P hysi cs | 13.

25

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards 10 −3 × 250

=
N× 300
760 × 22400 23
6 ×10 × 273
Example 1: An electric bulb of volume 250cm³ was
sealed off during manufacture at the pressure of
10−3 × 250 × 6 × 1023 × 273
10-3mm of Hg at 27°C. Find the number of air molecules N= = 8.02 x1015 mole
in the bulb. 760 × 22400 × 300

N R
Sol:=
PV = RT N= T NkT Example 2: One gram-mole of oxygen at 27°C and one
A A
atmospheric pressure is enclosed in a vessel.
Let N be the number of air molecules in the bulb.
(a) Assuming the molecules to be moving with Vrms , find
V1 =250cm³, P1 = 10-3mm of Hg,
the number of collisions per second which molecules
T1 = 273 + 27 = 300°K make with one square meter area of the vessel wall.
As P1V1 = Nk T where k is constant, then (b) The vessel is next thermally insulated and moved
with a constant speed ν0 . It is then suddenly stopped.
10-3x 250 = N.k.300  … (i)
The process results in a rise of the temperature of the
At N.T.P., one mole of air occupies a volume of 22.4 litre,
gas by 1°C. Calculate the speed ν0 .
=V0 22400
= cm3 ,P0 = 760mmof
760 mm ofHg,
Hg,
P 3NAkT
T = 273° K and N0 = 6 × 1023 molecules Sol: Formula based: n = & Vrms = . Recall
kT Mn
∴760 × 22400 = 6x1023 × k × 273  … (ii)
the assumption of KTG. Kinetic energy changed to
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we get internal energy.
 1 3 . 2 6 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

(a) n = P/kT f
+1 2
where k = Boltzmann constant = Sol: (a) y = 2 or y = 1 +
f f
1.38 x 10-23 J/mol/K 2
nR
P = 1 atmosphere = 1.01 x 105 n/m², (b)
= W (T − T )
1− γ f i
T = 27°C = 300°K
(a) For adiabatic process
1.01x105
n = 2.44x1025 m−3 TV γ−1 = T1V1γ−1 ; V1 5.66
= = V and T1 T / 2
1.38x10−23 x300
T
The root mean square velocity Vrms is given by ∴ TV γ−1 = x (5.66 V)γ−1 ; (5.66)γ−1 = 2
2
 3RT   3NAkT  ( γ − 1)log5.66 =log2
Vrms
= 
=   = (R NAk)
M   Mm 
 m log2 0.3010
γ −1 = ; γ − 1 = 0.4
=
NA= Avogadro number = 6.02 × 1023 molecule/mole log5.66 0.7528

Mm = 32gm = 32 × 10-3 kg. ∴ γ =1.4 (diatomic gas)

 36.02x1023 x1.38x10-23 x300  The degrees of freedom of gas molecules = 5

Vrms =  =483.4m/s. (b) Work done during adiabatic change, W, is given by
 32x10 -3 
 
1
= W [P V − PV]
Since each molecule may be moving at a given instant, 1− γ 1 1
along any of the six directions (i.e. +X, +Y and +Z) only
For an ideal gas equation,
(1/6)th of the total molecules contained in the volume
along positive and negative x, y, z directions, move PV P1V1 T1V 1 1 P
= = or P1 = P ; P1 = x P
towards the wall. The number of collisions per second T T1 TV1 2 5.66 11.32
with one square meter area of the vessel wall will be
1  P 
1 1 = W  x5.66V − PV 
= xn × Vrms = × 2.44 × 1025 × 483.4 = 1.97 × 1027. 1 − 1.4 11.32 
6 6
1
(b) K.E. = mv 02 PV  5.66  PV
2 = 1 − = = 1.25 PV.
0.4  1132  0.8
Heat energy gained = C v =
∆T C v =
x1 C v
5
R Example 4: Two moles of helium gas with γ equal to
R or C v =
Cp − C v = 3
γ −1 are initially at temperature 27°C and occupy a volume of
1 R 20 litres. The gas is first expanded at constant pressure
∴ γ =1.41 ; 2
mv 0= C=
2 v
γ −1 until the volume is doubled. Then it undergoes an
adiabatic change until the temperature returns to its
 2R   2x8.31x1  initial value.
=ν0 =   =  35.6m / sec.
 m( γ − 1)  −3
 32x10 x141 − 1  (a) Sketch the process on P-V diagram.
(b) Find the final value of volume and pressure of the
Example 3: An ideal gas having initial pressure P, gas.
volume V and temperature T is allowed to expand (c) Find the work done by the gas under isobaric and
adiabatically until its volume be-comes 5.66 V while its adiabatic processes and total work done.
temperature fall to T/2.
(a) How many degrees of freedom do the gas molecules Sol: Relate P1 V1 and T1 with P2, V2, T2 and P3, V3, T3.
have? Calculate the work alone of process AB, BC separately.

(b) Obtain the work done by the gas during the (a) The sketch of P-V diagram is shown in the figure.
expansion as a function of the initial pressure P and
volume V.
 P hysi cs | 13.27

2.5 x 10
5 P1V1T1 P2V2T2 Example 5: Two moles of helium gas undergo a cyclic
A B process as shown in the figure.
Assuming the gas to be ideal, calculate the following
C quantities in this process.
-2
P(Nm ) P3V3T3 (a) The net change in the heat energy

20 x 10
-3
40 x 10
-3 (b) The net work done
(c) The net change in internal energy
-3
V(m)

(b) At A, = = 20 x10−3 m3 T1 = 27°C = 300K ; P1 = ?

V1 20l Sol: Calculate for isobaric and isothermal process only.

For an ideal gas, PV = nRT. (a) AB is isobaric process. The work done during this
process from A to B:
nRT1 2x8.31x300
=P1 = = 2.5 x105 Nm−2 WAB = P(V2 − V1 ) = nR (T2 − