liking. sekuanht
plisarf=at pleasure; at will.
it plis, you (he, they, etc.,)
please; e. g. ll it plis=if you
please, if they please, etc.
104 plomb —popl
plomb, n., lead (Pb). ~ar, v., to
lead.
plonjar, v., to plunge; to dive.
plu, ad., more; (the compara
tive ending) -er. -ar, v., to
increase, -ad, n., surplus;
overplus, -foa, ad., more
times.
plu.-bonifikar, v., to better; to
improve; to ameliorate.
plug, n., plow, -ar, v., to plow.
plu-grand-patr, n., great
grandfather.
plum, n., feather; pen. -aj, n.,
plumage.
pln-malifikar, v., to worsen; to
make worse; to aggravate.
plu — plu, ad., the more — the
more.
plu-po-«diurn^, ad., the day
after to-morrow.
plu-pre-sidlurne, ad., the day
before yesterday.
plural, n., the plural.
plush, n., plush.
pluskuamperfekt, n., pluper
fect.
pluvi, n., rain, -ar, v., to rain.
-os, a., rainy; pluvious.
plu volontan?, ad., more will
ingly; rather.
po, p., behind; after.
po-brev^, ad., soon; speedily.
-ik, a., speedy.
podagr, n., gout; podagra, -os,
a., gouty.
podium, n., podium.
poem, n., poem.
poesi, n., poetry; poesy.
poet, n., poet, -ik, a., poetic(al).
+*sar, v. , to poetize.
po ke, c., after.
pol, n., pole (astr., physics).
poli-, prefix signifying many-,
pottar, v., to polish; to grind;
to whet; to burnish; to fur
bish, -ad, n., polish.
polamgul, n., polygon.
poliglot, n., polyglot, -ik, a.,
polyglot.
polikapik, a., many-headed.
polip, n., polypus.
polis, n., policy (insurance).
polisi, n., police. [ness.
polit, a., polite, -itet, n., polite-
politeknlk, n., polytechnics.
-al, a., polytechnic.
politik, n., politics, -al, a.,
political.
polka, n., polka.
Polonm, n., Poland.
pois, n., thumb; inch.
poltron, a., cowardly, and n.,
coward, -itet, n., cowardice.
pom, n., apple.
pomad, n., pomade, -ar, v., to
pomade.
po mcdi-diurnr, ad., in the
afternoon.
Pomeran/a, n., Pomerania.
pomis, n., pumice, -ar, v. , to
pumice. [pous.
pomp, n., pomp, -os, a., pom-
ponderer, v. tr., to weigh. -abl,
a., weighable ; ponderable.
-ator, n., scales.
pont, n., bridge.
ponton, n., pontoon.
popl, n., people; folk (archaic).
-ar, v., to people; to populate.
-os, a., populous.
 popular—prekaut
popular, a., popular, -itet, n.,
popularity.
por, n., pore.
pork, n., hog; pig; swine.
porselan, n., porcelain
porsion, n., portion.
port, n., port; harbor; haven.
portar, v., to carry; to bear; to
wear (clothes); to convey.
porta, n., door.
portal, n., portal; gate.
portfoli, n., portfolio.
portik, n., portico.
portmone, n., porte monnaie.
porto, n., postage; freight; car
rying charge.
portret, n., portrait, -ar, v., to
portray.
Portugal ia, n., Portugal.
pos, n., position; posture, -ar,
v , to set; to lay.
poses, n., possession, -ar, v. ,
to possess, -ad, n., posses
sions; goods; property; estate.
posibl, a., possible, -itet, n.,
possibility, -e, ad., possibly;
perhaps.
po-s/diurn^, ad., to-morrow.
positiv, a., positive, -e, ad.,
positively, -ism, n., positiv
ism. -itet, n., positiveness.
positiv, n., positive degree; the
positive.
post, n., post (mail).
posterior, a., posterior; subse
quent; later; hind; back, -e,
ad., afterwards; subsequently;
posteriorly; behind, -itet, n.,
posteriority.
posteritet, n., posterity.
posthum, a., posthumous.
105
postilion, n., postillion.
post-kart, n., postal card; post
card.
post-mark, n., postage stamp.
pot, n., pot; jar; can.
potash, n., potash.
potat, n., potato.
potent, a., powerful; mighty;
potent; strong, -itet (potens),
n., power; might; potency;
strength. [=Ican).
potesar, v., to be able (mi potes
povr, a., poor, -eskar, v., to be
come poor, -itet, n., poverty.
praktik, n., practice, -ar, v., to
practise, -abl, a., practicable.
-ablitet, n., practicability, -al,
a., practical.
prat, n., meadow. [fore.
pre-, prefix signifying pre-, be-
predesesor, n., predecessor.
predikar, v., to preach, -ad, n.,
sernron. -asion, n., preaching.
-ator, n., preacher.
predileksion, n., predilection.
prefekt, n., prefect.
preferar, v. , to prefer; to choose.
-abl, a., preferable, -ad, n.,
preference.
prefiks, n., prefix.
preg, n., request; prayer, -ar,
v., to request; to ask; to beg;
to pray. [to apologize.
preger pardon, to beg pardon;
preger urgawfe, to conjure.
prek, n., prayer (to the deity).
-ar, v., to pray.
prekaut, n., precaution: fore
sight, -ar, v., to caution; to
warn, -asion, n., warning;
caution.
106 prelat—prinsip
prelat, n., prelate.
preliminar, a., preliminary.
prelonge, ad., long ago; once.
/>/7'lud, n., prelude.
/'/vmatur, a., premature.
/>/rmedi-diurn^, ad., in the fore
noon.
premi, n., premium; prize, -ar,
v., to award a premium or
prendar, v., to take. [prize.
prendar pro kredit, to borrow.
prendar su se, to take on one's
self.
preokul, n., spectacles.
preparar, v., to prepare, -asion,
n., preparation.
preposision, n., preposition.
prepusi, n., prepuce; foreskin.
prerogativ, n., prerogative.
pres, n., press. -ar{ v., to press;
to squeeze.
presbfop, a., far-sighted; pres-
byopic.
presbltr, n., priest, -ad, n.,
priesthood, -ik, a., priestly;
sacerdotal.
presedar, v., to preside, -ant,
part., chairman; presiding
officer.
present, a. , present, -itet
(presens), n., presence, -u, p.,
in presence of; before.
present (esar), to be present.
present, n., {.resent tense; the
present,
p resen tv/•. v. , to present; to put
before.
/•rfsentiment, n., presentiment;
foreboding, -ar, v., to have a
presentiment of; to forebode;
to anticipate.
presepi, n., crib; manger.
preseptor, n., preceptor, -ar,
v., to indoctrinate. [keep.
preservar, v., to preserve; to
president, n., president.
pre-sidlurne, ad., yesterday.
presios, a., precious; costly.
-itet, n., costliness.
presipis, n., precipice.
presipitar, v. , to precipitate.
presis, a., precise.
preskrlbar, v., to prescribe,
-asion, n., prescription.
prestar, v., to do; to render; to
perform; to lend, -asion, n.,
doing; rendering; perform
ance; service; loan.
prestar avans^, to advance
(money).
prestar luade, to let; to lease
(to another).
pretekst, n., pretext.
pretendar, v., to pretend to; to
claim.
preurb, n., suburb.
prevenlar, v., to anticipate; to
forestall; to be beforehand
with; to get the start of; to
prevent.
prfvlsar, v. , to foresee.
preyudlsl, n., prejudice.
prim, nr., first, -an, a., scholar
of the first (upper) class, -e,
nr. ad., first.
primitiv, a., primitive.
priml, n., primrose. [ture.
primogenitur, n., primogeni-
prins, n., prince.
prinsip, n., principle, -ik, a.,
relating to principle; princip-
ial; fundamental.
 prinsipal— propager 107
prinsipal, a., principal; chief; profund, a., profound; deep.
main; leading, -e, ad., prin -ifikar, v., to deepen.
cipally; chiefly; mainly. prognos, n., prognosis; fore
prior, a., prior, -itet, n., prior- cast, -ar, v., to prognosticate ;
pris, n., price. [ity. to forecast.
prism, n., prism. j program, n., programme.
prison, n., prison, -ar, v., to progres, n., progress, -ar, v.,
imprison, -ad, n., imprison to progress.
prok lam<f /•, v. , to proclaim.
ment, -er, n., prisoner.
pristin, a., pristine. [reave. -asion, n., proclamation.
prlvar, v., to d e p r i v e ; to be- proksim, a., near; proximate.
privat, a., private. -e, ad., near by; near, -itet,
privileg, n., privilege. -ar, v., n., proximity; nearness, -u,
pro, p. , for. [to privilege. p.. near; near to; by.
prob, a., thorough, -e, ad., prokur, n., procuration; proxy
thoroughly, -itet, n., thor (thing), -ar, v., to procure;
oughness. to effect, -ist, n., procurator;
probabl, a., probable, -e, ad., proxy ; attorney.
probably; likely. prolog, n., prologue.
problem, n., problem; task. prolonger, v., to prolong.
probosk, n., proboscis; snout. -asion, n., prolongation.
prodig, n., spendthrift; prodi promenar, v. , to promenade; to
gal. -ar,v., to lavish; to take a walk, -ad, n., prome
squander; to be prodigal . nade; walk. [promise.
-asion, n., prodigality, -ik, a., promet, n., promise. -ar, v., to
prodigal; lavish. promontori, n., promontory.
produkt, n., product, -ar, v., promovar, v., to promote; to
to produce. [bricks. pronom, n., pronoun, [further.
produkter brik/, to make pronom demonstrativ, indefi-
profanar, v., to profane, -ik, nit, interogativ, korelativ,
a., profane. personal, posesiv, reflek-
profesion, n., profession. siv, relativ, demonstrative,
profesor, n., professor. indefinite, interrogative,
profet, n., prophet, -ar, v., to correlative, personal, posses
prophesy. sive, reflexive, relative, pro
profil, n., profile. noun.
profit, n., profit; benefit; ad pronunslar, v., to pronounce.
vantage; gain, -ar, v., to -asion, n., pronunciation.
profit. -u, p., for the benefit propagar, v., to propagate; to
of; for the advantage of; for circulate; to spread, -asion,
the good of. n., propagation; spread.
108 proporsion—pudr

proporsion, n., proportion, -ar, prov, n., proof; test; trial, -ar,
v., to proportion. v., to test; to try; to prove.
proposar, v., to propose; to provenier, v., to come from; to
move, -asion, n., proposal; proceed from.
motion. [sentence. proverb, n., proverb.
proposision, n., proposition; provins, n., province.
propr, a., own; proper, -e, ad., provision, n., stock; supply;
properly, -itet, n., property. provision.
prosa, n., prose, -ik, a., prosaic. I provisor?, ad., provisionally.
prosed, n., procedure; proceed -ik, a., provisional.
ing; course; process. -ar, v., pro-vite, ad., for life; (one's)
to proceed; to act. lifelong; all (one's) life, -ik,
prosent, n., per cent. a., lifelong; life.
proses, n., lawsuit, -ar, v., to provokar, v., to challenge; to
litigate. provoke.
prosesion, n., procession. proyekt, n., project, -ar, v., to
proskribar, v., to proscribe; to project.
outlaw. prud, a., prudish. -itet,n.,
prosodi, n., prosody, -ik (pro- prudery; prudishness.
sodik), a., prosodic. prudent, a., prudent, -itet
prosperar, v., to prosper; to (prudens), n., prudence.
thrive. pruf, n., proof, -ar, v., to prove.
prosperitet, n., prosperity. prun, n., plum.
protektar, v., to protect, -asion pruriar, v., to itch; to be pru
(proteksion), n., protection. rient.
-ator (protektor), n., pro Prus/a, n., Prussia.
tector. psalm, n., psalm.
protest, n., protest, -ar, v. , to pseudo-, prefix signifying
protest, -ant, a. and n., Prot something not authentic, not
estant, -autism, n., Protes genuine.
tantism. pseudonom (pseudonim), n.,
proto-, prefix signifying origin. pseudonym.
protofor&st, n., primeval forest. publik, n., public, -ar, v., to
protokol, n., protocol, -ar, v., promulgate; to publish.
to protocol. pudar, v. , to be ashamed.
protometal, n., ore. -ifikar, v., to shame; to abash.
protoparol, n., primitive word; -«£, a., bashful; shamefaced.
root. -ikitet, n.,bashfulness;shame-
protoslr, n., honeycomb. facedness.
prototlp, n., prototype; arche pudr, n., powder, -ar, v., to
type. powder.
 puer— ransid
puer, n., boy. -a, n., girl.
pueril, a., pu e rile ; childish.
-itet, n., childishness; pue
rility.
puit, n., well; shaft (mining).
pulk, n., flea.
pulmon, n., lung.
puip, n., pulp, -os, a., pulpous;
pulpy, -ositet, n., pulpous-
puip de gamb, calf. [ness.
puis, n., pulse, -ar, v., to pul-
sate; to beat; to throb.
pulv, n., dust.
pulvin, n., cushion.
pulvr, n., powder. -ar (pulveri-
sar),v., to pulverize; to pow
der.
pulvr- min, n., mine (military).
pump, n., pump, -ar, v., to
pun, n,, fist. [pump.
pani, n., punishment; penalty.
-ar, v., to punish.
puniard, n., poniard; dagger.
-ar, v. , to poniard; to stab.
punkt, n., point; dot; period.
-ar, v. , to point; to dot.
punkt de vis, point of view;
standpoint.
punklii.il, a., punctual, -itet,
n., punctuality.
punsh, n., punch.
punt, n., tip; point.
pup, n., doll.
pupil, n., pupil; ward.
pupila, n., pupil (of eye).
pur, a., pure; clean. -ifikar,v.,
to purify, -itet, n., clean
ness; purity.
purgar, v., to purgje. -asion, n.,
purgation. -ativ, a., purga
tive.
109
purltan, a., puritanic(al), and
n., Puritan, -anism, n , puri-
tanism.
purpur, n. purple.
pus, ii., push; shove; thrust.
-ar, v., to push; to shove; to
thrust.
pus-kar, n., wheelbarrow.
pustul, n., pustule; pimple, -os,
a., pustulous; pimpled.
putr, a., putrid; rotten, -eskar,
v., to putrify; to rot; to de
cay, -eskasion, n., putrefac
tion; rotting; decay.
R
rabat, n., rebate, -ar, v., to re
bate; to abate.
rabin, n., rabbi; rabbin.
rabot, n., plane (carpenter's).
-ar, v. , to plane.
rad, n., road; roadstead (ma
rine).
radi, n., radius; ray; beam, -ar,
v., to radiate, -ad, n., spoke.
-ik (radial), a., radial.
radik, n., root; radical, -al, a.,
radical.
radis, n., radish.
rafinar, v., to refine.
ram, n., branch; bough; limb.
-ifikar, v , to ramify.
ramp, n., ramp.
rampart, n., rampart.
ran, n., frog.
rang, n., rank; row; tier. -ar,
v., to rank; to range.
rankor, n., rancor.
ransid, a., rancid, -itet, n.,
rancidity; rancidness.
110 ranunkl—regaler
ranunkl, n., ranunculus.
rap, n., turnip.
rapas, a., rapacious, -itet, n.,
rapacity.
rapiar, v., to steal, -ator, n.,
thief.
rapid, a., rapid; quick; fast.
-itet, n., rapidity.
rapid^ kual^ fulmin, quick as
lightning.
rapin, n., robbery, -ar, v. , to
rob. -ator, n., robber.
raport, n., report, -ar, v., to re
port.
raps, n., rape (bot.).
rapt, n., abduction, -ar, v., to
abduct.
rar, a., rare, -e, ad., seldom;
rarely, -ifikar, v. , to rarefy.
-itet, n., rarity; rareness.
ras, n., race; breed.
ra&ar, v., to shave; to scrape.
-ator, n., razor.
rasional, a., rational, -ism, n.,
rationalism. -itet, n., ration
ality.
rasp, n., rasp, -ar, v., to rasp.
rastr, n., rake, -ar, v., to rake.
-on, n., harrow. -onar, v., to
harrow.
rat, n., rat.
ratiflliar, v. , to ratify.
rauk, a., hoarse, -itet, n.,
hoarseness.
raviar, v., to ravish; to enrap
ture. -asion, n., rapture.
ravin, n., ravine; gorge.
re-, prefix signifying repetition
or return.
reaktar, v. , to react, -asion
(reaksion), n., reaction.
real, a., real, -ism, n., realism.
-itet, n., reality.
realisar, v., to realize.
rebel, n., rebel, -ar, v. , to rebel.
rebus, n., rebus.
redaktar, v. , to edit; to draw
up. -asion (redaksion), n., ed
iting, -ator (redaktor), n.,
editor.
rediirwr, v. , to redeem; to ran
som, -asion (redempsion),n.,
redemption. -ator (redemp-
tor), n., redeemer.
redonar, v., to give back; to re
turn; to restore.
referar, v., to refer (report).
-ad, n., reference (report).
refleks, n., reflection (physical).
-ar, v., to reflect (physically).
reflektar, v., to reflect (medi
tate).
rrfluks, n., ebb.
reform, n., reform, -ar, v., to
reform, -asion, n., reforma
tion, -ator, n., reformer.
refrangar, v., to refract, -abl,
a., refrangible, -ablitet, n.,
refrangibility.
refreskar, v., to refresh; to cool.
refugi, n., refuge, -ar, v., to
take refuge; to have recourse
to.
refus, n., refusal, -ar, v., to
refuse; to decline.
refutar, v., to refute, -asion,
n., refutation.
reg, n., king (ruler; also in
chess), -a, n., queen (sov
ereign; also in chess).
regalar, v., to regale; to enter
tain.
 regard—renfors
regard, n., regard; respect (re
lation), -u, p., in regard to;
in respect to.
regat, n., regatta.
regenerar, v., to regenerate.
-asion, n., regeneration, -ator,
n., regenerator.
regiment, n., regiment.
region, n., region.
registr, n., register; roll, -ar,
v.; to register; to enroll.
regl, n., rule.
regnar, v., to reign; to rule
over, -ator, n., ruler; sover
eign, -ia, n., kingdom.
regnikol, n., inhabitant of a
kingdom.
regres, n., retrogression. -ar,
v., to retrograde.
regret, n., regret, -ar, v., to
regret. -e !, i., alas!; unfor
tunately !
regular, v., to regulate.
regular, a., regular, -itet, n.,
regularity.
rehabilityr, v., to rehabilitate.
rekapitular, v., to recapitulate.
reklam, n., puff; puffing (news
paper).
reklamar, v., to reclaim; to re
call.
rekolt, n., crop; harvest, -ar,
v., to harvest; to reap.
rekomendar, v., to recommend;
to commend.
rekompensar, v., to remuner
ate; to recompense; to reward;
to requite, -asion, n., remu-
neration; recompense; re
ward; requital.
rekonosar, v. , to recognize.
Ml
rekrear, v., to recreate (take
recreation), -asion, n., recre
ation.
rekrut, n., recruit, -ar, v., to
recruit (raise soldiers); to en
list.
rekt, a., straight; right, -ifikar,
v. , to rectify . -itet, n. , straight-
ness; rectitude.
rektor, n., rector.
rekuisit, n., requisite.
relasion, n., relation (of one
thing to another; commercial
relations, etc.).
relativ, a., relative; respective.
-w, p., relative to.
relegar, v., to relegate, -asion,
n., relegation.
relief, n., relief; relievo, -ik,
a., relief; raised; embossed.
religi, n., religion, -os, a., re
ligious, -ositet, n., religious
ness.
relikui, n., relic, -ik (relikuiar),
a., reliquian.
reis, n., rail.
reis-rut, n., railroad; railway.
rem, n., oar. -ar, v., to row.
remburs, n., reimbursement.
-ar, v. , to reimburse.
remedi, n., remedy, -ar, v., to
remedy; to cure; to heal.
-abl, a., remediable; curable.
remlnlskar, v., to remind.
-asion, n., reminding.
rentors, n., remorse.
removar, v., to remove (trans.).
remov-kest, n., drawer.
ren, n., reindeer.
renfors, n., reinforcement, -ar,
v., to reinforce.
112 renovar— restaurar
renovar, v., to renew; to reno
vate.
rent, n., income; rent; revenue.
-ar, v., to yield (income, etc.).
-er, n., rentier; one who has
a fixed income.
renunsiar a kk, v., to renounce
anything, -asion, n., renun
ciation.
reparar, v., to repair; to mend.
repast, n., repast; meal.
repent, n., repentance; peni
tence, -ar, v., to repent.
repertori, n., repertory.
repetar, v., to repeat; to renew.
-asion (repetision), n., repe
tition.
replik, n., reply; rejoinder. -ar,
v., to reply; to rejoin.
repositori,n., cupboard; closet;
press, -et, n., repository.
feprendar, v., to take back; to
resume,
representar, v., to represent.
reprimand, n., reprimand, -ar,
v., to reprimand.
reprosh, n., reproach. -ar, v.,
to reproach; to upbraid.
reprovar, v., to disapprove; to
reject, -asion, n., disapproba
tion; disapproval; rejection.
republik, n., republic, -an, a.
and n., republican.
reputasion, n., reputation;
character.
resept,n., prescription; recipe;
receipt.
reserv, n., reserve; stock; reser
vation, -ar, v., to reserve; to
save (lay up); to reserve (keep
back).
residar, v., to reside; to live.
residiv, n., relapse, -er, n , re-
lapser.
resignar, v., to resign, -asion,
n., resignation. [self.
resignar se, to resign one's
resin, n., resin.
resiprok, a., reciprocal.
resistens, n., resistance.
resitar, v., to recite.
reslvar, v., to receive; to get.
resolusion, n., resolution; de-
resolut, a., resolute. [cision.
resolvar, v., to resolve; to de
termine; to conclude; to de
cide.
reson, n., reason, -ar, v. , to
reason, -os, a., reasonable;
rational.
resonans, n., resonance.
resor, n., spring (elastic force
or body).
respekt, n., respect (esteem).
-ar, v , to respect (esteem).
respektive, ad., respectively.
resplr, n., breath, -ar, v., to
respire; to breathe, -asion, n.,
respiration; breathing.
respond, n., response; answer;
reply, -ar, v., to respond; to
to answer; to reply; to be
answerable for; to be respon
sible for. -abl, a., answerable;
liable; responsible, -ablitet,
n., liability; responsibility.
rest, n., remainder; rest, -ar,
v., to remain; to stay.
restaurar, v., to restore; to re
vive; to refresh, -eri, n.,
restaurant. -asion, n., restora
tion; restoring.
 restar posterior^—rub
restar posterior^, to remain
behind
restriktar, v., to r e s t r i c t ; to
circumscribe; to confine.
restar sol, to be solitary; to
remain alone.
resultar, v., to result, -ad, n.,
result; issue.
resureksion, n., resurrection.
-ar, v., to rise (from the dead).
ret, n., net.
r^t&rdar, v., to retard.
retenar, v., to keep back; to re
strain
retenar, v., to retain; to keep.
retlrar, v. tr., to retire; to with
draw, -ad, n., retreat.
retlrar se, v., to retire; to with
draw (both intr. ).
retort, n., retort (chem.).
retro, ad., back; backward.
retro-via, n., way back; return.
return, n., return, -ar, v. , to
return; to go back.
reumatism, n., rheumatism.
-ik (reumatik), a., rheumatic.
reunlar, v., to reunite; to as
semble (trans.).
reunion, n., reunion.
reverend, a., reverend.
revisar, v., to revise; to review.
revolt, n., revolt, -ar, v., to
revolt.
revolusion, n., revolution.
revoya\ar, v., to travel back.
r\dar, v., to laugh; to laugh at.
rigid, a., rigid; stiff, -itet, n.,
rigidity; stiffness.
rik, a., rich, -ifikar, v., to en
rich, -itet, n., riches; wealth;
richness.
113
rim, n., rime (rhyme), -ar, v.,
to rime, [to collect (charges).
rimbors, n., C. O. D. -ar, v.,
rimes, n., remittance.
rinoseros, n., rhinoceros.
ris, n., rice.
risk, n., risk, -ar, v,, to risk.
ritm, n., rhythm, -ik, a.,
rhythmic(al).
ritu, n., rite.
ritual, n., ritual, [v., to rival.
rival, n., rival, -ar (rivatisar),
rivet, n., rivet, -ar, v., to rivet.
rob, n., dress; gown (woman's).
robust, a., robust.
rodar, v., to gnaw.
rodium, n., rhodium (Rh).
rog, n., rye.
rok, n., rock. [theater).
rol, n., part; character (as in
roman, n., romance.
romb, n., rhombus; rhomb.
ronion, n., kidney.
res, n., rose.
rosi, n., dew. -ar, v., to form
dew. -ik and de r., a., dewy;
rosin, n., raisin. [roscid.
rosmarin, n., rosemary.
rost, n., gridiron, -ar, v., to
roast. -ad, n., roast.
rost-plat, n., roasting pan.
rot, n., wheel, -ar, v., to turn;
to revolve; to rotate, -asion,
n., rotation; revolution.
rot dented, cog-wheel.
rotond, a. , rotund; round.
-ifikar, v., to round; to round
off.
rub, a., red. -eskar, v., to red
den; to blush, -ifikar, v., to
redden; to color red.
i14 rubidium—sanguin

rubidium, n., rubidium (Rb). j saflr, n., sapphire.

rubin, n., ruby. safran, n., saffron.
rubl, n., rouble; ruble. sagas, a., sagacious; acute.
rubrik, n., rubric, -ar, v., to -itet, n , sagacity; acuteness.
rubricate. sagit, n., arrow.
rud, a., rude; rough; uncivil. sak, n., sack; bag; pouch.
-itet, n., rudeness. sakrament, n., sacrament.
rudiment/, n., rudiments, sakristi, n., sacristy.
rug, n., wrinkle, -ar, v., to Sakson/a, n., Saxony.
wrinkle, -os, a., wrinkled, sal, n., salt. -ar, v., to salt, -os,
ruin, n., ruin, -ar, v., to ruin;to a., salty.
spoil. -asion,-n., ruin (the act). salad, n., salad.
rul, n., roll, -ar, v., to roll, -aj, salamandr, n., salamander.
n., pulley. salar, n., salary, -ar, v., to
rum, n., rum. salary.
Rumana/, n., Roumania. sal in, n., saltworks.
RumelM, n., Roumelia. saiis, n., willow.
rumirir/r, v., to ruminate; to saliv, n., saliva.
chew the cud. -asion, n., salmon, n., salmon.
rumination; chewing the cud. salon, n., salon; saloon; draw
rumor, n., noise; rumor, -ar, ing-room.
v., to noise; to rumor. salt, n., leap; spring; bound;
ruptar, v., to rend; to tear; to jump, -ar, v., to leap ; to
rupture, -ad, n., crack; rent; spring; to bound; to jump.
rupture. salubr, a., salubrious; whole
lviis/,/. n., Russia, -ian, a. and some; healthful.
n., Russian, -ik, a., Russian; salut, n., salute; greeting, -ar,
in Russian; Russian-speaking. v., to salute; to greet.
-o, n., Russian-speaking per salv, n., salvo; volley; salute.
son, -a, n., Russian-speaking salvar, v. , to save; to rescue.
person. -ator, n., savior.
rustik, a., rustic, and n., rustic. samarium, n., samarium (Sm).
rut, n., route; road, san, a., sound; healthy; well.
rut a, n., rue. -eskar, v., to recover; to con
rutenium, n., ruthenium (Ru). valesce; to grow well.
-eskasion, n., recovery; con
valescence, -itet, n., health;
soundness.
s. sirka, circa; about. sandal/, n., sandals.
sabl, n., sand. -os, a., sandy. sanguin, n., blood. -ar, v., to
sabr, n., sabre. bleed (intr.).
 sanguin/7- —set
sanguin/*, a., sanguine. -iker,
n., sanguine person.
sanguin-sug, n., leech.
sanksion, n., sanction, -ar, v.,
to sanction.
sankt, a., holy, ^4fikar, v., to
sanctify; to hallow, -itet, n.,
sanctity; holiness.
sanskrit, n., Sanskrit.
santirn, n., centime.
sapient, a., wise, -itet, n., wis
dom.
sapon, n., soap.
sardin, n., sardine.
sark, n., coffin.
sarkasm, n., sarcasm, -ik (sar-
kastik), a., sarcastic.
satan, n., Satan, -ik, a., satanic.
satin, n., satin, -ar, v., tosatin;
to satin-finish.
satir, n., satire.
satiro, n., satyr.
satisfaktar, v., to satisfy.
-asion (satisfaksion ) , n., satis
faction; satisfying.
saturar, v., to saturate; to sate.
-asion, n., saturation; satia
tion, -ed, part., saturated;
sated.
saturndi, n , Saturday, -an and
de s., a., Saturday.
Savoya, n., Savoy. -w, a. and
n., Savoyard.
86, pr., self (reflexive).
seb, n., tallow; suet.
sebr, n., zebra.
sed, n., seat, -ar, v., to sit.
sediment, n., sediment;
grounds; lees; dregs.
seal, n., saddle, -ar, v., to sad
dle.
115
sedr, n., cedar.
sedukar, v., to seduce.
sefir, n., zephyr.
seg, n., saw. -ar, v., to saw.
segment, n., segment.
sejurn, n., sojourn, -ar, v., to
sojourn.
sekm, n., sequin; zechin.
sekond, n., second (division of
sekret, n., secret. [time).
sekretar, n., secretary.
seks, in-., six.
seks-des, nr., sixty.
seksion, n., section.
sekst, nr., sixth.
sekstet, n., sextette.
seksu, n., sex.
sekt, n., sect, -ar, v., to form a
sect.
sekuer, v., to follow; to ensue.
-ad, n., sequel, -antfoa, ad.,
the next time, -antu, p., ac
cording to; in consequence of.
»cha,n/in komand de, by order
of.
sekiwr mediw aspekt, to look
after.
sekuestr, n., sequestration;
seizure, -ar, v. , to sequester;
to sequestrate.
sekul, n., century, -ik (sekular),
a., centurial; centennial; secu
lar.
sekund, nr., second, -an, a.,
scholar of the second class.
sekuml,/, , v., to second.
sekundar, a. , secondary.
sekur, a., secure; certain; safe;
sure, -itet, n., security; safety.
sel, n., sail (sheet), -ar, v., to
sail.
116 selebr—sept-des
selebr, a., celebrated; noted.
-itet, n., celebrity.
selekta/', v., to select; to choose;
to elect.
selen, n., selenium- (Se).
selibat, n., celibacy.
selri, n., celery.
selul, n., cell.
sent, pr., same (see el sum, it
sem).
semafor, n., semaphore.
seman, n., week.
semble/ , v. , to seem ; to appear.
semblar estran, to seem
strange.
semcnt, n., cement, -ar, v., to
cement.
semestr, n., half-year, -ik, a.,
half-yearly; semi-annual.
semi-, prefix signifying semi-,
half-.
semi-ad, n., half.
semiflllo, n., stepson.
semifntr, n., stepbrother; half-
brother.
v/w/lun, n., half-moon.
scmin, n., seed, -ar, v., to sow.
seminar, n., seminary.
semipatr, n., stepfather.
semit, n., Semite.
semiton, n., semitone.
semivoikal, n., semivowel.
sempr^, ad., always; ever, -ik,
a., everlasting.
sempre-florawi!, part., ever-
blooming.
sen, n., ashes.
senat, n., senate, -er, n., sen
ator.
senil, a., senile.
senior, a., senior; older.
senit, n., zenith.
sens, n., sense, -os, a., sensible.
sensasion, n., sensation (state
of excited interest or feeling).
sensor, n., censor.
sensu, n., sense (one of the five).
-ik, a., sensory, -ar, v., to
feel; to perceive; to experi
ence (physically), -asion, n.,
sensation, -abl (sensibl), a.,
sensitive; sensible, -ablitet
(sensiblitet), n., sensitiveness;
sensibility.
sensual, a., sensual, -itet, n.,
sensuality.
sensur, n., censorship, -ar, v.,
to examine (as censor).
sent, nr. , hundred.
sentens, u., sentence (saying).
sentiar, v., to be sensible of; to
feel; to perceive, -abl, a., sen
sible; perceptible.
sentiment, n., sentiment; feel
ing, -os, a., sensitive; feeling.
sentimental, a., sentimental.
-itet, n., sentimentality.
sentinel, n., sentinel.
sent-livr,n., hundred; hundred
weight; quintal; centner.
sentr, n., center.
sentraliser, v., to centralize.
-asion, n., centralization.
sep, n., vine.
separar, v., to separate, -asion,
n., separation, -ik, a., sep
arate.
sepi, n., hedge; fence, -ar, v.,
to hedge; to fence.
sept, nr., seven. -im, nr.,
seventh.
sept-des, nr., seventy.
 septembr—sibet
septembr, n., September.
septet, n., septette.
sepult, n., grave; sepulcher.
-ar, v. , to bury; to inter.
seraf, n., seraph.
Serb/a, n., Servia.
serebr, n., cerebrum; brain.
seremoni, n., ceremony.
seren, a., serene, -itet, n.,
serenity.
serenad, n., serenade.
serf, n., deer.
serf, n., series, -ar, v., to
seriate; to arrange in a series;
to place in a row.
serios, a., serious; earnest.
-itet, n., seriousness; earnest
ness.
seris, n., cherry.
serium, n., cerium (Ce).
serpent, n., serpent; snake.
-ar, v., to meander; to wind.
serpentin, n., serpentine line;
wavy line.
sert, a., certain; sure, -e, ad.,
certainly; surely, -ifikar, v.,
to certify, -ifikasion, n., cer
tificate, -itet, n., certainty.
sert-kos, pr. ind. , a certain
thing; something.
sert-manier^, ad., in a certain
way; in a certain manner.
serus, n., ceruse; white lead.
serv, n., servant, -ar, v. , to
serve; to tend to; to conduce
to; to wait on.
serviet, n., napkin.
servil, a., servile, -itet, n. ,
servility.
sesar, v., to cease; to stop; to
discontinue; to desist.
117
sesium, n., caesium (Cs).
seson, n., season.
set, n., silk.
setr, a., remaining, -i, n., the
rest. -^,ad., for the rest; more
over; furthermore.
setul, n., bristle, -os, a., bristly.
sever, a., severe; rigorous;
sharp, -itet, n., severity.
sfer, n., sphere. -ik, a., spheri
cal.
sfinks, n., sphinx.
sfinkier, n., sphincter.
shabrak, n., shabrack; saddle
cloth; housing.
shak, n., chess, -ist, n., chess
player.
shakal, n., jackal.
shak-plat, n., chess-board.
shalup, n., sloop.
shampinion, n., mushroom.
shapo, n., hat.
sharj, n., cargo; load; charge;
burden, -ar, v., to load; to
charge; to burden.
sharm, n., charm; attraction.
-ar, v., to charm; to bewitch;
to enchant; to fascinate.
shef, n., chief; head; leader.
shershar, v., to seek; to search
for; to look for.
shifr, n., cipher; figure, -ar,
v., to write in cipher.
shiiling, n., shilling.
shist, n., slate.
shist-krayon, n., slate-pencil.
si, ad., yes.
si-, prefix signifying the pres
ent time or the nearest object.
Siber/a, n., Siberia.
sibet, n., civet (pharrn.).
118 sibet-kat—sin
sibet-kat, n., civet-cat; civet.
slbllar, v., to hiss.
sidlurne, ad., to-day.
sidr, n., cider.
sie, pr., his; her; hers; its.
sick, a., blind, -ifikar, v., to
blind, -itet, n., blindness.
siel, n., heaven; sky. -ik, a.,
heavenly; celestial.
sient, n. , science; knowledge.
-ik (sientifik), a., scientific.
sifon, n., siphon.
sigar, n., cigar, -et, n., cigar
ette.
sigil, n., seal (stamp), -ar, v.,to
seal.
sign, n., sign, -ar, v., to de
note; to designate; to mark.
signal, n., signal, -ar, v., to
signal.
sign de eks-klamas/ow, ex
clamation mark.
sign de lnterogasion, interro
gation mark.
sign de sltasion, quotation
mark.
sign/de interpunktas/0T/,
punctuation marks.
signifikar, v., to signify; to
mean, -asion, n., significa
tion; meaning.
sigsag, n., zigzag.
sik, a., dry; arid, -itet, n., dry-
ness; aridity.
sikatris, n., scar; cicatrice,
-ar, v., to cicatrize.
siklMse, ad., therefore; accord
ingly; for this reason; be
cause of this; hence.
sikomor, n., sycamore.
sikon, n., stork.
sikor, n., chicory; succory.
sil, n., eyelash.
silab, n., syllable.
silensi, n., silence, -ar, v. , to
be silent, -os, a., silent. —I ,
i., silence!; hush!; keep
still ! ; be quiet !
Siles/a, n., Silesia.
silik, n., pod; husk; hull.
silindr, n., cylinder.
silindr-shap'6, n., cylinder hat;
silk hat.
silisium,n.,silicium;silicon(Si).
silogism, n., syllogism.
siloke, ad., here.
.v/manierv, ad., thus; in this
manner; in this way.
simbal, n., cymbal.
simbol, n., symbol.
simeks, n., bug.
simetri, n., symmetry, -ik
(simetrik), a., symmetrical.
simi, n., ape. -ar\ v., to ape; to
mimic, -ik and de s., a.,
simian.
simil, a., similar; like, -itet, n.,
similarity; likeness.
simomente, ad., instantly.
simpati, n., sympathy, -ik
(simpatik), a., sympathetic.
simpl, nr., simple, -ifikar, v.,
tosimplify. -ifikasion, n.,
simplification, -itet (simplisi-
tet), n., simplicity.
simptom, n., symptom.
simular, v., to simulate, -asion,
n., simulation.
simultan, a., simultaneous. <•,
ad., simultaneously, -itet, n.,
simultaneousness.
sin, n., swan.
 sinabr— skandal
sinabr, n., cinnabar.
sinagog, n., synagogue.
sinamon, n., cinnamon.
sine, p., without.
sine ke, c., without.
singular, n., the singular num
ber.
singult, n., sob. -ar, v., to sob.
sinior, n., sir; mister; gentle
man, -a, n., Mrs.; madam;
Sinior, n., Lord. [lady.
sinioriri</, n., miss; young lady.
sinistr, a., left, -e, ad., at the
left; on the left.
sinisUv de,.p., to (at) the left of.
sink, n., zinc (Zn). -ar, v. , to
zinc.
sinonim, n., synonym. -ik, a.,
synonymous.
sinser, a., sincere; candid.
-itet, n., sincerity; candor.
sintaks, n., syntax.
sintes, n., synthesis.
sintil, n., spark.
sintur, n., girdle; belt; cinc
ture; zone, -ar, v., to girdle;
to belt; to gird.
sipres, n., cypress.
sir, n., wax.
Sir/a, n., Syria.
sirk, n., circus.
sirka, ad., around; round about;
all around.
sirka, p., about; around.
sirka don.// , v., to surround; to
encompass; to environ; to en
circle.
sirkl, n., circle, -ar, v., to cir
culate; to be in circulation.
-ad, n., environs; surround
ings.
119
sirkl-aud/// , v. , to go around; to
go about; to run about.
sirklator, n., compasses.
sirkonium, n., zirconium (Zr).
sirkuit, n., circuit, -os, a., cir
cuitous.
sirkular, n., circular letter; cir
cular.
sirkumstans, n., circumstance.
sirop, n., syrup.
slsar, v., to seize; to grasp.
sisel, n., ch isel . -ar, v., to
Sisih'a, n. , Sicily. [chisel.
sistem, n., sy stem . -ik (sis-
tematik), a., systematic.
sistern, n., cistern.
sltar, v., to cite; to quote; to
summon.
sitadel, n., citadel.
sitempe, ad., now; at this time.
siterior, a., hither; this. -e, ad.,
on this side; on the hither side.
siterior^ de, p., on this side of;
on the hither side of.
siti, n., thirst; drouth, -os and
avant siti, a., thirsty.
sitr, n., zither.
situ,//; y., to situate, -asion, n.,
situation; site.
sit til, n., bucket; pail.
sivil, a., civil;
sivilis,//•. v., to civic.
civilize, -asion,
n., civilization.
skabi, n., itch; mange; scab.
-os, a., itchy; mangy; scabby.
skafold, n., scaffold.
skal, n., staircase; stairs; scale;
gamut.
skamnu, n., bench; pew.
skandal, n., scandal . -os,a.,
scandalous.
120 Skandinav/a—solidar
Skandinav«a, n., Scandinavia.
skandium, n., scandium (Sc).
skar, n., scratch, -ifikar, v., to
scarify.
skarab, n., chafer; beetle.
skariat, a., scarlet.
skarp, n., scarp; slope, -ar, v.
tr., to slope, -ik, a., steep.
skatul, n., box; bandbox; hat-
box; pasteboard box. -et, n.,
box; snuff-box; pill-box.
skelet, n., skeleton.
sken, n., stage; scene.
skeptik, a., sceptical, and n.,
sceptic, -ism, n., scepticism.
skeptr, n., scepter.
skis, n., sk etch . -ar, v., to
skiur, n., squirrel. [sketch.
sklav, n., slave.
skol, n., school, -an, a., scholar.
skolopendr, n., centiped;
scolopendra.
skori, n., scoria; dross; slag;
cinder.
skorpion, n., scorpion.
Skot/a, n., Scotland.
skrlbar, v., to write, -ad, n.,
writing; treatise; essay, -ade,
ad., in writing, -asion, n.,
writing, -ator, n., writer.
skribar scku,////// diktat, to
write from dictation.
skroful, n., scrofula, -os, a.,
scrofulous, -ositet, n., scrofu-
lousness.
skrub, n., screw. -ar, v., to
screw.
skrupl, n., scruple, -ar, v., to
scruple, -os (skrupulos), a.,
scrupulous, -ositet (skrupu-
lositet), n., scrupulousness.
skual, n., shark.
skuam, n., scale; squame. -os,
a., scaly; squamous.
skuiptar, v., to sculpture; to
carve; to cut. -asion (skulp-
tur), n., sculp tu re, -ator
(skulptor), n., sculptor.
skum, n., froth; foam; scum.
-ar, v. , to froth ; to foam.
skur, n., axe; hatchet.
skut, n., shield; buckler.
siav, n., Sclave. -ik, a.,Sclavic.
siim, n., slime; mud. -os, a.,
muddy.
siipr, n., sleeper; sill; thresh
old; tie.
siit, n., sleigh.
smaragd, n., emerald.
sobl, n., sable.
sobr, a., sober; temperate, -itet,
n., sobriety; temperance.
sod, n., soda.
sodiak, n., zodiac.
sokl, n., socle.
sol, n. , sun.
sol, a., alone; only; sole, -itet,
n., solitude; solitariness, -e,
ad., only; alone; solely; but.
soldar, v., to solder.
soldat, n., soldier; pawn (in
chess).
soldi, n., Sunday, -an and de s.,
a., Sunday.
sole, n., sole (of foot, shoe, etc.).
solemn, a., solemn, -itet, n.,
solemnity.
solid, a., solid, -eskar, v., to
solidify, -itet, n., solidity.
solidar, a., solidary; jointly and
severally liable, -itet, n. ,
solidarity.
 solisitar—sponde
solisiter, v., to solicit; to be
solicitous.
solo, n., solo.
solvar, v., to loosen; to dis
solve; to solve, -asion (solu-
sion), n., solution.
somit, h., summit,
somni, n., dream, -ar, v., to
dream.
son, n., sound, -ar, v., to sound.
sonat, n., sonata.
sond, n., plummet; sound;
probe, -ar, v. , to sound; to
fathom; to probe.
sonet, n. , sonnet.
sonor, a., sonorous; loud.
son [u liter] sVollanl, sibilant.
soologi, n., zoology, -ik (soo-
logik), a., zoological.
sopran, n., soprano (voice), -ist,
n., soprano (singer).
sord, n., dirt; filth; soil; grime.
-ik, a., dirty; filthy; soiled.
-eskar, v., to become dirty.
-ifikar, v., to soil; to befoul;
to foul; to dirty.
sordid, a., sordid, -itet, n.,
soror, n., sister. [sordidness.
sort, n., sort; kind, -ar, v., to
sort; to assort.
sos, n., sauce; gravy.
sosiabl, a., sociable, -itet, n.,
sociability.
sosial, a., social, -ism, n.,
socialism.
sosietet, n., society; company.
sosis, n., sausage.
sparv, n. , sparrow-hawk.
spasi, n., space; room, -ik
(lokal), a., local, -os, a.,
spacious; roomy.
121
spasm, n., spasm; cramp.
spat, n., spar (min.).
spekt, n., look, -ar, v., to look
(at), -ator, n., spectator.
spektakl, n., spectacle; sight;
play.
spekular, v., to speculate (com
merce).
spend, n., expense; expendi
ture; outlay, -ar, v., to ex
pend; to spend; to lay out; to
disburse.
sperm, n., semen; seed.
spes, n., spice; spices; groceries.
spesial, a., special; especial.
-e, ad., especially; specially.
-itet, n., specialty.
spesif/£, a., specific.
spesifikar, v., to specify.
-asion, n., specification.
spik, n., ear(grain); spike (bot.).
spil, n., pin.
spin, n., thorn, -os, a., thorny.
spinat, n. , spinach.
spion, n., spy. -ar, v., to spy.
spiral, a., spiral.
spirit, n., spirit; ghost, -ik, a.,
spiritual; ghostly, -ism, n.,
spiritism. -ist, n., spiritist.
-os, a., spirited.
spiritual, a., spiritual (opposed
to worldly).
splen, n., spleen.
splender, v., to shine; to be
bright; to be resplendent.
-id, a., shining; bright; splen
did; resplendent, -or, n.,
splendor; brightness ; re
splendence.
sponde, n., spondee. -ik, a.,
spondaic.
122 spongi—stret
spongi, n., sponge. -atr(spon-
gios), a., spongy; sponge-like.
spont an, a., spontaneous, -itet,
n., spontaneousness; sponta
neity.
sporad/£, a., sporadic.
sporn, n., spur.
sport, n., sport.
spris, n., syringe, -ar, v., to
squirt; to syringe.
spnt, n., spirit (liquor), -os, a.,
spirituous.
sput, n., spittle, -ar, v., to spit;
to expectorate.
stab, n., staff (military).
stabil, a., stable, -itet, n., sta
bility.
stadi, n., stadium.
staf, n., stirrup.
stagn, n., pond; pool, -ar, v.,
to stagnate.
stal, n., stable; stall.
stamp, n., stamp, -ar, v., to
stamp.
stan, n., tin; stannum (Sn). -ar,
v., to tin.
stand, n., stand; position; state;
condition, -ar, v., to stand-
to be (do).
standart, n., standard; ensign.
stang, n., pole; bar.
stasion, n., station.
stat, n., state (commonwealth).
statik, n., statics, -al, a.,
static (al).
statistik, n., statistics.
statu, n., statue.
statuar, v., to enact.
statur, n., stature.
statut, n., statute.
stearin, n., stearin.
stel, n., star.
stenograf, n., stenographer.
-ar, v. , to write shorthand.
stenografi, n., stenography.
-ik (stenografik), a., steno
graphic.
step, n., steppe.
steril, a., sterile; unfruitful;
barren.
sterilisar, v., to sterilize.
sternutffr, v. , to sneeze, -asion,
n., sneezing.
stertar, v., to snore.
stigmat, n., stigma; brand, -ik,
a. and n., stigmatic.
stil, n., style (in diction, archi
tecture, painting, chronology).
stimul, n., stimulus, -ar, v. , to
stimulate; to spur on.
stipular, v., to stipulate.
Stir/'a, n., Styria.
stof, n., stuff.
stoik, a., stoic(al). -iker, n.,
stoic.
stokfish, n., stockfish.
stol, n., stole.
stomak, n., stomach.
stop, n., halt; stop; stay, -ar,
v., to halt; to stop; to stay
(remain); to stop up. — ! , i.,
halt ! ; stop !
strad, n., street.
strangl, n., halter (for punish
ment), -ar, v., to strangle.
strat, n., stratum; layer, -ifikar,
v. , to stratify.
strategi, n., strategy, -ik
(strategik), a., strategic.
stret, a., narrow; strait, -ifikar,
v., to narrow. -itet, n., nar
rowness; straitness.
 stri—su-glutinar
stri, n., stripe; streak; stria.
-ar, v. , to stripe; to streak; to
striate. -ed, part. , striped.
strik, n., strike (of workmen).
-ar, v., to strike.
strikt, a., strict.
strof, n., strophe.
stron si uni, n., strontium (Sr).
struktur, n., structure.
strut, n., ostrich.
studi, n., study, -ar, v., to
study, -ant (student), part.,
student.
stuk, n., stucco, -ar, v., to
stucco.
stul, n., chair.
stup, n., tow.
stupid, a., stupid; dull, -eskar,
v., to become stupid. -itet,n.,
stupidity.
sturion, n., sturgeon.
sturn, n., starling.
su, p., on; upon.
suav, n., zouave.
sub, p., under; beneath; under
neath.
subaltern, a., subaltern; sub
ordinate.
subit, a., sudden, -e, ad., sud
denly.
sublim, a., sublime; lofty.
sub- mil</r, v., tosubjec.t; to
submit (trans.).
subordinar, v., to subordinate.
-asion, n., subordination.
sub rUlcr, v. , to smile.
subsidi, n., subsidy.
subsister, v., to subsist.
sub-skribar, v., to subscribe;
to sign.
substans, n., substance.
123
substantiv, n., substantive;
noun.
substituar, v., to substitute; to
replace.
sub-tas, n., saucer.
subterfugi, n., subterfuge.
subtil, a., subtile; fine, -itet,
n., subtilty; fineness.
subtraktar, v., to subtract.
subvertar, v., to subvert; to
overthrow; to upset.
subyekt, n., subject,
subyektiv, a. .subjective, -itet,
n., subjectivity.
sub-yugar, v., to subjugate; to
subdue.
subyunktiv, n., subjunctive.
sud, n., south, -e, ad., in the
south; southerly.
sudar, v. , to sweat; to perspire.
-ad, n., sweat.
sue, pr. , his (own) ; her ( own ) ;
its (own); their (own).
Sued/a, n., Sweden.
sue temp,', ad., at the right
(proper) time; in time; in due
sufiks, n., suffix, [time; duly.
suflsar, v., to suffice, -e, ad.,
sufficiently; enough; pretty;
quite, -ik, a., sufficient.
sufl • , v., to blow, -onar, v., to
snort.
sufokar, v., to suffocate; to
choke; to stifle; to smother.
sufrar, v., to suffer; to endure;
to bear, -asion, n., suffering.
sugar, v., to suck.
sugestar, v., to suggest, -asion
(sugestion), n., suggestion.
su-glutinar, v., to paste on; to
glue on; to stick on..
124 suisidi—tabernakl
suisidi, n., suicide (the act).
-ist, n., suicide (person).
suit, n., suite; retinue.
suk, n., juice; sap. -os, a..,
juicy; sappy.
sukr, n., sugar, -ar, v., to
sugar; to sweeten.
sukseder, v. , to succeed (follow).
sukses, n., success.
suksesion, n., succession.
suksesiv, a., gradual, -e, ad.,
gradually.
sukurs, n., help; succor; aid;
assistance, -ar, v., to help; to
succor; to aid; to assist. — l ,
i., help !
sukus, n., shaking; shock, -ar,
v. , to shake.
sulfur, n., sulphur (S).
sulk, n., furrow; sulcus. -ar, v.,
to furrow.
sultan, n., sultan.
sum, n.,sum; amount. -ar,v.,
to add; to sum up.
sumak, n., sumac,
su metr//, v., to lay on; to put
on; to impose.
suol, n., soil; ground.
sup, n., soup.
supe, n., supper, -ar, v., to sup;
to eat supper.
superb, a., superb.
superfisi, n., surface; super
ficies, -ik (superficial), a. ,
superficial.
superflu, a., superfluous.
superior, a., superior; upper.
-e, ad., above; over, -itet, n.,
superiority.
superior^ de, p., over; above.
superiativ, n., superlative.
supernumerar, a., supernu
merary; surplus.
superstisi, n., superstition, -os,
a., superstitious.
suplik, n., supplication; en
treaty, -ar, v., to supplicate;
to beseech; to implore; to en
treat.
suport, n., support; prop, -ar,
v., to support; to prop.
suposar, v., to suppose; to as
sume; to presume.
suposanteke, c., provided that;
supposingthat; assuming that.
supresar, v., to suppress.
surd, a., deaf; dull; hollow;
dead (of sound), -itet, n.,
deafness.
surogat, n., substitute.
surpasar, v., to surpass; to ex-
surplis, n., surplice. [ceed.
surpris, n., surprise, -ar, v., to
surtut, n., overcoat, [surprise.
suspekt, n., suspicion, -ar, v.,
to suspect.
suspendar, v., to suspend; to
prorogue.
suspir, n., sigh, -ar, v., to sigh.
sustentar, v., to sustain.
svtar, v. , to sew. -ad, n. , seam ;
suture, -atora, n., seamstress.
su ter, on earth; here below.
sval, n., swallow.
svip, n., broom, -ar, v., to
sweep.
tabak, n., tobacco.
tabel, n., table (tabular list).
tabernakl, n., tabernacle.
 tabl—tel-kos 125
tabl, n., table, -er, n., cabinet tapir, n., tapir.
maker; joiner. tar, n., tare (commerce).
tabl^r-ofisin, n., joiner's shop; tarantel, n., tarantella; taran-
cabinet-maker's shop. telle (dance).
taft, n., taffeta. tarantul, n., tarantula.
taks, n., rate. —ar, v., to ap lard, a., late; tardy, -e, ad.,
praise; to rate; to tax. -asion, tardily; late.
n., appraisal, -ator, n., ap tarif, n., tariff.
praiser. tarok, n., taroc; tarot.
takt, n., time; measure (music). tart, n., tart.
-ar, v. , to beat time. tartr, n., tartar; argol.
taktik, n., tactics. j tas, n., cup.
tal, pr., such, -e, ad., so; thus. tasiturn, a., taciturn, -itet, n.,
talar, n., gown; robe; cassock. taciturnity.
tateke, c., so that. tatar, n., Tartar, -ia, n., Tar-
\a\e long^ ke, c. , as long as. tary. -ik, a., Tartar; Tarta-
talemultfoa, ad.,somanytimes. taur, n., bull. [rian.
talent, n., talent. te, n., tea.
tali, n., cut; shape; figure. te-, prefix forming words cor
talier, n., tailor. relative with the interrogative
talisman, n., talisman. words formed by means of the
talium, n., thallium (Tl). prefix ke-.
talon, n., heel. teatr, n., theater.
taip, n., mole (animal). tekzMse, ad., for that reason; be
talr, n., thaler. cause of that; thence.
tamarind, n., tamarind. teknik, n., technics, -al, a.,
tambur, n., drum, -ar, v., to technical.
drum. teknologi, n. , technology.
tampon, n., stopper; cork, -ar, teksar, v., to weave, -ator, n.,
v., to cork; to stopper; to stop. weaver, -eri, n., weaving-mill.
tanar, v., to tan. -ator, n., tan tekst, n., text.
ner, -eri, n., tannery. tekstil, a., textile.
tangent, n., tangent, -ik, a., tekt, n., roof, -ar, v., to roof.
tangent. tel, pr. d., the one; that.
tanin, n., tannin. telefon, n., telephone, -ar, v.,
taut, pr., so much; so many. to telephone.
-e, ad., so much; so greatly; telegraf, n., telegraph, -ad
so very; to such a degree. (telegram), n., telegram. -ist,
tanta, n., aunt. n., telegraphist; telegrapher.
tantal, n., tantalum (Ta). teleskop, n., telescope.
tapet, n., carpet. tel-kos, pr. d., that thing; that.
126 teloke—timon
teloike, ad., there; yonder.
telur, n., tellurium (Te).
tem, n., theme.
temer, a., rash; temerarious.
-itet, n., temerity; rashness.
temp, n., time.
temp^—temp^, ad., now -then;
sometimes sometimes.
temperament, n., tempera-
ment; temper.
temperatur, n., temperature.
tempest, n., weather.
tempestad, n., storm.
tempi, n., temple.
tempor, n., temple (of head).
temporal, a., temporal.
temporar, a., temporary, -e,
ad. , temporarily.
tenar, v., to hold; to keep.
tenar sekrete, to keep secret.
terms, a., tenacious, -itet, n.,
tenacity.
tendar, v. tr. , to stretch.
tendens, n., tendency.
tendon, n., tendon; sinew.
tendar pavilion, to pitch (erect)
tendr, a., tender; mild, [a tent.
tendr, n., tender (of locomo
tive).
tenor, n., tenor (voice), -ist,
n., tenor (person).
tentar, v., to tempt, -asion, n.,
temptation, -ator, n., tempter.
tenu, a., thin, -itet, n., thin
ness; tenuity.
teologi, n., theology; divinity.
-ik, a., theological, -ist, n.,
theologian; divine.
teori, n., theory, -ik (teoretik),
a., theoretical, teoretik^r, n.,
+heorist.
tepid, a., tepid; lukewarm.
ter, n., earth.
teras, n., terrace, -ar, v., to
terrace.
terebentin, n., turpentine.
teren, n., larfd (opposed to
water ) .
terestr, a., earthly; terrestrial.
teribl, a., terrible.
teritori, n., territory, -ik (teri-
torial), a., territorial.
term, n., (technical) term.
termin, n., term (space of time);
time.
termo-, prefix signifying heat.
tenno-metr, n., thermometer.
termotemp, n., summer.
teror, n., terror; fright, -ar, v.,
to terrify; to frighten.
ters, nr., third.
tes, n., thesis
TesalM, n., Thessaly.
testament, n., will; testament.
-ar, v., to will; to make a will,
tetan, n., tetanus, -ik, a.,
tetanic.
tetempe, ad., then; at that time.
tibi, n., shinbone; tibia.
tif, n., typhus.
tigr, n., tiger.
tikar, v., to tick.
tiket, n., ticket.
tili, n., linden, -ik andzfe t.,
a., linden.
tim, n., thyme.
tlmar, v., to fear; to dread, -or,
n., fear; dread, -id, a., timid;
fearful, -iditet, n., timidity.
-idifikar, v., to intimidate.
timon, n., wagon-pole; thi 1 1 ;
shaft.
 tine—trans-donar
tine, n., moth.
tint, n., ink; dye. -ar, v., to
tint; to dye. -ator, n., dyer.
-eri, n., dye-house. -ad, n.,
tint.
tintinar, v. intr., to ring.
tintur, n., tincture.
tip, n., type.
tipograf, n., typographer;
printer.
tirar, v., to draw; to drag; to
pull; to haul.
tiran, n., tyrant, -ik, a., tyran
nical.
Tirol, n., Tyrol.
titan, n., titanium (Ti).
titilar, v., to tickle.
titmes, n., titmouse; tomtit.
titubar, v., to stagger. -asion,
n., titubation; staggering.
titul, n., title. -ar, v., to title;
to style; to entitle.
toalet, n., toilet.
tog, n., toga.
tolen/r, v., to tolerate.
tom, n., tome; volume.
tomat, n., tomato.
tomb, n., tomb.
tombak, n., tombac; tombak;
pinchbeck.
ton, n., tone; key. -ar, v., to
sound.
toner, n., thunder, -ar, v., to
thunder.
ton prim, first tone; prime.
tonsar, v., to shear, -ator, n.,
shears; scissors.
ton sekund, second.
topas, n., topaz.
topograf, n., topographer.
torf, n., turf; peat.
127
torium, n., thorium (Th).
tork, n., torch.
torment, n., torment. -ar, v.,
to torment.
tornar, v. tr., to turn (in a
lathe), -ator, n., turner.
torpedo, n., torpedo.
torsar, v. tr., to twist; to twine;
to coil.
tort, n., wrong.
tortu, n., tortoise; turtle.
tortur, n., torture, -ar, v., to
torture.
tost, n., toast; health, -ar, v.,
to toast; to propose a health.
total, a., total, -e, ad., totally;
wholly; altogether; quite.
-itet, n., totality.
total^ no, ad. , by no means;
certainly not; not at all.
tradision, n., tradition.
tradit, n., treachery, -ar, v., to
betray.
tradukar, y. , to translate, -asion
(traduksion), n., translation.
tradukar in [lingu] german,
to translate into German.
tragedi, n., tragedy.
trag«£, a., tragic; tragical.
trake, n., trachea; windpipe.
traktar, v., to treat, -asion, n.,
treatment. •
traktu, n., train; trail, -ar, v.,
to trail; to drag.
tram, n., tramway.
trankil, a., tranquil; still; quiet.
trans, p., across; beyond; over.
transaksion, n., transaction.
trans-donar, v., to give over;
to transfer; to convey; to de
liver.
128 trans-fluar—tropik de kaprikorn

trans-fluar, v., to overflow; to tri, nr., three.

run over. tri-, prefix signifying tri-,
transjt, n., transit. three-.
transitiv, a., transitive. /r/angul, n., triangle.
trans-metar, v. , to lay over; to tribu, n., tribe.
put over. tribut, n., tribute.
trans-mltar h e r e d e , to be tri-des, nr., thirty.
queath; to leave. trifoll, n., clover.
transparent, a., transparent. trikot, n., knit-goods, -ar, v.,
transpirar, v., to perspire; to to knit.
transpire. trili, n., trill, -ar, v., to trill.
trans-pontar, v., to bridge; to trilion, nr., trillion (1,000,000,-
bridge over; to build a bridge. 000,000).
transport, n., transportation. trinitet, n., trinity.
-ar, v., to transport; to con trio, n. , trio.
vey, -abl, a., transportable. j triped, n., tripod.
transversal, a., transverse, -e, tripl, nr., triple; threefold;
ad., transversely. treble.
trap, n., trap; snare; pitfall. trisikl, n., tricycle.
trapes, n., trapezium, trist, a., sad; sorrowful, -itet,
tras, n., trace; track, -ar, v., n., sadness.
to trace; to track. triturar, v., to crush; to tritu
trasar medlu plketi, to stake rate.
out. triumf, n., triumph, -ar, v., to
trat, n., draft (finance). triumph, -ator, n., triumpher.
trav, n., beam (timber). tro, ad., too (overmuch).
travesti, n., travesty, -ar, v., trofe, n., trophy.
to travesty. troke, n., trochee, -ik, a.,
treliaj, n., trellis; lattice. trochaic.
trembl, n., aspen. trombon, n., trombone.
tremblar, v. , to tremble; to trompet, n., trumpet, -ar, v.,
shake; to quajce. to trumpet.
tren, n., train (railroad). tron, n., throne.
trepan, n., trepan, -ar, v., to tronk, n., trunk (stem), -ar,
trepan. v., to truncate. -et, n., stalk,
trepidar, v. , to t r e m b 1 e with trop, n., trope; figure, -ik, a..,
fear; to be afraid, -asion, n., figurative.
trepidation. tropik, n., tropic, -ia, n., the
tres, n., tress; braid; plait, -ar, tropics, -ian, a., tropical.
v., to braid; to plait. tropik de kaprikorn, tropic of
tresor, n., treasure. Capricorn.
 tropik de krev— umbilik
tropik de krev, tropic of Can
cer.
trot, n., trot; trotting, -ar, v.,
to trot.
trotoar, n., sidewalk.
trufl, n., truffle.
truit, n., trout.
trup, n., troop; band; flock.
tru\ar, v., to find.
tsar, n., czar.
tsigan, n., gypsy.
tu, pr., thou (in literal transla
tion).
tub, n., tube; pipe; flue.
tuber, n., tuber; bulb; knob.
-os, a., knobby; protuberant;
bulbous, -ositet, n. , protuber
ance; tuberosity.
tuberkl, n., tubercle, -os, a.,
tuberculous.
tue, pr., thy; thine.
tuf, n., tuft; bunch.
tul, n., tulle.
tulip, n., tulip.
tumor, n., tumor; swelling.
-ar, v., to swell.
tumultu, n., tumult; uproar;
riot; hubbub, -ar, v., to make
a tumult; to cause an uproar;
to riot.
tun, n., tun; ton.
tunel, n., tunnel.
tur, n., t ou r ; t r ip. -ist, n.,
tourist.
turbar, v. , to disturb ; to trouble.
turban, n., turban.
turi, n., tower; rook (in chess).
turk, a., Turkish, -ia, n.,
Turkey.
turmalin, n., tourmalin(e);
schorl.
129
turnar, v.tr., to turn.
turnir, n., tournament.
tus, n., cough, -ar, v., to cough.
tutar, v., to be guardian to; to
exercise tutelage over, -et,
n., body of guardians.
tutor, n., tutor; guardian.
u
u, c., or.
-u, suffix forming derivative
prepositions.
uest, n., west, -ik, a., west ;
western, -e, ad., in the west;
uiski, n., whisky. [westerly.
ul, n., owl.
ulan, n., uhlan; lancer.
ulm, n., elm.
uin, n., elbow; ell.
uiser, n., ulcer; sore, -ar, v.,
to ulcerate; to fester, -ad, n.,
pus; matter.
ulterior, a., ulterior; further;
farther; that; thither, -e, ad.,
further; on that side; on the
thither side.
ulterior^ de, p., on that side of;
on the thither side of; beyond.
ultim, a., last; ultimate, -foa,
ad., (at) the last time/
ultimat, n., ultimatum.
ultra, p., beyond; above; over;
more than.
ultra-, -prefix signifying some
thing excessive, ultra-.
ultramarin, n., ultramarine.
ultravlolet, a., ultra-violet.
ulular, v., to howl.
umbilik, n., navel. <1!, a., um
bilical.
130 un—vagabund
un, nr., one. -itet, n., unity ;
oneness.
unanim, a., unanimous, -e, ad.,
unanimously, -itet, n., una
nimity.
undul, n., wave, -ar, v., to un
dulate; to wave.
ungu, n., nail (of hand or foot).
unguent, n., unguent; oint
ment; salve, -ar, v., to anoint.
ungu masiv, hoof.
unlii , v., to unite.
uniform, n., uniform, -ar, v.,
to uniform.
unik, a., unique; single.
unikorn, n., unicorn.
union, n., union.
unison, n., unison, -ik, a., uni
son, -e, ad., in unison.
univers, n., universe.
universal, a., universal.
universitet, n., university.
un — otr, pr. ind., (the) one —
(the) other.
un vising otr, next each other.
-upl, suffix used with a cardinal
number to form a multiplica
tive; it is used also with the
word mult.
ur, n., aurochs; urochs; (Eu
ropean) bison.
uragan, n., hurricane; tempest.
uran, n., uranium (U).
urb, n., city.
ureter, n., ureter.
uretr, n., urethra.
urgar, v. , to urge, -ant (urgent),
part., urgent; pressing.
urin, n., urine, -ar, v., to
urinate.
urin-vesik, n., bladder.
urn, n., urn.
urs, n., bear.
urtik, n., nettle.
us, n., use; usage, -ar, v., to
use; to employ, -abl, a.,
usable; serviceable, -ablitet,
n., usableness; serviceable-
ness. -asion, n., use (act of
using).
usk, p., until; till; unto; to.
usk ke, c., until.
usk sitempe, ad., hitherto;
until now.
usufruktu, n., usufruct, -ar,
v., to usufruct; to enjoy the
usufruct of.
usur, n., usury. -ar, v., to prac
tise usury, -er, n., usurer.
usurper, v. , to usurp, -ator, n. ,
usurper.
utensil, n., utensil.
utensil/ de dom, household
utensils.
utensil/ de ekles, church fur
niture.
utensil/ de hort, garden tools.
util, a., useful, -itet, n., utility;
usefulness; use.
ut ilis,/r, v., to utilize.
utopia, n., Utopia; utopia; -ik,
a., Utopian, -ist, n., utopian.
u—u, c., either— or.
V
vad, n., ford. -ar, v., to ford;
to wade.
vafr, n., wafer; waffle.
vag, a., vague; indefinite.
vagabund, n., vagabond; va
grant, -ar, v., to vagabondize.

vaglar, v., to cry; to whine; to
whimper. [vagina.
vagin, n., sheath; scabbard;
vagon, n., car; railroad car.
vaka, n., cow.
vakans, n., vacation.
vaksin, n., cow-pox, -ar, v. , to
vaccinate, -asion, n., vaccina
tion.
vaku, a., vacant; empty: void.
-ifikar, v., to clear, -itet, n.,
emptiness; vacuity; vacancy;
val, n., valley; vale; dale. [void.
valar, v., to be worth; to have
value; to be worth while [it
val, it is worth while] -id, a.,
valid, -iditet, n., validity, -or,
n., value; worth.
Valak/W, n., Wallachia.
valerian, n., valerian.
vais, n., waltz, -ar, v., to waltz.
valut, n., value; valuation.
valv, n., valve.
vampir, n., vampire.
van, a., vain; futile, -e, ad.,
vainly ; in vain, -itet, n . ,
vanity.
vanad, n., vanadium (V).
vandal, n., vandal, -ism, n.,
vandalism.
vanel, n. , lapwing; peewit;
vanili, n., vanilla. [plover.
vapor, n., steam; vapor, -ar,
v., to steam (tr. and intr.)
variar, v. tr. , to vary; to change.
-asion, n., variation; change
-abl, a., variable; changeable.
-ablitet, n., variability; varia
bleness; changeableness. -os,
a., various, -ositet, n., variety;
variousness.
- ven 131
varietet, n. , v a r i e t y (of a
species).
varlar kaval/, to change horses.
vari-kolor, n., variegation, -ik,
a., variegated.
variol, n., smallpox; variola.
vas, n., vase; vessel.
vasal, n., vassal.
vas -fragment, n., shard; pot
sherd.
vasilar, v., to vacillate; to
waver.
vast, a., vast.
vat, n., wadding; padding.
vatikan, n., Vatican, -ik, a.,
ve ! , i., woe ! [Vatican.
ve a mi I woe to me !
vegetar, v., to vegetate, -asion,
n., vegetation, -abl, a., vege
table, [(plant).
vegetabil, n., herb; vegetable
vegetari, n., vegetable food;
vegetable diet, -an, a. and n.,
vegetarian, -anism, n., vege
tarianism.
vehement, a., vehement, -itet
(vehemens), n., vehemence.
vehikl, n., vehicle, -ar, v., to
ride; to drive.
vekser, v., to vex; to plague; to
harass; to tease.
vel, n., veil, -ar, v., to veil.
velkom, n., welcome, -ar, v.,
to welcome.
velos, a., swift; speedy, -e, ad.,
swiftly; speedily, -itet, n.,
velocity; swiftness.
velosiped, n., velocipede, -ist,
n., velocipedist.
velut, n., velvet.
ven, n., vein.
132 \enar—vespr
ven/w, v., to hunt, -ad, n., verdikt, n., verdict.
hunt; chase, -ator, n., hunter; verg, n., rod; wand.
huntsman. verm, n., worm.
vend, n., sale. -ar, v., to sell. ver^-ma, truly— but; indeed—
-ad, n., sale(s) (trade, busi but.
ness). vermilion, n., vermilion.
vondrdi, n., Friday, -an and vermin, n., vermin.
de v., a., Friday. verriis, n., varnish, -ar, v., to
venen, n., poison; venom, -ar, varnish.
v., to poison, -os, a., poison vers, n., verse; line, -ifikar, v.,
ous; venomous. -ositet, n., \ersar, v., to pour. [to versify.
poisonousness; venomousness. version, n., version.
venerar, v., to venerate, -asion, versu, p.', toward(s).
n., veneration . -ator, n., versu anterior^, ad. , toward the
venerator, -abl, a., venerable. front; forward.
-ablitet, n., v en er a bility; versu dors, ad., toward the
venerableness. rear; backward; back.
venier, v., to come. versu est, ad., toward the east;
venison, n., venison. easterly; eastward.
vent, n., wind, -ar, v., to blow; versu flank, ad., toward the
to be windy, -os, a., windy. side; sideways; sidewise.
ventilar, v., to ventilate, -asion, versu nord, ad., toward the
n., ventilation, -ator, n., ven north; northerly; northward.
tilator. versu srtoke, ad., hitherward;
ventol, n., fan. -ar, v. , to fan. in this direction.
ventr, n., belly, -os, a., bellied; versu sud, ad., toward the
ventricose; ventricous. south; southerly; southward.
ver, a., true, -ifikar, v., to versu uest, ad., toward the
verify, -ifikasion, n., verifica west; westerly; westward.
tion, -itet, n., truth; verity. vertebr, n., vertebra.
veras, a., veracious; truthful. vertigin, n., vertigo; dizziness.
-e, ad., truly; indeed, -itet, -os, a., dizzy; vertiginous.
n., veracity; truthfulness. j vertikal, a., vertical; upright.
verb, n., verb. , vertis, n., vertex; crown.
verb auksiliar, intransitiv, j veruk, n., wart.
refleksiv, t r a n s i t i^v , aux vesik, n., vesicle; blister;
iliary verb, intransitive verb, bubble; bladder.
reflexive v., transitive v. vesp, n., wasp.
verd, a., green, -atr, a., green vespertili, n., bat.
ish. -eskar,v., to become vespr, n., evening, -e, ad., in
green. the evening.
 vest—visier
vest, n., garment, -ar, v., to
clothe; to dress; to attire; to
vest; to invest.
Vestfal/a, n., Westphalia.
vestibul, n., vestibule.
vest-sak, n., pocket.
veteran, n., veteran.
veto, n., veto.
via, n., way.
via, p., by way of; via.
vlbrar, v., to vibrate, -asion,
n., vibration.
vidu, a., widowed, -o, n.,
widower, -a, n., widow -itet,
n , widowhood, -eskar, v., to
be (become) widowed.
vigilar, v., to watch; to be
awake, -ant, part., vigilant;
watchful; alert; awake, and
n., watchman. -eskar, v., to
wake; to wake up; to waken;
to awake; to awaken, -ifikar,
v , to wake; to wake up;
to waken; to awake; to
awaken.
vigor, n., vigor -ar, v., to in
vigorate; to strengthen, -os,
a., vigorous. -ositet, n., vigor-
ousness.
vikar, n. , vicar; vicegerent.
-ar, v. , to act as vicar or vice
gerent.
viktint, n., victim; sacrifice.
-ar, v. , to immolate ; to sacri
fice.
viktor, n., victor.
viktori, n., victory, -ar, v., to
be victorious; to vanquish; to"
defeat; to overcome, -os, a.,
victorious.
viktual, n. , victuals.
133
vil, a., wort hless. -itet, a.,
worthlessness.
vila, n., villa.
vilaj, n., village.
vilan, a., nasty; vile.
vin, n., wine.
vindikar, v., to avenge, -asion,
n., vengeance; revenge.
vinegr, n., vinegar.
viniet, n., vignette.
violar, v., to violate; to trans
gress; to infringe, -asion, n.,
violation; transgression; in
fringement.
viola, n., viola: tenor violin.
violet, n., violet (flower).
violet, a., violet; violet-colored.
violin, n., violin; fiddle, -ist,
n., violinist.
violoncel, n., violoncello.
vipr, n., viper.
vir, n., man.
virgin, a., virginal . -a, n.,
virgin; maiden, -itet, n., vir
ginity.
Virtemberg, n., Wurtemberg.
virtu, n., virtue -os, a., vir
tuous
virtuoso, n , virtuoso, -a, n.,
virtuosa.
vis, n., sight; eyesight; vision.
-ar, y., to see. -abl (visibl),
a., visible.
vise-, prefix signifying a person
taking the place of another;
subordinate; vice-.
z'/Vdirektor, n., vice-director.
z^'wpresident, n., vice-presi
dent.
visi, n., vice, -os, a., vicious.
visier, n., visor.
134 visin —yak
visin, a, neighboring. -itet,
n., neighborhood; vicinity, -o,
-a, n., neighbor (masc. and
fern.), -e, ad., in the vicinity;
close by. -u, p. , in the vicinity
of; beside.
vision, n., vision (supernatural).
visit, n., visit. -ar, v., to visit.
vist, n , whist.
vit, n., life.
vital, a., vital. -ilet, n., vitality.
vitr, n., glass, -er, n., glazier.
-ik, a., glass; vitreous, -atr,
a., glassy, -eskar, v., to vitri
fy (intrans.). -eskablitet, n.,
vitrifiability. -ifikar, v., to
vitrify (trans.).
vitriol, n., vitriol.
vivar, v., to live, -ik, a., alive;
living.
vivas, a , vivacious; lively, -e,
ad , vivaciously. -itet, n.,
vivacity; liveliness.
vlvar luksur^, to luxuriate;
to live extravagantly.
vo, pr. , you (sing.) -i, pr., you
(plur.).
Voges/ (mont/), n., Vosges
Mountains.
vok, n., voice, -ar, v., to call;
to cry. -asioil, n., call; cry;
vocation.
vokabl, n., vocable; term.
vokal, n., vowel.
vokal intermediar, inter-
mediary vowel; modified
vowel.
vokal klar, clear vowel.
vok bas, bass.
vol, n., fl igh t . -ar, v., to fly.
-etar, v., to flit; to flutter.
volapukan v., to speak Vola-
piik.
vol fram, n., wolfram (W).
volkan, n., volcano.
volontar, a., voluntary, -e, ad.,
voluntarily; willingly, -o, n.,
volunteer.
volt, n., vault (arch), -ar, v., to
vault (arch). [vault.
voltij, n., vaulting, -ar, v., to
volu, n., will, -ar, v., to will.
voluntin, n., volume; bulk, -os,
a., voluminous. -ositet, n.,
voluminousness.
voluptu, n., voluptuousness.
-os, a., voluptuous, -er, n.,
voluptuary.
vomar, v., to vomit, -asion, n.,
vomit; vomiting. [voracity.
voras, a., voracious. -itet, n.,
vort, n., vortex; eddy; whirl.
-ar, v., to whirl; to eddy.
vostr, pr., your; yours (plur.).
vot, n., vote, -ar, v. , to vote.
votiv, a., votive.
votr, pr., your; yours (sing.).
vov, n., vow. -ar, v., to vow.
voyaj, n., journey, -ar, v., to
journey; to travel, -er, n.,
traveler.
vuigar, a., vulgar: common.
vuiner, n., wound, -ar, v , to
wound, -abl, a , vulnerable.
-asion, n., wounding.
vuip, n , fox.
vultur, n., vulture.
ya, ad., already.
yak, n , jacket.
 yakt—yuvent
yakt, n., yacht.
yanuaf, n., January.
Yapon/a, n., Japan.
yaslar, v., to lie (be situated).
ye, c. , yet; nevertheless; how-
yelb, a., yellow. [ever; still.
yok, n., joke; jest, -ar, v., to
joke; to jest. -os, a., jocose;
jesting.
yovdi, n., Thursday, -an and
de y., a., Thursday.
yovial, a. , jovial, -itet, n. ,
joviality; jovialness.
yubil, n., jubilation; exultation.
-ar, v., to rejoice; to exult; to
jubilate, -er, n., jubilarian.
-ad, n., jubilee.
yuda//', a., Jewish; Judaic, -n,
a., Jew. -ism, n., Judaism.
yudlkar, v. , to judge (in law).
-^ator, n., judge, -asion, n.,
judgment (act of judging).
-ad, n., judgment; decision;
sentence.
yudisi, n., judgment (product
of mental act of judging).
-ar, v., to judge, -asion, n.,
judgment (mental act).
yug, n., yoke.
yukund, a., jocund; glad; joy
ful.
yuli, n., July, -an and de y.,
a., July.
yun, a., young, -ifikar, v. , to
rejuvenate, -itet, n., youth-
fulness.
yuni, n., June, -an and de y.,
a., June.
135
yunior, a., junior; younger.
yunipr, n., juniper.
yun-kaval, n., foal; colt.
yunktar, v., to join; to hitch
up (horses), -e, ad., jointly;
conjointly; together.
yun-ran, n., tadpole.
yup, n., petticoat.
yur, n., right; law. -ist, n.,
jurist, -istik, a., juristic;
juristical.
yurar, v. , to swear; to take an
oath. -ad, n., oath. -ade, ad.,
on oath. -0,n., juror, -/, n.,
jurors; jury, -ifikar, v. , to
swear (any oneV
yurldik, a., juridic; juridical;
rightful; lawful, -e, ad.,
rightly; of right.
yurisdiksion, n., jurisdiction.
y urisprudens, n.,jurispru-
dence.
yust, a., just; right; righteous.
-itet, n., justice; justness;
right; righteousness -ifikar,
v., to justify; to vindicate, -e,
ad., just; exactly; precisely.
yuste el sem, pr., the very
same; just the same.
yustis, n., justice (administra
tion of justice).
yuste it sem, pr., the very
same (thing); just the same
(thing).
yuste .M'temp^, ad., just now.
yut, n., jute.
yuvel,n., jewel, -er, n., jeweler.
yuvent, n., youth (time).
 ENGLISH— NEUTRAL.
a, art., see § 4 of Grammar.
a day; a month, etc., in diurn;
in mens e s.; e. g. twice a
month = dufoa in mens.
abandon, v., abandon^/•.
abase, v., basifikar.
abash, v., pudifikar.
abate, v., rabatar.
abbess, n., abate.
abbe\-, n., abateri.
abbot, n., abat.
abbreviate, v., abreviar.
abbreviation, n., abrevias/on.
abdicate, v., abdike/
abdication, n., abdlkasion.
abdomen, n., abdomin.
abduct, v., rapter.
abduction, n., rapt.
aberrate, v., aberer.
aberration, n., aberasion.
abhor, v., abomirwr.
abide, v., permanar (last).
ability, n., kapabl//rf.
abjure, v., abyuiw.
ablative, n., ablativ.
able, a., kapabl.
able, be, v., potesiir (can).
abolish, v., anular.
abominable, a., aboming/.
abominate, v.,abominar.
abomination, n., abomlnasion.
abound, v., abundar.
about, ad., sirka. [(around).
about, p., di (concerning); sirka
above, ad., superior^.
above, p., superior^ de (over);
ultra (beyond),
abridge, v., abreviar.
abridgment, n.,
abroad, n., ekstr/a (foreign
parts).
abrogate, v., anular.
abscess, n,, abses.
absence, n., absentnW (absens).
absent, a., absent.
absinthium, n., absint.
absolute, a., absolut.
absolution, n., absolvasion (ab-
solusion).
absolutism, n., absolut/sw.
absolve, v., absolvar.
absorb, v,, absorber.
absorbed in thought, be, me-
dltar prof und/ di kk.
abstain, v., abstin n .
abstemious, a., abstinent.
abstinence, n., abstinent//rf
(abstinens).
abstinent, a., abstinent.
abstract, a., abstrakt.
abstract, v., abstraktar.
absurd, a., absurd.
absurdity, n., absurditet.
abundance, n., abundad.
abuse, n., misus (misuse); in-
yuri (railing),
abuse, v., misusar (misuse); in-
yurlar (rail at),
abyss, n., abism.
Abyssinia, n., Abisin/a.
138 acacia—acute
acacia, n., akasia.
academic, a., akademian.
academician, n., akademi/n/.
academy, n., akademi.
accelerate, v., akselerar.
acceleration, n., akselerasion.
accent, n., aksent (mark);
aksentuasion (accentuation),
accent, accentuate, v., ak-
sentuar.
accentuation, n., aksentua«Vw.
accept, v., aksept</r.
acceptance, n., aksept.
accident. n., aksident.
accidentally, ad. , aksident^.
acclaim, v., aklamar.
acclamation, n., aklamasion.
accommodate, v., a k o m o d <r /•
(adapt),
accommodate one's self, v.,
akomodar se (submit),
accommodation, n., akomod</-
sion (adaptation).
accompany, v., kompanar (at
tend); esar ad-yunkt^rf (be
subjoined),
accomplish, v., efektuar (effect);
eksekutar (execute).
accord, n., akord.
accord, v., akorder (agree);
konseslonor (grant).
accordingly, ad., sikause
according to, p., sekuantu.
account. n., kont (reckoning);
TKUrasion (narration),
account of, on, p., kausw.
account of, to the, p., a kont de.
accredit, v., akreditar.
accumulate, v., akiminl.// .
accumulation, n., alulmulasion.
"ccumulator, n., akumulator.
accuracy, n.,
accurate, a. , akurat.
accusatival, accusati ve , a.,
akusativ/£.
accusative, n., akusativ.
accuse, v., akusar.
accustom, v., kuslomK/ .
ace, n., as (cards).
acerb, a., aserb.
ache, n., dolor.
achieve, v., per-fasiar.
acid, a., asid.
acid, n., as kl /?/-/.
acidity, n., aslditet,
acknowledge, v. , konfesar.
acoustics, n., akustik.
acquaintance of, make the, v. ,
acquainted with, be, v.,
konosar.
acquainted with, become, v. ,
konoseskar.
acquire, v , obtenar.
acrid, a., aserb.
across, p., trans.
act, n., akt.
act, v., akter (do); prosedar
(proceed); funksionar (func
tion).
action, n., akt.
active, a., aktiv.
active voice, the active, n.,
aktiv.
activity, n., aktlvitet.
actor, n., aktor.
actress, n., aktore.
actual, a., aktual.
actuality, n., aktualitet.
actuate, v. , motivar.
acute, a., akut (sharp); sagas
(sagacious).
 acuteness —Africa
acuteness, n., sagasitet (sagac
ity); akutitet (sharpness).
adage, n., aforism.
adapt, v., akomodar (accom
modate ) .
adaptation, n., akomodi/.sw//
(accommodation)
add, v., sumar (sum up); ad-
yunktar (subjoin).
address, n., adrcs (direction);
apostrofarf (speech).
address. v., adresar (direct) ;
apostrofar (speak to).
adherent, n., partlsan.
adieu ! , i., a Deo !
adjectival, adjective, a., ad-
yektiv/£.
adjective, n., adyektiv.
adjourn, v. , adiiirnar (trans.).
adjudge, v., ad-yudikar.
adjudicate, v., ad yudiker.
adjust v., adyustar.
adjutant, n., adyutant.
administer, v. , administn/r.
administration, n., adminis-
trasion.
administrator, n., adminis
tra/or.
admirable, a., admiraW.
admiral, n., admiral.
admiralty, n., admiralitet.
admiration, n., admlrasion.
admire, v., admirar.
admit, v. , admitar (tolerate).
admix, v., mlksar.
admonish, v. , monitar.
admonition, n., monit.
adopt, v., adoptar.
adorable, a , adorabl.
adoration, n., adorasion.
adore, v. . adorar.
139
adorer, n., adoratoi:
adorn, v., ornamentar.
adult, a., adult.
adultery, commit, v. , adulterer.
advance, v. intr. , avanser.
advance, in, ad., avans^.
advance (money), v., presto-
advantage, n., profit.
advantage of, for the, p., pr.ofitw.
adventure, n., aventur.
adverb, n., adverb.
adversary, n., adverser.
adverse, a., advers.
adversity, n., ad\ersiM.
advertise, v., inserar (in paper).
advice, n., konsili (counsel);
avis (information).
advisable, a., konsili^///.
advise, v., konsiliar (counsel);
avlsar (inform).
advise against v. , de-konsilier.
advocate, n., advokat (lawyer).
affability, n., afabl/A/.
affable, a., afabl.
affair, n., afer.
affect, v., afektar (pretend).
affection, n., afekt (feeling) ;
afeksion (inclination).
affiance, n., flansasion.
affiance, v. , flansar.
affirm, v., afirmer
affirmation, n., attrmasion.
afflict, v., afliktar.
affliction, n., afliksion.
afford, v., furner (furnish).
affront, n., inyuri.
affront, v., inyuriur.
afoot, ad.. pedV.
afraid, be, v., trepidar.
Africa, n., Afrik.
140 after—allegoric
after, p., po.
after, c., po ke.
afternoon, in the, ad., po-medi-
diuiw.
afterwards, ad., posterior^.
again, ad., denove.
against. p., kontr (opposed to);
ad (at).
agate, n., agat.
age, ii.,ansian//r/ (ancientness).
age, v. intr., anstaneskar.
agency, n., agensi.
agent, n., agent.
agglutinate, v., ad-glutinar.
aggravate, v., plu-malijikar.
aggregate, n., kompleks.
aggregate, v., faslar sum de
(amount to).
agile, a., agil.
agio, n., ajio.
agitate, v., agitar.
agitation, n., agitasion.
agitator, n., agltator.
ago, ad., ante (five years ago
ante kui iik anul).
agony, n., agoni.
agree, v., paktar (make com
pact); akordar (accord);
akordar se (be on good terms),
agreeable, a., agreabl.
agreeableness, n., agreabl/Vrf.
agreement, n., akord (accord);
pakt (compact); konvension
(convention).
agriculture, n., agrikultur.
ah!, i., a!
aid, n., sukurs.
aid, v., sukursar.
aid of, by the, p., ko sukurs de.
aim, n., but (goal),
aim, v., butar.
aim at, v. , butar.
air, n., aer (atmosphere); aria
(tune).
air-tight, a., hermet/£.
alabaster, n., alabastr.
alarm, n., alarm.
j alarm, y., alarmer.
! alas ! , i., regrete /
; alb, n., alb.
Albania, n., Alban/a.
album, n., albom. [mist).
alchemist, n., alklmhV (alki-
alchemistic, a., tMilmlistik (al-
kimistik).
alchemy, n., alkimi.
alcohol, n., alkohol.
alcove, n., alkov.
alder, u., aln.
ale-house, n., blreri.
alembic, n., alambik.
alert, a., vlgllant.
alfenid(e). n., alfenid.
algebra, n., aigebra.
algebraic, a., aigebra/*.
Algeria, n., Aljer/a.
alien, a., alien/£.
alienate, v., alienar.
alienation, n., allenasion.
\ alien country (land), n.,alien/a.
alight, v., desendar.
aliment, n., ailment.
• alimental, a., aliment6>s.
alimentation, n., allmentaswn.
alive, a., viv/*.
alkali, n., alkali.
alkaline, a., alkali/7-.
all, a., omni.
all (one's) life, ad., pro-vit^.
all the time, ad., in omni temp.
allegoric(al), a., alegori/£ (ale-
gorik).
 allegory—analogous
allegory, n., alegori.
alley, n., ale.
alley-like, a., aleatr.
alliance, n , alians.
alligator, n., aligator.
allow. v., permltar.
allowed, be, v.. aver permit a.
allude, v., itlut.l</r.
allure, v., alektar.
allurement, n., alektasion.
allusion, n., aladasion.
almanac, n., almanak.
almond, n., mand.
almost, ad., kuasi.
alms, n., almosin.
aloe, n., aloe.
aloft, ad., a superior^.
alone, a., sol.
alone, ad., sole.
along, p., long«.
alphabet, n., alfabet.
Alps, n., Aip/.
already. ad., ya.
Alsace, n., Aisas/a.
also, /:.. et.
altar, n., altar.
alter, v. tr., mutar.
alternate, v. , alternar.
alternation, n., altern/mow.
alternative, n., alternativ.
although, c., negllgante ke.
altitude, n., altitet.
altogether, ad., totalr (quite).
alum, n., alum.
aluminium, aluminum, n., amputate, v., amput<// .
aluminium.
always, ad., sempre.
amalgam, n., amaigam.
amalgamate, v., amalgamer.
amass, v. , kumular.
Amazon. an, n., a mason.
141
ambassador, n , ambasadtv.
amber, n., etektropetr.
ambiguity. n., ambigu/A /.
ambiguous, a., ambigu.
ambition, n., ambisi.
ambitious, a., amhisiu.v.
amble, 11.. ambl.
amble, v., ambler.
ambler, n., amblator.
ambrosia, n., ambrosi.
ambrosial, a., ambrosiaw.
ameliorate, v., plu-
amen ! . i.. amen !
America, n., Amerik
American, a., amerikew.
American, n., amerlkan.
amethyst, n., ametist.
amiability, n., tunablitet.
amiable, a., tunabl.
ammonia, n., amoniak.
amnesty, n., amnesti.
amnesty, v. , amnesti,/r.
among, p., intr.
amorous, a., amoros.
amorousness, n., amorositet.
amortization, n., amortlsasiou.
amortize, v., amortise/ .
amount, n., sum.
amount to, v., fasiar sum de.
amphibian, n., amfibi.
amphibian, a., amfibiaw.
ample, a., ampl.
amplify, v., amplifil:ar.
amplitude, n., taaplitet.
! amputation, n., amputasion.
j amulet, n.. amulet.
amuse, v., amusar.
an, art., see § 4 of Grammar.
anal, a., an/7-.
analogous, a., analog.
142 anal}- sis —antiquity

analysis, n., analis. annihilate, v.. anul<rr.

analyze, v. , analisar. anniversary, n., aniversar.
anapest, n., anapest. announce, v. , anunsi</r.
anapestic, a., anapest//. announcement, n., anunsi.
anarchic, a., aiinrki//- (anarkik). j annoy, v., molestar.
anarchism, n., anarki/\» (anar- annual, a., ami// ((anual) year
kism). ly); monoonuik (of one year).
anarchist, n., anarkl/rf (anar- annul, v., anular.
kist ) . anoint, v., unguent,//
anarchy, n., anarki. anonymity, n., annul m/W/.
anathema, n., anatem. anonymous, a., anonim.
Anatolia, n., Anatolia. another, a., otr.
anatomical, a., anatomi/£ another, pr., otr.
(anatomik). another time, ad., otrfoa.
anatomist, n., a n a 1 o m i / s / answer, n., respond.
(anatomist), answer, v., respondar.
anatomy, n.. anatomi. answerable, a., respondaW.
anchor, n., ankr. answerable for, be, v., re-
anchor, v., ankrar. spondar.
ancient, a., ansian. ant, n., formik.
ancientness, n., ansian//r/. antagonist. n., adverse.
and, c., e. antelope, n., antilop.
and so forth, e setr/=e s. antenna, n., paip.
Andalusia, n., Andalus/a. anterior, a., anterior.
anecdote, n., anekdot. anteriorly, ad., anterior^.
anew, ad., denove. anthem, n., antifon.
angel, n., angel. antialcoholic, a., ,/w//alkohol/£.
anger, n., k<ller. anticipate, v., pre\etAar (fore
angina, n., angin. stall); //rsentimentar (have
angle, n., angul. presentiment of).
angle, v., angler. Antilles, n., Antih'.
Angora, a., angoraw. antimony, n., antimon.
angry, a., koiero?. antipathetic, a., a n t i p a t i / /•
angry, be, v., kolerar. (antipatik).
animal, n., animal. antipathy, n., antipati.
animal, a., animal//-. antiphon, n., antifon.
animate, v., animar. antiphonal, a., antifon/'£.
anise, n., an is. antipode, n., antipod.
annals, n., anal/. antipope, n., antipap.
annex, n., aneks. antique, a., antik.
annex, v., aneksar. antiquity, n., antttiitet.
 anus—aquafortis
anus, n., an.
anvil, n., inkud.
anxiety, n., august.
anxiety to, cause, v., angustar.
any, a., kelk; kelk-un (sing.).
anybody, pr., kelk-hom.
anyone, pr. kelk-hom.
anything, pr., kelk-kos.
any time, at, ad., kelk-un/oa.
anywhere, ad., kelk-lote.
aorta, n., aort.
apart, ad., apart.
apathetic, a. , apat i//• (apatik).
apathy, n., apati.
ape, n., simi.
ape, v., simiar.
Apennines, n., Apenin/.
aphorism, n., aforism.
apiece, ad., a (before a numeral).
apologetic, a., apologi/* (apolo-
getik).
apologist, n., apologi/^ (apolo
gist).
apologize, v., pregar pardon.
apology, n , apologi (defence).
apoplectic, a., apopleksi/£ (apo-
plektik).
apoplexy, n., apopleksi.
apostate, a., apostat.
apostle, n., apostol.
apostolic, a., apostol/£.
apostrophe, n., apostrof (');
apostrofad (address).
apostrophize, v., apostrofar.
apothecary, n., apotek^r.
apothecary shop, n., apotek.
appanage, n., apanaj.
appanage, v., apanajar.
apparatus, n., aparat.
apparition, n., fantorn.
appeal, n., apel.
143
appeal, v., apelar.
appear, v., apancr (be or be
come visible); semblar (seem).
api ease, v., plakar.
appendage, n., ad-pendad.
appendix, n., ad-pendarf.
appertain, v., apartenar.
appetite, n., apetit.
applaud, v. , aplauder
apple, n., pom
apply one's self, v., penar (exert'
one's self).
apply one's self to something,
v., okupar se in kk.
appoint, v., nominar^
appointment, n.. nomlnasion.
appraisal, n., taksasion.
appraise, v., taksar.
appraiser, n., taksator.
apprehend, v., konsepter (con
ceive).
apprize, v., informar kh di kk.
appropriate, v., apropriar.
approve, v. , aprobar.
approximate, v., ad proksinu/r
(trans.).
approximate, a., aproksimativ.
approximately, ad., aproksi-
approximation, n., ad-proksi-
masion.
approximative, a., aproksima-
tiv.
approximatively, ad., aproksi
apricot, n., abrikos.
April, n., april.
apron, n., gremiarf.
apt, a., apt (skilful).
aptitude, n., apt//rf.
aquafortis, n., akuafort.
144 aquarium—as
aquarium, n., nkuarium.
arabesque, n., arabesk.
Arabia, n., Arabia.
arbiter, n., arbitr.
arbitrariness, n., arbitranVrf.
arbitrary, a., arbitrar.
arbitration, n., arbitraj.
arc, n., ark.
arcade, n., arkad.
arch, n., ark.
archangel, n., ar£/angel.
archbishop, n., e^/episkop.
archduke, n., ai'kiduk.
archer, n., &rker.
archetype,vn., prototlp.
architect, n., arkitekt.
archives, n., arkiv.
archway, n., arkad.
ardent, a., ardoros.
ardor, n., ardor.
are, n., ar (ioo square meters),
arena, n., aren.
areometer, n., areometr.
argil, n., argil.
argillaceous, a., argilys.
argol, n., tartr.
argon, n., argon.
argue, v., argumenter.
argument. n., argument.
aria, n., aria.
arid, a., sik.
aridity, n , slkitet.
arise, v., levar se.
aristocracy, n., aristokrat/.
aristocrat, n., aristokrat.
arithmetic, n., aritmetik.
arm, n., bras (of body); arm artisan, n., metien^/.
(weapon),
arm, v. , armar.
armature, n., armatur.
arm-chair, n., bras-stul.
Armenia, n., Armen/a.
arms, n., arm-emblem (escutch
eon).
army, n., armi.
army, a., armi/,£ and de armi.
aroma, n., aromat.
aromatic, a., aromat/£.
around; all around, ad., sirka.
around, p., sirka.
arrack, n., arak.
arrange, v., ad-rangar.
arrangement, n., ord (order).
arrest. n., arest.
arrest, v., arestar.
arrive, v., arivar.
arrive at, v. , arlvar.
arrogance, n., arogant/A•/ (aro-
gans).
arrogant, a., arogant.
arrow, n., sagit.
arrowroot, n., arorut.
: arsenal, n., arsenal.
arsenic, n., arsen.
art, n., art (fine art); astusi
(cunning); artifisi (skill).
artery, n., arter.
artful, a. , iist usius (crafty);.
artifisios (ingenious).
artichoke, n., artishok.
article, n., artikl (in paper;
also part of speech).
artifice, n., artifisi.
artificial, a., artifisial.
artillerist, n., artllerlist (artile-
rist).
j artillery, n., artileri.
artist, n., artist.
i artless, a., naiv.
artlessness, n., nalvitet.
as, ad., kiuil, .
 as—atmosphere
as, c. , kaus? (because); in
Vmalitet de (in capacity of);
kuale (just as).
asbestos, n., asbest.
ascend, v. , asend</r.
Ascension, n., asension.
ascertain, v. , konstatar (estab
lish).
ascetic, n., asket.
ascribe, v., lmputar.
ash, n., fraksin (tree).
ashamed, be, v. , pudm .
ashes, n., sen.
Asia, n., Asia.
Asia Minor, n., Anatohu.
Asiatic, a., asia;/ (asiatik).
aside, ad., a flank^ (to one side);
apart (at one side).
as if, c., kual, if.
ask, v., interogar (interrogate);
pregar (request); demandwr
(demand).
as long as, c., tale longe ke.
as often as, c., omnlfoa ke.
asparagus, n., asparg.
aspect, n., aspekt.
aspen, n., trembl.
asphalt, n., asfalt.
aspire, v. , asplrar.
ass, n., asin.
assail, v., atak</r.
assassin, n., asashi<;/«r.
assassinate, v., asasinar.
assassination, n., asaslnasion.
assault, n., atak.
assault, v., atakar.
assemble, v. , konventar (intr.);
revmlar (trans.).
assembly, n., konvent.
assent, n., asenti.
assent, v., asentier.
10
145
assert, v., afirmer.
assertion, n., aflrmasion.
assessor, n., asesor (judge
lateral).
assiduity, n., asidii//V/.
assiduous, a., asidu.
assign, v., asignar.
assist, v. , sukursar (succor);
aslstar (help).
assistance, n , sukurs (succor),
assistant, n , aslstant.
associate, v., asosiar (trans.)
associate, n., &sosled.
association, n., asoslasion.
as soon as, c., nemedlate po ke.
assort, v., sortar.
assume, v. , suposar (suppose);
prendwr su se aindertake)
assuming that, c.. suposanteke.
assurance, n., asekurasion.
assure, v. , asekurar.
Assyria, n., Asir/a.
asthma, n., astmat. [prlsed.
astonished, be, v., esar sur-
astrologer, n., astrolog.
astrology, n., astrologi.
astronomer, n., astronom.
astronomical, a., astronom i//
(astronomik).
astronomy, n., astro no ml.
as well as, c., e—e.
asylum, n., asil.
at, p., ad.
atheism, n., ateism.
atheist, n., ateist.
athlete, n., atiet.
athletic, a., atiet/£.
Atlantic Ocean, osean At-
lantik.
atlas, n., atias.
atmosphere, n., atmosfer.
146 atom—baboon
atom, n., atom.
at once, ad., nemedlate.
atone for, v., ekspiar.
atonement, n., eksplasion.
at pleasure, sekuantu pllsad.
attack, n., atak.
attack, v., ataker.
attain, v., atinar.
attempt, n., efors.
attempt, v., eforsar.
attention, n.,-atension.
attention to, pay, v., konsidar.
attentive, a., at'cusioiuu.
attest, v., atestar.
attire, v., vestar.
attorney, n., prokuro/.
attract, v., atraktar.
attraction, n., sharm (charm);
atraktasion ( (atraksion ) act
of attracting),
attribute, v. , imputar,
at will, sekuantu pllsad.
auction, n., auksion.
auction, v., auksionar.
audience, n., audiens.
augment, n., augment.
augment, v. , augmentt// .
augmentation, n., augmente-
August, n., august. \sion.
aunt, n., tanta.
aurochs, n., ur.
auscultate, v., auskultgr.
Australia, n., Australia.
Austria, n., Austr/a.
authentic, a., autent/£.
authenticate, v. , dokument,// .
author, n., autor.
author, be, v., esar autor.
authority, n., autoritet.
authorize, v., autorisar.
autobiography, n.,antoblogrM.
automatic, a., automat//!-.
automatically, ad., automata.
automaton, n., automat.
automobile, a., automobll.
automobile, n., [vehikl] auto-
mobil.
autumn, n., fruktotemp.
auxiliary verb, verb auksiliar.
avarice, n., avar//rf.
avaricious, a., avar.
avaricious, be, v. , esar avar.
avenge, v., vindiker.
avenue, n., ale (alley, path),
aversion, n., aversion.
avid, a., avid.
avidity, n., avlditet.
avoid, v., evitar.
avow, v., konfesar.
await, v., atendar.
awake, a., vigilaw/.
awake, v., vlglleskar (intrans.);
vtg\lifikar (trans.),
awake, be, v., vigilar.
awaken, v., vlglleskar (intrans.);
vlZllifikar (trans.),
award premium or prize, v. ,
away ! , i., apo I [premium.
awkward, a., neapt.
awkwardness, n., neaptitet.
awl, n., alen.
axe, n., skur.
axiom, n., aksiom.
axis, n., aks.
axle, n., aks.
azote, n., asot.
azure, a., asur.
B
babble, v., bablliar.
baboon, n., pavian.
 back—bark
back, n., dors.
back, a., posterior.
back, ad., retro (backward).
background, n., fon.
back of, p., dors.'<.
backward, ad., retro ; versu
dors.
bacon, n., lard.
bad, a., mal.
bad, the, n., it mal (the evil).
badger, n., daks.
baffle, v., frustrer.
bag, n., sak.
baggage, n., bagaj.
bail, n., garantoi/ (guarantee);
garant (person).
bail, v., garantar.
bailor, n., garant.
bake, v., bak<ir.
baking, n., bakad (batch).
balance, n., balans (equipoise);
bilans (in commerce; as in
trial balance).
balance, v. intr. , balansar(equi-
balcony, n., balkon. [poise).
bald, a., kalv.
baldachin, n., baldakin.
baldness, n., kalvife/.
balk, v. tr., fmstrar.
bal!, n., bul (bullet) ; bal
(dance).
ball, red, n., karambol (bil
liards).
ballad, n., balad.
ballast, n., balast.
ballet, n , balet.
ballistics, n., balistik.
balloon, n., balon.
balm, n., baisam.
balsam, n., baisam.
balsamine, n., balsamin.
147
Baltic Sea, mar Bail//.
baluster, n., balustr.
j balustrade, n., balustrerf.
bamboo, n., bambu.
banana, n., banan.
band, n., band (tie); trap
(troop).
bandage, n., bandaj.
bandage-maker, n., bandaj /.v/.
bandbox, n., skatul.
bandit, n., bandit.
j banish, v., eksilar.
' banishment, n., eksil.
bank, n., bank (for money);
fluvi-bord (of river).
bankbill, n., bank-biliet.
banker, n., banker.
banknote, n., bank biliet.
bankrupt, becom e , v., fasiar
bankrot.
j bankruptcy, n., bankrot.
i banner, n., baner.
banquet, n., banket.
baptism, n., baftasion.
baptize, v., baptar.
baptizer, n., bapt/rf.
bar, n., bar (ingot. bolt); stang
(pole).
bar, v., barar (bolt).
barbarian, n., barbar.
barbarous, a., barbar.
Barbary, n., Berbers.
barbel, n., barbl.
barber, n., barb^r.
bare, a., nud.
bare, v., nudiftkar.
bargain, v., merkantur.
baritone, n., bariton.
barium, n., barium.
bark, n., bark (boat); krust
(rind).
148 bark—become
bark, v., kani klanier.
barley, n., ors.
barometer, n., barometr.
baron, n., baron.
barrack. n., kasern (for sol
diers); barak (hovel).
barren, a., steril.
barricade, n., barikad.
barrier, n., barier.
barter, n., kamblasion.
barter, v., kambiar.
basalt, n., basalt.
base, n., basis.
base, a., bas.
baseness, n., basitet.
bashful, a., pud/£.
bashfulness, n., pudikitet.
Bashkir, n., bashkir.
basilisk, n., basilisk.
basin, n., basin.
basis, n., basis.
basket, n., korb.
bass, n., vok bas (music).
bass-singer, n., bas/.v/.
bast, n., bast.
bastard, n., bastard.
bastion, n., bastion.
bat, n., vespertili (animal).
batch, n., bakarf (baking).
bath, n., bani (act); banim
(place).
bathe, v., banier.
bather, n., baniw.
bathing. place, n., buuirvv.
bathtub, n., ban i km'.
batiste, n., batist.
baton, n., baston.
battalion, n., batalion.
battery, n., bateri (military).
battle, n., batali.
battlement, n., kren.
Bavaria, n., Bavar/a.
bay, n., golf (gulf); laur (laurel).
bayonet, n., bayonet.
bazaar, n., basar.
be, v., esar (substantive verb);
stand,/r (do, fare).
beach, n., mar-bord.
beacon, n., far.
beadle, n., bedel.
beak, n., bek.
beaker, n., bokal.
beam, n., radi (ray); trav (tim
ber).
bean, n., fasol.
bear, n., urs.
bear, v., portar (carry); natar
(give birth to); sufrar (en-
beard, n., barb. [dure).
bearded, a., barbos.
beast of prey, animal rapas.
beat, v., bata"r (strike); pulsar
(pulsate); bastonar (cudgel).
beat down, v., de-merkant#r
(prices).
beatitude, n., beatitet.
beat off, v. , de-batar.
beautiful, a., bel.
beautiful, the, n., it bel.
beautiful-eyed, a., kalioikMlos.
beauty, n., belitet.
beaver, n., kastor.
because, c., kruis, .
because of, p. , knus// .
because of that, ad., tekause.
because of this, ad., sikause.
become, v. , deveniar.
become blunted, v. , obtuseskur.
become drunk, v., ebrifikar se.
become dull, v., obtaseskar.
become dumb, v. , devenlo*
mut.
 become—benefactor
become lame, v., de\enlar mis-
andanf.
become poor, v., povreskar.
become sick, v., mal&deskar.
become stupid, v. , stupldeskar.
become wild, v. , feroseskar.
becoming, a., desent.
bed, n. , bed (couch); bet (of
garden).
Bedouin, n.,.beduin.
bee, n., api.
beech, n., fag.
beef, n., bov-karn (meat),
beefsteak, n., bifstek.
beehive, n., apleri.
beer, n., bir.
beer-house, n., blreri.
beet, n., betarubr.
beetle, n., skarab (insect),
before, p., ante (temporal and
local); presents (in presence
of).
before, ad., anterior^.
before, c., ante ke.
beforehand, ad., avans?.
beforehand with, be, v. , pre-
venlar.
befoul, v., sordifikar.
beg, v., mendikar (ask alms);
pregar (request),
beget, v., generar.
begetter, n., generat0*,
beg from, v., de-mendikar.
beggar, n., mendikaw/.
begin, v., komensar.
beginning, n., komens.
beginning, in the, ad., komens?
or in komens.
beg of, v., de-mendiker,
begone ! , i., apo !
beg pardon. v., pregar pardon.
149
behave, v. , konduktar se.
behavior, n., kondukt.
behead, v. , de-kapar (dekapi-
tar).
beheading, n., de-kapasion (de-
kapitas/oTZ ) .
behind, p., po; dors//
behind, ad., posterior^.
behold, v., aspektar.
behold! , i., ekse !
be in condition v., esar in
stand (be able).
belch, v., eruktar.
belching, n., eruktas/ow.
beleaguer, v. , obsidiar.
Belgium, n., Beig/a.
belie, v., dementiar(contradict).
belief, n., kred.
believe, v., kredar.
believe in something, v., kredar
in kk.
bell, n., klok.
belladonna, n.. beladon.
bellied, a., veniros.
belly, n., ventr.
belong, v., apartener.
below, ad., inferior^.
below, p. , inferior^ de (lower
than).
belt, n., sintur.
belt, v., sinturar.
belvedere, n., belveder.
belvidere, n., belveder.
belying, n., dementi.
bench, n., skamnu.
bend, n., kurv (curve),
bend, v., fiektar (flex); kurvar
(curve).
beneath, p., sub.
benediction, n., benedikas/ow.
benefactor, n., bene-fasia/or.
ISO benefice—bivouac
benefice, n., benefis. big, a., gros (thick).
beneficent. a., bene-fasiaw/. bigarade, n.. oranj amer.
benefit, n., profit (profit). bigoted, a., bigot.
benefit, v., bene-fas/ar. bilateral, a , d#lank«'£.
benefit of, for the, p., profits. bilberry, n., mirtil.
benevolent, a., benevolent. bile, n., bili.
bent, a., kurv/£. j bilingual, a., l/lingu/£.
benzine, n., bensin. j bilious, a., bilic.v.
benzole, n., bensol. bill, n., bek (beak); faktur (in
bequeath, v., t r a ns-mitar voice); nota (reckoning).
hered^. billet, u., blllet mote).
be quiet ! , i., silensi ! billiards, n., biliard. [ooo).
bereave, v., privar. billion, nr., hilioii (1,000,000,-
berry, n., ber. bill posted up, n., afish.
beryl, n., beril. bind, v., bandar (tie); obligar
beryllium, n., berilium. (oblige).
beseech, v., supliker. bind books, v., libr-bandar.
beside, p., visin//. bind by oath, v , obligar medift
besides, ad., ekstr it. yurad.
besides, p., ekstr. j biography, n., biografl.
besiege, v. , obsidiar. birch, n., betul.
Bessarabia, n., Besarab/ir bird, n., ornit.
bestow, v., donar. bird of prey, ornit rapas.
bet, n., pari. biretta, n., baret.
bet. v., pariar. birth, n., nat.
betray, v. , tradit'/r. birth to, give, v. , natar.
betroth, v., fiansar. biscuit, n., bisklt (rusk); biskuit
betrothal, n., flansasion. (cracker).
betrothed (couple), n., flansedi. bishop, n., episkop (dignitary);
better, v., plu-bon//?£ar. kurser (in chess).
between, p., intr. bismuth, n., bisimit.
between, ad., lntre. bison, European, n., ur.
between, in, ad , lntre. bissextile, a., bisekstil.
bewitch, v. , sharmar. bissextile, n., anu bisekstil.
beyond, p., trans (across); bit, n., morsel.
ulterior? de (on farther side bite, n., mordarf (wound).
of); ultra (over, more than). j bite, v., mordar.
Bible, n., bibl. i bitter, a., amer.
bicycle, n., bisikl. bitumen, n., bitumin.
bicyclist, n., bisikl/.\7. bituminous, a., bitumin^.
bid, v., lmperar. bivouac. n., bivuak.
 bivouac—booklet
bivouac, v., bivuaker.
black. a , negr.
blackbird, n., meri.
black bread, n., negr-pan.
blacken, v , negn/?,frar.
black horse, n., negr-kaval.
blacking, n., negrerf.
blackish, a., negre/r.
Black Sea, mar Negr.
bladder, n , urin-vesik; vesik.
blade, n., lam.
blame, n., blam.
blame, v. , blamer.
blank-book. n., papir-libr.
blaspheme, v., blasfemar.
blaze, n., flam.
blaze, v., flamar.
bleach, v., palldilikar.
bleachery, n., paMdifikeri.
bleed, v., sanguinar lintr.).
bleed to death, v., eks-san-
gulnar.
blemish, n., makul (stain); de-
fekt (fault),
blemish, v., makular.
blend, v., miksar.
bless. v.,benedikar(consecrate);
feHsifikar (make happy),
blessed, a., beat.
blessedness, n., beat//^/,
blessing, n., benedikas/on.
blind, a., siek.
blind, v., slekifikar.
blindness, n., siek//rf.
blindworm, n.. fais-serpent.
blister, n., vesik.
block, n., blok (wood, stone,
etc.).
blockade, v., blokar.
block up, v., bloker.
blonde, a., blond.
151
blood, n., sanguin.
bloom, v., florae.
blosspm, v., floror.
blot, n., makul.
blot, v., makular.
blow, n., bat (stroke).
blow, v., suflar (general sense;
produce current of air); ventar
iof wind).
blubber, n., pisk-gres.
blue, a., bin.
blue, v., \3luifikar.
bluish, a., blua/r.
blunt, a., brusk (in manner);
obtus (dull).
1 bluntness, n., brusk//<?/.
blush, v., rubeskar.
bluster, v., bntar.
board, n., plank (, lank); karton
(pasteboardi.
! boast of, v , ostentar.
bobbin, n., bobin.
body, n , korp.
Bohemia, u., Bohem/a.
boil, v., bulier 1trans. andintr.).
boiler, n., kaldron.
bold, a., hard.
boldness, n., hard//e'/.
Bolivia, n., Boliv/a.
bolt, n., bar.
bolt, v., barar(bar).
bomb, n., bomb.
bombard, v., bombarder.
bonbon, n., bonbon.
bond, n., band ttie'.
bondsman, n., garant.
bone, n., os.
book, n., libr.
! bookbinder, n., libr-banda/or.
, bookkeeper, n., libr-tene/or.
; booklet, n., librrf.
152 bookseller—breath
bookseller, n., llbrer.
bookshop, n., llbreri.
bookstore, n., llbreri.
boot, n., bot.
booty, n., kaptaa1.
borax, n., boraks.
border, n., bord.
border, v. , bordar.
bore, v., perforar (drill); cnuiur
(weary).
born, be, v., naskar.
boron, n., bor.
borough, n., burg.
borrow, v., prendarpro kredit.
botanical, a., botanika/.
botanize, v., botanisar.
botany, n., botanik.
both, a., oiiini du.
both—and, c., e— e.
both times, ad., omni-du/oa.
bottle, n , boteli.
bottom, at the, ad., has,.
bottom, to the, ad., a base.
bough, n., ram.
bound, n., salt (leap).
bound, v., saltar (leap); limitar
(limit).
boundary, n., limit.
bouquet, n., buket.
bourse, n., burs.
bovine animal, bov.
bow, n., ark.
bowel, n., hitestin.
bowl, n., bokal i beaker .
bowman, n., arker.
box, n., kaset (box in general);
kest case or chest); skatul
(such as bandbox, hat-box,
pas teboard box); skatulct
(such as snuff-box, pill-box);
lodji vin theater, etc.).
box, v., boksar(with fists).
boy, n., puer.
bracelet, n., braselet.
bracket, n., kramp ( [ ] ).
brag of, v., ostentar.
braid, n., tres (tress); pase-
ment (fringe),
braid, v. , tresar.
braid-maker, n., pasememVr.
brain, n., serebr.
brake, n., fren (mechanical de-
bran, n., bran. [vice).
branch, n., ram.
brand, n., stigmat.
brandy, n., akuavit.
brass, n., latun.
brave, a., brav.
bravery, n., bra\itet.
bravo! , i., brave!
Brazil, n., Brasllia.
breach, n., bresh.
bread, n., pan.
breadth, n., larg/&tf.
break, n., frangarf (fracture);
bresh (breach/; llnlet de se-
parasion (dashi.
break, v., frangar (fracture);
dresar (train animals),
breakfast, n., matin-repast.
breakfast, v., matin repastar.
break in, v., dreser (train ani-
mala).
break off, v., de-frangar.
break to pieces, oYsfrangar.
break up, disfrangar (break to
pieces),
breast, n., mamel (mammary
gland); pektor( chest).
breastplate, n., kiras.
breath, n., respir (respiration);
halit (exhalationi.
 breathe—buil ding
breathe, v., respirar (respire).
breathe out, v., halitar.
breathing, n., resplrasion.
breeches, n., pantalon.
breeze, n., bris.
breviary, n., brevlar.
brevity, n., brevitet.
brew, v., bir-kukar.
brewery, n., bir-kuk^r/.
brick, n., brik.
bricks, make, produktar brik/.
bride, n., fltmseda.
bridegroom, n., fians«fo.
bridesman, n., paranimf.
bridge, n., pont.
bridge, v., trans pontar.
bridge over, v. , trans-ponter.
bridle, n., brid.
bridle, v., bridar.
brief, a., brev.
briefness, n., brevitet.
brigade, n., brigad.
brigand, n., brigand.
bright, a. , splend/i/.
bright, be, v., splender.
brightness, n., splendor.
brim, n., bord.
bring, v., &d-portar (fetch);
furnar (furnish',
bring forth, v., natar.
brink, n., bord.
bristle, n., setul.
bristly, a., setulav.
Brittany, n., BretonzVz.
brittle, a., frangaW
brittleness, n.,
broad, a., larg.
broaden, v., largifikar.
brochure, n., broshur.
broker, n., kurtaJM/.
brokerage, n., kurtaj.
153
bromine, n., brom.
bronchial, a., bronki// (bronki-
al).
bronchus, n., bronki.
bronze, n., brons.
bronze, v., bronser.
brood, n., kuv.
brook, n., flu\let.
broom, n., svip.
broth, n., bulion.
brothel, n., bordel.
brother, n., fratr.
brother-in-law, n., bel-fratr.
brow, n., front.
brown, a., brun.
brown, v., lirtmifikar.
bruise, n., kontusion.
bruise, v., kontusionar.
brush, n., brus (for brushing);
pinsi (pencil).
brush, v., brusar.
brush away, v. , de-brusar.
j brush off, v., de-brusa/.
brusque, a., brusk.
j brusqueness, n.,-brusk//rf.
j brutal, a., brutal.
brutality, n., brutal/fe/.
bubble, n. , vesik.
j bucket, n., situl.
buckle, n., fibl.
buckle, v., flblar.
buckler, n., skut.
bud, n., boton.
bud, v., botonar.
buffoon, n., bufon.
buffoon, a., bufon/'£.
buffoonery, n., bufonarf.
bug, n., shrieks.
build, v., edifisiar.
build a bridge, trans-pontar.
building, n., edifisi.
154 bullion - calcium
bullion, 11.. billion.
bulb, n., tuber.
bulbous, a., tuberos.
bulk, n., volumin (volume).
bull, n., taur.
bullet. n., bul.
bulwark. n., bastion.
bunch, n., fask (bundle); tuf
(tuft).
bundle, n., fask (bunch); garb
(of grain),
burbot, n., lota.
burden, n., sharj.
burden, v., sharjar.
burdensome, a., mo!est/£.
bureau, n., komod (chest of
drawers).
burlesque, a., buriesk.
burn, v., flagrur (intr.); kom-
bustar (trans.).
burn down, v. tr., de kombust-
ar.
burnish, v., poliar.
burn up, ». tr. , de-kombuster.
burst, v. intr., krakar.
bury, v., sepulter.
bush, n., arbust.
bushel, n., bushl.
business, n., negosi.
business, a., negosl//-.
business, carry on, do, negosiar.
businessman, n., negoslant.
bust, n., bust.
busy one's self with something,
okupar se in kk.
but, ad., sole.
but, c., ma.
but, p., ekseptw.
butclier, v., maktar.
butcher, n., maktator.
butchering, n., m&ktasion.
butt, n., but (mark.)
butter, n., butir.
butter, make, v., butir//?£er.
butterfly, n., papilion. «
button, n., buton.
button, v., butonar.
buy, v., akuiivr.
by, p., per (by agency of);
'prokslmu (near); med"iu (by
means of;; ad (at, with).
by, ad., a (e. g. a du—by twos;
two by two),
by the way, ad.,
by way of, p., via.
c.=circa, about, s.^ sirka.
cabal, n., kabal.
cabal, v., kabal,//.
cabbage, n., brasik.
cabin, n., kabin of ship;,
cabinet, n., kabinet (study;.
cabinet-maker, n.. tabter.
cabinet-maker's shop, n.,tabl<?r-
ofisin.
cable, n., kabl.
cacao, n., kakao.
cackle, v., galina-klamar.
cactus, n., kakt.
cadaver, n., kadavr.
cadence, n., kadens.
cadet, n., kadet.
cadmium, n., kadmium.
caesium, n., sesium.
cafe\ n., kaf^r/.
cake, n., kek.
calamity, n., kalamitet.
calash, n., kalesh.
calcine, v., knlsin>//.
calcium, n., kalsium.
 calculate— capon 155
calculate, v., kalkular. canal, n., kanal.
calculation, n.., kalkul. canary (bird) n., kanarit.
caleche, n., kalesh. cancel, v., anular.
calendar, n., kalendar. cancer, n., kansr (disease),
calender, n., kalandr. candelabrum, n., kandelabr.
calender, v., kalandn// . candid, a., sinser.
calf, n., puip de gamb (of leg). candidacy, n., kandidatffrf.
calibrate, v., kalibrer. candidate, n., kandidat.
calibre, n., kalibr. candidature, n.,
calico, n., kalikot. j candle, n., kandel.
California, n., Kaliforn/a. j candlestick, n.,
caliph, n., kalif. • candor, n., stnserifet.
call, n., vokasion (cry). candy, n., bonbon.
call, v., vokar (cry); nomar cane, n., baston (stick) ; kan
(name), (reed).
call attention to, dukar aten- cane, v., baston,/r.
sion a. cannibal, n., kanibal.
called, be, v., esarnomed. cannibalistic, a., kanibal/£.
calligraph, v., kali-grafar. cannon, n., kanon.
calligrapher, n., kali-graf. cannonade, n., kanon, «/.
call in, v., in -kasar (cash in). cannonade, v., kanonar.
calling, n., of is (office). canon, a., kanon//!'.
callous, a., kalos. canonical, a., kanon/£.
call out to anyone, klamarakh. canopy, n.. baldakin.
call to mind, memoriar. v canton, n., kanton.
callus, n., kal. canvas, n., kanvas.
calm, n., kalm. cap, n., kaskrf (head-covering
calm, v., kalmar. of boys, men, women); bard.
calomel, n., kalomel. (biretta).
calumniate, v., kalumniar. capability, n., k'pabl/fe/.
calumny, n., VnAxunalasion. capable, a , kapabl.
calyx, n., kalis. capable, think one, estlmar kh
camel, n., kamel. kapabl.
camellia, n., kameli. capacity, n., kapabl//rf (ability),
camelopard, n., giraf. capacity of, in the, c., in kual /'//•/
cameo, n., kame. de.
camomile, n., kamomil. caper, n., kapar (berry) ; kapriol
campaign, n., kampani. (curvet).
camphor, n., kamfor. capital, n., kapital (finance),
can, n., pot. capitol, n , kapitol.
can, v., see " able, be." capon, n., kapon.
156 capouch— catalepsy
capouch, n., kapus.
caprice, n., kapris.
capricious, a., kaprisn.v.
Capricorn, n., kaprikorn.
capriole, n., kapriol.
capsule, n., kapsul.
captain, n., kapitan.
capture, v., kaptar.
capture, n., kaptad (catch ).
capture, make a, faslar kapt«//.
Capuchin, n., kapus in.
car, n., vagon (railroad).
caraffe, n., karaf.
carambole, n., karambol.
caramel, n., karamel.
carat, n., karat.
caravan, n , karavan.
caraway, n., kuuiin.
carbine, n., karabin.
carbineer, n., karabin^r.
carbon, n., karbon.
carbuncle, n., karbunkl (med.).
card, n., kart.
cardinal, a., kardinal.
cardinal, n., kardinal (digni
tary).
cardinal number, numerativ
kardtnal.
care, n., kur.
care (for), v., kurur.
caress, n., kares.
caress, v. , kareser.
cargo, n., sharj.
caricature, n., karikatur.
caricature, v., karikaturer.
Carinthia, n., Karint/e.
carmine, n., karmin.
carnival, n., karneval.
carob, n., karob.
carom, n., karambola</.
carom, v., karamboler.
carouba, n., karob.
carp, n., karpion.
Carpathian Mountains, Karpat/.
carpenter, n., karpent«/or.
carpenter, v., karpentar.
carpet, n., tapet.
carriage, n., karos.
carrot, n., karot.
carrousel, n., karusel.
carry, v., portar.
cart, n., karet.
cartilage, n., kartilag.
cartouche, n., kartush.
cartridge, n., kartush.
carve, v., skuiptar (sculpture).
cascade, n., kaskad.
case, n., kest (box); kasu
(event; also in grammar),
case, in every, ad., in omni
kasu.
casein, n., kasein.
casemate, n., kasemat.
cash, in, per kontant.
cash-box, n., kas.
cashier, n., kaser.
casing, n., kuvr.
Caspian Sea, mar Kasp//-.
cassock, n., talar.
cast, v. , lansar.
cast, n., lansad (throw),
caste, n., kast.
castigate, v., kastlgar.
castigation, n.. kastiga«'0w.
castle, n., kastel.
cast off, v., apo-puser.
cast out, v., eks-movar.
castrate, v., kastrar.
cat, n., kat.
catacomb, n., katakomb.
catafalque, n., katafalk.
catalepsy, n., katalepsi.
 cataleptic— chain
cataleptic, a., katalepsi/X' (kata-
leptik).
catalogue, n., katalog.
cataplasm, n., kataplasm.
cataract, n., katarakt (med.).
catarrh, n., katar.
catastrophe,' n., katastrof.
catch, v., kaptar.
catch, n., kaptad (booty ).
catch fire, v., flagreskar.
catechism, n., katekism.
categorical, a., kategor/£.
category, n., kategori.
cathedral, n., katedral.
Catholic, a., katol/£.
Catholicism, n., katoh'£u»w.
Caucasus, n., Kaukas/a.
Caucasus Mountains, Kaukas.
cauldron, n., kaldron.
cauliflower, n., flor-brasik.
cause, n., kaus.
cause, v., kausar.
caustic, a., kaust/£.
cauterize, v., kauterisar.
caution, n., prektuttasion.
caution, v., prekautar.
cavalcade, n., kavalkerf.
cavalry, n., kavaleri.
cavalry, a., kavalerian.
cavalryman, n., kavaleri/V
(kavalerist).
cave, n., kavern.
cavern, n., kavern.
cavernous, a., kavern^.
caviare, n., kaviar.
cease, v. , sesar.
cedar, n., sedr.
celebrate, v., festar (festival),
celebrated, a., selebr.
celebration, n., testasion.
celebrity, n., seletm/rf.
157
celery, n., selri.
celestial, a., siel/£.
celibacy, n., selibat.
cell, n., selul.
cellar, n., kav.
cement, n., scmcnt.
cement, v., sementar.
censer, n., insens^r.
censor, n., sensor. [rar.
censor, examine as, v. , sensu-
censorship, n., sensur.
censure, v. , blarnr//.
cent, n. , sent/Vw [de dolar]
(U. S. coin).
centennial, a., sekuh'£ (sekular).
center, n., sentr.
center of, in the, p., in sentr de.
centime, n., santim.
centiped, n., skolopendr.
centner, n., sent-livr.
centralization, n., sentralise-
sion.
centralize, v., sentralis</r.
centurial, a., sekul/£ (sekular).
century, n., sekul.
cerebrum, n., serebr.
ceremony, n., seremoni.
cerium, n., serium.
certain, a., sert (certain kind
of; also having certitude);
sekur (safe).
certain, make, v., asekurar.
certainly, ad., serte.
certainly not, ad., total^ no.
certain thing, a, sert-kos.
certainty, n., sertitet.
certificate, n., sertifikasion .
certify, v., sertifikar.
ceruse, n., serus.
chafer, n., skarab.
chain, n., katen.
158 chain of mountains—chest of drawers
chain of mountains, monta/.
chair, n., stul.
chairman, n., presedant (presid
ing officer).
chalice, n., kalis.
chalk, n., kret.
challenge, v., provoker (pro
voke).
chamber, n., kamr.
chamberlain, n., kaimw.
chameleon, n., kameleon.
chamfer, n., kanel.
chamfer, v., kanelar.
chamois, n., kamosk.
chance, n., fortuit.
chancellor, n., kanseUv .
chancery, n.. kanseter/.
chandelier, n., kandelabr.
change, n., varlasion.
change, v. , variar(vary); mutar
(alter); kambiar (money).
changeable, a., varlabl.
changeableness, n., varlablitet.
change horses, varlar kaval«.
change one's residence,
mut,// domisil.
channel, n., kanal (canal);
kanel (chamfer).
channel, v., kanelar (chamfer).
chant, n., kant.
chant, v., kantar.
chaos, n., kaot.
chaotic, a., kaotik.
chap, n., flsad (crack).
chapel, n., kapel.
chaplain, n.,.kapelew.
chapter, n., kapiti.
character, n., karakter (qualifi
cation); rol (dramatic part);
reputasion (reputation); liter
(letter).
characteristic, a., karakten£.
charge, n., sharj (load).
charge, carrying, n., porto.
charge, v., sharjar (load); de-
betar (debit); imperar (en
join).
charity, n., karitet.
charm, n., sharm.
charm, v., sharmar.
charpie, n., karp-fih'.
chase, n., venarf (hunt).
chaste, a., kast.
chasten, v., kastigar.
chastise, v., kastiger.
chastisement, n., kastlgasion.
chastity, n., kastitet.
chasuble, n , kasubl.
cheap, a., nekar.
cheapen, v., de-m erkantar
(beat down price].
cheat, v., fraudar.
check, n., cek ^nance); fren
(restraint).
check, v., frenar (restrain).
cheek, n., guen.
cheer, v., gaudiar (gladden).
cheerful, a., alegr.
cheerfulness, n., alegritet.
cheese, n., kase. •
chemical, a., kimi//-.
chemist, n., kimi/s/.
chemistry, n., klmi.
cherry, n., seris.
cherub, n.. kerub.
chess, n., shak.
chess-board, n., shak-plat.
chess-player, n., siiak/.v/.
chest, n., kest (box); pektor
(breast).
chestnut, n., kastani.
chest of drawers, komod.
 chew— civet-cat
chew, v.,
chicory, n., sikor.
chief, n., shef.
chief, a., prinsipal.
chiefly, ad., prinsipal^.
child, n., fili (son or daughter);
infant (infant).
childbirth, n., OStasion.
childish, a., pueril.
childishness, n., puerllitet.
Chili, n., Cili.
chimney, n., kamin.
chin, n.", menton.
China, n., CinesM.
chink, n., flsad.
chirp, v., gril-klamar.
chisel, n., sisel.
chisel, v.. siseler.
chlorine, n., klor.
chocolate, n., cokolad.
choir, n., kor.
choke, v., sufokffr.
cholera, n., kolera.
choleric, a., kolerY£.
choleric man, n., koleriker.
choose, v., selektar (select);
preferar (prefer).
choral, n., koral.
chord, n., korda (mus. and circumstance, n , sirkumstans.
chorister, n., korist. [math.). circus, n., sirk.
Christ, n., Krist.
Christian, a., kristian.
Christian, n., kristiano (masc.); j cite, v., sltar (quote; also sum
kristiana (fern.).
Christianity, n., kristian/>w.
Christmas, n., nativitet.
chromium, n., krpm.
chronic, a., kron/£.
chronicle, n., kronik.
chronological, a., kronologi/,fc
(kronologik).
159
chronology, n., kronologi.
chronometer, n., krono-metr.
chrysalis, n., krisalid.
church, n., ekles.
church furniture, utensil/ de
ekles.
churn, v., butlriftkar.
cicatrice, n., sikatris.
cicatrize, v., sikatriser.
cider, n., sidr.
cigar, n., sigar.
I cigarette, n., slgaret.
cincture, n., sintur.
cinder, n., skori.
cinnabar, n., sinabr.
cinnamon, n.. sinamon.
cipher, n., shifr.
cipher, write in, v. , shifiw.
circle, n., sirkl.
circuit, n., sirkuit.
circuitous, a., sirkuit/w.
circular, n., sirkular (letter).
circular letter, sirkular.
circulate, v.. propagar (propa
gate); slrklar (be in circula
tion).
circumference, n., periferi.
circumscribe, v. , restrlktar.
cistern, n., sistern.
citadel, n., sitadel.
mon).
citizen, n , borges (of a city):
[person] apartenew/ a kel-
kun stat (of a country).
city, n., urb.
civet, n., sibet (in pharmacy);
sibet-kat (animal).
civet-cat, n., sibet-kat.
160 civic—cockatoo
civic, a., sivil.
civil, a., sivil (civic).
civilization, n., slvlllsasion .
civilize, v., sivilisar.
claim, v., pretender (pretend
to).
clamp, n., krnmp.
clarinet, n., klarinet.
clarionet, n., klarinet.
clash, n., konflikt.
clasp, n., agraf.
class, n., klas.
classic, a., klas/£.
classical, a., klas/£.
classicality, n., klasikitet.
clause, n., klausul (proviso).
claviature, n., klavi/y (key
board).
claw, n., grif.
clay, n., argil.
clayey, a., argllos.
clean, a., pur.
clean, v., net//Mar.
cleanliness, n., netitet.
cleanly. a., net.
cleanness, n., puritet.
cleanse, v., n&tifikar.
clear, a., klar.
clear, v., vakuifikar (make va
cant).
clear, ad., neto (net).
clearness, n., klaritet.
cleave, v. tr., fisar.
cleft, n., ttsad.
clematis, n., klematit.
clemency, n., klement/Vrf.
clement, a., klement.
clergy, n., kler.
clergyman, n., kleran.
cleric, n.. kleran.
client, n., klient.
clientele, n., kliemW.
clients, n., klicmr/.
climate, n., klimat.
climb, v., kttmbar.
cloak, n., mantel.
cloak, v., mantel<zr.
clock, n., tlormetr.
clod, n., gleb.
close, a., intim (intimate).
close by, ad. , vising.
closet, n., repositori (cup
board).
j clot, n., grum.
cloth, n., drap.
clothe, v., vestar.
clotted, a., grumos.
cloud, n., nub.
cloud, v , kuvrer medi« nub/.
clover, n., trifoll.
clown, n., bufon.
clown, play the, bufon</r.
club, n., klub (society).
clumsiness, n., nes^Atet.
clumsy, a., wrapt.
cluster, n., grup.
clyster, n., klister.
coach, n., fiakr.
coachman, n., ktirosan.
coagulate, v., koagulor.
coal, n., karbon.
coarse, a., kras.
coarseness, n., krasitet.
coast, n.. mar bord.
: coat, n., frak (dress-coat); siir-
tut (overcoat).
coat of arms, arm-emblem.
! cobalt, n., kobalt.
j cochineal, n., koshinil.
, cock, n., galino.
cockade, n., kokard.
j cockatoo, n., kakadu.
 cocoa—commission
cocoa, n., kakao (cacao),
cocoon, n., kokon.
C. O. D., rimbors.
code, n., kod.
codicil, n., kodisil.
coefBcient, n., koefisient.
coffee, n. , kaf.
coffee-house, n., kaferi.
coffin, n., sark.
coffin, v., ln-sarkar.
cognac, n., koniak.
cognate, a., parent.
cog-wheel, n., rot dented.
coheir, n., ko-hered.
coil, v. tr., torsar.
coin, n., monet (money); koin
(wedge).
coin, v., monetar.
coke, n., koks.
cold, n., frigor (lack of heat);
nas-katar (in the head);
frlgad (becoming chilled),
cold, a., frlgid. .
cold, be, v., frigar.
cold, become, v., M&deskar.
cold, catch, v. , frlgadar se.
colic, n., kolik.
collar, n., kolad.
colleague, n., koleg.
collect, v., kolektar (gather);
ln kasiu (cash in),
collect charges, rlmborsar.
collection, n., kolektad.
college, n., gimnas; liseum.
collision, n., kolision.
collision, come into, kolisioitr// .
colon, n., dupl-punkt.
colonel, n., kolonel.
colonial, a., koloni// (kolonial).
colonist, n., koloni/s/(kolonist).
colonize, v., koloniar.
11
161
colony, n. , koloni.
color, n., kolor.
color, v., kolorar.
colossal, a., kolos/£ (kolosal).
colossus, n. , kolos.
colt, n., yun-kaval.
column, n., kolumn (typogra
phy and architecture).
comb, n., pekt.
comb, v., pektar.
combat, n., kombat.
combat, v., kombatar.
combine, v., komblnar.
come, y., venlar.
comedian, n., komedlan.
comedic, a., komedlan.
comedy, n., komedi.
come from, v., proveniar.
comet, n., komet. [ience).
comfort, n., komfort (conven-
comfort, v., konsolar.
comfortable, a., komfortos.
comic, comical, a., kom/X'.
comma, n., koma.
command, n., komand.
command, v., komandar (or
der); imperar (have command
over).
commander, n., lmperator.
commandment, n., komand.
commence, v., komensar.
commencement, n., komens.
commend, v. , lfUldar (praise);
rekomend</r (recommend).
commendation, n., laud (praise).
comment, v., komentar.
commerce, n., komers.
commiserate, v. , miserar.
commissary, n., komisar.
commission, n., ko in is ion (er
rand).
162 com mission — con centrate

commission, v.. komltar. competitor, n., konkurant.

commissioner, n., komisar. complain, v. , lament,// .
committee, n., komitet. complain of, v., lamentardikk.
commode; n., komod (chest of complaisant, a., komplesant.
drawers), complement, n., komplement.
commodiousness, n., komoditet complete, a., komplet.
(convenience). complete, v. , kompletijikar
common, a., komun/£ (joint); (make whole or entire; fill
ordinar (usual) ; vulgar up); per-fasiar (bring to an
(vulgar), end; finish).
communicate, v., komunikar completely, ad., komplete.
(hold intercourse with; also complicate, v. , kompllkar.
make known), compliment, n., komplimeiit.
communication, n., komunika- compliment, v., komplfmentar.
sion (dealing; also making complot, n., komplot.
known). compose, v., komposar.
communion, n., komunion (sac composer, n., komposalor
rament). (music).
community, n., komun. compost, n., kompost.
compact, n., pakt. compound, n., parol ko-posed.
compact, a., kompakt. compound, v., kombinar.
companion, n., kompan. comprehend, v., komprendar
company, n., sosietet. (understand) ; k o m p i e ksar
company with, in, p., in sosie (comprise).
tet de. comprehensible, a., kompreii
comparative, n., komparativ. dabl.
compare, v. , komparar. compress, n., kompres.
comparison, n., komparasion. comprise, v., kompleksar.
compass, n., kompas (mag- j computation, n., kalkul.
netic). compute, v., kalkular.
compasses, n., sirklator. comrade, n., kamarad.
compassion, n., kompasion. comradeship, n., kamarad«fe/
compassionate, v., kompasi- concave, a., konkav.
onar. concavity, n., konkavitet.
compel, v., forsar. conceal, v., okultar (hide); ne-
compensate, v., kompensar. komunikar (keep secret).
compensation, n., kompensa- concealed, a., arkan (secret).
sion. concede, v., konsesionar.
compete, v., konkurar. conceive, v., konseptar (men
competent, a., kompetent. tally or physically).
competition, n., konkurasion. concentrate, v., konsentrar.
 conception— congestion
conception, n., konsepto/ow.
(mental or physical),
concern, n., afer.
concern, v., konsernar.
concerning, p., di.
concert, n., konsert.
concert, give, v., konsertar.
concession, n., konsesion.
conch, n., konk.
conclude, v. , konkludar (infer);
resolvar (resolve) ; flnlar
(end).
concord, n., konkord.
condemn, y., kondamnar.
condemnation, n. , kondamn</-
sion.
condensation, n. , kondensasion.
condense, v., kondensar.
condenser, n., kondensa/or.
condescend, v., kondesendar.
condition, n., kondision (stipu
lation); stand (state).
condition, be in, eser in stand
(be able),
conditional, n., kondisional
(mood).
condolence, n., kondolasion.
condole with, v., kondolar.
condor, n., kondor.
conduce, v. , servar.
conduct, n., kondukt.
conduct (one's self), v. , kon-
duktar se (behave).
conduct, y., kondukar (water,
electricity, etc.).
conducting, n., kondukasion.
conduction, n., konduka«ow.
conductor, n., konduktor.
cone, n., kon.
confectionery, n., konfet.
confederate, v., konfederar.
163
confederation, n., konfedero-
sion.
confer, v., konfen/r (negotiate).
confess, v., konfesar.
confession, n., konfesasion
(konfesion).
confide, v., konfldar.
confidence, n., konfid (trust);
konfidens (familiarity).
confidential, a., konfidens/X
(konfidensial).
confine, v. , restriktar (restrict).
confinement, n., nstasiou (child
birth).
confirm, v., konflrmar.
confirm by oath, aflrmar medi«
yurad. \flrmand.
confirmed, one to be, kon-
confiscate, v., konfiskar.
conflagration. n., insendi.
conflict, n., kumbat (combat);
konflikt (clash).
conformable, a., konform.
conformable to, p., konform«.
conformably, ad., konforme.
conformity, n., konformitet.
confound, v., konfundar (mix
up in idea; erroneously regard
or treat as identical; fail to
distinguish; mistake one for
another).
confounding, n., konfunda«ow.
confront, v., konfrontar.
confuse, v., konfusioner (dis
order).
confusion, n., konfusion (dis
order).
congeal, v. intr., gelar.
congest, v., kongestar.
congestion, n., kongesta«ow
(kongestion).
164 congratulate — continent
congratulate, v., felisitar.
congratulation, n., fellsltasion.
congress, n., kongres.
congruence, n., kongruentitet
(kongruens).
congruent, a., kongruent.
conic, conical, a., konik.
conifer, n., konifer.
conjecture, n., konyektur.
conjecture, v., konyekturar.
conjointly, ad., yunkte.
conjugate, v., konyuga/-.
conjugation, n., konyugasion.
conjunction, n., konyunksion.
conjuncture, n., konyunktur.
conjure, v., pregar urgawfe.
connect, v. , koneksar.
connected, be, v., averkoneks.
connection•, n., koneks.
conquer, v., konkuistar.
conqueror, n., konkulstator.
conquest. n., konkuist.
conscience, n., konsient.
conscientious, a., konsient>v.
consecrate, v. , konsakiw.
consent, n., konsent.
consent, v., konsentar.
consequence, n., konsekuent/-
tet (konsekuens).
consequence of, in, p., seku-
antu.
consequent. a., konsekuent.
consequently, ad., ergo.
conserve, v., konservar.
consider, v., konsldar (pay at
tention to); konsiderar (re
flect upon; also deem).
consideration, n., konsiden/-
sion.
consideration of, in, p., kon-
slderantu.
consist in, v., konslstar in.
consist of, v., konsistar eks.
consistorial, a., konslstorlan
(konsistorial).
consistory, n., konsistori.
console, v. , konsolar.
consonance, n., homoton (kon-
sonans).
consonant, n., konsonant.
consort, n., konsort.
conspiracy, n., konsplrasion .
conspire, v. , konspirar.
constant, a., konstant.
constellation, n., konstelasion.
constitution, n., konstitusion.
construct, v., konstruar.
consul, n., konsul.
consulate, n., konsulat.
consult, v., konsultar.
consultation, n., konsultasion.
consume, v., konsumar.
consummate, v., per-fasiar.
consumption, n., konsum (use);
ftisi (phthisis).
consumptive, a.,ftish'£ (ftisik).
contact, n., kontakt.
contain, v., kotltenar.
contemn, v., kontemtar.
contemplate, v., intu<// .
contemplation, n., lntaasion
(intuision).
contemplative, a., lntuativ (in-
tuitiv).
contempt, n., kontemt.
contented, a., kontent.
contentment, n., kontentitet.
contents, n., kontena^.
contest, n., kontestasion.
contest, v., kontestar.
contestable, a., kontestaW.
continent, n., kontinent.
 continental—cornucopia
continental, a., kontinent/,6
(kontinental).
contingent, n., kontingent.
continual, a., konstant.
.continuation, n., kontlnuasion.
continue, v., knntinuai .
continuous, a., kontinu//-.
continuously, ad., kontinu/j.
contour, n., kontur.
contract, n., kontrakt.
contract, v^kontraktar (agree).
contradict, v., dementlar (be
lie).
contradiction, n., dementi (be
lying).
contralto, n., kontralt (voice);
kontralt/v/ (singer).
contrariwise, ad., kontrar^.
contrary, a., kontrar.
contrary, on the, ad., kontran".
contrast, n., kontrast.
contrast, v. , kontraster.
contribute, v., kontribuar.
contribution, n., kontribiiiK/.
contrite, a., kontrit.
contrition, n., kontrltad.
control, n., kontrol (supervi
sion).
control, v., kontrolar (super
vise).
controversy, n., kontrovers.
controvert, v., kontroverser.
contusion, n., kontusion.
convalesce, v., saneskar.
convalescence, n., saneskasion.
convallaria, n., konvalari.
convene, v. , konventar (meet).
convenience, n., komoditet.
convenient, a., komod.
convention, n., konvent (assem
bly); konvension (agreement).
165
converge, v. , konvergar.
conversation, n., kon\ersasion.
converse, v., konversar.
conversion, n., konverta«'o»
(konversion).
convert, n., konvert.
convert, v., konvertar.
converter, n., konverta/or.
convex, a., konveks.
convexity, n., konveksitet.
convey, v. , portar (carry);
trans don,;r (give over);
transportar (transport).
convince, v., konvinsiar.
convulsion, n., konvuision.
cook, v., kukar.
cookable, a., kukabl.
cool, v., refreskar.
cooper, n., kufer.
coordinate, v., koordin,//
copper, n., kupr.
copse, n., bosket.
copula, n., kopul.
copy, n., kopi (reproduction);
eksemplar (sample).
copy, v., koplar.
copyist, n., kopiw/.
coquet, v., koketar.
coquettish, a., koket//:
coral, n., korali.
cord, n., kuril<in, /.
cordial, n., kordial.
cordiality, n., kordl&litet.
cork, n., kork (substance); tam
pon (stopper).
cork, v., tamponar.
corn, n., mais (Indian); fru-
ment (wheat).
corner, n., angul.
cornice, n., kornis.
cornucopia, n., papir-kornu.
166 corporal—coverlet
corporal, n., kaporal (military).
corporation, n., korporasion.
corpse, n., kadavr.
corpulence, n., korpulcnt/W'/
(korpulens).
corpulent, a., korpulent.
correct, a., korekt.
correct, v., korigar.
correction, n., korlgasion (ko-
reksion).
correctness, n., korektitet.
correlative, a., korelativ.
correlative pronoun , pronom
korelativ.
correspond, v. , korespondar
(write; also be fitting),
correspondence, n., kore-
spondad (korespondens).
corridor, n., koridor.
corrigible, a., korlgabl.
corroborate, v., koroborar.
corrupt, v., korumpar.
corrupter, n., korumpator.
corruptibility, n., korumpa-
blitet.
corruptible, a., korump,^/.
corruption, n., korumpasion
(korupsion).
corset, n., korset.
Corsica, n., Korsika.
coryphaeus, corypheus, n.,
korife.
cosmographer, n., kosmograf.
cosmography, n., kosmografl.
cosmographic, a., kosmografi/£
(kosmografik).
cosmopolitan, n., kosmopnlit.
cosmopolitanism, n., kosmopo-
Cossack, n., kosak. [lltism.
cost, n., kost.
cost, v., kostar.
costliness, n., preslositet.
costly, a., presios.
costume, n., kostum.
costume, v., kostumar.
cotton, n., koton.
cough, n., tus.
cough, v., tusar.
council, n., konsil.
councilor, n., konsilirr.
counsel, n., konsili (advice).
counsel, v., konsiliar.
count, n . komt (title); kont
(reckoning),
count, v., kontar.
countenance, n., fas.
counterfeit, v., imitar.
countermand, v., de-komiter.
counting-room, n., kontor.
country, n., land (land); patria
(native country); kampestn^/
(not city).
country, a., kampestr.
couple, n., par.
coupon, n., kupon.
courage, n., kuraj.
courier, n., kurser.
course, n.,k urs (career); prosed
(line of conduct),
course, v. , kursar.
court, n., kurt.
court, v., kurtis<u:
courtier, n., kurtlsan, kurti-
sana.
cousin, n., kusin; kuslno
(masc.); kusina (fern.).
cover, n., kuvrafor(lid); kuvert
(envelope),
cover, v., kuvrar.
covering, n., kuvr (integument);
kuvrad (coverlet),
coverlet, n., kuvrarf.
 covetous— cry
covetous, a., kupid.
covetousness, n., kiipid//V'/.
covey, n., kuv.
cow, n., vaka.
coward, n., poltron.
cowardice, n., poltronitet.
cowardly, a., poltron.
cowl, n., kapus.
cow-pox, n., vaksin.
crab, n., krab.
crack, n., ruptad (rupture);
flsad (fissure); krak (sound), crisis, n., kris.
crack, v., flsar (trans.); krakar crisp, v., krlspar.
(intr.).
cracker, n., biskuit.
cradle, n., kun.
cradle, v., kunar.
craft, n., astusi (cunning),
crafty, a., aslusios.
cramp, n., spasm.
crane, n., grus (bird).
cranial, u. , krani/£ and de krani. cross, n., krus.
cranium, n., krani.
crank, n., manivel.
cranny, n., flsad.
crape, n., krep.
crapulence, n., krapul.
crapulous, a., krapulc.v.
crash, n., frakas.
crassitude, n., krasitet.
crater, n., krater.
cravat, n., kravat.
crawfish, n., krev.
crawl, v., krlpar.
crayfish, n., krev.
crazy, a., lunat//:.
cream, n., krem.
create, v. , krear.
creation, n., kreasion.
creator, n., kreator.
credit, n., kredit.
167
credit, v., kreditar.
credit for, give one, estimarkh
kapabl.
creditor, n., k red i(/••/.
creep, v., kripar.
cress, n., kres.
crevice, n., flsad.
crib, n., presepi (manger),
cricket, n., gril (insect),
, crime,
cripple,n.,n.,delikt.
del•ekto.v.
crispy, a., krlspik.
criticism, n., kritik.
criticize, v. , kritikar.
Croatia, n., Kroat/a.
crocodile, n., krokodil.
crook, n., krok.
crooked, a., kurv/£.
crop, n., rekolt.
cross, v., krusar.
croup, n., krup (disease); kriipa
(rump).
croupade, n., krupaarf.
crow, v., galino-klamar.
crowd, n., mult ///•/.
crown, n., koron (diadem);
vertis (of head),
crown, v., koroner.
crucifix, n., krusifiks.
crucify, v., krusifiksar.
cruel, a., kruel.
cruelty, n., kruel/fe/.
crusade, n., krusad.
crush ,'v., triturar.
crust, n., krust.
crustated, a., krustas.
crusty, a. , krustos.
cry, n., vokasion (call).
168 cry—dagger
cry, v., vokar (call); lakrlmar
(weep); vagiar (whine),
cry out, v. , eks-klamar.
cry out to anyone, klanw/ a
crystal, n., kristal.
cube, n., kub.
cube root, n., kubikmdlk.
cubic, a., kub//-.
cubic meter, n., kubikmetr.
cuckoo, n., K uk iil.
cucumber, n., kukiun.
cud, chew, rumlnar.
cud, chewing the, rumlnasion.
cudgel, v., bastonar.
cuff, n., mansh, / (ruffle).
cuirass, n., kiras.
culminate, v. , kulminer.
culpable, a., kuipos.
cultivate, v., arar (till the soil);
kulti vrcr (educate).
culture, n., kultur.
culture, v., erudiar (teach),
cultured, a.. erudi<vA
cumin, n., kumiii.
cunning, n., astusi.
cunning, a., nstusiw.
cup, n., tas (teacup); bokal
(goblet); kalis (communion
cupboard, n., repositori. [cup),
cupidity, n., kuplditet.
cupola, n., kupol.
curable, a., remedial.
curb, n., fren icheck).
curb, v., frenar.
curd, n., kuak.
curdle, v., koagular.
cure, n., kur (as water-cure),
cure, v., remedier.
curiosity, n., kurios/fe/ (inquisi-
tiveness).
curious, a., kurios (inquisitive).
curl, n., bukl (lock of hair).
curl, v. tr., krlspar.
curly, a., krisp/£.
current, n., kurs.
curse, n., maledlkasion (male-
diksion).
curse, v., maledik</r.
curtain, n., kortin.
curve, n., kurv.
curve, v. tr., kuryar.
curved, a., kurv/'£.
curvet, n., kapriol.
cushion, n., pulvin.
custom, n., kustom (habit),
customer, n., klient.
customers, n., kliente/.
custom-house, n., duanr/i.
custom-house officer, duann:
customs, n., duan (revenue),
cut, n., tali (shape),
cut, v., kupar (incise); skuiptar
(sculpture).
cut down, v., abatar (fell); de-
falslar (mow off),
cut ice, frangar glas.
cutler, n., kultel^r.
cutlet, n., kotiet.
cut off, v. , de-kupar.
cut up, v., diskupar.
cylinder, n., silindr.
cymbal, n., simbal.
cypress, n., sipres.
czar, n., tsar.
Czech, n., cekh.
D
dactyl, n., daktil.
dactylic, a., daktil/£.
dagger, n., puniard.
 daily—declare
daily, ad., omni-diurn^.
dainty, be, v., Mandar.
dainty person, n., friand (sweet-
dais, n., estrad. [toothed).
daisy, n., margarit.
dale, n., val.
Dalmatia, n., Dalmat/a.
dam, n., dam (dike).
damage, n., damn.
damage, v. , iaxtmifikar.
damn, v., kondamnar.
damp, a., humid.
dampen, v., humldifikar.
dampness, n., humid/VV/.
dam up, v., konstruer dam.
dance, n., dans.
dance, v., dansar.
danger, n., perikl.
dangerous, a., periklos.
Dardanelles, n., Oardanel/.
daring, n., harditet.
daring, a., hard.
dark, a., obskur.
dark-blue, a., obskur-blu.
dark-brown, a., obskur-brun.
darkness, n., obskuritet.
dash, n., llnlet de separasion.
dash to pieces, v., frakasar.
date, n., dat (time); dati (fruit).
dative, n., dativ.
daughter, n., filia.
day, n., diurn.
day, by, ad., dlurne.
day after to-morrow, ad., plu-
day before yesterday, ad., plu-
pre-sidlurne.
daytime, in the, ad., diurn^.
deacon, n., diakon.
dead, a., mortik (lifeless); surd
(of sound).
169
deaf, a., surd.
deafness, n., surd ///•/.
deal, v., komunikar (hold in
tercourse).
dealing, n., komunlkasion (in
tercourse).
dean, n., dekan.
dear, a., kar.
dear, make, v., kariftkar.
death, n., mort.
debase, v., liasifikar.
debate, n., debat.
debate, v., debatar.
debauch, n., krapul.
debauch, indulge in, v., krapu-
lar.
debit, v., debatar.
debit side, n., debet.
debt, n., debt.
decant, v., de-versar.
decanter, n., karaf.
decapitate, v. , de-kapar (de-
kapitar).
decapitation, n., dekapltasion.
decay, n. , putreskasion (rotting).
decay, v., putreskar (rot).
deceit, n., fraud.
deceive, v. , ilusiciu,// (delude);
frauder (cheat).
December, n., desembr.
decent, a., ilesent.
decide, v., resolvar (resolve);
desldar (determine, settle).
decision, n., resoluslon (resolu
tion); yudlkad (judgment);
desldasion ((desisiou) de
termination).
decisive, a., definitiv.
deck, n., dek.
declaim, v., deklamar.
declare, v., deklarar.
170 declension—denial
declension, n., dektinaswn.
decline, v., deklinar (grammar);
refusar (refuse).
declivity, n., dekliv.
decoct, v., de-kukar.
decorate, v., dekorar.
decoration, n., dekor.
decrease, v., minuar(make less);
mlnueskar (become less).
decree, n., dekret.
decree, v., dekretar.
dedicate, v., dedikur.
deduct, v., de-kontar.
deed, n., akt.
deem, v., konsiderar.
deep, a., profund.
deepen, v., profundyWar.
deer, n., serf.
deface, v. , de-formar.
de facto, a., efektiv.
default of, in, p., mank«.
defeat, v. , frustrar (frustrate) ;
viktoriar (vanquish).
defect, n., defekt.
defective, a., defektos.
defend, v., defendar.
defender, n., defendator.
defending, defense, n., defende-
sion.
defer, v., adiurnar (postpone).
deficiency, n., defisit.
deficit, n., defisit.
define, v. , deflnlar.
definite, a., definitiv (defini
tive).
definite article, artikl definit.
definitive, a., definitiv.
deform, v., de-former.
deformed, a., de-form/£.
defraud, v., defraadar.
defrauding, n., defraudasion.
defunct, a. , mortik.
degenerate, v., degenerar.
degrade, v. , degradar.
degree, n., grad.
degree, to such a, ad., tante.
deify, v., Asifikar.
deign, v. , digner.
deject, v., deprlmar.
delay, n., mor.
delay, v. intr., morar.
delegate, v., delegar.
delicacy, n., delikates.
delicate, a., delikat.
delight, n., delisi.
delight, v. tr., delektar.
delightful, a., delisio.v.
delineate, v., deliniar.
delirious, be, v., delin/r.
delirium, n., delir.
deliver, v., delivray (furnish);
trans-donar (convey); lihr/
fikar (free).
delivery, n., natasion (child
birth).
delude, v., ilusionar.
deluge, n., inunUeAvV>/Y.
deluge, v., lnundar.
demagogue, n., demagog.
demand, n., demand.
demand, v., demandar.
demean (one's self), v., kon-
duktar se.
demeanor, n., kondukt.
democrat, n., demokrat.
democratic, a., demokrat^.
demolish, v., demolar.
demon, n., demon.
demonstrate, v., demonstrar.
demonstrative pronoun , p r o-
nom demonstrativ.
denial, n., negasion.
 Denmark— diagnose
Denmark, n., Dan/a.
denomination, religious, kon-
fesion.
denominator, n., denominator.
denote, v., signer.
denounce, v. , denunsiar.
dense, a., dens.
density, n., densitet.
dental, n., konsonant dental.
' dentist, n., dentist.
denude, v., nudifikar.
deny, v., negar.
depart, v., partar.
department, n., departement.
departure, n., partarf.
depend, v., dependar.
depict, v., plktar.
deplore, v., deplorar.
depopulate, v., de-poplar.
deport (one's self), v., konduk-
tar se.
deportment, n., kondukt.
depose, v., atestar (attest),
depository, n., dcpo.
depot, n., depd (depository),
depress, v., deprimar.
deprive, v., privar.
depute, v., deputar.
deputy, n., deputed.
deride, v., de-ridar.
derivative, n., parol derlved.
derive, v., derivar.
dervish, n., dervish.
descend, v., desendar.
describe, v., deskribar.
descry, v., perseptar.
desert, a., desert.
desert, v., desertar.
deserve, v., meritar.
design, v., desinar (intend); diadem, n., diadem.
deliniar (draw).
171
designate, v., slgnar (denote).
desire, n., desir.
desire, v., desira/-.
desist, v., sesar.
despair, v., desperar.
despise, v., kontemtar.
despite, p., obstin«.
despot, n., despot.
despotic, a., despot/£.
dessert, n., deser.
destination, n., destinas/ow.
destine, v., dest.inr/r.
destiny, n., fat (fate).
destitute of, be, v., esar priv^rf
de.
destroy, v., destruktar.
detail, n., detail.
detail, a., detail/£.
detail, v., detaliar.
detailed, a., detailed.
determine, v., resolvar(resolve);
determinar(fix).
detest, v., abominar.
detriment, n., damn.
j device, n., devis (motto).
devil, n., diabol.
devote, v., dediker.
devoted, a., devot.
devotion, n., devosion.
devour, v., devorar.
devout, a., pletos.
devoutness, n., pletositet.
dew, n., rosi.
dew, form, v., rosiar. [it rosi—
the dew is forming ; the dew
j is falling.]
dewy, a., rosh'£ and de r.
diabetes, n., diabet.
diabetic, a., dlatoetik.
j diagnose, v. , diagnosar.
172- diagnosis —disapprobation
diagnosis, n., diagnos.
diagonal, a., diagonal.
diagonally, ad., diagonal^.
dialect, n., dialekt.
dialectic(al), a., dialektika/.
dialectic(s), n., dialektik.
dialogue, n., dialog.
diameter, n., diametr.
diamond, n., diamant.
diaphanous, a., diafan.
diaphanousness, n., diafan/A'/.
diaphragm, n., diafragm.
diarrhoea, diarrhea, n., diare.
dictate, v., dlktar.
dictation, write from, skrlbar
sekii</ w/// dlktad.
dictator, n., diktator.
dictionary, n., diksionar.
didymium, n., didim.
die, n., kub (cube).
die, v., morlar.
die out, v., eks-moriar.
diet, n., diet (regimen).
differ, v., diferar.
difference, n., diferens.
different, a., divers.
different, radically, a., dispar.
difficult, a., w,i«sil.
difficult, make (render), v., ne-
difficulty, n., ndtallitet.
dig, v., Sosar.
digest, v., digester.
dignity, n., dlgnitet.
dike, n., dam.
dilemma, n., dilem.
dilettante, n., diletant.
diligence, n., diligent/Ve/ (dili-
gens).
diligent, a., diligent.
dim, a., mat.
dim, v., matifikar.
dimension, n., dimension.
diminish, v., minuar (make
less); mlnueskar (become less),
dine, v., dlnear.
dinner, n., dine.
diocese, n., dioses.
dip, v., merger.
diphtheria, n., difteri.
diphtheritic, a., difteri/£.
diphthong, n., diftong.
diploma, n., diplom.
diploma, v., diplomar.
diplomacy, n., diplomati.
diplomat, n., diplomat.
diplomatic, a. , diplomatic
(diplomatik).
direct, a., direkt (straight),
direct, v. , dirigar (manage);
adresar (address); ordonar
(order),
direction, n., direksion (course);
adres (address) ; ordonasion
(order),
direction, in this, ad., versu si-
loke.
director, n., direktor.
directorate, n., direktor erf
(office).
directorship, n., direktorarf.
dirt, n., sord (grime); fang
(mud).
dirty, a., sordik (grimy) ; nepur
(unclean).
dirty, v., sordifikar.
dirty, become, v., sordeskar.
disaccustom, v., de-kustomer.
disappear, v., dis&p&rar.
disappoint, v., frustrar (frus
trate),
disapprobation, n., reprovasion.
 disapproval—distinguish
disapproval, n., reprovasion. ,
disapprove, v., reprovar.
disarrange, v., disordar.
disburse, v., spendar.
discard, n., eskart.
discard, v., eskartar.
discern, v., perseptar (perceive);
distingue/ (discriminate).
discharge, v. , dimifa/r (dismiss) ;
de-sharjar (unload).
discharge the duties of an office,
funksionar.
discipline, n., disiplin.
disclose^ v., manifesto/ (mani
fest) ; de-kuvrer (uncover).
discontent, n., nekontentitet.
discontented, a., //r kontciit.
discontinue, v. , sesar (cease).
discord, n., diskord.
discordant, be, v., dissonar.
discount, n., diskont.
discount, v., diskontar.
discourage, v., lie kurnj,// .
discouraged, be, v., esar de-
kuraied.
discover, v., dekuvrar.
discovery, n.,dekuvrarf.
discredit, n., miskredlt.
discreet, a., diskret.
discriminate, v., distinguer.
discuss, v., diskutar.
disease, n.. m;il;ul//V/.
disfigure, v., de-formar.
disgust, v., dlsgustar.
disgusting, a., disgust//!-.
dish, n., plat,/,/ (platter ; also
mess).
dishearten, v., de-kurajar.
disinfect, v., desinfektar.
disinter, v. , eks-humar.
disk, n., disk.
173
dismay, v., konsternar.
dismember, v., dismembrar.
dismiss, v. , dlmltar.
disorder, n., konfusion (confu
sion).
disorder, v., disordar.
disparate, a., dispar.
disparity, n., dispar/fe/.
dispatch, v., ekspedfor (send).
dispel, v., dlslpar.
dispensation, n., dispens (ex
emption).
dispense, v., dispenser (ex
empt); distribuar (distribute).
disperse, v. tr., dlslpar.
display, n., eklat.
display, v., ostentar (show os
tentatiously).
dispose, v., disposer.
disposed, a., dlsposed.
dispute, n., disput.
dispute, v., dlsputar. \tet.
dissatisfaction, n., w^kontent/-
dissatisfied, a., //, kniitcnt .
dissect, v., disliupar.
dissipate, v. tr., dlslpar (dispel).
dissolute, a., disolut.
dissolve, v., solvar.
dissonant, be, v., dissonar.
dissuade, v., de-konsili.ar.
distance, n., distant /A •/ (d i s-
tans).
distant, a., distant.
distant, be, v., esar distant.
distil, v., destilar.
distinct, a., distinkt.
distinction, n., distingu (differ
ence) ; distinsion (dignity).
distinguish, v., distinguar (dis
criminate ; also mark out) ;
perseptar (perceive).
174 distort —downward(s)
distort, v., doctor, n., medik (physician);
distracted, a., distrakt. doktor (title).
distractedness, n., doctorate, n., doktorarf.
distraction, n., dlstrtiktitet. doctrine, n., doktrin.
distress, n., angust. document, n., dokument.
distress, v., angustar. dog, n., kani.
distribute, v., distribuar. dogma, n., dogmat.
distributive, n., numerativ doing, n., prestas/0w (perform
distributiv. ance).
district, n., distrikt. doll, n., pup.
distrust, n., mukonfid. dollar, n., dolar.
distrust, v., miskonfldar. dolphin, n., delfin.
distrustful, a., miskonfldik. domain, n., domen.
disturb, v., turbar. dome, n., kupol.
disunite, v., disunlar. domicile, n., domisil.
ditch, n., kanate/-. dominate, v., dominar.
dive, v., plonjar. Dominican, n., dominikaw.
diverge, v. , divergar. dominion, n., domen.
diverse, a., divers. donate, v., donatar.
divert, v., amusar (amuse); de- donation, n., donat.
turnar (turn off), door, n., porta.
divest, v., de-vestar. • dose, n., dosi.
divide, v., dividar dose, v., dosiar.
divide into bits (pieces), mor- dot, n., punkt.
selar. dot, v., punktar.
dividend, n., dividend. double, a., dupl.
divine, a., divin. double-eagle, n., dupi-akuil.
divine, n., teologi/V. doubloon, n., dublon.
divine, v., divinar (guess), doubt, n., dubi.
divinity, n., dMnitet (godhead);doubt, v., dublar.
teologi (theology), doubtful, a., dubios.
doubt of anything, v., dubiar
division, n., division (military).
divorce, n., divors. di kk.
divorce, v., divorsar. douche, n., dash.
divulge, v., manifestar. dough, n., past.
dizziness, n., vertigin. dove, n., kolumb.
dizzy, a., vertiginos, down, n.,lanugin (soft feathers);
do, v., fasiar (make); prestar dun (dune).
(render). down, ad., a base (downward).
do, how do you? kual^ vo stand? down below, ad., bas^.
decent, n., dosent. downward(s), ad., a inferiors.
 downy— Dutch-speaking
downy, a., lanuginos.
dowry, n., dot.
dozen, n., dusen.
draft, n., trat (money order).
drag, v., tlrar (draw); traktuar
dragon, n., drakon. [(trail).
dragoon, n., dragon.
drain, n., kloak (sewer).
drama, n., dramat.
drape, v., drapar.
drastic, a., drast/£.
draw, v., tlrar 'pull); delinfar
(delineate),
drawer, n., remov-kest (of
bureau),
drawers, n., kalson (one pair);
knlsoni (more than one pair).
drawing-room, n., salon.
draw lines on, llnlar.
draw up, v., redaktar.
dread, n., tlmor.
dread, v. , tlmar.
dream, n., somni.
dream, v., somnier.
dregs, n., sediment.
dress, n., rob (woman's gown),
dress, v. , vestor (clothe) ; dre-
sar (prepare),
dress-coat, n., frak.
drill, v. tr. , dresar (train),
drink, n., blbad.
drink, v., blber.
drip, v., guter.
drive, v., vehikler (in a vehicle);
dlrlgar karos (as coachman),
drive out, v., eks-movar(eject).
droll, a., drol.
dromedary, n., dromedar.
drop, n., gut.
drop, v., gutar (trickle); VaAar
(fall).
175
dropsical, a., hiilropsi// .
dropsy, n., hidropsi.
dross, n., skori.
drouth, n., siti (thirst).
drug, n., drog.
druggist, n., drogist.
drugstore, n., apotek.
drum, n., tarn bur.
drum, v., tamburar.
drunk, drunken, a., ebr.
drunkenness, n., ebritet.
drunk, make, v., ebrifikar.
dry, a., sik.
dryness, n., slkitet.
dubious, a., <hibi<A.
ducat, n., dukat.
duck, n., anat. [duty).
due, be, v., esar deb (be the
duel, n., duel.
duel, v., dueler ko kh.
duet. n., duet.
due time, in, ad., sue-temp^.
duke, n., •stupid
dull, a., duk. (stupid); mat
(dimj; surd (hollow); obtus
(obtuse).
dull, v., matifikar (dim).
duly, ad., sue -temp^.
dumb, a., mut.
dune, n., dun.
dupe, v., dupar.
durability, n., durablitet.
durable, a., durabl.
during, p., durawta.
dust, n., pulv.
dust off, v., de-pulvar.
Dutch, a., nederiand/aw (per
taining to Holland); neder-
lniid/£ (language).
Dutch-speaking, a., nederlan-
dik.
176 duty—edifice
duty, n., deb (obligation); duaii
(revenue).
duty, be the, v., esar deb,
dwarf, n., nan.
dwell, v., domisiler.
dwelling, n., domisil.
dye, n., tint.
dye, v., tlntar.
dye-house, n., tlttteri.
dyer, n., tlntator.
dynamic(al), a., dinamika/.
dynamics, n., dinamik.
dynamite, n., dinamit.
dynasty, n., dinasti.
dysenteric, a. .disenteri/£ (disen-
terik).
dysentery, n., disenteri.
dyspepsia, n., dispepsi.
dyspepsy, n., dispepsi.
dyspeptic, a., dispepsi/£ (dis-
peptik).
each, a., omni-(every).
each, each one, pr. , omni-hom;
a (before numerals).
eager, a., avid.
eagerness, n.. avlditet.
eagle, n., akuil. [grain),
ear, n., or (of body); spik (of
early, a., bon-temp/£.
early, ad., bon-temp^.
earn, v., ganiar.
earn a living, ganiar pan.
earnest, a., serios.
earnestness, n., serios//V/.
earning(s), n., ganiarf.
earth, n., ter (world); hum
(ground),
earth, on, ad., su ter.
earthenware, n., fayans.
earthly, a.,- terestr.
earthworm, n., lombrik.
ease, n., fusil//,'/ (facility); osi
(leisure).
east, n., est.
east, in the. ad., este.
Easter, n., pask.
easterly, ad., este (in the east);
versu est (toward the east).
East India, n., Estind/a.
eastward, ad., versu est.
easy, a., fasil.
easy, make, v., fasllifikar.
eat, v., edar.
eatable, a., edaW.
ebb, n., /, fluks.
ebony, n., eben.
eccentric character, original.
echo, n., eko.
eclipse, n., eklips.
eclipse, v., eklipsar.
ecliptic, n., ekliptik.
economic(al), a.,ekonomi«£
((ekonomik) relating to econo
my or economics); parsimo
nios (saving).
economist, n., e k o n o m i /,s /
(ekonomist).
economize, v., parsimoniar.
economy, n., parsimoni (frugal
ity); ekonomi (management
of affairs).
ecstasy, n., ekstas.
eddy, n., vort.
eddy, v., vortar.
edge, n., bord.
edge, v., bordar.
edible, a., edaW.
edict, n., edikt.
edifice, n., edifisi.
 edit—emblem
edit, v., redaktar.
editing, n., redaktasion (redak-
sion).
editor, n., redakta/or (redak-
tor).
educate, v. , edukar.
eel, n., anguil.
eel-pout, n., lota.
effect, n., efekt (power); efek-
tuad (thing effected).
effect, v.,efektuar(accomplish);
prokurer (procure).
effective, a., efektiv (de facto;
not the usual sense ofeffective).
effort, n., efors.
e. g.=for instance, p. e.=pro
eksempl.
egg, n., ov.
egg, of egg, a , ov/£.
egotism, n., egoism.
egotist, n., egoist.
egress. n., ekstrerf.
Egypt. n., EgiptM.
eight. nr , okt.
eighth, a., oktav or okt/w.
eighty, nr. , okt-des.
either—or. c . u - u.
eject, v., eks movar.
elaborate, v , eks-laboiw.
elastic, a., c-i.-'. >t:
elasticity, n., elastikitet (elas-
tisitet).
elbow. n., uln.
elect. v., selektar.
electric, a., elektn'£.
electricity, n., elekt rik ite I
(elektrisi(et).
electrify, v., elektris'r.
electrize, v., elektrlsar.
electrochemistry, n., eleklro-
klmi.
12
177
electrodynamics, n., etektrodl-
namik.
electromagnet, n., etektroma%-
net.
electrometer, n , etektro-metr.
electronegative, a., etektrone-
gativ.
electropositive, a., etektroposl-
tiv.
j electrostatics, n., etektrostatlk.
\ electrotechnician, n., elektro-
teknik/s/.
electrotechnics, n., elektrotek-
nik.
j elegance, n., elegant«/rf (ele-
j gans).
• elegant, a., elegant.
elegiac, a., eleglik (elegik).
elegy, n., elegi.
element, n., element.
elephant, n., elefant.
elevate, v., elevar.
eleven, nr., des-un.
elite, n., elit.
ell, n., uln.
ellipse, n., clips.
elliptic, a., clips// (eliptik).
ehn, n., ulm.
eloquence, n., elokuent//^.
eloquent, a., elokuent.
else, ad., otiY.
elsewhere, ad., otr-lok^ (in
another place); a otr lokc
(to another place).
emancipate, v. . emansiper.
emasculate, v , kastrar.
j embalm, v. , baisamar
embassy, n., ambasad.
embellish, v., belifikai .
embitter, v., afllktar.
\ emblem, n., emblem.
178 embossed—ennoble
embossed, a., relief/£.
embrace, v., in-brasar (physic
ally); ko mp l eksar (com
prise).
embroider, v., brodar.
embryo, n., embrion.
embryonic, a., embrion//;.
emerald, n., smaragd.
emery, n., esmeril.
emigrant, n., emlgrant.
emigrate, v., emigrar.
emigration, n . , emlgrasion .
eminent, a., eminent.
emollient, a., molifikant.
emperor, n., impera/w.
empire, n., imper/a.
empiric, a., empir//-.
employ, v., usar (use); okupar
(occupy i.
employment. n., usasion (use);
okupasion (occupation).
empower, v. , autorisar.
emptiness, n., vakuitet.
empty, a., vaku.
empty, v. , eks-versar (pour
out); eks-vakuar (deprive of
contents).
emulate, v., cm id,//.
emulation, n., emulasion.
enact, v., statuer.
enamel, n., esmalt.
encase, v., kuvrar.
enchant, v. , shnrmar.
encircle, v., sirka-donar.
enclose, v., in-klosar.
encompass, v. , s i r k a-d o n a r
(surround).
encounter, v., aikurar (meet).
encourage, v., in-kurajar.
end, n., fini (termination, con
clusion); but (aim).
end, v., flnlar.
endeavor, n., efors.
endeavor, v., eforsar.
ending, n., finiarf (gram.).
endive, n., endiv.
endorse, v., girar.
endow, v., dotar.
end to, put an, Saslar flnlar.
endure, v. , s u f ra r (su ff e r);
durar (last).
enema, n., klister.
enemy, n., neamlk.
energetic, a., energi/£ (e n e r-
energy, n.,energi.
enforce, v., forsar.
engage, v. , flansar (betroth).
engagement. n., flansasion
(betrothal).
engender, v., generar.
engineer, n., injenler (one
skilled in the principles and
practice of engineering).
engineers, military, injenier/
militant.
England, n., Angl/a.
English, a.,angh'aw (pertaining
to England); angl/^ (pertain
ing to the English language).
Englishman, n., angh'aw.
English-speaking, a., angh£.
engrave, v., gravar.
engrave on wood, ksito-grafar.
enigma, n., enigmat.
enigmatic, a., enigmat/£.
enjoin, v., imperar.
enjoy, v., delisiar.
enjoyment, n., delisi.
enlist, v., rekrutar (recruit).
enliven, v., animar.
ennoble, v., no\Aifikar.
 ennui—equipage 179

ennui, n., cnui. envious, a., envios.

enormous, a., enorm, environ, v., sirka-donar.
enough, ad., suflse. environs, n., slrklad.
en passant, ad., pasante (in envy, n., envi.
chess). envy, v. , en\lar.
enrapture, v., ra\lar. ephemeral, a. , efemer.
enrich, v. , rlkifikar. epic, n., epope.
enroll, v., reglstrar. epidemic, n., epidemi.
ensign, n., standart (standard), epidemic, a., epidemi//- (epi-
ensnare, v., atrapar. demik).
ensue, v. , sekuar. epigram, n., epigram.
entangle, v., komplik,/, . epigraph, n., epigraf.
enter, v., lntrar (come in); in- epilepsy, n., epilepsi.
skribar (inscribe), epileptic, a., epilepsi //• (epi-
enterprise, n., entrepren. leptik).
entertain, v., regalar (regale); i epilogue, n., epilog.
albergar (as inn-k eeper) ; episcopal, a., episkop/£.
am usar (amuse), episcopate, n., eplskopad
enthusiasm, n., entusiasm. (office); c|)isk<ipty (body),
enthusiastic, make, entusi epistle, n., letr.
asmar. epitaph, n., epitaf.
entice, v., alektar. epoch, n., epok.
enticement, n., alektasion. equal, a., egual.
entire, a., iutegr. equal, v., ekuivalar.
entirety, n., lntegritet. equality, n., CKIIU I ///•/.
entitle, v., titular (style); au- equalize, v., egual//War (egua-
torlsar (give right to), lisar).
entomologic(al) a., entomolo- equally, ad., eguale.
glik (entomologik). equal-sided, a., ekuif lankik
entomologist, n. , ciitomologi/A/ (ekuilateral).
(entomologist) . equal to, be, v. , ekuivalar.
entomology, n., entomologi. ! equator, n., ekuator.
entrance, n., intrarf (place); in- equilateral, a.,
trasion (act). (ekuilateral).
entrap, v., atrapar. equilibrist, n., ek u i i i b r i ist
entreat, v., suplikar. (ekuilibrist).
entreaty, n., suplik. equilibristic, a., ekuilibri/.s///'
entrust, v., konfidar. (ekuilibristik).
entry, n., lntrasion (act). equilibrium, n., ekuilibri.
envelop, v. , kuvertar. equip, v., ekipar.
envelope, n., kuvert. equipage, n.,ekip/y'.
180 equipoise—every time that
equipoise, n., balans.
-er (the comparative ending),
plu, e. g. plu alt, higher.
era, n., era.
eradicate, v., de-radikar.
erbium, n., erbium.
erect, v. , erektar.
ermine, n., hermelin.
err, v., wear.
errand, n., komision.
error, n., &eor.
eructate, v., eruktar.
eructation, n., eruktasion.
erudite, a., erudled.
erudite person, erudled.
escape, v., eviter (avoid); eks-
glisar (slip outi.
escort, n., eskort.
escort, v., eskortar.
escutcheon, n., arm-emblem.
esparcet, n., esparset.
especial, a., speslal.
especially, ad., spesial^.
Esquimau, n., eskimo.
essay, n., skribarf.
essence, n., esens.
-est (the superlative ending),
it-piii, e. g. leplu alt, highest.
establish, v., konstatar (ascer
tain); instituar (institute).
estate, n., posesaa"(possessions).
esteem, n., estim.
esteem, v., estimar (h onor ;
also deem ) .
estrade, n., estrad.
etc.=and so forth, e s. = esetr/.
eternal, a., etern.
eternalize, v., etern//?/-ar.
eternity, n., eternitet.
eternize, v., etern(/?£ar.
ether, n., eter.
ethical, a., etika/.
ethics, n., etik.
Ethiopia, n., Etiop/a.
etiquette, n., etiket.
etymological, a., etimologi/£
(etimologik).
etymologist, n., etimologik
(etiniologist).
etymology, n., etimologi.
eucharist, n. , eukarist.
eucharistic, a., eukarist/£.
eunuch, n., eunuk.
Europe, n., Europ.
European, a., europa//.
evangelic(al), a., evangel//!-.
evangelist, n., evangeh'rf.
even, a., par/£ (not odd).
even, v., plan//J£ar.
even, ad., ipse.
even if, c., if et.
evening, n., vespr.
evening, in the, ad., vespre.
even number, numr parik.
event, n., kasu.
events, at all, ad., in omni kasu.
eventual, a., eventual.
eventuality, n., eventual/Vrf.
eventually, ad., eventuate.
ever, ad., sempn?(always);kelk-
unfoa (at any time).
ever-blooming, a., sempr<•-
everlasting, a., sempr/£.
every, a., omni.
everybody, pr., omni-hom.
every day, ad., omni-diurn^.
every month, ad., omnl-mense.
everyone, pr. , omni-hom.
everything, pr., omni-kos.
every time, ad., omni/oa.
every time that, c., omnlfoa ke.
 every week—experience
every week, ad., omni semaiv.
everywhere, ad., omnl-loke.
everywhere that, c., omni-lokc.'
ke.
everyj'ear, ad., omnl-anue.
evil, a., mal.
evil, the, it mal.
evolution, n., evolusion.
ewer, n., kruk.
exactly, ad., yuste
exaggerate, v.. eksagerar.
exaggeration, n., eksagenu«ow .
examination, n., eksamin.
examine, v., eksaminar.
example, n., eksempl.
excavate, v., kavernar.
excavation, n., fos.
exceed, v., surpasar.
excellence, n., ckseleiil //r/.
excellency, n., ekselens (title).
excellent, a., ekselent.
except, v., ekseptar.
except, excepting, p., ekseptw
exception, n., eksept.
exception of, with the, p., ek-
septw.
excess, n., ekses.
excessive, a., ekses/£.
exchange, n., kambi (term of
commerce); kamblasion (bar
ter); burs (place).
exchange, v., kamblar (money:
also to barter <.
exchange, course or rate of,
kambi kurs.
excite, v., eksitar.
exclaim, y., eks-klamar.
exclamation mark, n., sign de
eks-klamasion.
exclude, v., eks-klosar.
exclusive, a., eksklusiv.
181
exclusively, ad., eksklusiv^.
excrement, n., ekskrement.
excuse, v. , ekskusar.
excuse me ! , i., pardon !
execute, v., eksekutar (accom
plish),
executioner, n., eksekutator
yustis/£.
exempt, v., dispensar (dis
pense).
exercise, n., eksersarf.
exercise, v., eksersar.
exertion, n., efors (effort),
exert one's self, v., penar.
exhalation, n., halit.
exhale, v., halitar.
exhibit, v., eks-poser (expose),
exhibition, n., eks-posasion
( (eksposision ) exposition),
exhume, v , eks hum//r.
exile, n., eksil (state).
exile, v., eksilar.
exist, v., eksistar.
existence, n., eksistens.
exit, n., ekstrarf.
exorcise, v., eksorsismar.
exorcism, n., cksorsism.
exotic, a., eksot/£.
expand, v. tr., ekspandar.
expect, v., ekspektar.
expectation, n., ekspektasion.
expectorate, v. , sputar.
expedient, n., ekspedient.
expel, v., eks-movar.
expend, v., spender.
expenditure, n., spend.
experience, n., eksperlad (ek-
speriens).
experience, v., eksperiar (learn
by practical trial); sensua/
(physical sensation).
182 experienced—fall
experienced, a., ekspert.
experiment, n., eksperiment.
experiment, v., eksperimentar.
expert, a., ekspert.
expiate, v., eksplar.
expiation, n., ekspfasion.
expire, v., morlar (die); eks-
respirar ((ekspirar) breathe
out).
explain, v., ekspliker.
explode, v. intr., eksplod</r.
exploit, v., eksploatar.
exploitation, n., eksploatasion .
explore, v., eksplorar.
explosive consonant, explosive,
n., konsonant eksplosiv.
export, n., eksport.
export, v., ekspoitar.
exportation, n., eksport.
expose, v., eks-posar (exhibit).
exposition, n., eks-posasion
(eksposision).
express, a., ekspres.
express, v., eksprimar.
expression, n., ekspresion (ut
terance).
extend, v. tr., eks-tender
extent, to a great, ad., grand-
parti^.
exterior, a., eksterior.
exteriorly, ad., eksterion .
external, a., ekstern.
extinction (of a debt), n. , amort i
sasion.
extinguish, v., ekstinguar.
extinguish (a debt), v., amort i
sar.
extol, v., laudar.
extort, v., de-urgar.
extract, n., ekstrakt.
extract, v. , ekstraktar.
extraordinary, a., ekstr-ordi-
extreme, a., ekstrem. [nar.
extremely, ad., ekstrenv.
extremities, n., ekstrem/Yrf/
(hands and feet),
extremity, n.. ekstrem//c/.
exult, v., yubttar.
exultation, n., yubil.
eye, n., okul.
eye-glasses. n., plnser.
eyelash, n., sil.
eyelid, n., palpebr.
eyesight, n., vis.
fable, n., fabl.
fabricate, v., fabrikar.
facade, n., fasad.
face, n., fas (countenance).
face to face, ad., kontre.
facilitate, v., fnS\lifikar.
facility, n., fasil/VV/.
fact, n., fakt.
fact, in, ad. , fakte
factory, n., fabrik.
faculty, n., fakultet (of medi
cine, etc.); kapablitet (ability).
fade, v. , palldeskar.
fagot, n., fashin.
fail, v., falter.
failure, n., fiasko.
fair, n., feri.
fairy, n., fea.
fairy tale, n.. fabl.
faith, n., kred.
faithful, a., fidel.
faithfulness, n.,
falcon, n., falkon.
fall, n., kad (falling); frukto-
temp (autumn).
 fall— fellow-creature
fall, v., kadar.
fallible, a., faliaW.
fall off, v., de-kadar.
false, a., fais.
falsetto, n., faiset.
falsify, v., falzifikar.
falsity, n. , falsitet.
fame, n., fain.
familiar, a., familiar.
familiarity, n., familiar/A•/.
family, n., famili.
famous, a., famos.
fan, n., ventol.
fan, v., ventolar.
fanatic(al), a., lanat//-.
fanaticism, n.. fanatww/.
fancy, n., fantasi.
fancy, v. , fantasiar.
fautast, n., fantast.
fantastic, a., fantast//!-.
far, a., distant.
farewell ! , i., a Deo/
farm, n., farm.
farmer, n., farmer.
far-sighted, a., presbiop.
farther, a., ulterior.
fascinate, v. , sharmer.
fascine, n., fashin.
fashion, n., mod (style).
fashion, v., former.
fashionable, a., moil//-.
fast, n., karem.
fast, a., rapid.
fast, v., karemar.
fast, be, v., andar tro velos^ feint, n., fint.
(timepiece),
fasten, v., fiksar .'fix); gllMnar felicitation, n., felisitas/<?//.
(glue).
fat, n., gres.
fatal, a., fatal.
fate, n., fat.
183
father, n., patr.
father-in-law, n., bel-patr.
fatherland, n. , patr/a.
fathom, v , sondar.
fatigue, n., fatig.
j fatigue, v., fatiger.
fatigued, a., fatlged.
fault, n., kuip (offence); defekt
(blemish).
fault with, find, v., kuip,/r.
favor, n., favor.
favor, v., favorar (favorisan.
favor of, in, p., favor//.
fawn-colored, a., falb.
fear, n., tlmor.
fear, v. , timar.
fearful, a., tlmid (timid).
feasible, a., faslabl.
feast, n., fest (festival); festin
(banquet, entertainment).
feathtr, n , plum.
February, n., februar.
federation, n., federasion.
feeble, a., febl.
feebleness, n., feblilet.
feed, v., ali mentar.
feel, v.,paipar(palpate); sensu-
ar (physically1; sent I// (per
ceive).
feeler, n , paip.
feeling, n., sentiment (senti
ment).
feeling, a., sentiment0s.
feign, v., finger.
felicitate, v., felisita/-.
felicity, n., felis/Vrf.
fell, v'., abatar.
felloe, n., anel rot//-.
fellow-creature, n., ko-hom.
*84 fellow-man—firm
fellow-man, n., ko-hom.
fellowship, n., kamarad//rf.
felt, n., feltr.
female, n., femin.
feminine, a., femiu/£ (feminin).
fence, n., sepl.
fence, v., sepianhedge); gladiar
(fight).
fennel, n., fenul.
ferment. n., ferment.
ferment, v., fermentar.
fermentation, n., termentasion.
fern, n., filis.
ferocious, a., feros.
ferocity, n., ferositet.
ferret, 'n., furet.
fertile, a., fertil.
fertility, n., tertllitet.
fervent, a., ferv.
fervor, n., fer\itet.
fester, v., uiserar.
festival, n., fest.
festoon, n., feston.
festoon, v., festonar.
fetch, v., ad-portar.
feudal, a., feodal.
feuilleton. n., folieton.
feuilletonist, n., folietorm/.
fever, n., febr.
few, a., .v, •11111t 1.
fiasco, n., fiasko.
fibre, n., fibr.
fibrine, n., fibrin.
fiddle, n., violin.
fidelity, n , fldelitet.
fie], i., Ill
field, n.. agr (tilled); kamp (in
general),
fierce, a., feros.
fierceness. n., ferositet.
fiery, a., ardoms.
fifth, a., kuint or kuink//w.
fifty, nr., kuink-dcs.
fig, n., fig.
fight, n., kombat.
fight, v., kombatar.
figurative, a., trop//'.
figure, n., figur (form); tall
(shape); shifr (cipher); trop
(trope).
figure, v., figurar(form).
file, n., lim.
file, v., llmar.
filer, n., llmator.
fill, v., plen///£ar.
filter, n., filtr.
filter, v., filtrar.
filth, n., sord.
filthy, a., sord/£.
final, a., finh£ (final).
finally, ad., flnle.
finances, n., finans/.
finch, n., fringil.
find, v., truvar.
fine, n., mulkt.
fine, a., fin (refined); subtil
(subtile).
fine, v., mulktar.
fineness, n., flnitet (quality or
state of being refined); sub-
tlWet (subtilty).
finger, n., digit.
finish, v., finiar(end); per-
fasiar (complete).
Finland, n , Finland/a.
fir, n., ablet.
fire, n., fok (active principle of
combustion); insendi (confla
gration); ardor (ardor).
fireman, n., insendter ( fi r e -
fighter).
firm, n., firma (commerce).
 firm— flutter
firm, a., firm.
firmament, n.. firmament.
firmness, n., Urmitet.
first, a., prim or uu/in.
first, ad., prime (in the first
place); anterion? (anteriorly).
first class, scholar of the,
prlman.
fish, n., pisk.
fish, v., plskar.
fisher, fisherman, n., plskator.
fish-hook, n., angl.
fissure, n., flsud.
fissure, v. tr., flsar.
fist, n., pun.
fistula, n., fistul.
fitting, a., konvenaW.
fitting, be, v., konvenar; esar
konvenaW.
five, nr., kuink.
fix, v., flksar.
flabby, a., flaksid.
flaccid, a., flaksid.
flag, n., flag.
flagellation, n., flagelasion.
flag (person) of truce, n., par-
lamenter.
flake, n., flok.
flame, n., flam.
flame, v. , flamar.
Flanders, n , Flandri'a.
flank, n., flank.
flannel, n., flanel.
flap, n., klap.
flat, a., p!;it//; (plane); insipid
(insipid).
flat surface, n , plat.
flatten, v. , platar.
flatter, v. , flatar.
flaunt, v., ostentar.
flax, n., lin.
185
flay, v., pelar.
flea, n., pulk.
flee, v., fugar.
fleet, n., flot.
fleeting, a., fugas.
flesh, n., karn.
flex, v., flektar.
flexibility, n., flektablittt.
flexible, a., flektaW(fleksibl).
flexion, n., f[ektiisi<>/> (fleksion).
flight, n., vol (flying); fug
(fleeing).
fling, n., lunsm/.
flit, v., voletar.
float, v. intr., floter.
flock, n., Imp.
flood, n., lnandasion (deluge);
fluks (high tide).
floor, n., flur (of a room); etaj
(story).
floor, v., flurar.
florin, n., florin.
flour, n., farin.
flourish, n. , fanfar (of trumpets).
flow, n., fluks (high tide).
flow, v., fluar.
flower, n., flor.
flower, v., florar.
flow into, v., in-fluar.
flow off. v.,de-fluar.
flow out, v., eks-fluar.
fluctuate, v., fluktuar.
flue, n., tub.
fluid, n., fluid.?:/.
fluid, a., fluid.
fluidity, n., fluid/Vrf.
fluorine, n., fluor.
flute, n., flaut (musical instru
ment); kanel (groove).
flute, v., kanelar (groove).
flutter, v., \oletar.
186 fly— fornication
fly, n., musk.
fly, v., volar.
foal, n., yun-kaval.
foam, n., skum.
foam, v., sknmar.
focus, n., fokus.
fog, n., nebl.
foggy, a., neblos.
foil, v.. frustrar.
fold, n., plik.
fold, v., plikar.
fold up, v. , plikar.
foliage, n., folia/.
folk (arehaie], n., popl.
follow, v., sekuar.
folly, n., folitet.
foment, v., fomentar.
food, n , edad (victuals); ali
ment (aliment).
fool, n., fol.
foolish, a., fol.
foolishness, n., folitet.
foot, n., ped.
foot, on, ad., ped^. [fanterist).
foot-soldier, n., infanterhV (in-
for, p., pro (in favor of): kausu
(because of); |>las/c (instead
of).
for, c., kaus^.
forage, n., furaj.
forage, v., furajer.
forager, n., furaj^r.
forbearance, n., induigentzVrf.
forbid, v., inhlbiar.
force, n., fors.
force, v., forsar.
force in, v. , ln-urgar.
ford, n., vad.
ford, v., vadar.
forebode, v., ominar (portend);
presentlmentar (anticipate).
foreboding, n., presentiment.
forecast, n., prognos.
forecast, v., prognosar.
forehead, n., front.
foreign, a., foren.
foreign country (land), n.,
forena/.
foreign parts, n., ekstr/a.
foremost, ad., anterior^.
forenoon, in the, ad., premedl-
diurn^.
foresee, v. , prevlsar.
foresight, n., prekaut (pru
dence).
foreskin, n., prepusi.
forest, n., forest.
forestall, v., pre\enlar. ,
forge, n., forg.
forge, v., forgar (metal); imita?
(counterfeit).
forget, v., obliviar.
forgetful, a., oblivios.
forgetfulness, n., obllvlasion
((oblivion) forgetting); ob-
llvlositet (obliviousness).
forget-me-not, n., miosot.
forgetting, n., oblMasion.
i forgive, v., pardonar.
forgiveness, n., pardon.
fork, n., fork.
form, n., form.
form, v., former.
formal, a., formal.
formality, n., formah'fe/.
former, a., anterior.
formerly, ad., otr-tempe.
formidable, a., formidabl.
formula, n., formul.
formulate, v , formulae.
fornicate, v., fornikar.
fornication, n., fornikamiw.
 fornicator—frizz
fornicator, n., fornlkator.
forsake, v., abandon/// ,
forswear, v., abyurar.
fort, n., fortres.
fortify, v., fortifikar.
fortress, n., fortres.
fortunate, a., fells.
fortunately, ad., fortune.
fortune, n., fortun.
forty, nr., kuatr-des.
forward, v., ekspediar(send).
forward, ad., versu anterior^, j =water freezes.]
fossil, a., fosil.
foster, v., nutriar.
foul, v., sordifikar.
found, v., fundar (ground).
foundation, n., fundament.
founder, n., fondator (of frequently. ad. , frekuent?.
metal).
foundry, n., fonderi.
fountain, n., font ( s ou r ce ) ; freshness, n., freskitet.
fontan (artificial),
four, nr., kuatr.
fourth, a., kuart or kuatn/w.
fowl, n., galin.
fox, n., vuip.
fraction, n., fraksion.
fracture, n., frangad.
fracture, v., franger.
fragile, a., frangeW.
fragility, n., frangablitet.
fragment, n., fragment.
fragrance, n., aromat.
fragrant, a. , aromat/'£.
frail, a., frangaW (fragile),
frame, n., kadr.
frame, v., in-kadrar.
franc, n., frank.
France, n., Frans/'a.
Franciscan, n., fransiskaw.
Franconia, n., Prankon/a.
187
frank, v., frankar.
frantic, a., frenet/£.
fraternization, n., fraternise-
sion.
fraternize, v., fraternisar.
fraud, n., fraud.
free, a., libr.
free, v., llbrifikar.
freedom, n.. llbritet.
freeze, v., frigar(be cold); gelar
(congeal, intr.). [akua gel
freight, n., porto (charge),
frequent, a., frekuent.
frequent, v., frekuenter.
frequentation, n , frekuenta-
sion.
fresco, n., fresko.
fresh, a., fresk.
fricative, n., konsonant frika-
tiv.
friction, n., frlkasion.
Friday, n., vendrdi.
Friday, a., vendrdiaw and de v.
friend, n., amik.
friendliness, n., afabl//W.
friendly, a., afabl.
friendship, n., amlkad.
frieze, n., fris.
frigate, n., fregat.
fright, n., teror.
frighten. v., terorar.
frigid, a., frig/rf.
frigidity, n., frigor.
fringe, n., frangi.
fringe-maker, n., pasementer.
frivolity, n., Mvolitet.
frivolous, a., frivol.'
frizz, v., frisar.
188 frog—gallop
frog, n., ran. furrow, v., sulkar.
from, p. , eks (out of ) ; da (since; | further, a , ulterior.
source). further, v., promovar.
from that time, ad. , da tetempe. further, ad., ulterior^.
from the time that, c., da temp furthermore, ad., setre.
ke. fury, n., furi (rage); furia
front, n., fasad. (woman;.
front, in, ad., anterior^. fury, be in a, furiar.
front, to the, ad., a anterion". fuse, n., flagrw£-kordon.
frontier, n., frontier. fuse, v. tr., fondar.
frost, n., frost. futile, a., van.
froth, n., skum. future, a., futur.
froth, v., skumar. future, future tense, n., futur;
fructify, v., fra\Aifikar. temp futur.
frugal, a., frugal. future, in the, ad., futur^.
frugality, n., frugal/to1. future perfect, n. , futur perfekt.
fruit, n., frukt. futurity, n., futur.
fruitful, a., fertil.
frustrate, v., frustrar.
fry, v., friar.
fugacious, a., fugas. gabion, n., gabion.
fugacity, n., fugas/fe/. gain, n., profit (profit); ganlad
fugitive, a., fugas. (earnings).
fugitiveness, n., fugasitet. gain, v., ganiar.
fugue, n., fuga. gaining(s), n., ganiarf.
fulfil, v., eksekutar. gaiter, n., gamash (spatterdash).
full, a., plen. gala dress (attire), n., galavest.
full moon, n., ptenilun. galaxy, n., galaksi (Milky Way).
fullness, n., plen//rf. galena, n., gaien.
function, n., funksion. Galicia, n., Galits/a (in Aus
function, v., funksionar. tria;; Galis/'a (in Spain).
fundamental, a., prinsip/£. gall, n., biii.
fur, n., fur. gallant, a., galant.
furbish, v., poliar. gall-apple, n., gal.
furious, a., furios. gallery, n., galeri.
furlough, n., permision. galley, n., galer.
furnace, n., forn. gallium, n., galium.
furnish, v., furnar (supply); galloon, n., galon.
ekipar (fit oui). galloon, trim with, galonar.
furniture, n., mobil/. gallop, n., galop.
furrow, n., sulk. gallop, v., galoper.
 galop—geology
galop, n., galop.
galosh, n., galosh.
galvanic, a., galvan/£.
galvanism, n., galvanism.
gamboge, n., gumigut.
game, n., lu<l.
gamut, n., skal.
gangrene, n., gangren.
gangrene, v., gangrenar (in-
trans.).
gangrenous, a., gangrenos.
gap, n., bresh (break).
gape, v., osltar (yawn); IMu-
sardar (gaze),
gaper, n., musard.
garden, n., hort.
gargle, v., gorgar.
garland, n., giriand.
garment, n., vest.
garnet, n., granat.
garnish, v.. garnar.
garrison, n., garnison.
garrison, v., garnisonar.
garrulous, a., lokuas.
garrulousness, n., lokuas/zW.
gas, n., gas.
gasometer, n., gasometr.
gastronomer, n., gastronom.
gastronomist, n., gastronom.
gate, n., portal.
gather, v. , karpar (pluck);
kolektar (collect).
Gaul, n., Gal/'a.
gauze, n., krep.
gavotte, n.,gavot.
gay, a., alegr (joyous).
gaze, v., musardar.
gazelle, n., gasel.
gazer, n., musard.
gelatin(e), n., gelatin.
geld, v., kastrar.
189
gender, n., gen.
genealogical, a., genealogiz'£
(genealogik).
genealogist, n., geuealogi /.</
(genealogist),
genealogy, n., genealogi.
general, n., general.
general, a., general.
generalization, n., general isa-
sion.
generalize, v., generalisar.
generally, ad., general^.
generate, v., generar.
generation, n., generas/ow (be
getting).
generator, n., genera/or,
generosity, n., generos/zW.
generous, a., generos.
genitive, n., genitiv.
genius, n., genial/zW (mental
power).
genteel, a., gentil.
genteelness, n., gentil//rf.
gentian, n., gensian.
gentility, n., gentil/zW.
gentle, a., gentil (genteel),
gentleman, n., sinior.
genuflect, v., genu-flektar.
genuflection, n., genu-flektre-
sion (genufleksion).
genuine, a., genuin.
genuineness, n., gen
geodesy, n., geodesi.
geodetic, a., geodesi/£.
geographic, a., geografi/£ (geo-
grafik).
geography, n., geografi.
geological, a., geologi/£ (geo-
logik).
geologist, n., geolog.
geology, n., geologi.
190 geometric(al)—glue
geometric (al), a., geometric
(geometrik).
geometry, n., geometri.
Georgia, n., Qrusia (in Asia).
geranium, n., geranium.
germ, n., germin.
German, a., germanMw (relat
ing to Germany); german
(relating to the German lan-
' guage).
Germanic, a., germanik.
Germanic blood, one of,
germanik.
germanium, n., germanium.
German-speaking, a., german.
German-speaking person, ger
man.
Germany, n., German/V/.
germinate, v., germinar.
germination, n., germines/0w.
gerund, n., gerundi.
gerundive, n., gerundiv.
gesticulate, v., gestikular.
gesticulation, n., gestlkulasion.
get, v., resiyar (receive); ob-
tenar (obtain).
get up, v., levar se (stand up).
ghost, n., fantom (spectre);
• spirit (spirit).
ghostly, a., spirit/£.
giant, n., gigant.
gibbous, a., glbos.
giddy, a., frivol.
gift, n., don.
gifted, highly, a., genial.
gigantic, a., gigant/£.
gild, v., aurar.
gilding, n., tMrasion.
gill, n., branki (of fish).
giraffe, n., giraf.
gird, v., sinturar.
girdle, n., sintur.
girdle, v., sinturar.
girl, n., puera.
give, v., donar.
give back, v. , mlonar.
give over, v., trans-donar.
give up, v., dimisionar (relin
quish).
glad, a., yukund.
glad, be, v., gtuidlar se.
gladden, v., gaudlar.
gladiator, n., gladlator.
gladness, n.. gaudi.
gland, n., gland.
glass, n., vitr.
glass, a., vltr/,4.
glassy, a., vltratr.
glaze, v., glasar.
j glaze, n., glasad.
j glazier, n., \ltrer.
. glazing, n., slas,«/.
I glide, v., glisar.
glide off, v., de-glisar.
glitter, v., briliar.
globe, n., glob.
globule, n., 'globet.
glorification, n., glorlflkasuin.
glorify, v., glorifikar.
glorious, a., glorlos.
glory, n., glori.
glossy, a., glat.
glove, n., gant.
glove, v., gantar.
gloves, put on, gantar.
glow, n., ardor.
glow, v., ardar.
glucinum, n., berilium.
glue, n., glutin.
glue, v., glutinar.
glue on, v., su-glutinar.
glue to, v., ad-glutlnar.
 glycerine—grasshopper
glycerine, n., gliserin.
gnaw, v., rodar.
gnaw off, v., de-rodar.
go, v., andar.
go about, v., sirkl-anda/ .
goal, n., but.
go around, v. , sirkl-ander.
goat, n., kapr.
go away, v., apo-andar.
go back. v., returnar.
go before, v., andar anterior^
(precede).
goblet, n., bokal.
God, n., Deo.
goddess, n., dea.
godfather, n., ko-patr.
godhead, n., divin/fe/.
godmother, n., ko-matr.
go down, v., disajparar (of sun).
God's sake, for, ad., kaiis// Deo.
God's sake ! , for, i., o Deo!
going out, n., ekstrad.
gold, n., aur.
gondola, n., gondol.
good, a., bon.
good ! , i. , brave !
good, the, it bon.
good bye ! , i , a Deo /
goodness, n., bonttet.
good of, for the, p., profit//.
goods, n., merkante/ (mer
chandise); posesarf (posses
sions).
go off, v., apo-andar.
goose, n., gus.
go out, v., eks-andar.
gorge, n., ravin.
gospel, n., evangel.
gospel, a., evangel/,fc.
Goth, n., got.
Gothic, a., got/£.
191
go to meet, v., andara kontre.
gout, n., podagr.
gouty, a., podagras.
govern, v., guvernar.
gown, n., rob (woman's); talar
(robe).
grace, n., gras.
gracious, a., grasios.
graciousness, n., grasios/fW.
gradation, n., gradasion.
grade, n., grad.
grade, v. , gradar.
gradual, a., suksesiv.
gradually, ad., suksesiv^.
graduate, v. tr., gradar.
graduation, n., gradas//?w (gra
dation).
grain, n., gren (cereal); gran
(kernel); lign-ven (of wood).
grammar, n., gramatik.
grammatical, a., gramatika/.
gramme, n., gram.
granary, n., greneri.
grand, a., grandios.
grandeur, n., grandios/fe/.
grandfather, n., grand-patr.
grandiose, a., grandios.
grand-nephew or -niece, n.,
grand-nef.
grandson, n., grand-filio.
granduncle, n., grand-onkl.
granite, n., granit.
grant, n., konsesion.
grant, v., konsesionar (con
cede ); eks-audiar (hear
favorably).
grape, n., grap.
graphite, n., grafit.
grasp, v., slsar.
grass, n., herb.
grasshopper, n., lokust.
192 grateful — guide
grateful, a., mersi,/y.
grater, n., frika/or.
grate up, v. , k l o s a r medla
treliaj.
gratis. ad., gratis.
gratitude, n., merslositet.
gratuitously, ad., gratis.
grave, n., sepult.
grave, a., grav.
gravel, n., gravin.
gravitation, n., gravitasion.
gravity, n., gravitet.
gravy, n., sos.
gray, a., gris.
grease, n., gres.
grease, v., gresar.
great, a., grand.
Great Britain, n., Uritun/,/.
great-grandfather, n., plu-
grand-patr.
greatly, so, ad., tant?.
greatness, n., grand/WA
Greece, n.. Qres/a.
greed, n., kupidwV/.
greedy, a., kupid.
green, a., verd.
green, become, verdeskar.
greenish, a., verda/r.
Greenland, n.. Grenland/r/.
greet, v., salutar.
greeting, n., salut.
grenade, n., grenad.
gridiron, n., rost.
grief, n., griv.
grieve, v. intr. , grivar.
grimace, n., grimas.
grimace, v., grimasar.
grime, n., sord.
grind, v., molinar'mill); poll-•.
(whet).
gristle, n., kartilag.
grits, n., grit.
groan, v., gemar.
groats, n., grit.
groceries, n.. spes.
groom, n., kaval,/w (hostler).
groomsman, n., paranimf.
groove, n., kanel.
groove, v., kaneler.
gross, a., kras.
gross, ad., bruto (in the gross).
grossness, n., krasitet.
grot, n., grot.
grotesque, a., grotesk.
grotto, n., grot.
ground, n., fon (background);
suol (soil); hum (earth); kaus
(reason).
ground, v. , fundar (found),
grounds, n., sediment.
group, n., grup.
group, v., gruper.
grow, v., kreskar.
grow old. v., anslanaskar.
grow tall, v.. alteskar.
growth, n., kreskasion.
grow up, v., kreskar.
grumble, v., murmurar.
grumous, a., grumos.
guarantee, n., gamntad
guarantee, v., ;::iranl •/.
guarantor, n., garant.
guard, n., gard (shield); kustod
(watchman),
guard, v., garder (shield);
k us tod,/,- (watch),
guardian, n., tutor.
guardian to, be. tutar.
guardians, body of, tutet.
guess, v., dlvlnar.
guide, n., gid.
guide, v., gidar.
 guilt—hard
guilt, IK, kuip.
guilty, a., kulp/«.
guilty of, kuipos de.
guitar, n., gitar.
guitarist, n., gitar/rf.
guitar-player, n., gltarist.
gulf, n., golf.
gum, n., gom.
gum, v., gomar.
gun, n., fusil.
guncotton, n., fulmin-koton.
gut, n., hues tin.
guttural, n., konsonant gutu-
ral.
gymnasium, n., gimnas (col
lege).
gymnastic, a., gimnastika/.
gymnastics, n., gimnastik.
gymnastics, exercise in, gim-
nastlkar.
gypsum, n., gips.
gypsy, n., tsigan.
H handle, n., ans.
habit, n., kustom.
habitable, a., habitaW.
habituate, v., kustomar.
hack, n., flakr.
haft, n., ans.
haggle, v., merkantar.
hail, n., grel.
hail, v. , grelar (pour down hailK
hair, n. , kapil (single hair);
kapil/ (hair of the head),
hairy, a., kapiltv.
halberd, n., halebard.
halberdier, n., halebard^r.
halcyon, n., haision.
half, a., demi.
half, n., semi-ad.
18
193
half-breed, n., meslis.
half-brother, n., semifratr.
half-moon, n., semilun.
half-year, n., semestr.
half-yearly, a., semestr/£.
hall, n., hal.
hallow, v., sanktiftcar.
hallucination, n., halusinasion.
halo, ii.. iiimb.
halt, n., stop.
halt, v., stopar(intr.).
halt ! , i., stop I
halter, n., strangl (for punish
ment).
halting-place, n., etap.
ham, n., gambon.
hammer, n., m artel,
hammer, v., martelar.
hammock, n., hamak.
hamster, n., hamster.
hand, n., uianu.
handicraft, n., metier.
handkerchief, n., drap de sak.
hand over, v. , ln-mtamar
hang, v. tr. and intr., pendar.
hangman, n., eksekuta/or yus-
tte**.
Hanover, n., Hanovr.
Hanseatic, a., hanseat//-.
Hanseatic League, n., hanseat.
happen, v. , aksidar.
happiness, n., felis/A•/.
happy, a., felis.
happy, make, fellsifikar.
harass, v., veksar.
harbor, n., port.
harbor, v., albergar (as inn
keeper).
hard, a., dur (not soft); nefasll
(difficult).
194 hard consonant—heathenism
hard con sonant , konsonant
dur.
harden, v., dvarifikar (indurate);
asier</r (steel).
hardihood, n., hard/zW.
hardly, ad., pene.
hardness, n., duritet.
hare, n., lievr.
hark ! , i., audla .'
harlequin, n., hariekin.
harm, n., damn.
harm, v., damnifikar.
harmonious, a., harmonics.
harmonium, n., harmonium.
harmony, n., harmoni.
harness, n., harnes.
harness, v., harnesar.
harp, n., harp.
harper, n., harpist.
harpoon, n.. harpun.
harrow, n., rastron.
harrow, v., rtatronar.
harvest, n., rekolt.
harvest, v., rekoitar.
haste, n.. hast.
hasten, v., haster (be quick);
akselerer (accelerate).
hastening, n., akseterasion (ac
celeration).
hastily, ad., haste.
hasty, a., hast//;-.
hasty, be too, fasiar tro haste.
hat, n., siiapo.
hat, cylinder, n., silindr shapo.
hat, silk, n., silindr shap6.
hat-box, n., skatul.
hatch, v., kuvar.
hatchel, n., lin-pekt.
hatchel, v., lin-pekter.
hatchet, n., skur.
hate, n., odi.
I
hate, v., odiar.
hateable, a.,
hateful, a., udi//v.
hatred, n., odi.
haul, v., tlrar.
haunted, the house is, fantom/
apar in dum.
have, v., avar.
haven, n., port.
hawk, n., hastor.
hay, n., fien.
hazard, n., hasard.
hazard, v., hasardar.
hazel-nut, n., nuset.
he, pr., il.
head, n., kap (part of body);
shef (chief); kapiti (chapter),
heal, v., remediar.
health, n., sanitet (soundness);
tost (toast).
health, propose a, tostar.
healthful, a., salubr.
healthy, a., san.
heap, n., kumul.
heap, v., kumula/.
hear, v., audiar (perceive by the
ear); eks-audiar grant),
hear! , i., audia /
hearing, n., audit (the sense),
heart, n., kord.
heart, by, ad., memori^.
heartiness, n., kordiah'/rf.
hearty, a., kordial (cordial).
' heat, n., kak»- (warmth ); ardor
(ardor).
heat, v., fornar.
heated, a., ardoros.
heathen, n., pagan.
heathen, a., pagan/*,
heathenish, a., pagan//r.
heathenism, n.,
 heaven —hindrance
heaven, n., siel.
heavenly, a., siel//!-.
heavenly body, astr.
heaviness, n., gravitet.
heavy, a., pesant.
Hebraic(al), a., hebre/£.
Hebrew, a., hebre/£.
heckle, n., lin-pekt.
heckle, v., lin-pektar.
hectograph, hektograph, n.,
hektograf.
hectograph, hektograph, v. ,
hektografar.
hedge, n., scpi.
hedge, v., seplar.
heel, n., talon.
hegemony, n., hegemoni.
he-goat, n., kapro.
height, n., a\titet.
heir, n., hered.
helium, n., helium.
hell, n., infern.
hello ! , i., audie .'
helm, n., guvern.
helmet, n., kask.
help, n., sukurs.
help, v., sukursar.
help ! , i. , sukurs !
help of, with the, p., ko sukurs
de.
hem, n., bord.
hem, v., bordar.
hemp, n., kanab.
hen, n., galina.
hence, ad., sikause.
her, pr., sie (possessive).
her (own), pr. , sue.
herald, n., herald.
heraldry, n., heraldik.
herb, n., vegetabil.
herbage, n., herbo/.
195
here, ad., siloke (in this place);
a siloke (hither).
here ! , i., ekse !
hereafter, ad., future/.
here below, ad., su ter. ,
heresy, n., heretow/.
heretic, n., heret/£.
heretical, a., heret/£.
heritage, n., hered</t/.
hermaphrodite, n., hermafru -
dit.
hermetical, a., hermet/£.
hermit, n., eremit.
hermitage, n., eremlteri.
hero, n., hero.
heroic, a., hero«£.
heroism, n., heroism.
heron, n., heron.
herring, n., haring.
hers, pr., sie.
herself, pr., aut (emphatic : ila
aut skrib -= she herself
writes); se (reflexive : ila am
se=she loves herself),
hesitate, v., hesitar.
heterogeneous, a., heterogen.
heterogeneousness, n., hetero-
genitet.
hexameter, n., heksa-metr.
hiccough, n., hik.
hiccough, v., hikar.
hidden, a., arkan.
hide, n., pelt.
hide, v., okultar.
high, a., alt.
hilt, n., ans.
himself, pr., aut (emphatic); se
(reflexive). See ' ' herself. ' '
hind, a., posterior.
hinder, v., impediar.
hindrance, n., obstakl.
196 hinge— household utensils
hinge, n., kaolin.
hinny, n., mulet.
hint, n., a\ertaswu.
hint, v., averter.
hippodrome, n., hipodrom.
hippopotamus, n., hipopotam.
hire, v., arendar (rent).
hirer, n., ;ireiHl// //>,".,
his, pr. , sie.
his (own), pr., sue.
hiss, v., sibilar.
historic(al), n., histor/£.
history, n., histor.
hit, v., perkutar.
hitch up, v., yunktar (horses).
hither, a., siterior.
hither, ad., a s/lok^.
hitherto, ad., usk sitempe.
hitherward, ad., versu sfloke.
ho ! , i. , audia /
hoar-frost, n., glas-rosi.
hoarse, a., rauk.
hoarseness, n., rauk//rf.
hodgepodge, n., pelmel.
hog, n., pork.
hoist, v., erektar (as a flag).
hold, v., tenar.
hole, n., for.
holiness, n., sanktitet.
Holland, n., Nederiand«'a.
Holland, a., nederiand/aH.
Hollander, n., nederiand/aw.
hollow, a., kavern/£ (cavern
ous); surd (dull).
hollow, v., kavernar.
holy, a., sankt.
home, ad., doni, (at); a donv
(to).
home, at, ad., dome.
homeopathic, a., homeopath'£
(homeopatik).
homeopathist, n., homeopatiirf.
homeopathy, n., homeopati.
homogeneous, a., homogen.
homologous, a , homolog.
homonymous, a., hornonim.
honest, a., honest.
honey, n., miel.
honey-comb, n., protoslr.
honor, n., honor.
honor, v. , honorar.
honorable, a., \ionorabl.
honoring, n., honorasion.
honor of, in, p., in honor de.
hood, n., koif (woman's;; kapus
(cowl).
hoof, n., ungu masiv.
hook, n., krok.
hop, hops, n., lupul.
hope, n., esper.
hope, v., esperar.
horde, n., hord.
horizon, n., horisont.
horizontal, a., horisont/£ (hori-
sontal ) .
horn, n., kornu (substance).
horrible, a., horonw.
horror, n., horor,
horse, n., kaval.
hose, n. pi., kais/ (stockings),
hospice, n., hospit.
hospital, n., hospital.
host, n., hoteler (landlord),
hostler, n., kaval,/w.
hot, a. , kal /// (warm); ardoros
(ardent) .
hotel, n., hotel.
hotel-keeper, n., hoteter.
hour, n., nor.
house, n., dom.
household utensils, utensil/ de
dom.
 house of, at the—hyphen
house of, at the (in the), p., in
dom dc.
housing, n., shabrak.
hovel, n., barak.
how, ad., kual^ (to what de
gree); kemanlere (in what
manner).
how do you do ? kual, • vo stand?
however, ad., negligawfe it.
however, c. , ye.
how frequently, ad., kefre-
kuent^.
howl, v., ulvAar.
how many, a., kiiaiit .
how many fold, a., kuant///>/.
how many times, ad . , kuant/ba.
how many(th) time, for the, ad.,
kelimfoa .
how much, a., kuant.
how much, ad., kuant?.
how often, ad., £^frekuente.
hubbub, n., tumultu.
hull, n., silik (husk).
human, a., hom/£.
humane, a., human.
humaneness, n., human//,/.
humanity, n., human//, •/ (hu
maneness).
humble, a., hiiinil.
humid, a., humid.
humidity, n., iiuiniil/A/.
humility, n., liuinil/VV/.
humor, n., humor.
humorist, n., humorist.
hump, n., gib.
humpbacked, a., gibos.
humus, n., hum.
hunch, n., gib.
hunchback, n., jjibc.v.
hunchbacked, a., glbos.
hundred, nr., sent.
197
hundred, n., sent-livr (weight).
hundredweight, n., sent-livr.
hung, be, v., pendar.
Hungary, n., Hungarw.
hunger, n., famel.
hunger, v., avarfamel.
hungry, a., famcl/X-.
hungry, be, avarfamel.
hunt, n., \enad.
hunt, v., venar.
hunter, huntsman, n., venafor.
hurl, v., lansar.
hurricane, n., uragan.
hurry, n., hast.
hurry, v. , hastar (be quick);
akselerar (accelerate).
hurry ! , i. , hast , • /
hurt, n., damn (detriment);
lesasion (injury),
hurt, v., damnifikar (damage);
lesar (injure),
husband, n., marito.
hush ! , i , silensi !
husk, n., silik.
hussar, n., husar.
hut, n., barak.
hyacinth, n., hiasint (flower),
hybrid, n., mestis.
hydra, n., hidra.
hydrodynamics, n., hidrodltOi-
mik.
hydrogen, n., hidrogen.
hydrometer, n., areometr.
hydrophobia, n., hidrofobi.
hydrophobic, a., hidrofobios.
hydropic, a., hidropsi/£.
hydrostatics, n., ^/Wrostatik.
hyena, n., hien.
hymn, n., himn.
hyperbole, n., hiperbol.
hyphen, n., linirf de union.
198 hypocrite—impression
hypocrite, n., hipokrit.
hypocritical, a., hipokrit/£.
hypothesis, n., hipotes.
hysteria, n., histeri.
hysterical, a., histeri/£ (histe-
rik).
I immature, a., nematur.
I, pr., mi.
iambic, a., iamb/£.
iambus, n., iamb.
ice, n., glas.
Iceland, n., lsland/e.
idea, n., itle.
ideal, n., ideal.
ideal, a., ideal/£.
identical, a., idcnt/£. [tet).
identity, n., Uentikitet (identi-
idiom, n., idiom.
idle, a., osios.
idleness, n., oslositet.
idol, n., idol.
idyl, n., idil.
i. e.=that is, i. e.==it es.
if, c., if (conditio nal); eske
(whether).
if you please, if it pits. (See
pllsar.)
ignite, v., flagri/ikar (set on
fire); flayfeskar (take fire).
ignore, v.,ignorar(not to know;
to wish not to know).
ill, a., malad.
ill-favored, a., vilan.
illness, n., ma lad //r/.
illuminate, v., iluminar.
illumine, v., ilumiii /r.
illusion, n , ilusion.
illustrate, v., ilustrar (explain;
also pictorially).
illustration, n., llustrasion (ex
planation; also picture).
Illyria, n., llir/'a.
image, n., imag (picture).
imagine, v., imaginar.
imitate, v., imitar.
immaculate, a., nemakuled.
immediate, a., w^mediat.
immediately, ad., nemedlate.
immense, a., imens.
immerse, v., mergar.
j immolate, v., viktimar.
! impart, v., donar.
j impartial, a., nepartlsan
impatience, n., nepasientitet .
impatient, a., w^pasient.
impede, v. , impediar.
impel, v., impuisar.
imperative, n., imperativ.
imperfect tense, the imperfect,
n., imperfekt.
j imperial, a., Imperatorik.
\ impertinent, a., impertinent.
impetuosity, n., lmpetuositet.
impetuous, a , impetus.
impetus, n., impetu.
implacable, a., aeplakabl.
implement, n , instrument.
implore, v., suplikur.
important, a., important.
impose, v., su-metar (lay on).
imposing, a., grandios. »
impossible, render, fasiar
neposlbl.
impost, n., impost.
impregnate, v. , impregniar.
impress, v., impresionar (af
fect); imprimar (imprint).
impression, u , impresion (ef
fect).
 imprint—indolent
imprint, v., lmprlmar.
imprison, v., prisoner.
imprisonment, n., prlsouad.
improve, v., plu-bonifikar.
improvisator, n., lmprovlsator.
improvise, v., lmpro\lsar.
impudent, a., impertinent (im
pertinent); nopudik (shame
less).
impulse, n., impuis.
impure, a., nepar (dirty); ne-
kast (unchaste).
impurity, n., nekastilet (un-
chastity).
impute, v., lmputar.
in, p., in.
inactive, a., inert.
inactivity, n., lnertitet.
inapt, a., neapt.
inaptitude, n., neaptitet.
inaugurate, v., inaugurar.
inauguration, n., lnaugurasion.
incapable, a., wkapabl.
incarnate, v., in karnar.
incarnation, n., in-karna«ow.
incendiary, a., insendkw.
incense, n., insens.
incense, v., insensar.
incenser, n., lnsensator.
incessant, a , nesesant.
incest, n., insestu.
incestuous, a., insestuiM.
inch, n., pois.
incident, n.. aksident.
incite, v., lnstlgar.
inclination, n., inkling />>w.
incline, v. intr., inklinar.
include, v., kompleksar (com
prise).
inclusively, ad., iiiklusiv/ .
income, n., rent.
199
income, one who has a fixed,
renter.
increase, v. , plu<i/- (trans.);
kreskar (iutr.).
incredible, a., nekredabl.
incredulity, n., nekredantitet .
incredulous, a., nekredant.
incredulousness, n., nekredanti-
tet.
incubate, v., kuvar.
incus, n., inkud.
indeed, ad., veras^.
indeed—but, vere- ma.
indefinite, a., vag.
indefinite article, .a r 1 i k ) i n-
definit.
indefinite pronoun, pronom
indefinit.
indemnify, v. , bonifikar.
independence, n., nedependan-
titet.
independent, n , w^dependaw/.
India, n., lndia.
India-rubber, n., kaucuk.
indicate, v., indikar.
indicative, n., indikativ.
indifferent, a., indiferent.
indigence, n., indigent/Vrf (in-
digens).
indigenous, a., indigen.
indigent, a , indigent.
indignant, be, indini//,.
indigo, n., indigo.
indium, n., indium.
individual, n., individu.
individual, a., individu//- (in
dividual).
individuality, n , individual/^/.
indoctrinate, v., presepton/r.
indolence, n., indolent//^/.
indolent, a., indolent.
200 induce—inside
induce, v., persuadar.
indulgence, n., indulgent /A-/
(forbearance).
indulgent, a., induigent.
indurate, v., tiMrifikar.
industrial, a., iudiistri//- (in
dustrial).
industrious, a., industry.
industry, n., industri.
inebriety, n., ebritet.
inert, a., inert.
inertia, n., lnertitet.
inertness, n., lnertitet.
inevitable, a., neevltabL
infallible, a., nefa!Aabl.
infant. n., infant.
infantry, n., infanteri.
infantry, a., infanterian.
infantryman, n., infanteri/v/
(infanterist).
infect, v., infektar.
infection, n., lnfektasion (in-
feksion).
infer, v. , konkludar.
inferior, a , inferior.
inferiority, n., inferionVrf.
inferiorly, ad , inferior^.
infinitive, n., infinitiv.
infirmary, n., lasaret.
inflame, v., inflamar (med.).
inflammation, n., lnSlamasion.
influence, n , influens.
influence, v., influensm.
influenza, n.. influensa.
inform, v.. informs/ kh di kk.
inform against, v., (Icinmsi ,'/ .
information, n , lnformasion.
inform one's self, v. , informar
se di kk.
infringe, v., vlolar.
infringement, n., vlolasion.
infuse, v., in-verser.
ingenious, a., genial (possessed
of genius); artifisios (skilful).
ingenuous, a., naiv.
ingenuousness, n., ntAvitet.
ingot, n., bar.
inhabit, v. , habitar.
inhabitant, n., habltant.
inhabitant of a kingdom,
regnikol.
inherit, v., heredar.
inheritance, n., lieredad.
injection, n., klister.
injure, v., lesar.
inmriously to or of, speak,
inyuriar.
injury, n., lesasion.
ink, n., tint.
inn, n., alberg.
inner, a., interior.
inn-keeper, n., albergist.
innocence, n., inosent/Vrf.
innocent, a., inosent.
in order that, c , a fini ke.
in order to, a (before the infini
tive).
in place of, p. , plas«; in plas de.
in place of, c., plas, ke.
inquire, v. , interogar (ask ques
tions).
inquire a1iout (into), v , informar
se di kk.
inquisitive, a., kurios.
inquisitiveness, n., kurios/fe/.
inscribe, v., in-skribffr.
insect, n., insekt.
insert, v., in-plaser (place in);
inserar (in newspaper).
inside, ad., interior^.
inside, p., interior^ de.
inside, to the, ad., a interior^.
 inside of—intimacy 201
inside of, p., interior^ de. intellect, n., intelektu.
insignificant, a., w^lmportant. intellectual, a., lntelektuos.
insinuate, v., insinuar. intelligence, n., intelektu (in
insipid, a., insipid. tellect); informa«'ow (infor
insist upon, v., inster. mation).
insolence, n., insolent/V^/. intelligible, a.,
insolent, a., insolent. intend, v., intensionar.
inspect, v., inspektar. intensive, a., intensiv.
inspector, n., inspekta/or. intent, n., intent.
inspiration, n . lnsplrasion. intention, n., intension.
inspire, v., inspirer (trans.); in- intentionally, ad., intension^.
resplrar ((irspirar) breathe inter, v., sepultar.
in), intercede, v., intercede.
inspissate, v. , kondensa/ interchange, n., permutasion.
(trans.). interchange, v., permutar.
install, v., instalar. intercourse, n., komunlkasion .
instance, n., eksempl. intercourse, hold, k o m u-
instant, n., moment. nikor.
instantly, ad., simomente. interest, n., interes (concern);
instead of, p. , plasw, in plas de. interest (income).
instead of, c., plas^ ke. interest, v., interestr.
instigate, v., instiger. interest, bear, portar ln
instil, v., in-versar. terest.
instinct, n., instinkt. interior, a , interior.
institute, v., institu,/r. interiorly, ad., interior^.
institution, n., lnstltuad (insti- ! interjection, n., interyeksion.
tut). interlude, n..intr-lud.
institution, educational, in- ' internal, a., intern.
stituarf de edukasion. international, a.. internasional.
instruct, v., instruer. interpret, v., interpretar.
instructor, n., instru,//or. interpreter, n., interpret.
instrument, n , instrument. interrogate, v. , interogar.
instrument, v., instrumentar(a ' interrogation mark, sign de
composition), interoga.s/Vw.
insulate, v. , isolar. interrogative particle, eske ?
insult, n., insult. interrogative pronoun, pro-
insult, v., insulter. niini interogativ.
insurance, n , asekurasion. interrupt, v , interumpar.
insure, v. , asekurar. interval, n., interval.
integrity, n., lutegritet. intestine, n., intestin.
integument, n., kuvr. intimacy, n., lntlmitet.
202 intimate—ivy
intimate, a., intim.
intimate, v., notifikar.
intimation, n., noiiflkasion.
intimidate, v., \\midifikar.
into, p., in.
intoxicate, v., in-ebrar.
intransitive verb, intransitive,
n., verb intransitiv.
intrigue, n., intrig.
intrigue, v. , intrigar.
introduce, v., introdukar (bring
in).
intrude, v., in-urgar (trans.).
intuition, n., lntuasion (intui-
sion).
intuitive, a., lntuativ (intuitiv).
inundate, v., inundar.
inundation, n., lnimdasion.
inure, v. tr., kustomar.
invalid, n., invalid.
invalid, a., invalid.
invalidity, n., lnvallditet.
invasion, n., invasion.
invent, v., inventar.
invention, n., ln\entaswn (in-
vension).
inventor, n., lnventator (inven
tor).
inventory, n., inventar.
inversely, ad., inversk.
invert, v., inversian.
invest, v., vestar (clothe); ob-
sidlar (besiege).
investigate, v., investigar.
investigation, n., investigas/on.
investigator, u., investiga/or.
invigorate, v., vigorar.
invite, v., invitar.
invoice, n., faktur.
involve, v., komplikar.
inward, ad., a interior^.
iodine, n., iod.
Ireland, n., lriand/a.
iridium, n., iridium.
iris, n., iris.
iron, n., fer.
iron, v., glat//J£ar (clothes).
ironical, a., ironi0s.
irony, n., ironi.
irrigate, v., lrlgar.
irrigation, n., lrlgasion.
irritate, v., lrltar (excite).
irritated, be, v., esar \eiised.
island, n., insul.
islander. n., insulan.
isolate, v., lsolar.
isosceles, a., ekuikrurik.
issue, n., resultaa" (result).
issue, v., fontar (spring); edltar
(publish ) .
issuer, n., edltafor ((editor)
publisher).
issuing, n., edltasion (edision).
isthmus, n., istm.
it, pr., it.
Italian, a., ltalian (pertaining to
Italy); itah'/S (language).
Italian, n., Italian (man); ital/-
ana Cwoinaii).
Italian-speaking, a., ltsAik.
Italy, n., ltaha.
itch, n., skabi (mange).
itch, v., pruriar.
itchy, a., skabios (mangy1,
iterative, n., numerativ itera-
tiv.
its, pr., sie.
its (own), pr. , sue.
itself, pr., aut (emphatic); se
(reflexive) . See ' • herself. ' '
ivory, n., ivor.
ivy, n., hedr.
 jackal—jury
jackal, n., shakal.
jacket, n., yak.
January, n., yanuar.
Japan, n., Yapon/a.
jar, n., pot.
jaw, jawbone, n., maksil.
jaw, lower, maksil inferior.
jaw, upper, maksil superior.
jaws, n., bokon.
Jealous, a., jalus.
jealousy, n., \alusitet.
jelly, n., gelatin.
jest, n., yok.
jest, v., yokar.
jesting, a., yokos.
Jew, n., yudav.
jewel, n., yuvel.
jeweler, n., yuveter.
Jewish, a., yuda/£.
jocose, a., yokos.
jocund, a., yukund.
join, v., yunktar (unite).
joiner, n., tabl^r.
joiner's shop, n., tabl^r ofisiii.
joint, n., flekt.
jointly, ad., yunkte.
joke, n., yok.
joke, v., yokar.
journal, n., diurnal (periodical).
journey, n., voyaj.
journey, v. , voyajar.
journey, go on a, de-voya-
lar.
jovial, a., yovial.
joviality, n., yovlalitet.
jovialness, n., ' juristical), a., yuristik.
joy, n., gaudi.
joyful, a., yukund.
joyous, a.
203
jubilarian, n., yubller.
jubilate, v., yubilar.
jubilation, n., yubil.
jubilee, n., yubil<w'.
Judaic, a., yuda/£.
Judaism, n., yudii/.vw.
judge, n., yudlkator.
judge, v., yudisie/- (mentally.);
yudikar (pronounce upon the
merits of a cause;; pensar
(think).
judge lateral, n., asesor.
judgment, n., yudisi (product
of mental act of judging);
yudlslasion (mental act;:
yudikas/0w (process of arriv
ing at a decision in a debat
able matter); yudlkad (sen
tence, decision of a judge).
jug, n., kruk.
juice, n., suk.
juicy, a., suk/w.
July, n., yuli.
July, a., yuliaw and de y.
jumble, n., pelmel.
j jump, n., salt.
j jump, v., saltar.
; jump off, v., de-saltar.
j June, n., yuni.
June, a., yunlan and de y.
junior, a , yunior.
juniper, n., yunipr.
juridic, juridical, a., yurid/£.
jurisdiction, n., yurisdiksion.
jurisprudence, n.,yurispru-
dens.
jurist, n., yurist.
juror, n., yuro.
jurors, n., yur/.
jury, n., yur/.
204
just, a., yust.
just, ad., yust? (exactly).
just as, c., kuale.
justice, n., yustis (administra
tion of j ustice ) ; yustitet (j ust-
ness).
justify, v., yustifikar.
justness, n., yustitet.
just now, ad., yuste sitempe.
jute, n., yut.
K knife, n., kultcl.
kaleidoscope, n , katidoskop.
kalium, n., kalium.
keel, n., kil.
keep, v., tenar (hold); retenar
(retain); testar (celebrate);
preservar (preserve); ne-
komunik<M (not communi
cate).
keep back, v., retenar restrain).
keep books. v., libr-tenar.
keep secret, v. , tenar sekrek".
keep still ! , i., silensi I
kernel, n., gran.
kettle, n., kaldron.
key, n., klavl (of lock, also of
musical instrument) ; ton
(tone).
keyboard n , klavie/.
kidney, n., ronion.
kill, v., mortifikar.
kilogramme, n., kitogram.
kilometer, n , kjlometr.
kin, a., parent.
kind, n., sort.
kind, a., benevolent.
kindle, v., flagreskar (intr.);
flagn/5£er (trans.).
kindred, n., parente/.
just—lacerate
king, n., reg (ruler; also in
chess).
kingdom, n., regn/a.
kingfisher, n., haision.
kiss, n., oskul.
kiss, v., oskular.
kitchen, n., kuk«-/.
knave, n., brikon.
knee, n., genu.
kneel, v., genuar.
- kneepan, n., patel.
knight, n., kavalier (cavalier);
kaval (in chess).
knit, v., trikotar.
knit goods, n., trikot.
knob, n., tuber.
knobby, a., tubercs.
knock, v., perkut<w.
knot, n., nod.
knot, v., nodar.
know, v., konosar.
knowledge, n., konosarf (cogni
tion, acquaintance); slent
(science).
knuckle, n., flekt [de digit].
kopeck, n., kopek.
Koran, n., koran.
kreutzer, n , kreutser.
labial, n., konsonant labial.
labile, a., labil.
labor, n., labor.
labor, v., laborar.
labyrinth, n., labirint.
lace, n., dentel.
lace, v., lasear (tie); galona/
(trim with galloon),
lacerate, v., laserar.
 lacker—lazaretto 205
lacker, n., lak. larva, n., larv.
lackey, n., lake. larynx, n., laring.
lacking, be, v., mankar. lasso, n., laso.
lack of, for, p., mankw. last, a., ultim.
lacmus, n., lakmus. last, v., durar.
lacquer, n., lak. last, at, ad., fink.
lacquer, v. , lakar. late, a., tard.
lady, n., siniorv (Mrs.); sini- late, ad., tardr.
orina (miss). lately, ad., nelonge.
lagoon, n., lagun. later, a., posterior.
lake, n., lag. lath, n., lat.
lama, n., lama. Latin, n., latin (language).
lamaism, n., hu latitude, degree of, grad de
lamb, n., agnel. larg//rf.
lament, n., lament. lattice, n., treliaj.
lament, v., lamentur. lattice, v., kloser mediw treliaj.
lamina, n., lamin. laud, v., laudar.
laminate, v., laminar. laugh, laugh at, v., rldar.
lamp, n., lamp. launch, v., lansar (hurl),
lampblack, n., fum-negrarf. laundress, n., la\atora.
lampoon, n., paskuil. laurel, n., laur.
lamprey, n., lampret. lava, n., lav.
lance, n., lans. lavish, a., prodig/£.
lancer, n., ulan. lavish, v., prodigar.
land, n., agr (field); land (coun law, n., leg (statute ); yur
try ) ; teren (opposed to water). (right),
land, v. intr., ad-bordar. lawful, a., legitim (legitimate);
landlord, n., hotels (of hotel). yurid/£ (right),
landscape, n., paisaj. lawsuit, n., proses.
landscape-painter, n., pais;ij/.v/. lawyer, n., advokat.
language, n., lingu. lax, a., laks.
lantern, n., lantern. laxity, n., laksitet.
lanthanum, n., lantan. lay, v., posar (place); metar
lap, n., gremi. ovi (of fowls),
Lapland, n., Laponia. lay down, v., de-posar.
lapwing, n., vanel. layer, n., strat (stratum); lam in
larch, u., lariks. (lamina).
large, a., grand. lay on, v., su-metar.
large, make, v. lay out, v., spendar (spend),
largeness, n., jj lay over, v. , trans-metar.
lark, n., alaud. lazaretto, n., lasaret.
206 laziness—liability
laziness, n., lnertitet.
lazy, a., inert.
lead, n., plomb.
lead, n., dukasion (leading).
lead, v., plombar.
lead, v., dukar.
lead away, v. , de-dukar.
leader, n., shef (head).
leadership, n., dukasion.
leading, a., prinsipal (chief).
lead off, v., de-dukar.
lead-pencil, n., krayon.
leaf, n., foil (plant, book) ;
lamin (lamina),
league, n., liga.
leak, n., lekaj.
leak, v., lekajar.
lean, a., magr.
lean, v., ad-dorsar (trans.).
lean, become, magreskar.
leanness, n., magritet.
leap, n., salt.
leap, v., saltar.
leap off, v., de-saltar.
leap-year, n., anu bisekstil.
learn, v., aprendar.
learnable, a., aprendabl.
learned, a., erudled.
learned man, n., erudled.
lease, n., laad.
lease, v., luar (take); prestar
luade ;let).
least, at, ad., a minu.
leather, n., kuir.
leave, v., lasar (let); abandoner
(forsake); trans mltarherede
(bequeath) .
leaven, n., ferment.
leave of absence, permision.
leech, n., sanguin-sug.
'ees, n., sediment.
left, a., sinistr.
left, at the (on the), ad., sinister.
left, to the, ad., a sinistr^.
left of, to (at) the, p., sinistiv
de. •
leg, n., gamb.
legend, n., legend.
legible, a., lektaW.
legion, n., legion.
legitimacy, n., legitim//?/.
legitimate, a., legitim.
legumes, n., leguminon.
legumin, n., legumin.
leisure, n., osi.
lemon, n., Umon.
lemonade, n., llmonad.
lend, v., prestar.
length, n., longitet.
lentil, n., lentil.
leopard, n., leopard.
leprosery, n., leproseH.
leprosy, n., lepr.
leprous, a., lepros.
lesion, n., lesasion.
less, ad., minu.
lessee, n., luator.
lessen, v., miimwr (trans.); mi-
nueskar (intr.).
lesson, n., leksion.
let, v., permiter (allow); lasar
(leave); prestar luade (lease),
let go, v. , lasar andar.
letter, n., letr (epistle); liter (of
alphabet).
letter, by, ad., letr^.
lettuce, n., laktuk.
level, n., nivel.
level, v., nivelar.
lever, n., levafor.
levity, n., frivoh'&tf.
liability, n., respondablitet.
 liable—liquid
liable, a., respondad/.
liable, jointly and severally, a.,
solidar.
liberal, a., generos.
liberality, n., generos/iV/.
liberate, v., llbrifikar.
liberty, n., llbritet.
librarian, n., bibliotek^r.
library, n., bibliotek.
license, n., lisensi (permission).
license, v. , lisensiar.
licentiate, n., lisensi^rf (person).
licentious, a., lisensio.v.
licentiousness, n., llsenslositet.
lichen, n., liken (hot. and med.).
licit, the, n., llsenslad.
lick, v., lekar.
lickerish, be, friandar.
lickerish person, friand.
lid, n., kuvra/or.
lie, n., mentlad (untruth); de
menti (contradiction).
lie, v., mentiar (be untruthful);
yasiar (be situated).
lie in wait for, v. , ad-yustar.
lie to anyone, mentiara kh.
lieutenant, n., leutenant.
life, n., vit.
life, a., pro-vit/£.
life, for, ad., pro-vit?.
lifelong, a., pro-vit«£.
lifelong, one's, ad., pro-vlte.
lift, v., levar.
light, n., liim.
light, a., lejer (not heavy).
light, v., iluminar (illuminate).
light, give, v., lttmar.
lighten, v., fulminar (flash).
lighthouse, n., far.
lightness, n., lejer/Vrf.
lightning, n., fulmin.
207
lightning-conductor, n., para-
fulmin.
lightning-rod, n., parafulmln.
ligneous. a., ligna/r.
like, a., simil.
like, v., amar.
like, c., kualr.
likely, ad., probable.
liken, v., komparar.
likeness, n., slmttitet.
likewise, ad., egual?.
liking, n., pliserf (pleasure).
lily, n., lili.
lily-of-the-valley, n., konvalari.
lily-of-the-valley, a., konvala-
limb, n., ram (of tree).
lime, n., kaisin.
limit, n., limit.
limit, v., llmltar.
limp, a., flaksid.
limp, v., mistasdar.
limpid, a., limpid.
linden, n., tili.
linden, a., tili/£ and de t.
line, n., lini (extension in
length; strokei; vers (verse).
line, v., liniar (rule).
linear, a., lini/-v (linear).
linen, n., lin drap (cloth); lino/'
(washing).
linen -cloth, n., lin-drap.
linger, v., morar.
linguist, n., ling.ii/v/.
lint, n., karp-fih' (charpie); lin
. (flax).
lion, n., leon.
lip, n., labi.
liquid, n., fluidarf (fluid); konso-
nant likuid (letter).
liquid, a., fluid.
208 liquidate— loop
liquidate, v., likuiii,// .
liquidity, n., iluid/W/.
liquor, n., liker.
list, n., list.
listen, v., auskultar.
litany, n., litani.
liter, litre, n., litr.
literal, a., literal.
literature, n., literatur.
litharge, n., litarg.
lithium, n., litium.
Lithuania, n., Lituana/.
litigate, v., prosesar.
litmus, n., laknuis.
little, a., minim (small); w^mult
(not much).
little, ad., neimAte.
liturgical, a., liturgi/£(liturgik).
liturgy, n., liturgi.
live, v., vlvar; resldar.
liveliness, n., vlvasitet.
lively, a., vivas.
liver, n., hepat.
livery, n., iivr6.
live extravagantly, vlvar luk-
nnte.
living (livelihood), earn a,
ganier pan.
living, a., viv/A.
Livonia, n., Llvon/a.
lizard, n., Insert,
llama, n., lyam.
lo ! , i., ekse!
load, n., sharj.
load, v., sharjar.
loan, n., prestasion.
loathe, v., abominar.
lobe, n., lob.
lobster,a.,n.,
local, mar-krev.
spits!?•/ (lokal).
locality, n., lokal.
lock, n., klos (fastening); bukl
(of hair).
lock, v., Mosar.
lockout, v., eks-klosar
locomotive, n., lokomotiv.
locomotor, n., lokomobil.
locust, n., lokust (insect).
lodge, n., lodjl (place of meet
ing).
lodge, v. intr., lojiar.
lodging, n., loji.
loftiness, n., altitet.
lofty, a., alt (high); sublim
(sublime).
log, n., blok.
logarithm, n., logaritm.
logic, n., logik.
logical, a., loglkal.
loin, n., lomb.
loiter, v., morar.
Lombardy, n., Lombard/a.
long, a., long, <
long, ad., longe.
long ago, ad., prelonge.
long ago, not, ad., nelonge.
long for, v., deslrar.
longitude, degree of, grad de
long/zW.
long time, for a, ad., longe.
look, n., spekt.
look (at), v., spekter.
look !, i., eksel
look after, v., sekuar medi«
aspekt.
look for, v., shershar.
looking-glass, n., miror.
looking over, n.. kontrol (con
trol).
look over, v., kontrolar (con
trol).
loop, n., laksi.
 loose—magnificence
loose, a., laks.
loosen, v., solvar.
looseness, .u., laksitet.
loquacious, a., lokuas.
loquacity, n., lokuas/A'/.
Lord, n., Sinior.
lord over, v. , dominar.
Lord's Prayer, n., patrnostr.
Lorraine, n., Lotaring/a.
lose, v., perdar.
loss, n., perd.
lost, be, v., esar perded.
lost in thought, be, meditar
. profumlr dl kk.
lot, n., lot (share).
lottery, n., loteri.
loud, a., so nor.
loudly, not, ad., nesonore.
lounge, n., divan.
louse, n., pedikul.
love, n., amor.
love, v. , amar.
lover, n., amator.
low, a., bas (not high); nesonor
(not loud).
low, ad., nesonore (not loudly),
lower, a., inferior.
lower, v., mlnuar (lessen);
basifikar (abase),
lowness, n., basitet.
loyal, a., loyal.
loyalty, n., loyalitet.
lubrication, n., lvtorifikasion.
lucid, a., lusid.
lucidity, n., luslditet.
lucky, a., felis.
lucrative, a., lukrativ.
luggage, n., bagaj.
lukewarm, a., tepid.
lunatic, a., luiuit//.
lung, n., pulmon.
U
209
lupine, n., lupin.
lute, n., Hut.
Lutheran, a., luteraw.
Lutheran, n., luteran.
Lutheranism, n., luteranism.
luxuriance, n., luksiir/A'/.
luxuriant, a., luksur.
luxuriate, v. , vlvar luksun .
luxurious, a., luksov.
luxuriousness, n., lliksositet.
luxury, n., liiks.
lyceum, n., liseum (college),
lye, n., liksiv.
lynx, n., links.
lyre, n., lir.
M
macaroni, n., makaron.
machine, n., mashin.
mackerel, n., makrel.
madam, n., sinioiv.
Madonna, n., madona.
magazine, n., magasin (store
house).
magic, n., magi.
magic, magical, a., magi//!'
(magik).
magic, practise, maglai .
magician, n., magi?r.
magistracy, n., magistral.
magnanimity, n., magnanim/-
tet.
magnanimous, a., magnanim.
magnate, n., magnat.
magnesium, n., magnesium.
magnet, n. , magnet.
magnetic, a., magnet/£.
magnetism, n., magnet/sw.
magnetize, v., magnetiser.
magnificence, n., magnif.
210 magnificent—March
magnificent, a., magnif/£.
magpie, n., pikas.
mahogany, n., mahagoni.
mahogany, a., mahagoni// and
<ic m.
Mahometan, n., mahomet</w.
Mahometan, a., ma ho met,07.
Mahometanism, n., mahome-
tanism.
maiden, n., virgina.
main, a., prinsipal.
mainly, ad., prinsipalt .
maintain, v., mantenar (hold
fast).
maize, n., mais.
majesty, n., mayestet.
major, n., mayor.
majority, n., mayoritet.
make, v., fasiar (cause); fabri-
kar (manufacture).
make faces, grlmasar.
make good, v., bw\ifikar.
malady, n., inalad ///•/.
Malay, n., malay.
male, n., maskul.
male, a., maskiil//- (maskulin).
malediction, n., maledlkasion
(malediksion).
malice, n., maiisi.
malicious, a.,
mallow, n., inalv.
malt, n., malt.
mammal, n., animal -mamifer.
mammoth, n., mamut.
man, n., vir (male); hom (hu
man being).
manage, v., menajar (adminis
ter); guvernar (guide, gov
ern).
management, n., menaj.
indate, n., mandat.
mandolin, n., mandolin.
mandrake, n., mandragor.
manege, n., manej.
manganese, n., mangan.
mange, n., skabi.
manger, n., presepi.
mangy, a., skabiov.
mania, n., mani.
manifest, v., manifestar.
manifesto, n., manifest.
manifold, a., multupl.
manipulate, v., manipular.
manipulation, n., manipul,/v
manna, n., mana.
manner, n., manier.
manner, in a certain, ad., sert-
iiiaiiier^.
manner, in this, ad., \; manier,-
manner, in what, ad., kemanl-
er^.
manner of, after the, p., in
manier de.
manceuver, manoeuvre n.,
manovr.
manoeuver. v. intr. , manovrar.
Mansard roof, n., mansard.
mantilla, n., mantili.
mantle, n., mantel.
manufactory, n., fabrik.
manufacture, v., fabrikar.
manure, n., kompost.
manure, v., kompostar.
manuscript, n., manuskript.
many, a., mult.
many-headed, a., />o//kap/£.
many times, ad., mult/oa.
map, n., kart geografi/£.
maple-tree, n., aser.
marasmus, n., marasm.
marble, n., marmor.
March, n., mars.
 march—maze
march, n., marsh.
march, v., marshar.
march off, v. , de-marshar.
marchpane, n., marsipan.
mare, n., kavala.
margin, n., bord.
marinate, v., marlnar.
marine, n., marhi (navy).
marionette, n., marionet.
marjoram, n., mayoran.
mark, n., mark (token); but
(butt); mark (coin).
mark, v. , markar (impress with
a token; also render conspicu
ous); slgnar (denote).
market, n., basar.
market-town, n., burg.
marl, n., marg.
marly, n., mnrli.
marly, a., marllik and de m.
(of marly).
marmalade, n., marmelad.
marmot, n., marmot.
maroon, n., maron (chestnut).
marriage, n., matrimoni.
marriageable, a., nubil.
marrow, n., medul.
marry, v., maritar.
marsh, n., palud.
marshal, n., marshal.
marshy, a., palud«s.
marten, n., mart.
martyr, n., martir.
masculine, a., maskul/£ (masku-
lin).
mask, n., mask.
mask, v., mask<// .
mason, n., murator.
mass, n., mas (bulk); mes (sac
rifice).
massacre, n.. masakr.
211
massacre, v., masakrar.
massive, a., masiv.
mast, n., mast (of ship).
master, n., maestr.
mastic, n., mastik.
masticate, v., mastikar.
mastiff, n., dog.
mastodon, n., mastodon.
matador, n., matador.
match, n., flagreskator (fric
tion;; flagm£-kordon (slow-
match).
matched, a., par/£.
mate, a., mat (in chess).
mated, a., par/£ (paired).
material, n., material.
material, a., matcri//- ((mate
rial) of matter).
materialism, n., materlalism.
mathematical, a., matematika/.
mathematics, n., matematik.
matriculate, v., imatrikular.
matriculation, n., imatrikula-
sion.
matrimonial, a., matrimonial
(matrimonial).
matrimony, n., matrimoni.
matrix, n., matris.
matron, n., matron.
matter, n., afer (affair); materi
(material); uiserarf (pus).
mattress, n., matras.
mature, a., matur.
maturity, n., motmitet.
maxilla, n., maksil.
maxim, n., maksim.
maximum, n., maksimum.
May, n., mai.
May, a., mai,/// and de m.
may, v., avar permit a.
maze, n., labirint.
212 mazurka—meridian
mazurka, n., masurka.
meadow, n., prat.
meal, n., farin (flour); repast
(repast).
mean, v., signifikar (signify);
desinar (purpose).
meander, v., serpentar.
meaning, n., slgnlflkasion.
means, n., medi (medium).
means, by no, ad., total^ no.
means of, by, p., medi«.
meantime, ad., intr-temp^.
meanwhile, ad., intr-temp^.
measles, n., morbil.
measure, n., mesur (dimen
sion; also mode of proceed
ing); takt (music).
measure, v., mesurar.
measure off, v., mesurar.
meat. n., karn.
mechanic, n., metier/rf.
mechanician, n., mekaiiilv/,
mechanics, n., mekanik.
mechanism, n., mekanism.
medal, n.. medali.
medallion, n., medalion.
mediate, a., mediat.
mediate, v., mediar.
mediation, n., medlaswn.
mediator, n., media/or.
medical man, n. , medisin A/.
medicament, n., medikamcnt.
medicine, n., medlkament
(medicament); medisin (sci
ence).
mediocre, a., mediokr.
mediocrity, n., iiicdiokr/A/.
meditate, v., meditar.
Mediterranean Sea, mar Medi-
teran.
-medium, n., medi.
medium, a., medi-grand.
medlar, n., mespil.
medley, n., pelmel.
meet, v., konventar (assemble);
okurar (encounter).
meeting, n., konvent (assem
bly); okurasion (encounter).
megrim, n., migren.
melancholic, a., melankoli /X'
(melankolik).
melancholy, n., melankoli.
melancholy person, melankoli
iker (melankoliker).
mellow, a., mol.
mellowness, n., molitet.
melodious, a., melodiru.
melody, n., melodi.
melon, n., melon.
melt, v. tr., fondar.
member, n., membr.
membrane, n., membran.
memorable, a., memorial/.
memory, n., memori.
memory, from, ad., memori, .
menace, n., menas.
menace, v. , menasar.
mend, v., reparar.
mendicant, n., mendikawif.
mention, n., mension.
mention, v., mensionar.
mentor, n., mentor.
mercantile, a., merkant/£ (mer-
kantil).
merchandise, n., merkantr/,/
merchant, n., merkant.
merchant, great, grand- ko-
m&rsant.
merciful, a., miserikordos.
mercury, n., merkur.
mercy, n., miserikord.
meridian, n., meridian.
 meridional—mingle 213
meridional, a., meridian/£. middle of, in the, p., in medim/
merit, n., merit. de.
merit, v., merltar. midnight, n., medi-noktu.
merry, a., alegr. midnight, at, ad., medi -noktu^.
merry-go-round, n., karusel. mien, n., mim.
mesenteric, a., mesenteri/£ might, n., potentitet (potens).
(mesenterik). mighty, a., potent.
mesentery, n., mesenteri. migraine, n., migren.
mesh, n., mail. migrate, v., mlgrar.
mess, n., platad (dish), mild, a., tendr.
messenger, n., niinsi. mile, n., miliar.
Messiah, n., Mesias. militarism, n., militar/.vw.
metal, n., metal. military, n., militar.
metallic, a., metal// . military, a., militar// .
metamorphose, v., metamorfo- militia, n., milisi.
sar. j militia, a., miUslan and ,tr m.
metamorphosis, n., metamor- milk, n., lakt.
fos. milk, v., laktar.
metaphor, n., metafor. Milky Way, n., galaksi.
metaphysics, n., metafisik. mill, n., molin (for grinding);
meteor, n., meteor. mil//w [de dolar] (one-tenth
meteorology, n., meteorologi. of a cent),
meter, n., metr (measure of millet, n., miliet.
length ) . million, nr. , milion.
metropolis, n., metropol. millionaire, n., miliou, ; ,
mew, v., kat-klamar. mimic, v., slmlar.
Mexican, a., meksik,/w. mimic art, n., mimik.
Mexico, n., Meksik. mimics, n., mimik.
mezzanine, n., mesanin. mimosa, n., mimos.
miasm, miasma, n., miasm. mind, n., intelektu (intellect).
macrocephalous, a. , mikrokapik. mind, v., konsidar (consider),
micrometer, n., mikro-metr. mind, be of a certain, esar de
mid-day, n., medi-diurn. sert sentiment.
middle, n., medlad. minded, be, v., esar de sert
middle, a., medi/£. sentiment.
middle (midst), in the, ad., in mine, n., min(ore, coal); pulvr-
medlad. min (military).
middle ages, n., medi-epok. mine, v., mlnar.
middle finger, medi-diglt. mine, pr. , mie.
middleman, n., komers medi- mineral, n., mineral.
ant. mingle, v. tr., miksar.
214 minimum—molecular
minimum, n., minimum.
mining, n., mln-konstruasion.
minister, n., ministr (pu blic
official).
ministry, n., minister (minis
terial department).
minium, n., minium.
minority, n., minorilet.
mint. n., moneferi (for coining);
ment (bot.).
mint, v., monetar.
minute, n., minut.
minute, a., minusiw.
minuteness, n., mlnuslositet.
minutia, n., minusi.
miracle, n., mirakl.
miraculous, a., mirakl,M.
mire, n., fang.
mirror, n., miror.
mirth, n., alegritet.
misanthrope, n., misantrop.
misdraw, v., misdellnlar.
miser, n., avar.
miserable, a., mlserabl.
misery, n., miser.
misfortune, n., misfortun.
mislay, v., mismestar.
mislead, v., misdukar.
misplace, v., mismetar.
miss, n., siniorina (young
woman).
miss, v., netruvar (not find);
111:1 nk,' / ( be too late for).
missal, n., misal.
misspeak, v. , misparlar.
mist, n., nebl.
mistake, n., erad.
mistake, v., konfundar (con
found).
mistaking, n., k<tnfuiulcv/Vw
(confounding).
mister (Mr.), n., sinior.
misty, a., neblos.
misunderstand, v., i/iixkom
prendar.
misunderstanding, n., ;«/.vkom
prendarf.
misuse, n., misus.
misuse, v. , misusar.
miter, n., mitr.
mitre, n., mitr.
mix, v. tr., mlksar.
mobile, a., mobil.
mobilization, n., mobilise //>w.
mobilize, v., mobilisur.
mock, v., mokar.
mockery, n., mok.
modal, a., modal.
modality, n., modal /A'/.
mode, n., manier.
model, n., model.
model, v., modeler.
moderate, v., moderar.
moderation, n., moderasion.
modern, a., modern.
modest, a., modest.
modesty, n., modestz/, 7,
modify, v., modifier.
moist, a., humid.
moisten, v., humid ;//,(•, T.
moisture, n., luintid//V/.
molasses. n., melas.
mold, n., muf (of bread); ma-
tris (matrix),
mold, v. , mufar (become
moldy); modelar (model).
Moldavia, n., Moldavia.
moldy, become, mufar.
mole, n., taip (animal); mo In
(wharf),
molecular, a., molekul/£ (mole-
kular).
 molecule— moustache
molecule, n., molekul.
molest, v., molestar.
mollify, v., molifikar.
mollusk, 11., molusk.
molybdenum, n., molibden.
moment, n., moment.
momentary, a., moment/7,
monarch, n., monark.
monarchy, n., monark/a.
monastery, n., monaster.
Monday, n., lundi.
Monday, a., lundlan and de i.
money, n., mon.
money, ready, n., kontant.
monk. n., monaki?.
monogram, n., monogram.
monologue, n., monolog.
monopoly, n., monopol.
monosyllabic, a. , w/owosilab/£.
monotonous, a., monoton.
monster, n., monstru.
monstrous, a,, monstruos.
month, n., mens.
monthly, ad., omni -mense.
monument, n., monument.
monumental, a., monument/£.
moon, n., tnn.
Moor, n., mo res k.
Moorish, a., moresk.
moral, a., moral.
morality, n., moral/A /.
moral philosophy, n. . moral, ///.
morals, n., moralitet (morality);
moralaiif (science),
more, ad., plu.
morel, n., morel.
more (the) — the more, ad., plu—
plu.
moreover, ad., setre.
more times, ad. , pllifoa.
morning, n., matin.
215
morning, in the, ad., matin<.
morocco, n., marokin.
morose, a., moros.
morphia, n., morfin.
morphine, n., morfin.
morsel, n., morsel.
mortal, a., mortal.
mortality, n., mortsAitet.
mortar, n., mortar (cement),
mortgage, n., hipotek.
mortification, n., gangren (gan
grene).
mortify, v gangrener (in-
trans.),
mosaic, n. mosaik.
mosque, n , moske.
mosquito, n., moskit.
moss, n., muski.
mossy, a., muskios. •
most, ad., leplu.
most, at, ad., leplu.
most, the, ad., leplu.
mostly, ad., leplu.
moth, n., tine.
mother, n., malr.
motion, n., movasion (move
ment); proposasion (pro
posal).
motive,.n., motiv.
motive, v., motlvar.
motor, n., movator (motor).
motto, n., moto.
mount, mountain, n., mont.
mount, v., asendar (ascend);
montar (make ready).
mountain range, n., montaj.
mourn, v., luktuer.
mournful, a., liiklu.'v
mourning, n.. luktu.
mouse, n., mus.
moustache, n., mustak/.
216 mouth—name

mouth, n., bok (in general); muscular, a., muskulyv.

bokw/ (jaws). muse, n., musa.
movable, a., movabl. museum, n., muse.
move, n., marsh (in chess), mushroom, n., shampinion.
move, v., movar (disturb); mo- music, n., musik.
tivar (motive, influence); music, make (render), muslkar.
proposar (propose); marshar musical, a., musike/.
(in chess). musket, n. , musket.
movement, n., movasion. muslin, n., musiin.
mow, v., falsiar. must, n., most (new wine).
mow off, v., de-faisiar. must, I = mi deb.
Mrs., n., siniore. mustache, n., mustak/.
much, a., mult. mustard, n., mostard.
much, ad., mulfr . mute, a., mut.
much, not, ad., nemulte. mutilate, v., mutilar.
much, so, ad., tantr. muzzle, n., museller (fasten
mucous, a., piliiil/ . ing); musel (snout).
mucus, n., pituit. my, pr. , mie.
mud, n., siim. myopia, n., mlopitet.
muddy, a., siimos. myopic, a., miop.
mulatto, n., mulat. myrrh, n., mir.
mulberry, n., maur-ber. myrtle, n., mirt.
mulberry-tree, n., maur. myself, pr., aut (emphatic); mi
mulct, n., muliet. (reflexive).
mulct, v., mulktar. mysterious, a., misterios.
mule, n., mul. mystery, n., misteri.
multiple, a., nuMupl. mystification, n., mislit•ik,».v /,•,'.•,.
multiplicative, n., numerativ j mystify, v., mistifiko;r.
multiplikatlv.
multiply, v., multiplikar. N
multitude, n., muititet.
mummy, n., nuimi. nadir, n., nadir.
municipal, a., munisipal. naiad, n., nayad.
municipality, n., iminisipal/V/ /. nail, n., klav (pin); ungu (of
munition, n., munision (war hand or foot),
material). naive, a., naiv.
murder, n., asasina«on. naivety, n., nalvitet.
murder, v., asasinar. naked, a., nud.
murderer, n., asaslnator. nakedness, n., nuditet.
murmur, v., murmurar. name, n., nom.
muscle, n., muskul. name, v., nomar.
 named—nervous
named, be, v., esar nom«/.
namely, ad., e nonv.
name of, in the, p., In nom de.
nankeen, n., nankin.
nape of the neck, n., nuk.
naphtha, n., naft.
napkin, n., serviet.
narcissus, n., narsis.
narcosis, n., narkotlsasion .
narcotic, a., narkot is/////.
narcotize, v. , narkotisar.
narrate, v., narar.
narration, n., narasion.
narrow, a., stret.
narrow, v., Btretifikar.
narrowness, n., stretitet.
narwhal, n., narval.
nasal, n., konsonant nasal.
nasty, a., vilan.
nation, n., nasion.
national, a., nasional.
nationality, n.,
native, a., indigen.
native country, native laud, n.,
patr/a.
nativity, n., nat.
natrium, n., natrium.
natural, a., naturik (natural).
naturalization, n., naturalise-
sion.
naturalize, v., naturalisar.
naturally, ad., natur^ (natural^),
natural philosophy, n., fisik.
nature, n., natur.
nausea, n., nause.
nauseate, v., nausear.
nauseous, a., nause/«.
navel, n., umbilik.
navigate, v. , navigar.
navigation, n., navlgasion.
navy, n., marin.
217
near, a., proksim.
near, ad., proksim<?.
near, near to, p., proksim//.
near by, ad., proksinv.
nearly, ad., kuasi.
nearness, n., prokslmitet.
neat, a., net.
neatness, n., netitet.
nebulous, a., ucblc«.
necessary, a., neses (nesesar).
necessary, be, esar neses (nese
sar).
necessitate, v. , nesesitur.
necessity, n., neses/Vrf.
neck, n., k/>l.
necrology, n., nekrolog.
necromancer, n., nekromant.
nectar, n., nektar.
need, n., neses/Vrf (necessity);
indigent/Vrf ((indigens) indi
gence).
need, v., aver nesesitet de.
needle, n., aku.
need of, have, avarnesesitetde.
needy, a., indigent.
negation, n., negasion.
negative, a., negativ.
neglect, v., negligar.
negligent, a., neglig/£.
negotiate, v., konferar (confer).
negro, n., negr.
neighbor, n., visino (masc.);
vising (fem.).
neighborhood, n., vlslnitet.
neighboring, a., visin.
neither — nor, c., ni — ni.
Neopersian, a., neopersian.
nephew, n., nefo.
nephew or niece, n., nef.
nerve, n., nerv.
nervous, a., nervos.
218 nest—northwest
nest, n., aid.
nest, v., nldifikar.
nest, build, rAdifikar.
net,Nn., ret.
net, ad., neto.
Netherlands, n., Nederland/a. no, ad., no.
nettle, n., urtik.
neuter, neuter gender, n. , neutr.
neuter, a., neutr/£.
neutral, a., neutral.
neutrality, n., neutral/W/.
never, ad., w/>kuaiide.
nevertheless, ad., negllgante it. noise, n., rumor.
nevertheless, c., ye.
new, a., nov.
Newfoundland, n., Niufund
landia.
newness, n., novilet.
news, n., avis.
newspaper, n., gaset.
next each other, un visinw otr. no one, pr., whom.
next time, the, ad., sekucmtfoa.
nice, a., minion.
niche, n., nish.
nickel, n., nikl.
nickel, v., nlklar.
niece, n., nefc.
niggard, n., avar.
night. n., noktu.
night, at (by), ad., noktu,".
nightingale, n., filomel.
nightly, a., JiokHi// .'
night-quarters, n., clap,
nightshade, deadly, n., bela-
don.
nimble, a., agil.
nimbus, n., nimb.
nine, nr. , nov.
ninety, nr., nov-des.
niobium, n., niobium.
nip, v., pinsar.
nippers, n., pins.
nitre, n., nitr.
nitric acid, n., akuafort.
nitrogen, n., asot.
no, a., noaa.
nobility, n., noblitet (nobleness);
nobh' (nobles),
noble, a., nobl.
nobleness, n., noVtitet.
nobody, pr., wohom.
nocturnal, a., noktu/£.
noise, v., rumorar.
nomad, n., nomad.
nominate, v., nominer.
j nomination, n., nomlnasion.
nominative, n., nominativ.
noon, n., medi-diurn.
noon, at, ad., medi-diurn^.
noose, n., laso.
norm, n., norm.
normal, a., norm//' (normal),
north, n., nord.
north, a., ndrdik.
north, in the, ad., nord^.
northeast, n., nord-est. [este.
northeast, in the, ad., nord-
northeasterly, ad., nord-estf
(in the northeast),
northeast(ern), a., nord-est/£.
northerly, ad., nord^ (in the
north); versu nord (toward
the north),
northern, a., nord«'£.
North Sea, mar Nord/£.
northward; ad., versu nord.
northwest, n., nord-uest.
northwest, in the, ad., nord-
uest?.
 northwesterly—obligation
northwesterly, ad., nord-uest?
(in the northwest).
northwest(ern), a., nord-uest/£.
nose, n., nas.
nostril, n., naris.
not, ad., no.
notable, a., notabl.
notary, n., notar.
not at all, ad., total^ no.
note, n., not (notice) ; biliet
(billet).
note, v., notar.
note-book, n., papir-libr.
noted, a., selebr.
nothing, pr,, wokos.
notice, n., not.
notice, not, no observer.
notion, n., nosion.
not many, a., nemult.
not much, a., nemult%
not only—but also, no sole
m& et.
notorious, a., notorik.
notwithstanding, ad.,
notwithstanding, p., obstiu//.
notwithstanding that, c., obsti-
neke.
nought, nr., nul.
noun, n., substantiv.
nourish, v. , alimenter (f eed) ;
nutrlar (foster) .
nourishing, n., Mmentasion.
nourishment, n., aliment.
novelty, n., novitet.
November, n., novembr.
novice, n., novisi.
now, ad., sitempe.
now and then, ad., kelk/ba.
nowhere, ad., noloike.
now —then, ad.,temp^—temp?.
nubile, a., nubil.
219
nubility, n., nvbllitet.
nucha, n., nuk.
nude, a., nud.
nudity, n., nuditet.
number, n.. numr.
number, v., numrar.
numeral, n., numerativ.
numerator, n., numrator.
numerous, a., flumros.
nun, n., monaka.
nuptials, n., nupt.
nurse, n., nutrlatora (wet).
nurse, v. , mamelar (suckle);
nutriar (foster).
nurturing, n., allmentasion.
nut, n., nus.
nutmeg, n., muskad.
nutriment, n., aliment.
nutritious, a., alimento.v.
nutritive, a.. aliment/«.
o
o ! , i., ol
oak, n., kuerk.
oar, n., rem.
oasis, n., oasi.
oath, n., yurad.
oath, on, ad., y arade.
oath, take, yurar.
oats, n., aven.
obe'dient, a., obediaw/.
obelisk, n., obelisk.
obey, v., obediar.
obituary, n., nekrolog.
object, n., obyekt (thing); but
(aim).
object, v., obyektar.
objective, a., obyektiv.
obligation, n., obliga«'/3w (en
gagement); obligarf (duty).
220 oblige—on
oblige, v., obligar (bind).
oblique, a., obliku.
obliqueness, n., obliku //rf.
obliquity, n. , obllkaitet.
oblivion, n., obllvlasion (oblivi
on).
oblivious, a., oblivios.
obliviousness, n., obllvlositet.
oblong, a., oblong.
obscene, a., obsen.
obscenity, n., obsenitet.
obscure, a., obskur.
obscurity, n., <>bskur»V/.
observation, n., observasion
(act of observing).
observe, v., observer (notice;
also follow).
obstacle, n., obstakl.
obstinacy, n., obstlnasion.
obstinate, a., obstloant.
obstinate, be, obstina/ .
obstruct, v., blokar.
obtain, v., obtenar.
obtuse, a., obtus.
obtusely, ad., obtuse.
obviate, v., obviar.
obviation, n., obvlasion.
occasion, n., okasion.
occasion, v., okasionar.
occasion, on, ad., okasion^.
occasion of, on the, p., oka
sionw.
occasionally, ad., kelkfoa.
Occident, n., oksident.
occupation, n., okupasion.
occupy, v., okupai (employ).
occupy one's self with some
thing, okupar se in kk.
occur, v., aveniar.
ocean, n., osean.
Oceanica, n., Osean/a.
ochre, n., okr.
octette, n., oktet.
October, n., oktobr.
ocular, a., okuh£.
oculist, n., okul/.v/.
ode, n., od.
odious, a., odlos.
odor, n., odor.
of, p., de (possessive); di (con
cerning).
offend, v., ofendar.
offended, be, v., esar ofcndo/
offer, n., ofr.
offer, v., ofrar.
office, n., ofis (calling); ofisin
(place of business); kontor
(counting-room).
officer, n., ofisir (military,
naval).
official, a,, ofis/£ (ofisial).
officiate, v., funksionar.
often, ad., frekuente.
oh!, i., o!
oil, n., ole.
oil, v., olear.
oily, a., oleos (containing oil);
oleatr (oleaginous).
ointment, n., unguent.
old, a., ansian.
old man, n., ansian.
older, a., senior.
oleaginous, a., oleatfr.
oleander, n , oleandr.
olive, n., oliv.
omelet, D., omlet.
omen, n., omin.
ominous, a., online.
omit, v., omitar.
omnibus, n., omnibus.
on, p., su (upon); di (concern
ing); ad (at).
 once—organize
once, ad., prelonge (formerly);
unfoa (one time),
once again, ad., ankor/oa.
once more, ad., ankorfoa.
one, or., uu.
one, pr. ind., on.
one, the, pr. dem., tel.
one (the)—the other, pr., un—
otr.
one-eyed, a., monookvAik.
one-horse,
oneness, n.,a.,mimonokavalik.
/>•,/.
one's self, pr., aut (emphatic);
se (reflexive). See " herself."
one-year, a., monotOMik.
onion, n., bulb.
only, a., sol.
only, ad., sole.
onyx, n., oniks.
opal, n., opal.
open, v., aperiar.
opening, n., aperiarf.
opera, n., opr.
opera-glass, n., binokl.
operate, v., operar.
operation, n. , operasion.
operator, D., opera/or,
opinion, n., opinion.
opium, n., opium.
opportune, a., oportun.
opportunely, ad., oportun^.
opportunity, n., okasinn.
oppose, v., oposar.
opposite (to), p., kontr.
oppositely, ad., kontrtf.
opposition, n., oposasion (opo-
sision).
oppress, v., opresar.
optative, n., optativ.
optical, a., optlkal.
optician, n., optik/rf.
221
optics, n., optik.
optimist, n., optimist.
opulent, a., opulent.
or, c., u.
oracle, n., orakl.
oral, a., oral.
orally, ad., orale.
orange, n., oranj.
orange, Seville, oranj amer.
orange-colored, a., oranj-kolo-
rik.
oration, n., orasion.
orator, n., orator.
orchestra, n., orkestr.
orchestrate, v., orkestrar.
ordain, v. , ordonar (order).
order, D., ord (arrangement);
ordonasion (prescription);
ordn (religious or secular);
komltasion (bespeaking);
komand (command).
order, v., ordar (arrange); ordo
nar (prescribe); komltar (be
speak, send for); komandar
(command).
order in advance, komitar
a\&nse.
order of, by, p., seikuantu ko
mand de.
order that, in, c., a fini ke.
ordinal, D., numeral iv ordinal.
ordinance, n., ordonasion.
ordinary, a., ordinar.
ore, n., protometal.
organ, n., org (instrument);
organ (medium).
organic, a., organ/£.
organism, n., organism.
organist, n., orgist (organist).
organization, D., organlsasion.
organize, v., organisar.
222 orgasm—paean
orgasm, n., orgasm.
orgy, n., orgi.
Orient, n., orient.
orient, orientate, v. , orlental:
orifice, n., for.
origin, n., origin.
original, a., original.
original, n., original (e. g. text).
original character, D., original.
originality, n., original//^.
ornament, D., ornament.
ornament, v., ornamentar.
ornithology, n., ornitologi.
orphan, n., orfan.
orthographic, a., ortografi/£
(ortografik).
orthography, D., ortografi.
oscillate, v., osilar.
osmium, D., osmium.
ostentatious, a., ostentativ.
ostrich, D., strut.
other, a., otr.
other, pr. ind., otr.
otherwise, ad., otre.
otter, n., lutr.
ought, I = mi deb.
ounce, n., ons.
our, ours, pr., nostr.
Our Father, n., patrnostr.
ourselves, pr. , aut (emphatic);
noi (reflexive),
out, ad., a eksterior?.
outlaw, v., proskriber.
outlay, n., spend.
outline, n. , kontur.
outline, v., konturar.
out of, p., eks.
outside (of), p., eksterior^ de.
outside, on the, ad., eksterior^.
outside, to the, ad. , a eksterior^.
outstanding debt, debt aktiv.
outwardly, ad., eksterior^.
outwit, v., esar plu astusios.
oval, a., oval.
ovary, D., ovari.
ovation, D., ovasion.
over, p., trans (across); superi
or^ de (above); ultra (more
than).
over, ad., superior^.
overcoat, n., surtut.
overcome, v., viktoriar.
overflow, v., trans-fluar.
overlook, v., no observar,
overplus, n., p\uad.
overreach, v. , frauder.
overshadow, v., ombrar.
overshoe, n., galosh.
overthrow, v., subvertar.
oviparous, a., ovipar.
owe, v., debtar.
owl, n., ul.
own, a., propr.
own, v., konfesar (avow).
oxalic, a., oksal//-.
oxide, n., oksid.
oxidize, v., oksidar.
oxygen, n., oksigen.
oyster, n., ostr.
pace, n., pasu.
pace, v. , pasuer.
pacer, n., ambla/or.
Pacific Ocean, osean Pasifik.
pack, n., paket.
pack, v., paketar.
package, n., paket.
packet, n., paket.
padding, D., vat.
paean, n., pean.
 pagan— parish
pagan, n., pagan.
pagan, a., pagan/£.
paganism, D., pagan ism.
page, D., pagin (of books); paj
(boy).
page, v., pagingr.
pagoda, n., pagod.
pail, n., situl.
pain, ii., dolor.
painful, a., dolonw.
pains, n., pen (trouble),
pains, take, penar.
paint. v., piktar.
painter, n., plktator.
painting, n., plktasion (art);
plktad (picture).
pair, n., par.
paired, a., parik.
palace, D., palast.
palate, n., palat.
pale, a., palid.
pale, become, pnttdeskar.
Palestine, n., Palest ilia.
palette, n., palet.
palisade, n., palisad.
palisade, v., palisader,
palladium, n.. paladium
(chem.).
palliate, v., mantel<zr.
pallid, a., palid.
palm, n., palm (tree),
palpable, a., paipa/W.
palpitate, v., paipitar.
palsy, n., paralis.
palsy. v., paralisar.
paltriness, n., mlnuslositet.
paltry, a., minusiw.
pamphlet, n., broshur.
panic, n., panik.
panorama, n., panoram.
pantaloons, n., pantalon.
223
panther, n., panter.
pantomime, n., pantomim.
pap, n., mamel (breast); papll
(food).
papacy, n., p&pad.
papal, a., pap//-.
paper, n., papir (material);
gaset (newspaper).
parable, n., parabol.
parabola, n., parabol.
parabolic, a., parabol//\ (relat
ing toaparable; also to a
parabola).
parade, n., parad (show).
parade, v., paradar.
paradisaic, paradisaical, a., pa
radish.
paradise, n., paradis.
paradoxical, a., paradoks.
paraffin, n., parafln.
paragraph, n., paragraf.
paragraph, new, n., aline.
parallel, a., paralel.
paralysis, n., paralis.
paralyze, v., paraliser.
parasite, n., parasit.
parasol, D., parasol.
parcel, D., parsel (part).
parcel (out), v., parselar.
parchment, n., pergamen.
pardon, n , pardon (forgive
ness); amnesti (amnesty).
pardon, v., pardonar (forgive)'
amnestic/- (amnesty).
pardon ! ; I beg your pardon ! ,
i., pardon !
pare, v., pelar.
parenthesis, n., parentes.
parents, n., genera/or«'.
parish, n., paroki.
parish, a., parokian.
224 parishioner—patrician
parishioner, n., paroklan.
park, n., park.
parley, v., parlamentar.
parliament, n., parlament.
parochial, a., paroklan.
parody, n., parodi.
parquet, n., parket.
parrot, n., papagay.
parsley, n., petrosel.
parsnip, n., pastinak.
part, n., parti (portion) ; rol
(character).
part, v. , partlar (divide).
part, for the most; in great
part, ad., grand-parti^.
part, in, ad., partte.
parterre, n., parter.
partial, a., partisaw (partisan).
partially, ad., parti^.
participate, v., partisipar.
participial adverb, adverb
partisip/£.
participle, n., partisip.
particle, n., parsel (small por
tion); partikl (gram.).
particular, a., partikular.
particularism, n., partikula-
rism.
particularity, n., partikular///••/.
particularly, ad., partikular^.
partisan, n., partisaw.
partisan, a., partisaw.
partition, n., pariet (wall).
partition, v. , partiar (divide into
shares).
partly, ad., parti^.
partner, n., partner.
partnership, silent, konmndit.
part of speech, parol-sort.
partridge, n., perdiks.
party, n., partis.
party, a., partisaw.
pasha, n., pasha.
pasquinade, n., paskuil.
pass, n., pasport (passport),
pass (by, away, through), v.,
pasar.
passage, n., pasaj.
passenger, n., pasajer.
passion, n., pasiou.
passion, fall into a, deveniar
pasionos.
passionate, a., pasionys.
passive, n., pasiv (voice),
passive, a., pasiv.
passiveness, n., paslvitet.
pass over, v., pasar (set on the
other side),
passport, n., pasport.
paste, n., past (dough),
paste, v., glutinar.
pasteboard, n., karton.
pasteboard bo^, n., skatul;
papir-kest.
paste on, v., su-glutinar.
pastor, n., pastor.
pastry, n., pastet.
pasture, n., pastur.
pasture, v. tr. and intr. , pastu-
rar.
Patagonia, n., Patagon/a.
patella, n., patel.
patent, n., patent.
path, n., ale.
path-like, a., aleatr.
patience, n., pasient//rf (pasi-
ens).
patience, have, avar pasient/-
tet (pasiens).
patient, a., pasient.
patriarch, n., patriark.
patrician, n., patrisi.
 patrimony—perfect tense, the perfect
patrimony, n., patrimoni.
patriot, n., patriot.
patriotic, a., patriot/£.
patriotism, n., patriot/«n.
patrol, n., patruli.
patrol, v., patruli</r.
patron. n,, patron.
pattern, n., model.
pause, n., paus.
pause, v., pausar.
pave, v., pavar.
pavement. n.. pav.
pavilion, n., pavilion (tent).
pawn, n., pignor (pledge); penitent, a., penitent.
soldat (in chess).
pawnshop, n., lombard.
pay, v., payar.
pay duty, payar duan.
pay in, v., payar.
pea, n., pis.
peace, n., paks.
peach, n., persik.
peacock, peafowl, n., pavon.
pear, n., per.
pearl, n., peri.
peat. n., tori.
peck, v., bekar.
peculiar, a., partikular (particu
lar).
peculiarity, n., partikulanVrf.
pedagogic, a., pedagogic (peda- percuss, v., perkut/jr.
gogik).
pedagogics, n., pedagogi.
pedagogue, n., pedagog.
pedagogy, n., pedagogi.
pedant, n., pedant.
pedantic, a., pedant/£.
pedestal, n., pedestal.
peel, n., krust.
peel, v., pelar.
peewit, n., vanel.
15
225
pelican, n., pelikan.
pelt, n., pelt.
pen, n., plum.
penalty, n., puni.
penance, n., penitens.
penance, do, fasiar penitens.
pencil, n., krayon (lead-pencil);
pinsi (artist's).
pendulum, n., pendul.
penetrate, v., penetrar.
peninsula, n., peninsul.
penitence, n., repent.
penitent, n., penitent.
pension, n., pension.
pension, v., pensionar.
pentameter, n . , penta-metr.
\ Pentecost, n., pentekost.
peony, n., peoni.
people, n., popl (populace); on
(as, on dik, people say).
people, v., poplar.
pepper. n., pepr.
pepper, v., peprar.
peptone, n., pepton.
perceive, v., perseptar (ob
serve); sentiar (be sensible
of); sensuar (by the senses).
per cent, n., prosent.
perceptible, a., sentieW.
percussion, n., perk utas«'0w
(perkusion).
perfect, a., perfekt.
perfect, v., perfekt//War (make
perfect); per-fasier (consum
mate).
perfection, n., perfekt/Vrf (per-
feksion).
perfect tense, the perfect, n.,
perfekt.
226 perfidious—phantom
perfidious, a., perfid.
perfidy, n., perfid/teA
perforate, v., forar.
perform, v., prestar (render),
performance, n., prestasion (do-
perfume, n., parfum.
perfume, v., parfumar.
perhaps, ad., posibl?.
peril, n., perikl.
perilous, a., perlklos.
period, n., period(time); punkt
(dot).
periodical, n., diurnal.
periodical, a., period/£.
peripheric, a., periferi/£ (peri-
ferik).
periphery, n., periferi.
perish, v., periar.
perjure (one's self), v., peryu-
rlar,
perjured, a., peryurioj.
perjury, n., peryuri.
permanence, n., permanasion.
permanent, a., permanaw/.
permission, n., permit.
permission for1, have, avar
permit a.
permission of, by (with), p., ko
permit de.
permit, v., permitar.
permutation, n., permutasion.
permute, v., permutar.
perpendicular, a., perpendiku-
lar.
perpetual, a., perpetu.
perpetually, ad.,
perpetuity, n.,
perplex, v., perpleksar.
perplexed,
••^rplexity, a.,
n., perpleksn/.
pcrpleks//, /.
perron, n., peron.
persecute, v. , persekuar.
perseverance, n., persever.
persevere, v., persevera/ .
Persia, n., Pers/'a.
person, n., person.
personal name, nom personal.
personal pronoun, pronom
personal.
perspective, n., perspektiv.
perspective, a., perspektiv/£.
perspicacious, a., perspikas.
perspicacity, n., perspikas.'/, •
perspire, v., transpirar.
persuade, v. , persuadar.
persuasion, n., persuad<rn'o//
(persuasion),
pertinent, a., pertinent.
pertinent, not, a., impertinent.
Peru, n., Peru.
perverse, a., pervers.
perversely, ad., perverse.
perversity, n., perversitet.
pessimist, n., pesimist.
pest, n., pest.
pestilence, n., pest.
petition, n., petision.
petition, v., petisionar.
petrify, v.; petrifikar.
petroleum, n., petrole.
petrous, a., petrafr.
petticoat. n., yup.
pettiness, n., mlnuslositet.
petty, a., minusio.v.
petulance, n., pet u ian t /,"^/
(petulans).l
petulant, a., petulant.
pew, n., skamnu.
pfennig, n., fenig.
phalanx, n., falang.
phantom, n., fantom.
 pharmaceutic—pineapple 227
pharmaceutic, a., f a r m a s i / /• piano, upright, n., planin.
(farmaseutik). pianoforte, n., piano.
pharmacist, n., farmasiw/. picarian, a., piki//- and de p.
pharmacy, n., farmasi (science); pick, v., karpa'" (pluck); bekar
apotek (drugstore), (peck).
pharynx, n., faring. pickle, v., marinar.
pheasant, n., fasan. pickled food, m&rlnad.
phenomenon, n., fcnomen. picture, n. , imag(image); plktad
philologist, n., llnguist. (painting).
philosopher, n., filosof. picturesque, a., pltoresk.
philosophic, a., filosofi// (filo- pie, n., pastet (pastry); tart
sofik). (tart).
philosophize, v., fllosofar. piece, n., pies.
philosophy, n., filosofi. pierce, v., persar.
phlegm, n., pituit (mucus); pietism, n., pletism.
flegmat (coolness), pietist, n., plet/rf.
phlegmatic, a., flcgmat/£. piety, n., plet.
phlegmatic person, f legma- pig, n., pork.
\iker. pigeon, n., kolumb.
phonetic, a., foiietik,//. pike, n., pik (spear); luk (fish),
phonetics, n., fonetik. pilaster, n., pilastr.
phonograph, n., fonograf. pile, n., kumul (heap).
phosphorus, n., fosfor. pile, y., kumul,//.
photograph, n.,foto-grafad. pilgrim, n., peregrin.
photograph, v.~foto-grafar. pilgrimage, n., peregrina«ow.
photographer, n. , foto-graf. pilgrimage, go on (make), pere-
photometer, n.,foto-metr. grinar.
phrase, n., fras. pill, n., pilul.
phthisical, a., ftisi/£ (ftisik). pillar, n., kolumn.
phthisis, n., ftisi. pill-box, n., sk.itulr/.
physical, a., flslkal. pilot, n., pilot.
physician, n., mud ik. pilot, v., piloter.
physicist, n., flslkist. pimple, n., pustul.
physics, n., fisik. pimpled, a., pastulos.
physiognomic, a., fisionomi//• j pin, n., spll.
(fisionomik). pince-ne/, n., plnser.
physiognomist, n., fisiouomi/s/ j pincers, n., pins.
(fisionomist). pinch, v., plnsar.
physiognomy, n., flsionomi. pinchbeck, n., tombak.
pianist, n., plano/V (pianist). pine, n., pin.
piano, n., piano. pineapple, n. , ananas.
228 pious—plenipotent(iary)

pious, a., piet/£. planet, n., planet.

pipe, n., tub (tube); pip (for plane-tree, n., platan.
smoking), planish, v., planar.
pirate, n., pirat. plank, n., plank.
pirate, v. , plratar. plank, v., plankar.
pistol, n., pistol. plant, n., plant.
piston, n., piston. plant, y., plantar.
pit, n., parket (theater) ; fos plantation, n., planto/.
(excavation ) . plaster, n. , plastr (in pharmacy),
pitch, n., pes (resinous sub plaster of Paris, n., gips.
stance). plastic, a., plastik (formative),
pitch a tent, tendar pavilion. plastic art, n., plastik/7/V.
pitcher, n., kruk (vessel). plate, n., platil (dish); lamin
pitfall, n., atrap. (lamina).
pity, n., kompasion. platform, n., platform.
pity, v., kompasionar. platinum, n., platin.
pity ! , it is a ; what a pity ! , i., Platonic, a., platon/£.
clairuw v .' plausible, a., plausibl.
pivot, n., pivot. play, n., lud (game); spektakl
pivot, v., plvotar. (drama),
placable, a., plak</W. play, v., ludar.
placard, n., plakard. play the flute, musiker medi»
placate, v., plakar. flaut.
place, n., lok (locality); plas < play the violin, musikar mediu
(spot). violin.
place v., plasar. play the violoncello, musikar
place, to this, ad. , a siloke. medla yioloncel.
place of, in, p., "plasu; in plas play the zither, musik<;r mcili ,
de. sitr.
plague, n., pest. pleasant, a., plis/£ (pleasing),
plague, v., vekser. please, v. , pttsar.
plaint, n., lament. please, if you, if it plis. (See
plait, n., tres (tress); plik(fold). pllsar.)
plait, v., tresar (braid) ; plikar i pleasing, a., plis/£.
(fold). pleasure, n., plesir (enjoyment);
plan, v., deslnar. plissrf (liking, will).
plane, n., plan (surface); rabot plebeian, n., plebe.
(tool). plebeian, a., plebe/£.
plane, a., plan//-. pledge, n., pignor.
plane, v., rabotar (as carpenter), plenipotent(iary), a., plenipo-
plane off, v., de-rabotar. tent.
 plenitude—populous
plenitude, n., plemitet.
plenty, n., plen/fe/.
plot, n., komplot (couiplot).
plover, n., vanel.
plow, n., plug.
plow, v., plugiir.
pluck, v., karpar.
plum, n., prun.
plumage, n., plumo/.
plummet, n., sond.
plunge, v., plonjar (dive);
mergar (immerse),
pluperfect, n., pluskuamper-
fekt.
plural, n., plural.
plush, n., plush.
pluvious, a., pluviyv.
ply, n., plik.
pocket, n., vest-sak.
pocket, v., in-sakar.
pocket-handkerchief, n., drap
de sak.
pod, n., silik.
podagra, n., podagr.
podium, n., podium.
poem, n., poem.
poesy, n., poesi.
poet, n., poet.
poetic(al), a., poeti'£.
poetize, v., poetisar.
poetry, n., poesi.
point, n., punkt (dot); punt
(tip).
point, v., punktar (dot),
point of view. punkt de vis.
point out, v., monstmr.
poise, v. iutr., balansar.
poison, n., venen.
poison, v., venenar.
poisonous, a., venenos.
poisonousness, n., venenositet.
229
Poland, n., Polon/a.
Polar Sea, mar Glas//'.
pole, n., stang (bar); pot (astr.,
physics); pal (post),
police, n., polisi.
policy, n., polis (insurance),
polish, n., pollad (finish),
polish, v., glat//J^ay (smooth);
poliar (grind),
polished, a., glat (smooth),
polite, a., polit.
politeness, n., polttitet.
political, a., politika/.
politics, n., politik.
polka, n., polka.
polyglot, n., poliglot.
polyglot, a., poliglot//;-.
polygon, n.,/to/j"angul.
polypus, n., polip.
polytechnic, a. , ^o//teknika/.
polytechnics, n., />0//teknik.
pomade, n., pomad.
pomade, v., pomadar.
Pomerania, n., Pomeran/a.
pomp, n., pomp.
pompous, a., pompos.
pond, n., stagn.
ponder, v., konsiderar.
ponderable, a., ponderaW.
poniard, n., puniard.
poniard, v., puniard, f.
pontoon, n., ponton.
pony, n., kavalrf.
pool, n., stagn.
poor, a., povr.
pope, n., pap.
poppy. n., papavr.
popular, a., popular.
popularity, n., popular//^/.
populate, v., poplar.
populous, a., poplys.
230 porcelain—prayer

porcelain, n., porselan. posthumous, a., postrmm.

pore, n., por.
port, n., port.
portal, n., portal.
porte-monnaie, n., portmon6.
portend, v., omlnar.
portent, n., omin.
portentous, a., omlnos.
portfolio, n., portfoli.
portico, n., portik.
portion, n., porsion.
portrait, n., portret.
portray. v., portretar.
Portugal, n., Portugal^.
position, n., pos (site); stand poultice, n., kataplasm.
(standing),
positive, a., positiv.
positive degree, the positive, n., pour into, v. , in-versar.
positiv.
positively, ad., posltlve.
positiveness, n., posltlvitet.
positivism, n., posltlvism.
possess, v., posesar.
possession, n., poses.
possessions, n., posesarf.
possessive pronoun, pronom
posesiv.
possibility, n., poslblitet.
possible, a., posibl.
possibly, ad., poslble.
post, n., pal (pole); post (mail), practicable, a., praktikaW.
post, v., afishar (bills).
postage, n., porto.
postage stamp, n., post-mark. practise, v., praktikar.
postal card, n., post-kart.
post-card, n., post-kart.
poster, n., afish.
posterior, a., posterior.
posteriority, n., posterior^/.
posteriorly, ad., posterior^.
posterity, n., posteritet.
postil(l)ion, n., postilion.
postpone, v., adiurnar (put off).
j posture, n., pos.
pot, n., pot.
potash, n., potash.
potassium, n., kalium.
potato, n., pot at.
potato, sweet, n., batat.
potency, n., potent//,?/(potens).
potent, a., potent.
potsherd, n., vas fragment.
pottery, n., fayans.
pouch, n., sak.
pound, n., livr (weight).
pour, v. tr. , versar.
pour off, v. , de-versar.
pour out, v. , eks-versar (trans.),
poverty, n., povritet.
powder, n., pulvr (gunpowder;
also dust); pudr (toilet),
powder, v., pulvrar ((pulveri-
sar) pulverize) ; pudrar(toilet,
etc.)
power, n., potent«V^/ (potens).
powerful, a., potent (potent);
fort (strong). [tet.
practicability, n., praktika^//-
practical, a., praktlkal.
practice, n., praktik.
praise, n., laud.
praise, v., laudar. ,
prattle, v., babiliar.
pray, v., preker (to the deity);
pregar (request),
prayer, n., prek (to the deity);
preg (request).
 preach—primitive word
preach, v.,
preacher, n., predika//w.
preaching, n., predlkasion.
precaution, n., prekaut.
precede, v., andar anterion
preceptor, n., preseptor.
precious, a., presios.
precipice, n., presipis.
precipitate, v., presipitar.
precipitate, be, fastar tro haste.
precise, a., presis.
precisely, ad., yuste (exactly),
predecessor, n. , predesesor.
predilection, n., predileksion.
prefect, n., prefekt.
prefer, v., preferor.
preferable, a., preferaW.
preference, n., preferad.
prefix, n., prefiks.
prejudice, n.,/wyudisi.
prelate, n., prelat.
preliminary, a., preliminar.
prelude, \\.,prelud.
premature, a. , prematur.
premium, n., premi (prize) ;
ajio (agio).
preparation, n., preparas/0n.
prepare, v., preparer.
prepared, a., parat (ready),
prepay postage, frankar.
preposition, n., preposision.
prepuce, n., prepusi.
prerogative, n., prerogativ.
presage, v., omlnar.
presbyopic, a., presbiop.
prescribe, v. , />/rskribar.
prescription, n., resept (recipe);
prestueWaasion (order),
presence, n., present//^/ (pre-
sens).
presence of, in, p., presents.
231
present. n., donat (gift).
present, a., present.
present. v., presentar (place
before ; donatar (donate)
present, be, esar present.
presentiment, n., p r,'sent i-
uient.
• presentiment of, have,/r?senti-
mentar.
present tense, the present, n.,
present.
' preserve, v., preserver.
1 preside, v., presedar.
president, n., president.
presiding officer, presedant.
press, n., pres (pressing); re-
positori (closet).
press, v., presar.
press in, v., in-presar.
pressing, a., urgant (urgent).
press off, v., de presar.
press out, v. , eks-presar.
presume, v., suposar( suppose*.
! pretend, v., fingar( feign); pre-
tendar (claim).
pretext, n., pretekst.
pretty, a., minion.
pretty, ad., sufis^ fsufficientlj').
prevent, v. , pre\enlar.
previous. a., anterior.
previously, ad., anterior?.
price, n., pris.
prick. v., pikar.
pride, n., orgul.
priest, n., presbitr.
priesthood, n., presbitrarf.
priestly, a., presbitr/£.
prime, n.. ton prim (music).
primeval forest. protoforest.
primitive, a., primitiv.
primitive word, pro!oparol.
232 primogeniture—promote
primogeniture, n., primogeni
tor.
primrose, n., priml.
prince, n., prins.
principal, a., prinsipal.
principally, ad., prinsipak".
principial, a., prinsip/'£.
principle, n., prinsip.
principle, relating to, prinsip/'£.
print, v., imprimar.
printer, n., tipograf.
printing office, n., lmprlmeri.
prior, a., prior.
priority, n., prloritet.
prism, n., prism.
prison, n., prison.
prisoner, n., prison<?r.
pristine, a., pristin.
private, a., privat.
privilege, n., privileg.
privilege, v., privilegar.
privy, n., kloset.
privy-vault, n., latrin.
prize, n., premi (premium);
kaptad (capture, booty).
prize, make a, fasltir kaptad.
probable, a , probabl.
probably, ad., probabl, .
probe, n., sond.
probe, v. , sondar.
problem, n., problem.
proboscis, n., probosk.
procedure, n., prosed.
proceed, v., proseder (act).
proceed from, v., proveniar.
proceeding, n., prosed.
process, n., prosed.
procession, n., prosesion.
proclaim, v , proklamar.
proclamation, n , proklamasion.
nrocreate, v. , generar.
procreator, n., generator.
procuration, n., prokur.
procurator, n., prokurw/.
procure, v. , obtenar (obtain);
prokurar (effect).
prodigal, n., prodig.
prodigal, a., prodig/'£.
prodigal, be, prodiger.
prodigality, n., prodiges/y//.
produce, v., produktar (make);
rentar (yield); pro lon gar
(lengthen).
product, n., produkt.
profane, a., profan//r.
profane, v., profanar. [pation).
profession, n., profesion (occu-
professor, n., profesor.
proffer, v., ofrar.
profile, n., profil.
profit, n., profit.
profit, v., profitar.
profitable, a., lukrativ.
profound, a., profund.
prognosis, n., prognos.
prognosticate, v., prognosar.
programme, n., program.
progress, n., progres.
progress, v., progresar.
prohibit, v., inhibi/jr.
project, n., proyekt.
project, v., proyektar (design).
prologue, n., prolog.
prolong, v., prolongar.
prolongation, n., prolongasion.
promenade, n., promenarf.
promenade, v., promenar.
promise, n., promet.
promise, v., prometer.
promontory, n., promontori.
promote, v., pro mov a r .fur
ther).
 promulgate—pseudonym
promulgate, v., publikar.
prong, n., dent.
pronoun, n., pronom.
pronounce, v., pronunsiar.
pronunciation, n., pronunsl-
asion.
proof, n., pruf (demonstration);
prov (test),
prop, n., suport.
prop, v., suportar.
piopagate, v., propagar.
propagation, n., propagasion.
proper, a., konvenaW (suitable);
propr (own),
proper, be, konvenar.
properly, ad., propr^.
property, n., propr/zV/ (owner
ship); posesm/ (possessions),
prophesy, v., profetar.
prophet, n., profet.
proportion, n., proporsion.
proportion, v., proporsionar.
proposal, n., proposasion.
propose, v., proposar.
proposition, n., proposision.
prorogue, v., suspendar.
prosaic, a., prosaik.
proscribe, v., proskriber.
prose, n., prosa.
prosodic, a., prosodi/£ (proso-
dik).
prosody, n., prosodi.
prospect, n., aspekt (view).
prosper, v., prosperer (thrive),
prosperity, n., prosperitet.
protect, v., protektar.
protection, n., protektas/0w
(proteksion).
protector, n., protekta/or (pro-
tektor).
protest, n., protest.
233
protest, v., protestor.
Protestant, n., protested.
Protestant, a., protestant.
Protestantism, n., proteste»/
tism.
protocol, n., protokol.
protocol, v., protokolar.
prototype, n., prototlp.
protuberance, n., tubero.fZZW.
protuberant, a., tuberos.
proud, a., orgulos.
proud of, be, esar orgulos di kk.
prove, v., prufar (demonstrate);
provar (test); demonstrar
se (show one's self),
proverb, n., proverb.
provide, v. , furnar (furnish);
klausul./, (by clauses),
provided that, c., suposanfeke.
province, n., provins. [ply),
provision, n., provision (sup-
provisional, a., provisory.
provisionally, ad., provisor^.
proviso, n., klausul.
provoke, v., provokar (chal
lenge).
proximate, a., proksim.
proximity, n., proksim//?/,
proxy, n., prokur/s/ (person);
prokur (thing).
prudence, n., prudent//^ (pru-
dens).
prudent, a., prudent.
prudery, n., pruditet.
prudish, a., prud.
prudishness, n., prud//^/.
prurient, be, pruriar.
Prussia, n., Prus/a.
psalm, n., psalm.
pseudonym, n., pseudoftom
(pseudonim).
234 public—putrefacion

public, n., publik. pupil, n., pupila (of eye); elev

publication, n., edltasion ((edi- (scholar); pupil (ward).
sion) the act), puppet, n., marionet.
publish, v., edltar (as a book); purchase, v., akuirar.
publikar (promulgate); afi- pure, a., pur (clean); kast
shar (post up), (chaste).
publisher, n., edltator ((editor) purgation, n., purgasion.
issuer). purgative, a., purgativ.
puerile, a., pueril. purge, v., purgar.
puerility, n., puerllitet. purify, v., purifikar.
puff, puffing, n., reklam (in Puritan, n., puritaw.
newspaper) ; halit (whiff), puritanic(al), a., puritaw.
puff, v., halifo/r. puritanism, n., pmltanism.
pull, v., tlrar. purity, n., puritet (cleanness);
pulley, n., rulaj. kastitet (chastity).
pulp, n., puip. . purple, n., purpur.
pulpit, n., katedr. i purpose, n , intent.
pulpous, a., pulpos. j purpose, v., desinar.
pulpousness, n., pvApositet. purse, n., bors.
pulpy, a., pulpos. pursue, v., persekuar (perse
pulsate, v., pulsar. cute).
pulse, n., puis (motion of purveyor, n., furnator.
artery); legumlnosi (legumi pus, n., uiseraaf.
nous plants). push, n., pus.
pulverize, v., pulvrar (pulveri- push, v., pusar.
sar). push off, v., de-pusar.
pumice, n., pomis. pustule, n., pustul.
pumice, v., pomlsar. pustulous, a , pustlllos.
pump, n., pump. put, v , metar. [off).
pump, v., pumpar. put away, v., apo-pusar (cast
punch, n., punsh (liquor), put before, v., presentar (pre
punctual, a., punktual. sent).
punctuality, n., punktual/Vrf. put in, v., ln-metar.
punctuate, v., interpunktar. put in parentheses, metar in
punctuation, n., interpunkta- parcnt.es/.
sion. put into, v., ad-bordar (touch
punctuation marks, sign/ de at).
interpunktoA/ew. put off, v., adiurnar (defer).
puncture, v., plkar. put on, v., su- metar (lay on).
punish, v., punlar, put over, v., trans-metar.
punishment, n., puni. putrefaction, n., pv&reskasion .
 putrefy—radish
putrefy, v. , putreskar.
putrid, a., putr.
put up, v., desendtfr (at inn).
puzzle, n., enigmat.
puzzled, a., perpleks^rf.
pygmy, n., nan.
pyramid, n., piramid.
Pyrenees, n., mont/ Pireneik.
pyrite, n., pirit.
pyrotechnic, a. , piroteknike/.
pyrotechnics, n., piroteknik.
Q quintillion, nr., k u ) n t i i i o n
quadrant, n., kuadrant.
quadrat, n., kuadrat.
quadratic, a., kuadrat//!-.
quadrille, n., kuadrili.
quadrillion , nr., kuadrilion
(1,000,000,000,000,000).
quake, v., trembler.
Quaker, n., kuekr.
qualify, v., VMa\ifikar.
qualitative, a., kualitativ.
quality, n., kual //r/.
quantitative, a., kuantitativ.
quantity, n., kuant/Vrf.
quarantine, n., kuaranten.
quarrel, n., kuerel.
quarrel, v., kuerelar.
quarter, n., kuartierfin a city);
mi kuart (X).
quartette, n., kuartet.
quartz, n., kiiurls.
quash, v., anular.
quay, n., kay. [in chess).
queen, n., rege (sovereign ; also
question, n., kuestion.
question, v., lnterogar (inter
rogate); dubiar di kk (doubt
of).
235
quick, a., rapid.
quick ! ; be quick !, i., haste!
quick as lightning, ad., rapid^
kualr e iilmin .
quicksilver, n., mcrkur.
quiet. n., kuiet.
quiet, a., trankil.
quiet, v. tr. , kalmar.
quince, n., kuidon.
quinine, n., kinin.
quintal, n., sent-livr.
quintessence, n., kuint-esens.
quintette, n., kuintet.
(1,000,000,000,000,000,000).
quite, ad., total^ (wholly);
sufis^ (sufficiently),
quittance, n., kuit.
quoin, n., koin.
quoit, n., disk.
quota, n., kuot.
quotation mark, sign de si-
tasion.
quote, v., sltar.
quotient, n., kuosient.
R
rabbi, rabbin, n., rabin.
rabbit, n., kunikl.
rabble, n., kanali.
race, n., ras (breed); kurson
(run).
race, v. , kursonar.
race-course, n., kursoneri.
racer, n., luirsoner.
radial, a., i-.-uli//; (radial).
radiate, v., radiar.
radical, n., radik.
radical, a., radika/.
radish, n., radis.
236 radius—reason
radius, n., radi.
rage, n., furl.
rage, v., furiar.
rail, n., reis.
rail at, v., inyuriar.
railing, n., inyuri (abuse).
railroad, railway, n., reis- rut.
railroad car, n., vagon.
rain, n., pluvi.
rain, v., pluviar.
rainbow, n., iris.
rainy, a., pluvios.
raise, v., le\ar (lift); erektar
(as a flag); Vmrifikar (prices),
raised, a., relief/£ (relief),
raisin, n., rosin.
rake, n., rastr.
rake, v., rastrar.
ramify, v., ramifikar.
ramp, n.. ramp.
rampart, n., rampart.
rancid, a., ransid.
rancidity, rancidness n., ran si
ditet.
rancor, n., rankor.
range, v. tr., rangar (rank),
rank, n., rang.
rank, v. tr., rangar.
ransom, v., redimar.
ranunculus, n.. ranunkl.
rapacious, a., rapas.
rapacity, n., rapas/M.
rape, n., raps (hot.).
rapid, a., rapid.
rapidity, n., raplditet.
rapier, n., espad.
rapture, n., ravlasion.
rare, a., rar.
rarefy, v., raxifikar.
rarely, ad., rare.
rareness, n., raritet.
rarity, n., raritet.
rascal, n., brikon.
rash, a., tenter.
rashness, n., temer/Vrf.
rasp, n., rasp.
rasp, v., raspar.
raspberry, n., frambos.
rat, n., rat.
rate, n., taks.
rate, v. , taksar.
rather, ad., plu volontarc.
ratify, v., ratifikar.
rational, a., rasional (relating
to reason); resonos (reason
able).
rationalism, n., rasional/iw.
rationality, n., raslonalitet.
rave, v., delift/r.
raven, n., korv.
ravine, n., ravin.
ravish, v., raviar (enrapture ).
ray, n., radi.
razor, n., rasator.
reach, v., atina/ (attain).
react, v., reaktar. [on).
reaction, n., reaktasion (reaksi-
read, v., lektar.
readable, a., lekta/V.
read off, v. , lektar.
ready, a., parat.
ready ! , i. , parat !
real, a., real.
realism, n., real^w/.
reality, n., real/fe/.
realize, v., realisar.
reap, v., rekoltar.
rear, v., erektar (set up).
rear, to the, ad., a posteriory
reason, n., reson (rational fac
ulty); motiv (motive); kaus
(cause).
 reason—refusal
reason, v., resonar.
reason, for that, ad.,
reason, for this, ad., sikausr.
reason, principal, kaus prinsi-
pal.
reasonable, a., resonos.
rebate, n., rabat.
rebate- v., rabat«;
rebel, n., rebel.
rebel, v., rebelar.
rebus, n., rebus.
recall, v., reklama/ (reclaim).
recapitulate, v., rekapitular.
receipt, n., kuit (quittance);
resept (recine).
receipt, v., kultar.
receive, v. . resivar.
recently, ad., nelonge.
recipe, n., resept.
reciprocal, a., resiprok.
recite, v., resltar.
reckon, v., ka]kult/r.
reckoning, n., kalkul (calcula
tion); nota (bill). i reflection, n., refleks (physical).
reclaim, v., reklamar.
recognize, v. , rekonosar.
recollect, v., memorlar.
recommend, v., rekomendar,
recompense, n., rekompenss -
sion.
recompense, v., rekompensar.
recourse to, have, refugiar.
recover, v. , saneskar (conva
lesce).
recovery, n., saneskasion (con
valescence), [creation.)
recreate, v. , rekrear (take re-
recreation, n., rekreasion.
recruit, n., rekrut.
recruit, v. , rekrutar (raise sol
diers).
237
rectify, v., rektifikar.
rectitude, n., rektitet.
rector, n., rektor.
red, a., rub.
red, color, v., rubifikar.
redden, v., ntbeskar (to become
red); rubifikar (to color red),
redeem, v., redlmar.
redeemer, n., redlmator (re-
demptor).
redemption, n., redlmasion (re-
dempsion).
reduce, v., mlnuar.
reed, n., kan.
reel, n., guind.
reel, v., guindar.
refer, v., referar (report); alu-
dar (allude).
reference, n., referorf (report);
aludasion (allusion),
refine, v. , rafinar.
reflect, v., refleksar (physical
ly); reflektar (meditate).
reflexive pronoun, pronom re-
fleksiv.
reflexive verb, verb refleksiv.
reform, n., reform.
reform, v. , reformat.
reformation, n., reformasion.
reformer, n., reformator.
refract, v., refr&ngar.
refrain from, v., abstinar.
refrangibility, n., refrangabti-
tet).
refrangible, a., refrangabl.
refresh, v., resUuiv/ (revive);
refreskar (cool),
refuge, n., refugi.
refuge, take, refugiar.
refusal, n., refus.
238 refuse—remedy
refuse, n., eskart.
refuse, v., refusal:
refutation, n., refutasion.
refute, v., refutar.
regale, v., regalar.
regard, n., regard (relation).
regard, v., konsidar (pay atten
tion to).
regardless of, p., negligaw/w.
regard to, in, p., regard//.
regatta, n., regat.
regenerate, v. , regenera/:
regeneration, n., regenerasion. relatives, n., parent^/.
regenerator, n., regenerator.
regiment. n., regiment.
region, n., region.
register, n., registr.
register, v., reglstrar.
regret, n., regret.
regret, v., regretar.
regular, a., regular.
regularity, n., regular/A v'.
regulate, v., regular.
rehabilitate, v., rehabilit<zr.
reign, v., regnar.
reimburse, v. , rembursar.
reimbursement, n., rem burs.
reindeer, n., ren.
reinforce, v., renforsar.
reinforcement, n., renfors.
reject, v. , reprovar(disapprove); remain, v., restar(be left);
eskartar (discard).
rejection, n., reprovasion.
rejoice, v., gaudiar se (be glad); remain behind, restar poste
yubilar (exult).
rejoin, v., replikar.
rejoinder, n., replik.
rejuvenate, v., yvmifikar.
relapse, n., residiv.
relapser, n., resldlver.
relate, v., narar.
related, a., parent.
relate to, v., konsernar.
relation, n., relasion (of one
thing^ to another; commercial
relations, etc.): parent (rela
tive).
relations, n., parent^/ (rela
tives).
relative, n., parent.
relative, a., relativ.
relative pronoun, pronom rela
tiy.
relative to, p., relative.
relegate, v., relegar.
relegation, n., relegasion.
reliance, n., konfld.
relic, n., relikui.
relief, n., relief (relievo).
relief, a., reliefik.
relievo, n., relief.
religion, n., religi.
religious, n., monak.
religious, a., religios.
religiousness, n., rellglositet.
j relinquish, v. , dimisionar.
relinquishment, n., dimision.
reliquian, a., relikui/£ (reliku-
iar).
rely xipon, v., konfldar.
permanar (last).
remain alone, resiar sol.
rior^.
remainder, n., rest.
remaining, a., setr.
remark, n., not (note).
remarkable, a., notabl.
remediable, a., remedial/.
remedy, n., remedi.
 remedy—resign one's self 239
remedy, v., remedier. replace, v., substituar (substi
remember, v., memoriar. tute).
remind, v., reminiskar. replenish, v. , pleniftkar.
reminding, n., remlnlskn.',//»/. reply, n., replik (an answer to
remittance, n., rimes. an answer); respond (re
remorse, n., remors. sponse, answer).
remote, a., distant. reply, v., replikar (make a re
remove, v., removar (trans.); turn to an answer); responds
mutar domisil (change resi respond, answer).
dence). report. n., raport (account); fam
remunerate, v., rekompense/ . (fame).
remuneration, n., rekompensa- report, v., raportar.
sion. repose, n., kuiet.
rend, v., ruptar (rupture); lase- i repose, v., kuietar.
rar (tear). repository, n., repositorirf.
render, v., prestar (p e r f o r m , represent, v. , representar.
give, do). reprimand, n., reprimand.
rendering, n., prestasion (per reprimand, v., reprimandar.
formance). reproach, n., reprosh.
renew, v., repetar (repeat); re- reproach, v., reproshar.
novar (renovate). reprobate, v., reprovar.
rennet, n., kougulr/rf. republic, n., republik.
renounce, v., renunslar. republican, n., republikaw.
renouncement, n. , renunsia- republican, a., republika//.
sion. reputation, n., reputasion.
renovate, v., renovar. I request, n., preg.
rent, n., rent (income); ruptad request, v. , pregar.
(rupture). require, v., flagiter.
rent, v., arender (take on lease). requisite, n., rekuislt.
rentier. n., renter. requital, n., rekompense«0w.
renunciation, n., rcnunsie.v ///w. requite, v. , rekompensar.
repair, v., reparar. rescue, v., salvar.
repast, n., repast. resemble, v., esarsimil.
repeal, v., anulm: reservation, n., reserv.
repeat, v., repetar. reserve, n., reserv.
repel, v., de-pusar. reserve, v., reserver (lay up;
repent, v., repentar. also keep back).
repentance, n., repent. reside, v., residar.
repertory, n., repertori. resign, v., resignar.
repetition, n., repetasion (re- resignation. n., reslgnasion.
petision). resign one's self, v., resignar se.
240 resin—reward
resin, n., resin.
resistance, n., resistens.
resolute, a., resolut.
resolution, n., resolusion (de
cision).
resolve, v., resolvar.
resonance, n., resonans.
respect, n., respekt (esteem);
regard (relation ) .
respect, v., respektar (esteem ).
respective, a., relativ.
respectively, ad., respektive.
respect to, in, p., regard//.
respiration, n., resplrasion.
respire, v., respirar.
resplendence, n., splendor.
resplendent, a., splend///.
resplendent, be, splendor.
respond, v., respondar.
response, n., respond.
responsibility, n., respond, //?//-
tet.
responsible, a., respond<//>/.
responsible for, be, respondar.
rest, n., kuiet (repose) ; rest
(remainder).
rest, v. intr, kuietar.
rest, for the, ad., setre.
rest, the, n., setr/.
restaurant n., restaur^r/.
restoration, n., r&staurasion.
restore, v. , restaurer (r e v i v e);
redonar (give back).
restoring, n., restaurasion (re
viving).
restrain, v., frenar (check);
retcnar (keep back).
restraint, n., fren.
restrict, v., restriktar.
result, n., resultr///.
result, v., resultar.
resume, v., /rprender (take
back).
resurrection, n., resureksion.
retail, a., detail//'.
retain, v., retenar.
retard, v., retardar.
retinue, n., suit.
retire, v., retirar (take back,
draw back); retirar se (with
draw).
retort, n., retort (cheni.).
retreat, n., retlrad.
retrograde, v., regresar.
retrogression, n., regres.
return, n., return (going back);
retro-via (way back).
return, v., returner (go back);
redonar (give back).
reunion, n., reunion.
reunite, v., reunlar.
reveal, v., manifestar (divulge);
de-kuvrar (uncover).
revenge, n., vlndlkasion (ven
geance).
revenue, n., rent.
reverend, a., reverend.
reverse, v., inversiar (invert).
review, n., diurnal (periodical).
review, v., revisar (revise).
revile, v., inyuriar.
reviling, n., inyuri.
revise, v., revisar.
revive, v., restaurar (restore).
revolt, n., revolt.
revolt, v., revoltar.
revolution, n., revolution (radi
cal change); rotasion (rota
tion).
revolve, v. intr , rotar.
reward, n., rekompensasion.
reward, v., rekompensar.
 rheumatic—roe
rheumatic, a., reumatisin///
(reumatik).
rheumatism, n., reumatism.
rhinoceros, n., rinoseros.
rhodium, n., rodium.
rhomb, n , romb.
rhombus, n., romb.
rhythm, n., ritm.
rhythmic(al), a., rltmik.
rib, n., kosta.
rice, n., ris.
rich, a., rik.
riches, n., rlVc.itet.
richness, n., rlkitet.
riddle, n., enigmat.
ride, v. , vehiklar (in a vehicle);
kavalkar (on horseback),
riding-school, n., manej.
rift, n., flsad.
right, n., yur (that which is due
by just claim); yvstitet (just
ness),
right, a., yust(just); dekstr
(not left); rekt (straight);
konvenaW (proper),
right, at (on) the, ad., dekstr^.
right, be, konvenar (be fitting);
esar rekt (be in the right),
right, of, ad., yurlde.
right, to the, ad., a dckstrv.
righteous, a., yust.
righteousness, n., yustitet.
rightful, a., yurid/£.
rightly, ad., yuriil,' (of right).
right of, to (at) the, p., dekstre
rigid, a., rigid. [de.
rigidity, n., rlglditet.
rigorous, a., sever.
rim, n., bord.
rime, n., rim (rhyme); glas-
rosi (hoar-frost).
16
241
rime, v. , rlmar.
rind, n., krust.
ring, n., anel.
ring, v. intr., tintiner.
ringlet, n., bukl.
riot, n., tumult u.
riot, v., tumultuar.
ripe, a., matur.
ripen, v., matureskar.
ripeness. n., matur ifet.
rise, v., asendar (ascend); re-
sureksionar (from the dead);
aparar (of the heavenly bod
ies).
risk, n., risk.
risk, v., r"tskar.
rite, n., ritu.
ritual, n., ritual.
rival, n., rival.
rival, v., rivalar (rivalisar).
rive, v. tr. , flsar.
river, n., fluvi.
rivet, n., rivet.
rivet, v., rivetar.
road, n. , rut (passage for travel);
rad (roadstead).
roadstead, n., rad.
roar, v., bruar (bluster).
roast, n., rostad.
roast, v., rostar.
roasting-pan, n , rost-plat.
rob, v., rapiner.
robber, n., raplnator.
robbery, n., rapin.
robe, n , talar (long gown).
robust, a., robust.
rock, n., rok.
rock, v. , kiin,// • (cradle).
rod, n., verg (wand); baston
(instrument of correction).
roe, n., kapreol (animal).
242 rogue—Russian-speaking person
rogue, n., brikon.
roll, n., rul (cylinder); registr
(register).
roll, v., rular (bring into form
of cylinder); laminar (lami
nate).
romance, n., roman.
roof, n., tekt.
roof, v., tektar.
rook, n., turi (in chess).
room, n., kamr (chamber);
spasi (space).
roomy, a., spaslos.
root, n., radik.
' root out, v., de-radikar.
root up, v., de-radikar.
rope, n., kordon.
roscid, a., rostik and de r.
rose, n., ros.
rosemary, n., rosmarin.
rot, v., putreskar.
rotate, v. intr., rotar (revolve).
rotation, n., rotasion.
rotten, a., putr.
rotting, n., putreskasion.
rotund, a., rotond.
rouble, n., rubl.
rough, a., rud(rude).
Roumania, n., Ruman/c.
Roumelia, n., Rumel/a.
round, a., rotond.
round, v., rotondifikar.
round about, ad., sirka.
round off, v. , rotondifikar.
rouse, v., eksitar.
route, n., rut.
row, n., rang.
row, v., remar.
row, place in, seriar.
rub, v., frikar.
rubber, n., kaucuk (India).
rubbing, n., frlkasion.
rubidium, n , rubidium.
ruble, n., rubl.
rubric, n., rubrik.
rubricate, v., rubrikar.
ruby, n., rubin.
rude, a., rud.
rudeness, n. , rudit<i.
rudiments, n. pi., rudiment/.
rue, n., ruta.
ruffle, n., manshrf (cuff),
ruin, n., ruin (as of building,
city); rulnasion (the act),
ruin, v., rulnar.
rule, n., regl.
rule, v., regnar (reign); liniar
(draw lines on).
ruler, n., regnator (sovereign),
rum, n., rum.
ruminate, v., rumlnar.
rumination, n., rumlnasion.
rumor, n., rumor.
rumor, v., rumorar.
rump, n., krupa.
run, v., kursar.
run about, v. , sirkl and<?; .
run away, v., desertar.
runner, n., kursoner.
run over, v. intr., trans-flusr.
rupture, n., ruptarf.
rupture, v., ruptar.
rural, a., kampestr.
rusk, n., biskit.
Russia, n., Rus/a.
Russian, n., rusian.
Russian, a., rusian (pertaining
to Russia) ; rusi/c (relating to
the Russian language).
Russian-speaking, a., rus/£.
Russian-speaking person, ruso
(masc.); rusa (fern.).
 rustic—satin
rustic, n., rustik.
rustic, a., rustik.
ruthenium, n., rutenium.
rye, n., rog.
sable, n., sobl.
sabre, n., sabr.
sacerdotal, a., presbitr/£.
sack, n., sak (bag).
sacrament, n., sakrament.
sacrifice, n., viktim.
sacrifice, v., vlktlmar.
sacristy, n., sakristi.
sad, a., trist.
saddle, n., sedi.
saddle, v., sediur.
saddle-cloth, n., shabrak.
sadness, n., trlstitet.
safe, a., sekur.
safety, n., sekur/Vrf.
saffron, n., safran.
sagacious, a., sagas.
sagacity, n., sagas/fe/.
sail, n., sel (sheet).
sail, v. intr., selar.
sail away, v., apo-selar.
saint, n., sankt.
salad, n., salad.
salamander, n., salamandr.
salary, n., salar.
salary, v., salarar.
sale, n., vend.
sale(s), n., vendarf (trade, busi sardine, n., sardin.
ness ; as in " sales were good Satan, n., satan.
to-day ").
saliva, n., saliv.
salmon, n., salmon.
saloon, n., salon (salon).
salt, n., sal.
243
salt, v., salar.
'saltpeter, n., nitr.
saltworks, n., salin.
salty, a., salos.
salubrious, a., salubr.
salute, n., salut (greeting);
salv (salvo).
salute, v., salutar.
salve, n., unguent.
salvo, n., salv.
samarium, n., samarium.
same, a., el sem.
same thing, the, it sem.
same thing, the very; just the
same thing, yuste it sem.
same, the very; just the same,
yuste el sem.
sample, n., eksempl.
sanctify, v., sankt//i£ar.
sanction, n., sanksion.
sanction, v., sanksionar.
sanctity, n., saalftitet.
sand, n., sabl.
sandals, n., sandal/.
sandy, a., sablos.
. sanguine, a. , sanguiu/£.
sanguine person, sauguinr'/vT.
Sanskrit, n., sanskrit.
sap, n., suk.
sapphire, n., safir.
sappy, a., sukos.
sarcasm, u., sarkasm.
sarcastic, a., sarkasm/£ (sarka-
stik).
satanic, a., satau//-.
sate, v., saturar.
sated, a., satnred.
satiation, n., saturasion.
satin, n., satin.
244 satin— scratch
satin, v., satlnar.
satin-finish, v. , satlnar.
satire, n., satir.
satisfaction, n., kontentitet
(contentment) ; satisfaktaswn
( (satisfaksion) satisfying),
satisfied, be, v. , esar kontent.
satisfy, v., satisfaktar.
satisfying, n., satisfaktasion
(satisfaksion).
saturate, v. , saturar.
saturated, a., satured.
saturation, n., saturasion.
Saturday, n., saturndi.
Saturday, a., saturndlan and
de s.
satyr, n., satiro.
sauce, n., sos.
saucepan, n., kaserol.
saucer, n., sub-tas.
sausage, n., sosis.
save, v., salvar (rescue); re-
servar (lay up); parsimonie/
(be frugal).
saving, a., parslmonlas.
savior, n., saVvator.
Savoy, n., Savoya.
Savoyard, n., savoyan.
Savoyard, a., savoyaw.
saw, n., seg.
saw, v., segar.
Saxony, n., Saksonw.
say, v., dikar.
saying, n., aforism.
scab, n., skabi (mange),
scabbard, n., vagin.
scabby, a., skabios.
scaffold, n., skafold.
scale, n., skuam (squanie); skal
(gamut),
scales, n., ponderator.
scaly, a., skuamos.
scandal, n., skandal.
scandalous, a., skandakw.
Scandinavia, n., Skandinav/</.
scandium, n., skandium.
scapula, n., omoplat.
scar, n., sikatris.
scarcely, ad., pen^.
scarify, v. , skarifikar.
scarlet, a., skariat.
scarp, n., skarp.
scatter, v. tr. , dlslpar.
scene, n., sken (stage).
scent, n., odor.
scent, v. , odoratar (perceive
odor).
scepter, n., skeptr.
sceptic, n., skeptik.
sceptical, a., skeptik.
scepticism, n., skeptikww.
scholar, n., skolaw (pupil); eru-
dled (learned man).
school, n., skol.
schoolfellow, n., ko-skolaw.
science, n., sient.
scientific, a., sient/£ (sientifik).
scissors, n., tonsator.
Sclave, n., slav.
Sclavic, a., siav/£.
scoff, n., mok.
scoff, v., mokar.
scolopendra, n., skolopendr.
scoria, n., skori.
scorpion, n., skorpion.
Scotland, n., Skot/a.
scourge, n., flagel.
scourge, v., flagelar.
scourging, n., flagelasion,
scrape, v., rasar.
scratch, n., skar.
scratch, v.,
 scratch off—senator
scratch off, v. , de-kratar.
screen, n., /aravent (protection
from air).
screw, n., skrub.
screw, v., skrubar.
scrofula, n., skroful.
scrofulous, a., skrofulos.
scrofulousness, n. , skrofalositet.
scruple, n., skrupl.
scruple, v., skruplar.
scrupulous, a., skruplos (skru-
pulos).
scrupulousness, n., skrwplositet
(skrupulositet).
sculptor, n., skuipta/or (skulp-
tor).
sculpture, n., skulptas io n
(skulptur).
sculpture, v., skuipter.
scum, n., skum.
scythe, n., faisi.
sea, n., mar.
seal, n., sigil (stamp),
seal, v., sigilar.
seam, n., sutad (suture); flsad
(fissure).
seamstress, n., suiatora.
search (for), v., shersher.
seashore, n., mar-bord.
season, n., seson.
seasonably, ad., oportun^.
seat, n., sed.
second, n., sekond (division of
time); ton sekund (music),
second, a,, sekund or iiii//w,
second, v., sekundar.
secondary, a., sekundar.
second class, scholar of the,
sekuiid,/w,
secret, n., sekret.
secret. a., arkan.
245
secretary, n., sekretar.
secrete, v., okultar (hide).
sect, n., sekt.
sect, form, sektar.
section, n., seksion.
secular, a., sekul//- ((sekular)
relating to century).
secure, a., sekur.
secure, v., asekurarfmakesafe.)
security, n., sekuritet (safety);
garantarf (guarantee).
sediment, n., sediment.
seduce, v. , sedukar.
see, v., vlsar.
seed, n., semin (in general);
sperm (semen).
seed, v., in-seminar.
seek, v., snershar.
seem, v., semblar.
seem strange, semblar estran.
seethe, v. , ibuliar.
segment, n., segment.
seize, v., slsar.
seizure, n., sekuestr (in law).
seldom, ad., rare.
select, v., selektar.
selenium, n., selen.
self, pr., aut iil aiit l<e him
self); se (reflexive).
self-moving, a., automobtl.
sell, v., vendar.
semaphore, n., semafor.
semen, n., sperm.
semi-annual, a., semestr/£.
semicolon, n., koma-punkt. "
seminary, n., seminar.
Semite, n., semit.
semitone, n., semiton.
semivowel, n., semivokal.
senate, n., senat.
senator, n., senater.
246 send—seventy
send, v., mltar.
send afterwards, mltar poste
rior^.
send off, v. , ekspediar (forward).
senile, a., senil.
senior, a., senior.
sensation, n., sensuasion (feel
ing); sensasion (state of ex
cited interest or feeling).
sense, n., sens (purport); sensu
(one of the five).
sensibility, n., s&nsuablitet (sen-
siblitet).
sensible, a., sensos (judicious);
sentiarW (perceptible); sensu
abl ( (sensibl) sensitive).
sensible of, be, sent ir// .
sensitive, a. , sensuad/ ( (sensibl)
sensible); sentiments (full of
feeling).
sensitiveness n., sensuablitet
(physical).
sensitive-plant, n., mimos.
sensory, a., sensu/£.
sensual, a., sensual.
sensuality, n., sensual/A/,
sentence, n.. proposision (prop
osition); fras (phrase); yiuii
kad (decision); sentens (say
ing)-
sentiment, n., sentiment.
sentimental, a., sentimental.
sentimentality, n., sentimenta-
litet.
sentinel, n., sentinel.
separate, a., separ/£.
separate, v. , separer.
separately, ad., apart.
separation, n., separasion.
September, n., septembr.
septette, n., septet.
sepulcher, n., sepult.
sequester, v., sekuestrar.
sequestrate, v., sekuestrar.
sequestration, n., sekuestr.
sequin, n., sekin.
seraph, n., seraf.
serenade, n., serenad.
serene, a., seren. ,
serenity, n., serenitet.
seriate, v., serlar.
series, n., seri.
series, arrange in, serier.
serious, a., serios.
seriousness, n., serios//rf.
sermon, n., predikarf.
serpent, n., serpent.
serpentine line, n., serpentin.
servant, n., serv.
serve, v. , servar.
Servia, n., Serb/a.
service, n., prestasion (per
formance).
serviceable, a., usaW.
serviceableness, n., vSablitet.
servile, a., servil.
servility, n., servih'fe/.
set, v., posar (lay); disaparar
(of sun, moon).
set aside, v., de-posar.
set down, v. , de-posar.
set of instruments, instrument-
kompleks.
set one's self right, v. , orienter
se.
set on fire, v. , flayfifikar.
set right, v., orientar.
setup, v., erektar(as a stand
ard).
seven, nr., sept.
seventh, a., septim.
seventy, nr., sept-des.
 several— shoulder
several, a., kelk.
severe, a., sever.
severity, n., severitet.
sew, v., sut(/r.
sewer, n., kloak (drain).
sex, n., seksu.
sextette, n., sekstet.
shabrack, n., shabrak.
shade, n., ombr (shadow);
nuans (color),
shade, v., ombrar (shadow);
naansar (color),
shadow, n., ombr.
shadow, v., ombrar.
shaft, n., puit (mining); timon
(thill),
shake v., sukusaf (trans. ); shine upon, v.. mltar radli su
trembler (tremble).
shake off, v. , de-sukusaf.
shaking, n., sukus.
shame, v., pudifikar.
shamefaced, a., pud//•.
shamefacedness, n., padikitet.
shameless, a., nopudik.
shape, n., tali (figure),
shape, v., formar.
shard, n., vas-fragment.
share, n., aksion istock).
shareholder, n., aksloner.
shark, n., skual.
sharp, a., akut (acute); sever shop, n., butik (store).
(severe).
sharpen, v., akutifikar.
sharpness, n., akut//rf.
shatter, v. , frakasar.
shave, v., rasai:
she, pr. , lla.
sheaf, n., garb.
shear, v., tonsar.
shears, n., tonsafor.
sheath, n., vagin.
247
sheathing, n., kuvr.
shed (its) blossoms, de-f
sheep, n., muton.
sheet, n., papir-foli (paper).
she-goat, n., kapra.
shell, n., krust (rind); bomb
(bomb); konk (conch).
shelter, n., gard.
shelter, v., gardar.
shepherd, n., pasturew.
shield, n., skut (buckler).
shield, v. gardar.
shilling, n., shiling.
shinbone, n., tibi.
shine, v., lumar (give light);
splendar (be bright).
kk.
shining, a., splendid.
ship, n., nav.
shipwreck, n., naufrag.
shipwreck, suffer, naufraga/ .
shirt, n., kamis.
shock, n., sukus.
shoe, n., b'as-bot.
shoemaker, n., boter.
\ shoot, n., germin (sprout).
shoot, v., fusilar (as a gun);
lansonar (discharge a,mis
sile).
short, a., brev.
shorten, v., abrevlar.
shortening, n., abrevie.»0H.
shorthand, write, stenografar.
shortness, n., brevitet.
shortsighted, a., miop.
shortsightedness, n., mlopitet.
shot, n., lausr>w (shooting).
should, I = mi deb.
shoulder, n., epol.
248 shoulder-blade—simulation
shoulder blade, n., omoplat.
shout, v. klarrw/ .
shove, n. pus.
shove, v. pusar.
shove], n palet.
shovel, v , paleter.
show, n., eklat (display); parad
(parade).
show, v., monstrar.
showy, a., ostentativ.
shrub, n., arbust.
shun, v., evitar.
shut out, v., eks-kloser.
Siberia, n., Siber/a.
sibilant, n., son [liter] sibilew/.
Sicily, n., Sisil/a.
sick, a., malad.
sickle, u., falsi,'/.
sickly, a., maiados.
sickness, n., mukid/A/.
side, n. , flank.
side, at (on) the, ad., flanks.
side, on every, ad., omnl-flank^.
side, on that, ad., ulterior^.
side, on the hither, ad., siteri-
ore.
side, on the other, ad., otr-
tluOu.
side, 0n the thither, ad., ulte
rior^.
side, on this, ad., siterioiv.
side, to the, ad., a il.uik .
sideboard, n., bufet.
side of, on that, p., ulterior^ de.
side of, on the hither, p., site-
rlore de.
side of, on the thither, p., ulte
rior de.
side of, on this, p., siterior^ de.
sides, on all, ad., omni-flank^.
sidewalk, n., trotoar.
sideways, ad., versu flank.
side-whiskers, n., guen-barb.
sidewise, ad., versu flank.
siege, n., obslttiasion.
sieve, n., krib.
sift, v., kribar.
sigh, n., susplr.
sigh, v., susplrar.
sight, n., vis (eyesight); aspekt
(view); spektakl (spectacle),
sign, n., sign (mark); omin
(omen).
sign, v., sub-skribar (sub
scribe).
signal, n., signal.
signal, v., signalar.
signification, n., slgnlflkasion .
signify, v. , signifikar (mean) ;
notifikar (intimate),
silence, n., silensi.
silence! , i., silensi !
silent, a., silcnsi/>\ (still); mill
(of a letter),
silent, be, silensiar.
Silesia, n., Siles/a.
silicium, n., silisium.
silk, n., set.
sill, n., siipr.
silver, n., argent.
silver,
simian,v.,a.,argenter.
si i< :/•/'• and de s.
similar, a., simil.
similarity, u , simil/Vrf.
simple, a., simpl.
simplicity, n., slmplitet (siin-
plisitet).
simplification, n., simpl////-</-
sion.
simplify, v., slvtvplifikar.
simulate, v., simular.
simulation, n., slmulaswu.
 simultaneous — sloth
simultaneous, a., simultan.
simultaneously, ad., simultaiU-.
simultaneousness, n., simulta
nitet.
sin, n.,
sin, v., pekar.
since, ad., da tetempe.
since, p., da.
since, c., da temp ke(time);
kalist (because).
sincere, a., sinser.
sincerity, n., slnseritet.
sinew, n., tendon.
sing, v., kantar.
singing, n., kant.
singing bird, n., ornit kantant.
single, a., unik (unique).
singular, n., singular (number).
singular, a. , estran (strange).
sinner, n., pekator.
siphon, n., sifon.
sir, n., sinior.
sister, n., soror.
sit, v., sedar.
site, n. , sltuasion.
situate, v., situar.
situated, be, v., esar sltued.
situation, n., sltuasion (site).
six, nr., seks.
sixth, a., sekst or seksiin.
sixty, nr. , seks-des.
size, n., granditet.
skate, n., patin.
skate, v., patinar.
skeleton, n., skelet.
sketch, n., skis.
sketch, v., sklsar.
skilful, a., apt.
skill, n., aptitet.
skim, v., de-skumer.
skin, n., pel.
249
skin, v., pelar.
skull, n., krani.
sky, n., siel.
slack, a., laks.
slackness, n., laks/fe/.
slag, n., skori.
slander, n., kalumni<ry/<>w.
slander, v., kalumni,// .
slanting, a., obliku.
slate, n., shist.
slate-pencil, n., shist -krayon.
slaughter, v., maktar.
slave, n., sklav.
slay, v., mortifikar.
sleep, n., dorm.
sleep, v., dormar.
sleeper, n., siipr (in building).
sleepy, a., dormos.
sleeve, n., mansh.
sleigh, n., siit.
slender, a., grasil.
slenderness, n., grasih'fe/.
slide, v., glisar.
slide off, v., de-gliser.
slight, a., grasil (slender),
slight, v., negligar.
slim, a., grasil. [(mud),
slime, n., pituit (mucus); siim
slituy, a., pituii >..
slip, v., gllsar.
slip off, v., de-gliser.
slip out, v., eks-glisar.
slipper, n., pantufl.
slipperiness, n., l\Arikitet.
slippery, a., lubr/£.
slit, n., flsad.
sloop, n., shalup.
slope, n., skarp.
slope, v. tr., skarpar.
sloth, n., ai (animal):
(inactivity).
250 slothful— sole
slothful, a., inert.
slothfulness. n., lnertitet.
slow, a., lent.
slow, be, tmd<1r tro lente (time
piece).
slowly, ad., lent/'.
slow-match, n., flagr^s£-kor-
don.
slowness, n., tentitet.
slow-worm, n., fais-serpent.
sly, a., astusi<v.
small, a., minim.
small-Headed, a., mikrokapik .
smallness, n., minim//,/
smallpox, n., variol.
smash, v. tr. , frak&sur.
smear, v., gresar.
smell, n., odor (odor); odorat
(sense).
smell, v., odoratar (perceive
odor); odorar (emit odor).
smell, sense of, odorat.
smelt, v. tr., fondar.
smile, v., sub-ridar.
smite, v., perkutar.
smoke, n., fum.
smoke, v., funu/r (emit smoke);
in fumar (hams, etc.).
smooth, a., Rial.
smooth, v.. glatijikar.
smoothness, n., glat/Vrf.
smother, v. tr. , sufoker.
smuggle, v., kontrabandar.
smuggler, n., kontrabandw/.
smuggling, n., kontraband.
snail, n., kokle.
snake, n., serpent.
snare, n., trap (literally); atrap
(figuratively).
sneeze, v., sternutar.
sneezing, n., sternutas/0w.
snipe, n., bekas.
snore, v., stertar.
snort, v., suttonar.
snout, n., probosk.
snow, n., nev.
snow, v., iievar.
snuff-box, n., skatlil^/.
so, ad., tal^.
soap, n., sapon.
sob, n., singult.
sob, v., singultar.
sober, a., sobr.
sobriety, n., sobritet.
sociability, n., soslablitet.
sociable, a., sosiabl.
social, a., sosial.
socialism, n., sosial/w/.
society, n., sosietet.
society of, in the, p., in sosie-
tet de.
socle, n., sokl.
soda, n., sod.
sodium, n., natrium.
sofa, n., divan.
soft, a., mol (mellow), nesonor
(low).
soft consonant, konsonant mol.
soften, v., moliflkar.
softening, a., molifikant.
softly, ad., nesonore.
softness, n., molitet.
so greatly, ad., tante.
soil, n., suol (ground); sord
(filth).
soil, v. tr., sordiftkar.
soiled, a., sordik.
sojourn, n., sejurn.
sojourn, v., sejurnar.
solder, v., sold//r.
soldier, n., soldat.
sole, n., sole (of foot, shoe, etc.).
 sole—spar 251
sole, a., sol. son-in-law, n., bel-filio.
solely, ad., sole. sonnet, n., sonet.
solemn, a., solemn. sonorous, a., sonor.
solemnity, n., solemn//rf. soon, ad., po-brev^.
solemnize, v., festar (festival). soot, n., fuligin.
solicit, v., sollsltar. sooty, a. , fullglnos.
solicitous, be, solisiter. soprano, n., sopran (voice);
solid, a., solid. sopran/^ (person).
solidarity, n., solldaritet. sordid, a., sordid.
solidary, a., solidar. sordidness, n., sordlditet.
solidify, v., solldeskar (intr.) sore, n., uiser (ulcer).
solidity, n., sollditet. sorrel, n., oksal.
solitariness, n., solitet. sorrow, n., griv.
solitary, be, restar sol. sorrowful, a., trist.
solitude, n., solitet. sort, n., sort.
solo, n., solo. sort, v., sortar.
solution , n. , solvasion (solusion). so that, c., tale ke.
solve, v., solvar. soul, n., anim.
so many, a., tant. sound, n., son (audible noise);
so many times, ad., tale multfoa. sond (probe).
some, pr. ind. and a., kelk ; sound, a., san.
kelk-un (sing.). sound, v., sonar (re sou nd) ;
somebody, pr., kelk horn. sondar (probe) ; tonar (as in
some one, pr., kelk- hom. strument).
something, pr., kelk-kos (any soundness, n., sanitet.
thing); sert-kos (certain soup, n., sup.
thing). sour, a., asid.
something else, pr., otr-kos. source, n., font.
sometimes, ad., kelk/oa. south, n., sud.
sometimes—s ometimes, ad., south, in the, ad., sudt .
tempe—tempe. southerly, ad., siate (in the
somewhat, ad., nemulte. south); versu sud (toward
somewhere, ad., kelk-lok^. the south).
somewhere else, ad., otr-loke southward, ad., versu sud.
(in another place) ; a otr-lok^ sovereign, n., regnator.
(to another place). sow, v., seminar.
so much, a., tant. space, n., spasi.
so much, ad., tank". spacious, a., sp&slos.
son, n., fillo. spade, n., palet.
sonata, n., sonat. Spain, n., Espam'a.
song, n., kanson. spar, n., spat (mineral).
252 spark—spool
spark, ii., sintil.
sparkle, v., brlllar.
sparrow, n., pasr.
sparrow-hawk, n., sparv.
spasm, n., spasm.
spatterdash, n., gamash.
speak, v., parlar (talk); orar
(as orator).
speaker, public, orator.
spear, n., lans.
special, a., spesial.
specially, ad., spesial?.
specialty, n., speslslitet.
specific, a., spesif/£.
specification, n., speslflkasion.
specify, v., spesifikar.
specimen, n., eksempl.
speck, n., makiil.
speck, v., makular.
spectacle, n., spektakl.
spectacles, n.,/m>kul.
spectator, n., spektator.
spectre, n., fantom.
speculate v., spekular (com
merce).
speed, n., hast.
speed, v., hastar.
speedy, a., velos (swift); po-
brev/l (prompt).
speedily, ad., velose (swiftly);
po-brev^ (soon)
spell, v., literar.
spend, v., spender (expend).
spendthrift, n.. prodig.
sphere, n., sfer.
spherical, a., sfer/£.
sphincter, n., sfinkter.
sphinx, n., sfinks.
spice(s), n., spes.
spider, n., aran.
spike, n., spik (hot.).
spill, v. tr., mis\ersar.
spin, v., fllar.
spinach, n., spinat.
spinning-mill, n., flleri.
spiral, a., spiral.
spirit, n., spirit (soul); sprit
(liquor).
spirited, a., splrltos.
spiritism, n., spMtisin.
spiritist, n., splritist.
spiritual, a., spiritual (opposed
to -worldly); spirit/£ (relating
to spirit).
spirituous, a., sprltes.
spit, v., sputar.
spite of, in, p., obstin«.
spittle, n., sput.
spleen, n., splen.
splendid, a., majcnif/X- (mag
nificent); splendid (brilliant,
dazzling).
splendor, n., splendor.
split, n., flsad.
split, v. tr., flsar.
spoil, v., ruinar.
spoke, n., radiarf.
spondaic, a., sponde/£.
spondee, n., sponde.
sponge, n., spongl.
sponge-like, a., spongia tr
(spongios).
spongy, a., sponglatr (spongi
os).
sponsor, be, esar ko-patr, ko-
matr.
sponsorship, n., ko-patritet.
spontaneity, n., spontan/Vrf.
spontaneous, a., spontan.
spontaneousness, n., spontan/-
tet.
spool, n., bobin.
 spool— state
spool, v., bobinar.
spoon, ri., kuliar.
sporadic, a., sporad/£.
sport, n., sport.
spot, n., makul (stain); plas
(place).
spot, v., makular.
spotless, a., nemakuled.
spouse, n., marit.
spread, n., propagasion.
spread, v.-, propagar (propa
gate),
spring, n., font (source); floro-
temp (season); salt (leap);
resor (elastic force or body);
fontad (of water),
spring, v., fontar (issue); saltar
(leap).
sprout, n., germ in.
sprout, v., germlnar.
spun material, fllad.
spur, n., sporn.
spur on, v., stlmular.
spy, n., spion.
spy, v., splonar.
squadron , n . , eskadr (naval);
eskadron (cavalry).
squame, n., skuam.
squamous, a., skuami>.s.
squander, v., prodlgar.
square, n., kuadrat (quadrat);
plas (of a chess-board),
square, a., kuadrat/£.
square meter, n.,kuadrat-metr.
square root, n., kuadrat radik.
squeeze, v., presar.
squeeze out. v., eks-presar.
squirrel, n., sklur.
squirt, v., sprlsar.
stab, v., pikar (puncture) ; puni-
ardar (poniard).
253
stability, n., stabilwW.
stable, n., stal.
stable, a., stabil.
stadium, n., stadi. [(military).
staff, n., baston (baton); stab
stage, n., sken (theater).
stagger, v., tltubar.
staggering, n., tltubasion.
stagnate, v., stagnar.
stain, n., makul.
stain, v., makular.
staircase, n., skal.
stairs, n., skal.
stake, n., pikrf.
stake, v. , hasardar (venture).
stake out, v., trasar mediw pl
ked.
stalk, n., troiik,-'/.
stall, n., stal (for horses).
stallion, n., kavalo.
stammer, v., balbuslar.
stamp, n., stamp (instrument ;
also imprint); post-mark
(postage stamp).
stamp, v., stampar.
stand, n., stand (position).
stand, v., standar.
standard, n., standart (ensign).
standpoint, n., punkt de vis.
stand up, v., levar se.
stannum, n,, stan.
star, n., stel (fixed); astr (heav
enly body).
starch, n., amidon.
starch, v., amidonar.
stare, v., musardar.
starer, n., musard.
starling, n., sturn.
start or, get, prevexilar.
state, n., stat ( commonwealth) •
stand (condition).
254 state-dinner—stork
state-dinner, n., galadlnb,
States of the Church, Ekles/a. stifle, v. tr., sufokar.
static(al), a., statika/.
statics, n., statik.
station, n., stasion.
statistics, n., statistik.
statue, n., statu.
stature, n., statur.
statute, n., statut.
stay, n., stop.
stay, v., restar.
steal, v., rapiar.
steam, n., vapor.
stea.ni, v. , vaporar (tr. and intr.). stirrup, n., staf.
stearin, n., stearin.
steel, n., asier.
steel, a., asier/£.
steel, v., asierar.
steep, a., skarp/£.
steer, v., guvernar.
stenographer, n., stenograf.
stenographic, a., stenograflik j stocking, n.', kais.
(stenografik).
stenography, n., stenografi.
step, n., pasu (pace); grad (de
gree).
step, v., pasuar.
step-brother, n.,semifratr.
stepbystep, ad., de pasu a pasu.
step-father, n., semipatr.
steppe, n. , step.
step-son, n., semifftlo.
sterile, a., steril.
sterilize, v., sterilisar.
stew, n., kompot.
stewpan, n., kaserol.
stibium, n., antimon.
stick, n., baston.
stick, v., glutinar (glue).
stick on, v., su-glutinar.
stiff, a., rigid.
stiffness, n., rlglditet.
stigma, n., stigmat.
stigmatic, n., stigmat/'£.
stigmatic, a., stigmat/£.
still, a., trankil.
still, v., kalmar.
still, ad. , ankor.
still, c., ye.
stimulate,
stimulus, n., v., stimul.
stimular.•
stipulate, v., stipular.
stir (up), v., eksitar.
stitch (books), v. , broshar.
stitched book, n., broshur.
stock, n., aksion (share); pro
vision (supply); reserv (re
serve).
stockfish, n., stokfish.
stockholder, n., aksionrr.
stoic, n., Sioiker.
stoic(al), a., stoik.
stole, n., stol.
stomach, n., stomak.
stone, n., petr.
stone, v., lapidar (pelt with
stones).
stone-like, a., petrajV.
stony, a., petnw.
stop, n., stop.
stop, v., sesar (cease); stopar
(halt); tamponar (stopper).
stop! , i., stop!
stopper, n., tampon.
stopper, v., tamponar.
stop to, put a, fasiar finiar.
store, n., butik (shop).
storehouse, n., magasin.
stork, n., sikon.
 storm —sublime
storm, ii., tempestad.
story, n., etaj (floor).
stove, n., forn.
stovepipe, n., forn-tub.
straight, a., rekt.
straightness. n., reM.itet.
strain, v., Ultrar.
strait, a., stret.
straitness, n., stretilet.
straits, n., angust (distress).
strand, n., mar-bord.
strange, a., estran.
strangle, v. tr., strangler.
strap, n., kulr band.
strategic, a., strategic (strate-
gik).
strategy, n., strategi.
stratify, v., stratifikar.
stratum, n., strat.
straw, n., palia.
strawberry, n., frag.
stray, v., aberar.
straying, n., &berasion.
streak, n., stri.
streak, v., strtar.
street, n., strad.
strength, n . , potent/fe/ ((potens)
might) ; fortitet (force).
strengthen, v., vigorar (invigo
rate); fortifikar (fortify).
stretch, v. tr. , tendar.
stria, n., stri.
striate, v., striar.
strict, a., strikt.
strife, n., kontestasion.
strike, n., strik (of workmen).
strike, v., perkutar (percuss);
strikar (of workmen).
string, n., kordou,/ (cord); subjugate, v., sub-yugar.
korda (chord).
stripe, n., stri.
255
stripe, v., strlar.
striped, a., strled.
strive, v., eforsar.
stroke, n., bat (blow); lini
(line).
strong, a., fort (robust); potent
(potent) .
strontium, n., stronsium.
strophe, n., strof.
structure, n., struktur.
stubborn, a., obstinaw/.
stubbornness, n., obstinas/ow.
stucco, n., stuk.
stucco, v., stukar.
student, n., studlaiit (student).
study, n., studi (mental effort);
kabinet (cabinet).
study, v., studier.
stuff, n., stof.
stupid, a., stupid.
stupidity, n., stupid itet.
sturgeon, n., sturion.
stutter, v., balbusiar.
style, n., stil (in diction, archi
tecture, painting, chronolo
gy); mod (fashion).
style, v., titular (entitle).
stylish, a., modik.
Styria, n., Stlria.
subaltern, a., subaltern.
subdue, v., sub-yugar.
subject, n., subyekt.
subject, v., sub-mitar.
subjective, a., subyektiv.
subjectivity, n., subyektiv/&tf.
subjoin, v., ad-yunktar.
subjoined, be, v., esar ad-
' subjunctive, n., subyunktiv.
sublime, a., sublim.
256 submit—supernumerary
submit, v., akomodar se (ac
commodate); sub-mitar (sub
ject).
subordinate, a., subaltern.
subordinate, v., sabordlnar.
subordination, n., subordina-
sion. [(sign).
subscribe, v., sub-skribar
subscribe for, v. , abonar.
subscriber, n , abonawA
subsequent, a., posterior.
subsequently, ad., posterior^.
subsidy, n.. subsidi.
subsist, v., sabslstar.
substance, n., substans.
substantive, n., substantiv.
substitute, n , surogat.
substitute, v., substituwr.
subterfuge, n., subterfugi.
subtile, a., subtil.
subtilty, n., subtil//«f.
subtract, v., subtraktar.
suburb, n., preurb.
subvert, v., subvertar.
succeed, v., suksedar (follow);
avar sukses ko kk (prosper).
success, n., sukses.
succession, n., suksesion.
succor, n., sukurs.
succor, v., sukursar.
succory, n., sikor.
such, pr., tal.
suck, v., sugar.
suck in, v., in-sugar.
suckle, v., mamelar.
sudden, a., subit.
suddenly, ad., siihilr.
suet, n., seb.
suffer, v. , paslar (feel or undergo
pain of body or mind); sufrar
(endure).
suffering, n , paslasion (pain
endured, passion); sufrasion
(enduring, bearing),
suffice, v., sufisar.
sufficient, a , sufis//?.
sufficiently, ad., suflse.
suffix, n., sufiks.
suffocate, v. tr. , sufokiz/ .
sugar, n., sukr.
sugar, v., sukrar.
suggest, v., sugestar.
suggestion, n., s ugestas/0 w
(^sugestion).
suicide, n., suisidl (act); sui-
sidi/V (person),
suitable, a., konvenaW.
suitable, be, konvenar.
suite, n., suit (retinue).
sulcus, n., sulk.
sulphur, n., sulfur.
sultan, n., sultan.
sum, n., sum.
sumac, n., sumak.
summer, n., termotemp.
summit, n., somit.
summon, v., sltar.
sum up, v., samar.
sun, n., sol.
Sunday, n., soldi.
Sunday, a., soldiaw and de 8.
sup, v., supear.
superb, a., superb.
superficial, a., superfisi/£ (su-
perfisial).
superficies, n., superfisi.
superfluous, a., superflu.
superior, a., superior.
superiority, n., superior/feA
superlative, n., superiativ.
supernumerary, a., supernu-
merar.
 superstition—synonym
superstition, n., superstisi.
superstitious, a., superstisiiiv.
supervise, v. , kontrolar.
supervision, n., kontrol.
supper, n., siipe.
supper, eat, supeer.
supplicate, v., suplikar.
supplication, n., suplik.
supply, n., provision.
supply, v., furnar.
support, n., suport.
support, v., suportar.
suppose, v., suposar.
supposing that, c., suposante
ke.
suppress, v., supresar.
sure, a., sekur (safe); sert (cer
tain).
surely, ad., serte.
surety, n., garant (bail).
surface, n., superfisi.
surgeon, n., klrurg.
surgery, n., kirurgi.
surpass, v., surpaser.
surplice, n., surplis.
surplus, n., pluad.
surplus, a., supernumerar.
surprise, n., surpris.
surprise, v., surpriser.
surprised, be, v. , esar surprlsed. syllable, n., gilab.
surround, v. , slrka don,/r.
surroundings, n., slrklad.
surveying, n.,. geodesi.
suspect, v., suspektaT-.
suspend, v., pendar (hang); sus- symmetry, n , simetri.
pendar (prorogue).
suspended, be, v. , pendar.
suspicion, n., suspekt.
sustain, v., sustentai-.
suture, n., sutad.
swallow, n., sval (bird).
17
257
i swallow, v., lnglotar.
j swamp, n., palud.
: swampy, a., palud/«.
j swan, n., sin.
swap, v., kambiar
swarm, v., formlkar.
swear, v., yurar (take oath);
ymifikar (bind by oath).
sweat, n., sudad.
sweat, v., sud,// .
Sweden, n., Sued/>/.
sweep, v., svlpar.
sweet, a., duls.
sweeten, v., dulsifikar(in gener
al); sukrar (sugar).
sweetmeat, n., bonbon.
sweetness, n., dulsitet.
sweet-toothed, be, friandar.
swell, v. intr. , tumorar.
j swelling, n., tumor.
swift, a., velo*.
swiftly, ad., velose.
swiftness, n., velos/Vrf.
swim, v., flotar.
swine, n., pork.
swing, v. intr., pendular.
Switzerland, n., Hel\etia.
sword, n., gladi.
sycamore, n , sikomor.
syllogism, n.. silogism.
symbol, n., simbol.
symmetrical, a., simclri/£ (si-
metrik).
sympathetic, a., s i m p a f i / /
(simpatik).
sympathy, n., simpati.
symptom, n., simptom.
synagogue, n., sinagog.
synonym, n., sinonim.
258 synonymous—tear.

synonymous, a., sinonim//- talon, n., grif.

syntax, n., sintaks. tamarind, n., tamarind.
synthesis, n., suites. tan, v., tanar.
Syria, n., SMa. tangent, n., tangent.
syringe, n., spris. tangent, a., tangent^.
syringe, v., sprlsar. tanner, n., tafiafor.
syrup, n., sirop. tannery, n., taneri.
system, n., sistem. tannin, n., tanin.
systematic, a., sistem/£ (siste- tantalum, n., (.mini. •
matik). tapir, n., tapir.
tar, n., pes fluid. [rantel.
tarantella, tarantelle, n., ta-
tarantula, n., tarantul.
tabernacle, n., tabernakl. tardily, ad., tarde.
table, n., tabl (furniture); tabel tardy, a., tard.
(list). tare, n., tar (commerce).
taciturn, a., tasiturn. tariff, n., tarif.
taciturnity, n., tsisiturn//,•/. taroc, n., tarok.
tactics, n., taktik. tarot, n., tarok.
tadpole, n., yun-ran. tarry, v., morar.
taffeta, n., taft. tart, n., tart.
tail, n., kaud. tart, a., aserb.
tailor, n., talier. tartar, n., tartr.
take, v. , prendar (seize ) ; batar Tartar, n., tatar.
(take a man in chess). Tartar, a., tatar//!'.
take away, v., apo-prendar. Tartarian, a., tatar/£.
take back , v. , reprendar. Tartary, n., Tataria.
take en passant, batar pasante task, n., problem.
(in chess). tassel, n., kuast.
take in, v. , komplekse/ (com taste, n., gust.
prise). taste, v., gustar.
take it ill, ofendar se. tawny, a., falh.
take off, v., de-prendar. tax, n., impost (impost).
take on one's self, prendar su tax, v. , impostar (impose taxes);
se. taksar (appraise),
take place, avar lok. tea, n., te.
talent, n., talent. teach, v., instruar (instruct);
talisman, n., talisman. emdlar (culture),
talkative, a., lokuas. teacher, n., lnstruator.
talkativeness, n., lokuas//rf. teaching, n., doktrin.
tallow, n., seb. tear, n. , lakrim (of eye).
 tear—tetanic
tear, v., ruptar (rupture); lase-
rar (lacerate).
tear off, v., de-ruptar.
tease, v., \eksar.
technical, a., teknika/.
technics, n., teknik.
technology, n., teknologi.
tedious, a., enulant, enuios.
tediousness, n., enui.
teeth, n., dentaj (set).
teeth, v., dentar.
teeth, cut, dentar.
teeth, set of, dentaj.
telegram, n., telegrafao? (tele
gram).
telegraph, n., telegraf.
telegrapher, n., telegrafist.
telegraphist, n., telegrafist.
telephone, n., t clefon.
telephone, v., telefonar.
telescope, n., teleskop.
tell, v., dlkar (say); narar (re
late).
tellurium, n., telur.
temerarious, a., tcmcr.
temerity, n., temeritet.
temper, n., temperament.
temper, v., moderar (moderate);
aslerar (harden),
temperament, n., temperament.
temperance, n., sobritet.
temperate, a., sobr.
temperature, n ., temperatur.
tempest, n., uragan.
temple, n., tempi (for worship);
tempor (of head),
temporal, a., temporal.
temporarily, ad., temporar^.
temporary, a., temporar.
tempt, v., tentar.
temptation, n., tentasion.
289
tempter, n., tentator.
ten, nr., des.
tenacious, a., tenas.
tenacity, n., tenasitet.
tenant, n., arendator.
tend, v., avartendens.
tendency, n., tendens.
tendency, have a, avar ten-
dens.
tender, n., tendr (of locomo
tive).
tender, a., tendr.
tender, v., ofrar.
tendon, n., tendon.
tend to, v., servar (conduce to).
tenor, n., tenor (voice); teno-
rist (person).
tent, n., pavilion.
tentacle, n., paip.
tenth, a., desim.
tenuity, n., tenuitet.
tepid, a., tepid.
term, n., vokabl (word); termin
(space of time); term (techni
cal).
terminate, v., finiar.
terrace, n., teras.
terrace, v., terasar.
terrestrial, a., terestr.
terrible, a., teribl.
terrify, v., terorar.
territorial, a., teritori/£ (teri-
torial).
territory, n., teritori.
terror, n., teror.
test, n., prov.
test, v., provar.
testament, n., testament (will).
testify, v., otestar.
testimony, n., atest.
tetanic, a., tetan/£.
260 tetanus—thoroughly
tetanus, n., tetan.
text, n., tekst.
textile, a., tekstil.
thaler, n., talr.
thallium, n , talium.
than, c., ka.
thank, v., merslar.
thankful, a,, mersla?.
thankfulness, n., merslositet.
thanking, n., merslasion.
thanks, n., merslad.
thanksgiving, n., merslasion.
that, pr. dem., el (opposed to
•'this"); tel(theone); el-kos
(thing); tel-kos (that thing).
that, pr. rel., kel.
that, a., ulterior (thither).
that, c., ke (introducing a
clause); a fini ke (in order
that); kaus^ (because); a ke
(seeake).
the, art. , see §§4 and 27 of Gram
mar.
theater, n., teatr.
their, pr., lor.
their (own), pr. , sue.
theirs, pr., lor.
theme, n., tem.
themselves, pr., aut (emphatic);
se (reflexive). (See "her
self".)
then, ad., tetempe.
thence, ad., fekaus^ (therefore).
theologian, n., teologi/rf.
theological, a., teologi^.
theology, n., teologl.
theoretical, a., teorh'£ (teoretik).
theorist, n., teoretitorr.
theory, n., teori.
there, ad., la; telvike (in that
place); a teloke (thither).
there ! , i., ekse !
therefore, ad., ergo (consequent
ly); siklMse (for this reason .
thermometer, n.,termo-metr.
thesis, n., tes.
Thessaly, n., Tesah'a.
they, pr. pers., il/ (masc., neuter,
and common ) ; llai (fern. ).
they, pr. ind., on.
thick, a , gros (big); dens
(dense).
thicken, v., kondenser (trans. .
thicket n., bosket.
thickness. n., grositet (size);
densitet (density).
thief, n., raylator.
thigh, n., krur.
thill, n., timon.
thin, a., tenu.
thin, grow, magreskar.
thine, pr., tue.
thing, n., kos.
think, v., pensar.
thinness, n., tenuitet.
third, a., ters or tri/w.
thirst, n.,siti.
thirst, v., avar siti.
thirsty, a., sitter and avant siti.
thirteen, nr., des-tri.
thirty, nr., tri-des.
this, pr. dem., ist (opposed to
" that "); ist-kos (thing).
this, a., siterior ("hither).
thistle, n., kardon.
thither, a. , ulterior.
thither, ad., a teloike.
thorium, n., torium.
thorn, n., spin.
thorny, a., splnos.
thorough, a., prob.
thoroughly, ad., prob^.
 thoroughness—titubation
thoroughness, n., probitet.
thou, pr., tu (in literal transla
tion).
though, c., negligawte ke.
thought, n.,pensarf.
thousand, nr., mil.
thread, n., fil.
threat, n., menas.
threaten, v., menasur.
three, nr., tri.
threefold, a., tripl or trlupl.
thresh, v., gren-batar.
threshold, n., siipr.
thrive, v., prosperar.
throat, n., gorg.
throb, v., puisar.
throne, n., tron.
through, p., per (by agency of;
across); mediw (by means of).
throw, n., lansao1.
throw, v., lansar.
thrust, n., pus.
thrust, v., pusar.
thumb, n., pois.
thumb, v., folte/ar.
thunder, n., toner.
thunder, v. , tonerar.
thurible, n., lnsenser.
Thursday, n., yovdi.
Thursday, a., yovdiawand/&?y.
thus, ad., tale (so); «'manier^
(in this manner).
thwart, v., frustrar.
thy, pr., tue.
thyme, n., tim.
tibia, n., tibi.
tick, v., tlkar.
ticket, n., tiket.
tickle, v. tr., titilar.
tide, high, n., fluks. [road).
tie, n., band (band); slipr (rail-
261
tie, v., noti<T (knot); bandar
(bind).
tier, n., rang.
tiger, n., tigr.
tile, n., brik.
till, v., arar.
till, p., usk.
time, n., temp (measure of du
ration); takt (music); termin
(term).
time, at that, ad., tetempe.
time, at the right (proper), ad.,
sue temp,-.
time, at this, ad. , .s/temp^.
time, in, ad., sue-temp^.
time, that, ad., el/ba.
time, (at)thelast, ad., vAtlmfoa.
time, the whole, ad., in omni
temp.
time, this, ad., lstfoa.
time, which (what), ad., kel-
Joa.
time of, at (in) the, p., in temp
de.
timid, a., tlmid.
timidity, n., \\miditet.
tin, n., stan.
tin, v., stanar.
tincture, n., tintur.
tine, n., dent.
tint, n., tlntad.
tint, v., tintar.
tip, n., punt.
tire, v. tr, fatigar.
tired, a., fatlged.
tiresome, a., ciiui.'W. enui/«.
titanium, n., titan.
title, n., titul.
title, v., titular.
titmouse, n., titmes.
titubation, n., tttubasion.
262 to—trade
to, p., a (opposed to " from ");
usk (until); ad (at).
to and fro, ad., a ulterioiv e a
siterior^.
toast, n., tost (health).
toast, v., tostar (propose health),
tobacco, n., tabak.
to-day, ad., sidlurne.
toe, n., peel-digit,
toga, n., tog.
together, ad., yunkte.
toilet, n., toalet.
tolerate, v., tolerar.
toll, n., duan.
toll-gatherer, n., duaner.
tomato, n., tomat.
tomb, n,, tomb.
tombac, n., tombak.
tombak, n., tombak.
tome, n., tom.
to-morrow, ad., po-s/diurn^.
tomtit, n., titmes.
ton, n., tun.
tone, n., ton.
tone, first, ton prim.
tongue, n., lang.
too, ad., tro (overmuch),
too, c., et (also).
tool, n., instrument.
tools, garden, utensil/ de hort.
tooth, n., dent.
top, n., kulmin (summit),
topaz, n., topas.
topographer, n., topograf.
torch, n., to rk.
torment, n., torment.
torment, v., tormenter.
torpedo, n., torpedo.
tortoise, n., tortu.
torture, n., tortur.
torture, v., torturer.
toss, n., lansad
to such a degree, ad., tamV.
total, a., total.
totality, n., total/Vrf.
totally, ad., total, .
tottering, a., labil.
touch, n., kontakt.
touch, v., kontaktar.
touch at, v., ad-bordar.
tour, n., tur.
tourist, n., turist.
tourmalin(e), n., turmalin.
tournament, n., turnir.
tow, n., stup.
toward(s), p., versu (in the di
rection of); kontr (with re
spect to).
toward the east, ad., versu est.
toward the front, ad. , versu
anterior^.
toward the north, ad., versu
nord.
toward the rear, ad., versu
dors.
toward the side, ad., versu
flank.
toward the s o u t h , ad., versu
sud.
toward the west, ad., versu
uest.
towel, n., manu-drap.
tower, n., turi.
trace, n., tras.
trace, v., trasar.
trachea, n., trake.
track, n., tras.
track, v., traser.
trade, n., komers (commerce);
metier (handicraft); \endad
(sales ; see " sales ").
trade, v., komersar(buy or sell).
 tradition—trochee
tradition, n., tradision.
tragedy, n., tragedi.
tragic(al), a., trag/£.
trail, n., traktu.
trail, v., traktuar.
train, n., tren (railroad); traktu
(trail).
train, v., dresar (animals).
tramway, n., tram.
tranquil a., trankil.
transaction, n., transaksion.
transcribe, v., de-skribar.
transfer,^., trans-donar
transgress, v., vlolar.
transgression, n., vlolasion.
transit, n., transit.
transitive, a., transitiv.
transitive verb, transitive, n.,
verb transitiv.
translate, v., tradukar.
translate into German, tradu-
kur in german.
translation, n., tradukas/0w (tra-
duksion) .
transparent, a., transparent.
transpire, v., transpirer (per
spire).
transport, v., transportar.
transportable, a., transport^/.
transportation, n., transport.
transverse, a., transversal.
transversely, ad., transversal?.
trap, n., trap (literal); atrap
(fig.).
trapezium, n., trapes.
travel, v., voyajar.
travel back, v., revoya\ar.
traveler, n., voyaj^r.
travesty, n., travesti.
travesty, v., travestier.
treachery, n., tradit.
263
tread, v., kalkar.
treader, n., kalkator.
treasure, n., tresor.
treat, v., traktar.
treatise, n., skrlbad.
treatment, n., traiktasion.
treble, a., tripl or trtupl.
tree, n., arbor.
trellis, n., treliaj.
trellis, v., klosar mediw treliaj.
tremble, v., tremble.
tremble with fear, t rcpid/zr.
trench, n., kaiialrf.
trepan, n., trepan.
trepan, v., trepanar.
trepidation, n., trepldasion.
tress, n., tres.
trial, n., prov (test).
triangle, n., Mangul.
tribe, n., tribu.
tribute, n., tribut.
trickle, v., gutar.
tricycle, n., trisikl.
trifle, n., bagatel.
trill, n., trili.
trill, v., trilia^.
trillion, nr., trilion (1,000,000,-
000,000).
trim, v., garner (garnish),
trinity, n., trinitet.
trio, n., trio.
trip, n., tur.
triple, a., tripl or trlupl.
tripod, n., triped.
triturate, v., triturar.
triumph, n., triiunf.
triumph, v., triumfar.
triumpher, n., trlumfator.
trivial, a., minuslc.v.
trochaic, a., troke/£.
trochee, n., troke.
264 trombone—twine
trombone, n., trombon.
troop, n., trup.
trope, n., trop.
trophy, n., trofe.
tropic, n., tropik.
tropical, a., tropik/an.
tropic of Cancer, tropik de
krev.
tropic of Capricorn, tropik de
kaprikorn.
tropics, the, n., troplkia.
trot, n., trot.
trot. v., trotar.
troth, n., fUelitet.
trouble, n., pen (pains),
trouble, v., turbar (disturb);
penar (take pains),
troublesome, a., molest//,
trough, n., lign-vas.
trousers, n.. pantalon.
trout, n., truit.
true, a., ver (conformable to
fact); fldel (faithful),
truffle, n., trufl.
truly, ad., veras^.
truly—but, ven»— ma.
trumpet, n., trompet.
trumpet, v., trompeter.
truncate, v., tronkar.
trunk, n., tronk (stem); kofr
(traveler's),
trust, n., konfid.
trust, v., konfider.
truth, n., veritet.
truthful, a., veras.
truthfulness, n., venaitet.
try, v , eforsar (strive); provar
(test).
tub, n., kuf.
tube, n., tub.
tuber, n., tuber.
tubercle, n., tuberkl.
tuberculous, a., tuberklr>.<.
tuberosity, n., tuberositet.
Tuesday, n., marsdi.
Tuesday, a. , marsdi,/w and de m.
tuft, n., tuf.
tulip, n., tulip.
tulle, n., tul.
tumor, n., tumor.
tumult, n , tumultu.
tumult, make a, tumultuar.
tun, n., tun.
tune, n., aria. .
tunnel, n., tunel.
turban, n., turban.
turf, n., torf (peat).
turkey, n., meleagr.
Turkey, n., Turkia.
Turkish, a., turk.
turn, v., turnar (change posi
tion of); rotar (re vol ve) ;
tornar (in a lathe).
turn (the leaves of a book), v. ,
folletar.
turn away, v., de-turnar (di
vert).
turner, n., tomator (lathe-
worker).
turnip, n., rap.
turn off, v., de-turner (divert).
turpentine, n., terebentin. >
turtle, n., tortu.
tutelage, exercise, tutor.
tutor, n., dosent (in university);
tutor (guardian).
twelve, nr. , des-du.
twenty, nr., du iies.
twenty-one, nr. , du-des-un.
twice, ad., dufoa.
twin, n., gemel.
twine, v. tr., torser.
 twist—unripe
twist, v. IT., torsar.
two, nr., du.
two-horse, a.,
two-sided, a.,
type, n., tip.
typhus, n., tif.
typographer, n., tipograf.
tyrannical, a., tiran/£.
tyrant, n., tiran.
Tyrol, n., Tirol.
u undress, v. tr. , de-vestar.
ugly, a., de-form/£ (deformed),
uhlan, n,, uian.
ulcer, n., uiser.
ulcerate, v. intr., ulserar.
ulterior, a., ulterior.
ultimate, a., ultim.
ultimatum, n., ultimat.
ultramarine, n., ultramarin
(color).
ultra-violet, a., ultra\iolet.
umbilical, a., umblllkal.
umbrella, n., parapluvl.
umpire, n., arbitr.
unanimity, n., imaiiiui/W/.
unanimous, a., unanim.
unanimously, ad., unaninv.
unassuming, a., modest.
unavoidable, a., neevltabl.
unbelieving, a., nekredant.
unbind, v. , de-bandar.
unblemished, a., nemakuled.
unceasing, a., nesesant.
unchaste, a., w^kast.
unchastity, n., nelOLstitet.
uncivil, a., rud.
uncle, n., onkl.
unclean, a., nepur.
uncover, v., de-kuvrer.
265
under, p., sub.
under, ad., inferior^.
underneath, p., sub.
under-officer, n., sub- ofisir.
understand, v. , komprendar.
understanding, n., intelektu.
undertake, v. , entreprenar (en
gage in ) ; prendar su se (take
on one's self).
undertaking, n., entrepren (en
terprise).
undulate, v. int., undular.
unfortunately ! , i , regrete /
unfruitful, a., steril.
unguent, n., unguent.
unhitch, v., de-yunktar (horses).
unicorn. n., unikorn.
unicorn-whale, n., narval.
uniform, n., uniform.
uniform, v., unHormar.
unimportant, a., /^'importani.
union, n., union.
unique, a., unik.
unison, n., unison.
unison, a., unison/£.
unison, in, ad., unison^.
unite, v. tr., uniar.
unity, n., nnitet.
universal, a., universal.
universal language, lingu uni
versal.
universe, n., univers.
university, n., universitet.
unless, c., eksept? ke.
unload, v., de-sharjar.
unmask, v., de-maskar.
unpack, v., dispaketar.
unpartisan, a., nepartlsan.
unravel, v., disnodar.
unripe, a., w^matur.
266 unsaddle—valerian
unsaddle, v., de-sediar.
unskilful, a., w^apt.
unstable, a., labil.
unstained, a., nemakvAed.
untie, v., disnodur (as a knot);
de-bandar (undo fastenings,
bands),
until, p., usk.
until, c., usk ke.
until now, ad., usk sitempe.
until we meet again ! , i., a re-
vlsad !
unto, p., usk.
unusual, a., ekstr-ordinar.
unveil, v., de-kuvrap (uncover).
up, ad. , a superior^.
upbraid, v., reproshar.
upon, p., su.
upper, a., superior.
upper part of, at (in, on) the, p.,
superion de.
upright, a., vertikal (vertical).
uproar, n., tumultu.
uproar, cause an, tumultuar.
upset, v., subvertar.
upward, ad., a superior, .
uranium, n., uran.
ureter, n., ureter.
urethra, n., uretr.
urge, v., urgar.
urgent, a. , mgant (urgent),
unnate, v., urlnar.
urine, n., urin.
urn, n., urn.
urochs, n., ur.
usable, a., usabl.
usableness, n., usablitet.
usage, n., us.
use, n., us (usage); usasion (act
of using); utlMfet (utility),
use, v., usar.
useful, a., util.
usefulness, n., utllitet.
useless, a., neutll.
use up, v., eks-usar.
usufruct, n., usufruktu.
usufruct, v., usufruktuar.
usufruct of, enjoy, usufruktu-
ar.
usurer, n., usur^r.
usurp, v., usurpar.
usurper, n., usurpator.
usury, n., usur.
usury, practise, usurer.
utensil, n , utensil.
uterus, n. matris.
utility, n.
utilize, v. utilisar.
Utopia, n , utop/a.
utopia, n., utopia.
utopian, n., utop/s/.
utopian, a., utop/£.
vacancy, n., vaikuitet.
vacant, a., vaku.
vacation, n., vakans.
vaccinate, v., vaksinar.
vaccination, n., vtikslnasion.
vacillate, v., vasilar.
vacuity, n., vaku//rf.
vagabond, n., vagabund.
vagabondize, v., vagabundar.
vagina, n., vagin.
vagrant, n., vagabund.
vague, a., vag.
vain, a., van.
vain, in, ad., van<?.
vainly, ad., van^.
vale, n., val.
valerian, n., valerian.
 valid—venture
valid, a., vah'rf.
validity, n., validitet.
valley, n., val.
valuation, n., valut.
value, n., valor (worth); valut
(valuation).
value, have, valar.
valve, n., valv.
vampire, n., vamplr.
vanadium, n., vanad.
vandal, n., vandal.
vandalism, n., \&ndalism.
vanilla, n., vanili.
vanity, n., vanitet.
vanquish, v., viktoriar.
vapor, n., vapor.
variability, n., varlablitet.
variable, a., variaW.
variableness, n., vtaAablitet.
variation, n., varlasion.
variegated, a., vari-kolor/£.
variegation, n., vari-kolor.
variety, n., vtaclosiM (various-
ness); varietet (of a species).
variola, n., variol.
various, a., varkw.
varipusness, n., varlositet.
varnish, n., vernis.
varnish, v., vernisar.
vary, v. tr., variar.
vase, n., vas.
vassal, n., vasal.
vast, a., vast.
vat, n., kuf.
Vatican, n., vatikan.
Vatican, a., vatikani4.
vault, n., volt (arch); latrin
(privy-vault).
vault, v., voltar (arch ) ; voltijar
(spring).
vaulting, n., voltij.
267
vegetable, n., vegetabil (plant),
vegetable, a., yegetaW.
vegetable casein, n., legumin.
vegetable diet, n., vegetari.
vegetable food, n., vegetari.
vegetables, n., legum.
vegetarian, n., vegetariaw,
vegetarian, a., vegetariaw.
vegetarianism, n., vegetari-
anism.
vegetate, v., vegetar.
vegetation, n., vegetasion.
vehemence, n., vehement^/
(vehemens).
vehement, a., vehement.
vehicle, n., vehikl.
veil, n., vel.
veil, v., velar,
vein, n., ven (blood-vessel);
lign-ven (of wood),
velocipede, n., velosiped.
velocipedist, n., veloslpedist.
velocity, n., velositet.
velvet, n., velut.
venerability, n., venerablitet.
venerable, a., veneraW.
venerableness, n., veneraW/fe/.
venerate, v., venerar.
veneration, n., \enerasion.
venerator, n., venera/or.
vengeance, n., vindikas/on.
venison, n., venison.
venom, n., venen.
venomous, a., venen/v.
venomousness, n., venenositet.
ventilate, v., ventilar.
ventilation, n., ventil/«/ow.
ventilator, n., ventllator.
ventricose, a., ventros.
ventricous, a., ventros.
venture, v., hasardar. m
268 veracious—virtuoso
veracious, a., veras.
veracity, n., \erasitet.
verb, n., verb.
verdict, n., verdikt.
verification, n., veri.fikasion.
verify, v., v&eifikar.
verity, n., \eritet.
vermilion, n., vermilion.
vermin, n., vermin.
verse, n., vers.
versify, v., \ersifikar.
version, n., version.
vertebra, n., vertebr.
vertex, n., vertis.
vertical, a., vertikal.
vertiginous, a., vertiginos.
vertigo, n., vertigin.
very, ad., multe.
very, so, ad., tante.
very well, ad., mult- bene.
vesicle, n., vesik.
vessel, n., vas (receptacle): nav vindicate, v., yustifikar.
. (ship).
vest, n., kamisol (waistcoat),
vest, v., vestar.
vestibule, n., vestibul.
veteran, n., veteran.
veto, n., veto,
vex, v., \eksar.
vexed, be. v., eser veks^rf.
via, p., via.
vibrate, v., vibrar.
vibration, n., vVorasion.
vicar, n., vikar.
vicar, act as, v. , vikarar.
vice, n., visi.
vice-director, n., , A, UireMor. virgirtity, n.,
vicegerent, n., vikar.
vice-president, n., visepre si- virtue of, by, p., eks.
dent.
vice»versa, ad., iiivcrsi,-.
vicinity, n., vlslnitet.
vicinity, in the, ad., visin^.
vicinity of, in the, p., visin//
vicious, a., visios.
victim, n., viktim.
victor, n., viktor.
victorious, a., viktorio?.
victorious, be, viktorwr.
victory, n., viktori.
victuals, n., viktual.
view, n., aspekt.
view, v., aspektar.
"lew of, in, p., konsidertw/«
vigilant, a., vigilaw/.
vignette, n., viniet.
vigor, n., vigor.
vigorous, a., vigoros.
vigorousness, n., vlgorosilet.
vile, a., vilan.
j villa, n., Vila.
village, n., vilaj.
vine, n., sep.
vinegar, n., vinegr.
viola, n., viola.
violate, v., vlolar.
violation. n., vlolasion.
violet, n., violet (flower),
violet, violet-colored, a., violet.
violin, n., violin.
violin, tenor, n., viola.
violinist, n., violin/;/.
violoncello, n., violoncel.
viper, n., vipr.
virgin, n., virgine,
virginal, a., virgin.
virtue, n., virtu.
virtuosa, n., virtuoso.
virtuoso, n , virtuoso.
 virtuous—wake up 269

virtuous, a., vlrtuos. voracity, n., vorasitet

visible, a., vlsabl (visibl). vortex, n., vort.
vision, n., vis (eyesight); vision Vosges Mountains , n., Voges/.
(supernatural^, vote, n., vot.
visit, n., visit. vote, \ ., \otar.
visit, v., visitar. votive, a., votiv.
visor, n., visier. vouchsafe, v., dignar (deign),
vital, a., vital. vow, n., vov.
vitality, n., vltalitet. vow, v., vovar.
vitreous, a., vltrik. vowel, n., vokal.
vitrifiability, n., vltreskablitet vowel, clear, vokal klar.
vitrify, v., vltreskar (intrans. ) ; vowel, intermediary, vokal in-
vltrifikar (trans. ). termediar. [mediar.
vitriol, n., vitriol. vowel, modified, vokal inter-
vivacious. a., vivas. vulgar, a., vuigar.
vivaciously, ad., vivas<?. vulnerable, a , vuineraW.
vivacity, n., vivas//rf. vulture, n., vultur.
vivify, v., aninwr.
vocable, n., vokabl.
vocation, n., vokasion (call), w
voice, n.. vok. wadding, n., vat.
void, n., vakttitet. wade, v., vadar.
void, a., vaku. wafer, n., vafr.
Volapiik. speak, volapuker. waffle, n., vafr.
volcano, n., volkan. wager, n., pari.
volley, n., salv (sal^o). wager, v., pariar.
volume, n., volumin (bulk); tom waggish, a., bufon/£.
(tome). wagon, n., kar.
voluminous, a., volumlnos. wagon-pole, n., timon.
voluminousness, n., volumino- waistcoat, n., kamisol.
sitet. wait, v., atendar.
voluntarily, ad., volontan?. wait for, v., ad-yustar (lie in
voluntary, a , volontar. wait)
volunteer, n., volontar. waiting, n., atend.
voluptuary, n., voluptu^r. wait on, v., servar
voluptuous, a., voluptuos. wake, v., vlglleskar (intr.);
voluptuousness, n., voluptu. vlgllifikar (trans.),
vomit, n., vomasion (vomiting), waken, v., vlglleskar (intr.);
vomit, v., vomar. vigil//f£ar (trans. ).
vomiting, n., vomasion. wake up, v., vlglleskar (intr.);
voracious, a., voras. ar (trans.).
270 walk—wear out
walk, n , promenaa? (prome
nade); ale (path i.
walk, v., ambular.
walk, take a, promenar.
wall, n., mur (masonry); pariet
(partition).
wall (up\ v., murar.
Wallachia, n., Valak/</.
wall-paper, n., papir-tapet.
walrus, n., mors.
waltz, n., vais.
waltz, v., vaiser.
wan, a., palid.
wand, n., verg.
wander v., aberar.
wandering, n., aberasion.
wane, v., mlnueskar.
want, n., indigent/V?/ ( (indi-
gens) indigence).
wanting, be, v., mankar (be
lacking).
want of, for, p., mankn.
war, n., guer.
war, v., guerar.
war, wage, v., guerar.
war upon any one, make, gue-
rar ko kh.
ward, n., pupil (pupil); kuartier
(quarter).
wardrobe, n., garderob (place).
wares, n., merkantiz</.
warm, a., kal/rf.
warm, v. , ka\idifikar.
warm, be, kalar.
warm, become, ksAideskar.
warmth, n., kalw.
warn, v., moniter (admonish);
prekautar (caution).
warning, n., monit (admoni
tion); prekauta«oT/ (caution).
warrant, v., garantar.
wart, n., veruk.
wash, v., lavar.
washbasin, n., lav-basin.
washerwoman, n., lavatora.
wasp, n., vesp.
waste, a., desert.
watch, v., vigilar (be vigilant);
kustodar (guard),
watch for, v., ad-yustar (lie in
wait).
watchful, a., vlgllanl.
watchman, n., vigilew/ (one who
keeps vigil); kustod (guard),
water, n., akua.
water, v., lrlgar (irrigate),
water-closet, n., kloset.
waterfall, n., kaskad.
water-tight, a., hidrodens.
watery, a., akua/r (water-like),
wave, n., undul.
wave, v. intr., undular.
waver, v. , vasilar.
wavy line, n., serpentin.
wax, n., sir.
way, n., via (road) ; manier
(manner).
way back, n., retro-via.
way, in a certain, ad., sert-ma-
nlere.
way, in this, ad., «Htanieiv.
we, pr. , noi.
weak, a., febl.
weakness, n., feblitet.
wealth, n., rlkitet.
wealthy, a., opulent.
wean, v., de-kustomar.
weapon, n., arm.
wear, v., portar (clothes ).
wearied, a., fatlged.
weariness, n., fatig.
wear out, v., de-usar (trans. ).
 weary— Whitsunday 271

weary, v., fatigar (fatigue); ! what, pr. rel. (and int.\ kel
emilar (bore),
weasel, n., mustel.
weather, n., tempest.
weave, v., teksar.
weaver, n., teksator.
weaving-mill, n., tekseri.
wedding, n., nupt.
wedge, n., koin.
Wednesday, n., merkurdi.
Wednesday, a., merkurdi,;w and where, ad., keloke, keplase.
de m.
week, n. , seman.
weekly, ad., omni seman^.
weep, v., lakrimar.
weigh, v., pesar (be weighty);
ponderar (trans.),
weighable, a., ponderaW.
weight, n., gra\itet (heaviness;
also importance); pesad whiff, n., halit.
(heavy mass),
weighty, a., pesant (heavy); whim, n., kapris.
grav (grave),
welcome, n., velkom.
welcome, v., velkomar.
well, n., puit.
well, a., san (healthy).
well, ad., bene.
well, become, saneskar.
west, n., uest.
west, a., uest/£.
west, in the, ad., ueste.
westerly.ad., uesteiin thewest);
versu uest (westward),
western , a. , ues t //• .
Westphalia, n., Vestfal/a.
westward, ad., versu uest.
wet, a., humid.
wet, v., humidy?£ar.
whale, n., balen.
wharf, n., molo.
(adjectively); ^kos (thing),
whatever, pr. ind., omni kekos.
what kind of ? pr. , kual ?
wheat, n., frument.
wheel, n., rot.
wheelbarrow, n., pus-kar.
when, ad., kuande (rel. and
inter.).
whenever. c. , omni/oa ke.
wherever, c., onuii lokv ke.
whet, v., pollar.
whether, c., eske.
which, pr. rel., kel (adjectively);
kekos (thing).
whichever, pr. ind , onmi ki.
which (what-th?) time, for the,
ad., kelimfoa.
while, whilst, c. , durante ke.
whimper, v. , vaglar.
whine, v., vaglar.
whip, n., (la gel.
whip, y., flagelar.
whipping, n., flagelasion.
whirl, n., vort.
whirl, v. intr., vortar.
whisky, n., uiski.
whist, n., vist.
whistle, n., fif (instrument);
flfad (sound),
whistle, v., flfar.
white, a., blank.
white bread, n., blank-pan.
white frost, n., glas-rosi.
white horse, n., blank-kaval.
white lead, n., serus.
whitish, a., blanka/r.
Whitsunday, n., pentekost.
272 who—wolfram

who, pr. rel., kel. windlass, n., guind.

who, pr. int. (and rel.), ki. ' window, n., fenestr.
whoever, pr. ind., omni ki. windpipe, n., trake.
whole, n., kompleks. windy, a., vento?.
whole, a., integr. windy, be, ventar.
wholesaler, n . , groso/rf (grosist). wine, n., vin.
wholesaling, n., groso. wing, n., al.
wholesome, a., salubr. wing, v., alar (add wings to),
wholly, ad., total^. winged, a., aled.
why, ad., kekause. [lamp. wink, v., paipebrar.
wick, n., fil de kandel ; fil de winter, n., frigotemp.
wicked, a., mal. wipe, v., frotar.
wide, a., larg. wire, n., metal fil.
widen, v., lafgifikar. wisdom, n., sapient //V/.
widow, n., vidua. wise, a., sapient.
widowed, a., vidu. [dueskar. wish, n., desir.
widowed, be (become), v., vi- wish, v., desirar.
widower, n., vlduo. wit, n., esprit.
widowhood, n., vlduitet. with, p., ko (together with);
width, n., targitet. nlfdi / (by means of); ad (by;
wife, n., marit<r e. g. el papiri es ad mi=those
wig, n., peruk. papers are with me).
wild, a., feros. withdraw, v. , retirar (take
wilful, a., obstlnant. back); retirar se (go back).
wilfulness, n., obstlnasion. withdrawal, n., retirarf.
will, n., volu (volition); testa wither, v., flaksid«£ar.
ment (testament). withered, a., flaksid.
will, v., voluar (desire); testa.- within, p., inu (time); interiort?
mentar (make will). de (place),
willingly, ad., volontar^. within, ad., interior^ (on the
willingly, more, ad., plu vo- inside) ; a interior^ (to the
lontarr. inside),
willow, n., salis. without, p. , sine (lacking) ;
wilt, v., flaksldeskar. eksterior^ de (outside),
wilted, a., flaksid. without, c., sine ke.
win, v., ganier. witness, n., atesta/or.
winch, n., manivel. witness, v., atestar.
wind, n., vent. woe ! , i., ve !
wind, v., gulndar (reel); ser- woe to me ! , ve a mi !
pentar (meander); boblnar wolf, n., lup.
(on a spool). wolfram, n., volfram.
 woman— yearn
woman, n., femin.
womb, n., matris.
wonder, v. , esar surprlsed.
wood, n., lign.
wood, abounding in, lign/«.
woodcock, n., bekas.
wooden, a., lign/£.
wood-engraver, n., ksilo-graf.
woodlike, a., llgnatr.
woodpecker, n., piki.
woodpecker, a., piki/£ and<fe p.
woody, a., lign<>s.
wool, n., lan.
woolen, a., lan//-.
woolly, a., laric.v.
word, n., parol.
work, n., labor (labor); efektu-
ad (thing effected).
work, v. , laborer (labor);
eksploatar (exploit); funksi-
onar (function).
working, n., eksploat/<.s/rw (ex
ploitation).
work out, v , eks-laborar (elab
orate).
workshop, n., ofisin.
world, n., munil.
worm, n., verm.
wormwood, n., absint.
worse, make, p<lu-ma\ifikar.
worsen, v. tr., vlu-malifikar.
worship, n., odorasion (the act);
kult (a system of).
worship, v., adorar.
worshiper, n., adorator.
worth, n., valor (value) ; dign/-
tet (dignity).
worth, be, valar.
worthless, a., vil.
worthlessness, n., vllitet.
worth while, be, valar.
18
273
worth while, it is, it val.
worthy, a., dign/£.
wound, n., vuiner.
wound, v., vuinerar.
wounding, n., valnerasion.
wrap (up), v., kuvertar.
wrapper, n., kuvert (envelope),
wrath, n., koler.
wreath, n., flor-koron.
wretched, a., miseraW.
wretchedness, n., miser.
wring, v., de-urgar (extort),
wrinkle, n., rug.
wrinkle, v. tr. , rugar.
wrinkled, a., rug/w.
wrist. n., flekt [de manii .
write, v., skribar.
write beautifully, kali-grafar.
write off (out) v. . de-skribar.
writer, n., skrlbator.
writing, n.. skrlbasion (act);
skrihr/r/ (thing written),
writing, in, ad., skrlbade.
wrong, n., tort.
wrong, do, fasiar nekorektr
(do incorrectly).
Wurtemberg, n., Virtemberg.
xylographer, n., ksito-graf.
yacht, n., yakt.
yard, n., kurt (court).
yawn, v., ositer.
year, n., ami.
yearly, a., anii/X- (anual).
yearly, ad., oniiii anur.
yearn for, v., desirar.
274 yeast—zouave

yeast, n., ferment.

yellow, a., yelb.
yes, ad., si. zeal, n., fervitet.
yesterday, ad., pre-sidlurne. zealous, a., ferv.
yet, ad., ankor. zealous, be, eser ferv.
yet, c., ye. zebra, n., sebr.
yield, v., rentar (produce). zechin, n., sekin.
yoke, n., yug. zenith, n., senit.
yonder, ad., telaike. zephyr, n., sefir.
you, pr., vo(sing.); vo/ (plural). zero, n., nul.
young, a., yun. zigzag, n., sigsag.
younger, a., yunior. zinc, n., sink.
young lady, n., siniorina. zinc, v., sinkar.
your. pr., votr (sing.); vostr zirconium, n., sirkonium.
(plur.). zither, n., sitr.
yours, pr., votr (sing.); vostr zodiac, n., sodiak.
(plur.). zone, n., sintur.
yourself, yourselves, pr., aut zoological, a., soologi//' (soolo-
(emphatic); vo, vo/ (reflexive)
youth, n., yuvent (time), zoology, n., soologi.
youthfulness, n., ytmitet. zouave, n., suav.
ytterbium, n., it erbium,
yttrium, n., itriuni.
 SUPPLEMENT

I. ADDITIONS
a) Neutral-English Part.
40 under aserb add : tart.
43 bat stroke.
49 dignar to vouchsafe.
55 eskartar to reject.
57 fasiar sum de to aggregate.
63 glob ball.
67 indigent//</ want.
73 kaus ground.
75 kolektar to gather.
84 lini stroke.
89 mlnueskar to wane.
92 mut silent.
107 prolongar to lengthen ; to produce.
112 reprovar to reprobate.
" resiprok mutual.
117 sfer ball.
123 sub below.
124 superior -u. p., over ; above.
"5 tart '' pie.
130 insert unotr, pT, each other ; one another.
b) English-Neutral Part.
147 under ball add: glob, sfer (globe, sphere),
153 before breeze insert : breed, n., ras.
176 eager each other, unotr.
206 lentil lengthen, v., prolongar.
209 lowness lower part of, at (in, on) the,
inferior/ de.
216 muzzle mutual, a., resiprok.
221 one (the) one another, unotr.
275
276 SUPPLEMENT

II. CHANGES
a) Grammar.
PAGE.
1 6, line 21 from top, read : av doned instead of donav.
19, under inferior^ de cancel : below, and add : at (in, on) the
lower part of.
19, under superior^ de cancel : over, above, and add : at (in,
on) the upper part of.
28, line 25 from top, read : ruined e perded instead of : ruined
u perded.
b) Neutral-English Part.
67 under inferion? de cancel : below, and add : at (in, on) the
lower part of.
76 under komplekser cancel : to aggregate, and add : to
comprise ; to embrace ; to comprehend ; to include ; to
take in.
124 under superior^ de cancel : over ; above, and add : at (in,
on) the upper part of.
c) English-Neutral Part.
137 under above, p., cancel : superior^ de, and add: superioru.
149 " below, p., " inferior^ de, '• sub.
222 " over, p., " superior^ de, " superior//.

For Typographical Errors see end of the volume.

 APPENDIX

BRIEF HISTORY
O F THE

INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE

UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE.

[This History and the preceding Grammar, written by Mr. Woldemar

Rosenberger, Vice-director of the Academy, were, with his permission, trans
lated by me for this work from the original German. - M. A. F. H.]
The International Academy of the Universal Language owes
its origin to three congresses, which were held by Volapiikists.
The first congress of the Volapiik union, to which the inventor of
Volapiik, Rev. J. M. Schleyer, in his " Weltspracheblatt (Volapiik-
abled) "(i) had invited "all friends, well-wishers and knowers of
Volapiik," took place in Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance from
the 25th to the 28th of August, 1884. At this congress there were
present Volapiikists from Germany, Austria and Alsace ; German
was the language used;(*) no decisions of importance were
arrived at—at least none were made public—but a committee was
chosen, which was commissioned to prepare for a second congress
to be held at a fitting time and place, (3) and this committee at the
beginning of 1887, in Schleyer's Volapiikabled and in Cogabled,
issued an invitation to all Volapiikists of the world to attend an
international congress to be held in Munich from the 6th to the gth
of August, i887.(4)
(') "Weltspracheblatt (Volapiikabled)." Editor: Schleyer, Constance,
IVth year, 1884, No. 44. (2) "Volapiikabled," 1884, No. 45. (') "Cogabled
volapiika," ed. by Schnepper, Munich, lid year, 1888, No. 15, p. 120. (4) Vola
piikabled, 1887, No. 73, and Cogabled, 1887, No. 2, p. 15.
277
278 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

In this congress of Munich ( i)some immaterial grammatical

questions were decided ; /2)statutes were prepared for a general
international world-language club, which, however, came to
nought ;(1) and (3)in order to preserve the unity of the language
and to perfect Volapuk, an international society called the Inter
national Academy of the Universal Language was founded, which
should begin its work the ist of January, 1888.(8) Prof. Dr.
Auguste Kerckhoffs of Paris, secretary of the extraordinarily
active "Association frangaise pour la propagation du Volapuk"
and author of the French Volapuk Dictionary^3) into which he
had introduced some simplifications of the language, was unani
mously chosen Director of the Academy, and seventeen persons
from twelve different countries were chosen as kademals, that is
academicians or members of the Academy. (4)
In § 9 of the resolutions of the congress that relate to the
founding of the Academy, it is said that the Academy itself should
formulate its own statutes, as a basis for which the statutes pro
posed by Schleyer(5j and all applicable paragraphs of the statutes
of the " Acade'mie francaise " should be used. After their ratifica
tion by the eifal (Director general : an honorary position created
for Schleyer), the statutes should be communicated to the congress
(perhaps a future one is intended). In § 8 of the same resolutions
it was provided tha.t a congress of the Academy should be held
every third year at the beginning of August, that is at the same
time with the congress of the above-mentioned general world -
language club.i6) Paris or Vienna was chosen as the place of the
next congress.(7)

(')R. Kniele, "Das erste Jahrzehnt der Weltsprache Volapuk." Ueber-

lingen, A. Schoy, 1869, p. 55. (3) Coeabled, 1887, Nos. 9 and 10, and Volapiika-
bled, 1887, No. 81. (3) A. Kerckhoffs. " Dictionnaire volapiik-fran^ais et fran-
9ais-volapiik." Paris, Le Soudier, 1887. (*) " Le Volapiik." Edited by Kerck
hoffs, Paris, I,e Soudier, lid year, 1887, No. 11. (') Volapiikabled, 1887, Nos.
78 and 79. (") Cogahled, 1887, No. 10. (') Volapiikabled, 1887, No. 81.
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 279

Professor Kerckhoffs had accepted his election as Director on the

fol lowing Iwo conditions : (i) that the resolutions [he erroneously
calls them statutes] of the Munich congress relative to the Academy
be considered as provisional and be submitted to a new examina
tion at the coming Volapiik congress in the year 1889, on the
occasion of the great Paris Exposition ; t2) that, besides the above-
mentioned seventeen persons, seven other gentlemen proposed by
him be accepted as academicians^1) The seventeen academicians
already chosen and Schleyer also assented to these conditions. (2)
Thus the future congress had a perfect right to ratify statutes, and
the question as to the time and place of the next congress was
also decided —Paris, 1889.
The work of the Academy now began, and Schleyer was the
first to propose certain questions to the Academy; among others this:
Should every root without exception begin with a consonant ?(s)
The Director of the Academy in his correspondence with its
members made use of " Le Volapiik," a journal edited by himself,
and first of all laid down the following programme for the labors of
the Academy : I. Alphabet: (a) sounds, (b) letters. II. Formation
of Words : (a) roots, (b) derivatives, (c) compounds. III. Arrange
ment of Words. IV. Grammar: (a) declension), (b) conjugation,
(c) use and signification of prepositions, adverbs, etc. V. Exami
nation of improperly formed words of the Dictionary. VI. Pro
posing of new words. (4)
After this programme had been approved by the Academy, he
entered upon the work proper and began with the question,
whether the sounds f1 i'i u should be admitted into the language or
not and, in the former event, whether they should be rendered by
the forms a 6 ii or otherwise.
From these questions on the part of Schleyer and of the
Director it is perceived that the Academy had to decide not only a
C) Le Volapiik. 1887, No. 11, pp. 163, 164. (2) Le Volapiik. 1887, No. 12, p.
177. (*) Volapiikabled, Nos. 82. S3, 84, 87. (') l.e Volap<ik. No. 13.
280 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

few unimportant questions, such as had been hitherto raised by

Volapiikists, but that radical changes in the language were immi
nent and that great and earnest work was demanded of the
Academy ; for, if the majority had answered the above two ques
tions in the negative, all dictionaries and textbooks of Volapiik
would immediately have become useless, and for half the Volapiik
words and for many grammatical forms the Academy would
have had to create new words and forms, so that an entirely new
language would have arisen, for which even the name Volapiik
would no longer have been suitable. It may be noted in passing
that the answers were such that no radical changes were immediately
necessary.
Thereupon the Director. in accordance with his programme,
proposed other questions to the Academy and, after the answers of
the individual academicians had been received, compared them,
and the opinion of the majority formed a resolution of the Academy.
Such resolutions were published in the journal " Le Volapiik."
In proposing questions and in announcing the result the Director
made use of Volapiik.
At first the Academy had labored very diligently, so that at
the beginning of the year 1889 the following had been resolved :
what sounds were allowable in the language, by what letters they
should be represented, the accentuation of words, and some
principles for the formation of words ; the two leading principles
for the selection of roots were as follows : (i) it is allowed to choose
roots at will, but when possible, short roots existing in the natural
languages should be preferred, ( 2) it is not necessary to retain the
original form of the root, but that form which is nearest the
original is the best. —Further, it had been resolved that the order
of words in the sentence should not be optional, but should take
place in accordance with simple, fixed rules and, as for declension,
that both kinds of declension (if I may so express myself) should
be permitted—by means of the endings -a. -e, -i and with preposi-
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 281

tions—de for the genitive and al for the dative.—Resolutions in

regard to conjugation and the form of pronouns were, however,
still lacking ; neither had the Academy yet entered upon the
examination of improperly formed words nor the proposing of new
words. Thus the programme was not yet fully elaborated, and
consequently the Director could not carry into effect his intention of
submitting to the congress of August, 1889, a finished grammatical
project for final ratification ; he therefore published shortly before
the congress a grammatical project, in which these important points
(conjugation and pronouns) were not drawn up in accordance with
resolutions of the Academy, but contained some of the Director's
proposed changes, which were still waiting ratification^1) As,
however, these proposed changes did not meet with the general
approbation of the Academy, there could not be question of a
ratification by the congress of the proposed grammatical project ;
even the discussion of questions of grammar in the congress proved
impossible, for it would have led to debates taking up much time,
and would have accomplished no practical result ; therefore the
congress contented itself with entrusting to the Academy the
preparation of a simple grammar.(2)
The congress was held in Paris August 19-21, 1889, and was
participated in by Volapukists from thirteen different countries :
France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, England, Spain, Russia, Den
mark, Austria-Hungary, Greece, United States of America, Turkey
and China. The language of the congress was Volaptlk.—The
principal work of the congress consisted in a detailed examination
of all the twenty-one paragraphs of the statutes of the Interna
tional Academy of the Universal Language, which the preparatory
committee appointed by Professor Kerckhoffs had elaborated, and
in the ratification of these (after some changes) in the form in
which they are here given (see below) in an English translation.

(') Le Volapiik. 1889, No. 24, p. 324. (') Le Volapiik, 1889, No. 26, p. 368a.
282 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

They are still in force to-day ; in § I it is expressly stated that the

task of the Academy is to complete and improve the grammar and
dictionary of the inventor.—According to the last paragraph these
statutes can be changed only by an international congress. In
relation to congresses of the Universal Language the resolution of
the 2Oth of August runs as follows : "The Academy must decide
where and when the next congress should be held ; the Academy
should form the preparatory committee for the congress. "(*)
Schleyer, who had not been present at the congress, announced
that he ratified all paragraphs of the statutes with the exception of
those which determined his rights in the Academy, and that, he
reserved to himself a veto in all cases.(a) As no right of ratifica
tion had been granted to Schleyer by the congress, no attention
was paid to this claim.
Thus the International Academy of the Universal Language
had become a viable, self-existent institution, whose given right
and imposed duty were : (i) to complete the grammar and diction
ary of the inventor, and (2) to introduce unlimited changes in them
as soon as such should be considered improvements by the Academy.
Although therefore there was every prospect that the work
of the Academy, begun with such success, would be finished in
accordance with the programme, it must unfortunately be stated
that after the congress there was a diminution of energy in the
prosecution of the work, and that it WHS even brought to a tempo
rary standstill. The fault first of all lay in this, that the Director
changed the manner of proposing questions, since he (i) no longer
proposed to the Academy single parts of the grammar to be voted
on, but a complete grammatical project at one time, and with
further proposed changes, and (2) directed the academicians to
come to an agreement as to the acceptance or non-acceptance of
this grammar with the clubs of the countries which they repre.

(') t,e Volapiik. 1889, No. 26. p. 367. (2) Volapttkabled, 1889, No. 107, p. 462.
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 283

sented,—a method of voting not provided for in the statutes^1) It

was not possible to arrive at an agreement in this way, and if the
views of the different Volapiik clubs and journals and their corres
pondents were already, even before this, widely divergent, the
strife of parties was increased by this action, and in a short time
instead of one grammatical project there were many, for many of
the academicians had laid their votes before the Director in the
form of independent grammatical projects, and some of them had
also published their projects. —It can not be denied that many of
these grammatical projects contained good proposals that deserved
to be taken into consideration by the Academy : therefore it was
the general wish that the Director would submit the various pro
posals to a vote of the Academy in the journal of the Academy,
which he meanwhile had founded under the name of " Calabled
Kadema " (official paper of the Academy) [of which, however, only
two numbers appeared]. The Director had the floor, so to speak,
.and the whole Volapiik world waited expectantly for what would
now come from Paris. Professor Kerckhoifs. however, for many
months remained silent.—This circumstance and the disagreement
of Volapiikists had for result, that interest in Volapiik ceased rather
suddenly, and the ardent propaganda from this time onward con
stantly declined.
In order again to put in motion the interrupted work of the
Academy, in November, 1890, at the instance of the St. Petersburg
Volapiik Club (Zilak volapiikol), a petition signed by twenty-three
academicians and nineteen other Volapiikists was sent to the
Director with the request that he would submit to the Academy
the nine leading grammatical projects (of academicians Day and
Holden, Guigues, Heyligers, Kerckhoffs, Kuuth, Kriiger, Lederer
and von Rylski.(2) Plum,(') Rosenberger) grouped in separate
C)Le Volapiik. No. 27, Nov./Dec., 1SS9, and "Calabled Kadema," edited by
Kerckhoffs, Paris, 1890, No. 1. (•)" Volapukagased," IVth year, 1890, Nos. 5-11.
(3)" TimapenHdvolapiikik plo Dttu e NorgHn, 1st year, l889,No. 10/n.
284 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

paragraphs, beginning with the most important, in order that the

Academy might choose from the proposed forms in each individual
instance those that were desired. This request was not complied
with, although § 17 of the statutes says that every proposal signed
by at least six members of the Academy must be brought before
the Academy ; but instead of this there appeared once more, in the
second number of the academic paper, of date December, 1890, a
complete grammatical project with a very inaccurate account of
the proposals made by the academicians, and by a circular of
July 20, 1891, Professor Kerckhoffs conveyed the intelligence that
he had determined to lay down his office.
Thereupon the Academy commissioned a .provisional com
mittee, consisting of Champ-Rigot, Guigues and Heyligers, three
members of the Academy living in Paris, to bring about the election
of a new Director.
This committee reported its work in its six circulars to the
members of the Academy of November 2, 1891 to December 14, 1892.-
The committee issued a financial report, had a so-called normal
grammar (Glamat nomik) printed, which was written in Volapiik,
in which are given all the rules in the form in which they had
been accepted by the Academy, and by vote of the academicians
brought about the election of several new members of the Academy
and finally of the Director, whereby it was my lot to receive the
honor of an election to this office for five years. Since one of the
members of the committee, H. Heyligers, by a circular to the
academicians of date January 15, 1893, announced that he knew
nothing of the election of a new Director, as he had been present
at no meeting of the committee for at least three months, it was
decided by the Academy to submit the work of the committee, in
so far as it concerned the election of a Director, to a revision ; and
this was entrusted to the Volapiik club^ of Leitmeritz in Bohemia. (l)

(') My circular to the members of the Academy of date Feb. 16, 1893, No. 2.
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 285

After making this examination the Leitmeritz club, by a circular

to the academicians of date May 16, 1893, announced that I was
actually the newly-elected Director.
Meanwhile the Academy had been inactive for nearly four years,
interest in Volapiik had materially diminished, Schleyer ignored
the greater changes, the number of members of the Academy had
decreased to fifteen and of Volapiik papers to three, most of the
Volapiik clubs had ceased their activity, and the few remaining
Volapiikists were hostile-to each other : some held to Schleyer and
his Volapiik, others regarded Volapiik with Kerckhoffs's changes
as the ideal of an international language, the rest broke up into
a number of smaller groups, each of which defended one of the
many linguistic systems that arose at that period. — In spite of
these conditions, so unfavorable for the labors of the Academy,
convinced of the adaptability of an artificial language to interna
tional intercourse, and trusting in the feasibility of the task of the
Academy and in the serviceableness of the statutes elaborated at
Paris, I ventured to take up the interrupted work.
In the first place I left the grammar entirely alone and began
with the most important part of the work—the examination of
improperly formed words and the proposing of new words. —First
I laid before the Academy for examination a list of such Volapiik
words as I was persuaded needed no change, e. g. delfin, legion ,
metal, etc., since they appear in most European languages, and in
this I had noted after each word in what languages the word may
be found (the following seven languages were always kept in view:
English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian and Latin).
In the second list, instead of the corresponding Volapiik words, I
proposed to the Academy to accept such words as by their form
fitted perfectly into the Volapiik system, that is began and ended
with a consonant, and could thus be taken into the dictionary
without detriment to the Volapiik grammar, and which complied
with the above-mentioned resolution of the Academy—that the
286 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

original form of the word should be retained as far as possible —

much better than the respective Volapiik words, e. g. fabrik,
manufactory instead of fabliid ; balsam, balsam instead of bain;
Imp, troop instead of tlup, etc. In this I met with very little
opposition : most of the words proposed by me were accepted
unanimously, and objection was made by individual academicians
to only a few words, that is counter-proposals w,ere made ; for
instance, I had proposed frat, brother instead of blod, for which
academician Plum of Copenhagen considered fratr still more
suitable. In such cases I brought the question once more before
the Academy, that is I had the academicians choose between both
the proposed words, and that word for which the most votes had
been given was considered accepted according to § 13 of the statutes.
In my communications with the members of the Academy I
did not make use of a periodical, as this had proved unsuitable, for
each number of such must consist of a fixed number of pages and
appear at a stated time ; but what I had to say to the academicians
I caused to be printed in the form of circulars of from one to twelve
pages, just as they were needed, naturally in Volapiik, and sent
two copies to each academician with the request that in one of the
copies he would record his vote on the questions proposed and
return this copy signed to me as soon as possible ; as to this last,
the Academy had granted me the right to disregard all votes
received later than sixty-five days after I sent out the respective
questions. This long time was fixed upon to enable the Brazilian
member of the Academy to take part in the work, and it was
impossible for his vote to arrive in St. Petersburg at an earlier
date. —All the questions were so worded that the academicians
were obliged to answer by yes or no, so that I was able to count
the votes for and against ; but in case of new proposals, for instance
of words or grammatical rules, I had requested that the academi
cians would never vote simply /w, but, if anyone disagreed with
the proposal, that he would make a better one ; in which latter
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 287

case both proposals were laid before the Academy to choose from,
as has already been pointed out in the above-cited example of
fral and fratr. In this way, on the one hand, many really good
and practical proposals came to light, which is most desirable in
such work, and every proposal of every academician was put to the
vote of the Academy ; on the other hand opportunity was given to
each member of the Academy to make his own proposals and to
take part in the selection of a definite proposal from among several.
Thence also contentment reigned among the members of the
Academy, whose number by the accession of very capable persons
began to increase.
At that time, as is mentioned above, besides Volapiik several
other systems of artificial language had appeared. I must here
name the chief among them, as they had a material influence on
the labors of the Academy :
1. La lingvo internacia by Dr. Esperanto (Zamenhof) of War
saw^1)
2. Kosmos by Eugene A. Lauda of Berlin. (-)
3. Spelin by Professor J. Bauer of Agram.(3)
4. Myrana by J. Stempfl of Oberreute in Bavaria. (1)
5. Lingua internazional or Mondolingue by J. Lott of
Vienna.("')
6. Universala by Dr. Eugene Heintzeler, principal, of Stutt
gart.^)
288 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

7. Novilatiin by Dr. E. Beermann, headmaster, of Nordhau-

sen.(i)
Besides these artificial languages the works of the following
persons also influenced the Academy : Dr. T. C. Winkler of Haar-
lem,(2) John Runstrom of Stockholm,(3) editor Karl Lentze of
Leipsic, (*) Edgar von Wahl of Reval and Anton von Grabovski
of Ivano-Vosnesensk, the accentuation of words adopted by the
Academy, namely on the vowel preceding the last consonant,
being a proposal of Bauer (in Spelin) and Wahl, (5) and the plural
ending -i, a proposal of Zamenhof(6) and Grabovski. (') If the
language of Dr. Esperanto was the best work in practical execu
tion, on the other hand the best theoretical directions for creating
an international language had been given by J. Stempfl. With
the probable exception of Prof. Bauer, all the above-cited authors
agreed in this. that the roots of words must be taken from living
languages or from the Latin, and with as little change as possible.
Of the greatest importance to the labors of the Academy was
the work of Dr. Alberto Liptay, " Eine Gemeinsprache der Kultur-
v51ker," which appeared in 1891, in which the author instituted a.
critical inquiry into the projects of universal language that had
appeared up to that time, and laid down fixed principles for the
building up of a dictionary of an international language, but did
not himself proceed to the execution of this work. He then
pointed out that there already exists a large number of so-called
world-words, e. g. animal, which is intelligible to nearly all nations
and certainly to all civilized peoples, even to those who do not, as
(') Dr. E. Beermann. "Novilatiin." Leipzig: G. Fock. 1895. Cf. many
articles of the same author in " Linguist," an independent journal for all
friends of a universal language, edited by Max Wahren. Hannover: 18% and
1897. =) Dr. T. C. Winkler. " BumastBf plo vodasbuk fiidik volapiika." Haar
lem: J. Inklaar. 1890. (3' John Runstrom. " Mobs tefol volapiiki de Schleyer "
Stockholm: F. MHllborn & Co., 1888. (")" Interpreter," Internationale "Zeit-
schrift fiirWeltsprache, herausgegeben von Karl Lentze in Leipzig, 1889, Nos.
1-12, and 1890, No. 1. (") J. Lott. " On lingua internazional," 1890, p. VI.
(">' Esperantisto." 1894, No. 2. (V Reforma projecto " in "Linguist," ed.
by Max Wahren, 1896, No. 3, p. 40.
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 289

the English, the French, the Italians, the Spanish, the Portuguese,
etc., use it as a vocable of their mother-tongue ; thus the German
speaks of Animalismus, Anitnalien, animalisieren, and of animali-
schen Eigenschaften.)1) Further examples of such world-words
were : artifieial, universal, amor, eolor, baron, balkon, amen, volu-
men, merkantit, vulean,fabrieant, miserabte, natur, divin, adyediv,
observatorium, eetibat, evangetist, tabak, eigar, kafe, te, sport,
elub, astronom, logaritm, etc.—in all over 8,000 words.(2)—All
these words are entitled to admission to the dictionary of a
language intended for international use, just as are the elements,
of which these words are composed, —only they must be discovered
and collected(3) —indeed Liptay lays down the proposition that a
universal language must not be invented, but discovered.)4) Con
vinced of the impossibility of creating a universal language,
Liptay proposed the attaining of a common language by way of
synthesis or compilation of such elements as are already within
the reach of every human understanding and only await condensa
tion into something tangible or visible and to be brought into a
homogeneous form.(s)—As to the manner of writing the world-
words we find in the same work directions most worthy of
notice;(6) what Liptay most exhaustively says as to the interna
tional value of single letters can be denied in only a few instances.
After the work of Dr. Liptay had been submitted to Professor
Max Miiller of Oxford, he expressed his opinion to the author in
the following terms : "Your idea of choosing roots almost univer
sally understood by men of education is excellent, and the gram
matical articulation that you propose is very practicable, although
here and there perhaps something simpler and more practical could
be suggested. What you have to do now is to elaborate a complete

(1tDr. Alberto Liptay. " Eine Gemeinsprache der Kulturvolker." Leipzig:

F. A. Brockhaus, 1891, p. 150. (2 id. pp. 151—164. (3jid. pp. 146, 147. (*) id. p.
128. (*) id. p. 146. Cf. Rosenberger. "Was wir jetzt zu thun haben " in
" Linguist," ed. by Wahren, 1896, No. 4. (") id. pp. 126—144.
290 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

dictionary.'^1)—It appears that Dr. Liptay has not followed Max

Miiller's advice, for no dictionary by him has yet appeared.
The International Academy of the Universal Language, how
ever, willingly followed these practical suggestions. After I had
called the attention of the Academy to the above-cited works on
universal language in general and to that of Liptay in particular'
and had invited the members to take them into consideration in
voting, in order that the Academy might not be behind in the
general movement, the leading principles of orthography were
soon settled, and then the resolution was passed that for every root
the international form must be sought, that is, that that root is the
best which appears in the most European languages. (2) In
fulfilment of this resolution, I considered in the selection of words
to be proposed the seven leading languages of Europe, as above
mentioned, and after I had assured myself that still more suitable
forms had not been found by the above-mentioned writers, Espe
ranto, Lott, Heintzeler and Beermann, I laid my proposals before
ihe Academy to be voted upon.
As, contrary to what had heretofore been held, the dictionary
and not the grammar was considered the more important, and as
very many international roots begin with a vowel, I necessarily
proposed such roots, although the forms of the Volapiik grammar
are very unsuitable for such roots ; on the other hand I had to
seek new grammatical forms that would suit these roots.—After
much search and many trials simple forms were found, e. g. the
verbal suffixes -av for the past and -ero for the future, which,
borrowed from the natural languages, are as well known to
educated Europeans as the artificial Volapiik forms ; wherefore
they also, with slight changes, were accepted by the Academy.
It was also possible to replace most of the arbitrarily invented

(') id. page XIII. ('l My circulars of 1 Nov., 1893, No. 6, §3, 28 Feb., 1895,
No. 14, and 30 Nov., 1895, No. 19.
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 291

Volaplik prefixes and suffixes by more natural forms, and in many

cases even by international ones^1) Most of the proposed words
were accepted by the Academy, and in case counter-proposals
were made, I proceeded as I pointed out above.
When the five years of my directorship were at an end, the
programme of the work in essentials had been carried out ; the
Academy had accepted :
(1) rules for orthography and pronunciation,
(2) about 3,000 of the most necessary roots,
(3) the most necessary prefixes and suffixes.
(4) a large number of derivatives and compounds,
(5) all the pronouns,
(6) the most commonly used adverbs, prepositions, and con
junctions,
(7) all the grammatical forms,
(8) rules for the order of words in the sentence.
The sum of the then-existent resolutions of the Academy
could already be rightly called an artificial language. This aca
demic language is essentially distinguished from all other artificial
languages in this, that it is not the work of one man, but is the
result of years of toil on the part of a whole international society.
On the one hand, it can be just as easily spoken and written as
Volapiik, for the Volaplik principles—of an almost phonetic spell,
ing, of no exception to given rules, and of the simplicity and ease
with which derivatives can be formed from roots (" )—have been
retained ; but on the other hand, this language is much more
easily understood both by hearers and readers than Volapiik, since,
for all the elements of which the words are composed, such forms
were chosen as are already known to the majority of educated
('I Cf. Linguist, 1896, No. 4, p. 56. ('1 This facility is due to the following
principles: (II the root is never changed, (2) derivatives can be formed only
by appending prefixes or suffixes, (3) there is but one prefix or suffix for each
single case, (4) the given prefixes and suffixes can be annexed to a root at will,
in so far as the sense allows it.
292 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY

Europeans.— Several members of the Academy already used the

new language instead of Volapuk for correspondence with their
colleagues, since they found that it is much easier to write in the
academic language than in Volapuk, although the resolutions of
the Academy had not yet been brought into a form available for
ready reference, and although there was no grammar in which the
accepted forms were collected, nor a dictionary where the accepted
words could be found in alphabetical order.
I having declined a re-election^i) from the persons proposed
as Director of the Academy, on the i6thof May, 1898, Rev. M. A. F.
Holmes, member of the Academy, resident in Macedon, New York,
was unanimously elected for the term of five years.(B)
The circulars of the new Director to the academicians no
longer appeared in Volapilk, but in the new academic language, to
which the name Neutral Language (Idiom neutral) was soon given
by the Academy.
The new Director continued the work of the Academy in the
same spirit : the language was further enlarged both by changes
of some things previously accepted, but which had proved unsuit
able, and by the acceptance of a large number of new roots and
new derivatives and compounds, and partly by means of several
new prefixes and suffixes.
The language is now so far finished that it can be practically
useful, and therefore it is time to publish in the form of grammar
and dictionary, as here presented, the resolutions so far passed by
the Academy.
The work of the Academy, however, is not ended, nor will it
ever altogether cease, for the Neutral Language, as every living
language, will be subject to constant growth, and accordingly the
Academy will be obliged continually to add to the dictionary.

I1) My circular No. 41 of 12 Nov., 1897. (!) My circular No. 45 of 15 May,

1898.
 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 293

The Academy lias granted me a concession to publish the

German dictionary of the Neutral Language, and a similar conces
sion for the English dictionary to Rev. Director Holmes.
Should the foregoing dictionary by its practical use in life
serve to facilitate international intercourse, its task is accomplished.
I consider it an agreeable duty on this occasion to express my most
obliged thanks to the Director, Rev. M. A. F. Holmes, for all the
friendly services which he has so kindly rendered to me during
the preparation of this book.
St. Petersburg, April, 1902. W. ROSENBERGER.

Since the above was written the German grammar and dic
tionary of the Neutral Language have appeared^1) and there are
already many indications that Idiom Neutral is destined to become
in the near future the medium of international intercommunication.
Several reviews have spoken in the highest terms of the language,
and Le Nouveau Prdcurseur, of Antwerp, Belgium, already pub
lishes a biweekly letter, written in the Neutral Language, from a
correspondent in Russia.
A concession has been granted by the Academy to W. V. Bonto
van Bylevelt, one of the academicians for Holland, to publish the
Dutch grammar and dictionary of the language.
I take the present opportunity of testifying to the many helpful
suggestions received from Mr. W. Rosenberger, Vice-director of
the Academy ; all which have tended to the betterment of this
book.
MACEDON, N. Y., April, 1903. M. A. F. HOLMES.
(')W. Rosenberger. " Worterbuch dcr Neutralsprache " u. s. w. Leipzig :
E. Haberland, 1902.
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 STATUTES
o F THE
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE
UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE
Enacted 19—21 August, 1889, by the International Congress of
Volapiikists in Paris.

[Translated from the Volapuk original by M. A. F. Holmes.]

1. The Academy busies itself only with the completion and
improvement of the grammar and dictionary of the inventor.
2. The Academy is the sole authority in questions of language.
3. Academicians are chosen from among the most eminent of
those who know the universal language in the different countries
of the earth.
4. In each country an academician may be chosen for every
ten million inhabitants ; a fraction of ten million is counted as
ten million.
5. Each country will have its normal number of academicians
only when the universal language will have been sufficiently
propagated therein.
6. This number may be increased exceptionally in favor of
very meritorious persons.
7. The election of academicians takes place on proposal by
the director and by a majority of the voters.
8. The director of the Academy must propose for the office of
academician those persons who are proposed to him by the clubs
of the respective countries.
9. If the clubs propose no person within two months, or if
there be no club, the candidate is selected by the director.
10. Academicians are chosen for five years ; re-election is
allowed.
11. The Academy is administered by a directorate consisting
299
300 STATUTES OF THE ACADEMY

of : (a) the inventor, (b) the director, (c) the vice-director, (d) two
secretaries.
12. The director and the vice-director are elected by the
academicians for five years. They may be re-elected. The secre
taries are appointed by the director.
13. A mere majority of the voters decides.
14. If the number of votes for and against is equal, the vote of
the director decides.
15. The resolutions of the Academy must be laid before the
inventor at once. If the inventor does not protest against the
resolutions within thirty days, the resolutions are definitive. Those
resolutions which are not approved by th6 inventor will again be
laid before the Academy, and will become definitive only after they
will have been accepted by a two-thirds majority.
16. The resolutions of the Academy are published in the
universal language in the official journal of the Academy, which
is chosen by the Academy.
17. The director must lay before the Academy every proposal
that is signed by six academicians.
18. An academician who refuses to obey the definitive resolu
tions of the majority, or who for a year and without just cause has
refused to take part in the labors of the Academy, has ceased to be
an academician. The director should propose his dismissal.
19. The dismissal of an academician is resolved by a two-thirds
majority of the voters.
20. Everv academician pays a contribution of ten francs a year
until the Academy will have the necessary means. The directorate
of the Academy resolves how this money will be used. One of
the secretaries is cashier of the Academy.
21. These statutes can be changed only by an international
congress.
The original is signed by Paul Champ-Rigot, secretary of the
congress.
 INDEX TO THE GRAMMAR

(The figures refer to the paragraphs.)

Abbreviations, 84. Declension of pronouns, 29, 33,
Accent (mark), 2. 34-
Accent (stress), 2. Derivatives, 80, 81.
Accentuation, 2. Diminutives, 6.
Accusative, 3. Distributives, 16.
Active, 37-49- Feminine, 5.
Adjective, 8. Foreign words, pronunciation
Adjective as substantive, 11. of, 1.
Adjective, position of, 10. Formation of words, 71-83.
Adverb, 58-64, 17. Fractions, 18.
Adverb, numeral, 20. Fractions, position of, 19.
Adverb, participial, 49. Gender, 5.
Adverb, position of, 64. Genitive, 3.
Article, 4, 27. Gerundive, 52.
Aryan languages, radicals taken Imperative, 44.
from, 72. Indicative, 37-40.
Cardinal numbers, 13. Infinitive, 45, 46.
Cardinal numbers, position Interjection, 69, 70.
of, 19. Iteratives, 17.
Comparison, 9, 63. Masculine, 5.
Complements of time, place and Months of year, 22.
reason, position of, 64. Multiplicatives, 15.
Compounds, 82, 83. Neuter, 5.
Conditional, 41, 42. Nominative, 3.
Conjugation, 36. Numeral, 13-23.
Conjunction, 67, 68, Ordinal numbers, 14.
Consonants, i. Orthography, I, 73.
Dating, manner of, 22. Participle, 39, 47, 48, 51.
Dative, 3. Passive, 5o-53;
Days of week, 22. Plural, formation of, 3, 33.
Declension, 3. Prefixes, 80, 82.
301
332
Preposition, 65, 66.
Preposition, position of, 66.
Primitives, 72-79.
Pronoun, 24-35.
Pronoun, correlative, 35.
Pronoun, demonstrative, 32.
Pronoun, indefinite, 34.
Pronoun, interrogative, 33.
Pronoun, personal, 24-29.
Pronoun, position of, 31.
Pronoun, possessive, 30-31.
Pronoun, relative, 33.
Pronunciation, i, 2.
Questions, 57.
Radicals. 71-79.
Reciprocity, 56.
INDEX
Root never changes, 75.
Specimens of the language, 85,
and passim.
Subjunctive, 43.
Substantive, 3.
Suffixes, 81, and passim.
Time of day, 23.
Verb, 36-57.
Verb from adjective, 12.
Verb, impersonal, 54.
Verb, numeral. 21.
Verb, position of, 37.
Verb, reflexive, 55.
Vowels, I.
Vowels, consecutive, 1.
*
 CONTENTS
PAGE.
PREFACE, ---------- v
GRAMMAR, I
SPECIMENS OF THE LANGUAGE, ------ 28
DICTIONARY :
(a) Neutral-English, ...--. 33
(b) English-Neutral, ------- 137
Supplement, ------- 275
APPENDIX :
(a) History of the International Academy of the Uni
versal Language, ------ 277
(b) List of the Members of the Academy, - - 294
(c) Statutes of the Academy, ----- 299
Index to the Grammar, ----- 301

303
 ERRATA
Page 3, line 4 from top, read aleatr instead of aleatr.
" 7, line 18 from top, read kuink/yV instead of k\Ankupl.
" 33, col. I, line I, insert ")" after "numerals."
" 35, col. 1, line 3 from bottom, read "." instead of ";"
" 45, col. 2, line 17 from top, read buliar instead of buliar.
46, col. I, line 3 from top, read " dactyl " instead of " dak-
tyl."
" 87, col. 2, line 2 from bottom, insert ";" after "of."
" 117, col. 1, line 17 from bottom, read " sert, pr." instead of
"sert, a."
" 140, col. 2, line 2 from top, read "aer" instead of "aer."
" 142, col. 2, line 17 from bottom, read anterior^ instead of
anterior^.
" 154, col. i, line I from top, read " bouillon " instead of " buil-
lon."
" i65, col. 2, line 10 from bottom, read " a." instead of " n."
" 176, col. 1, line 17 from bottom, dele "-" after omni.
" 177, col. 2, line 2 from bottom, read afliktar instead of
aflik/ar.
" 183, col. 2, insert: fellow, n., garson (familiar term).
" 196, col. 1, line 12 from top, read "a." instead of "n."
" 199, col. 2, line 20 from bottom, read " a." instead of " n."
" 219, col. 2, line 18 from bottom, read " O " instead of " o."
" 228, col. 2, line 17 from top, read pl.'ilon//- instead of

275, line 10 from bottom, read " unotr, pr.," instead of

"unotr, p."

304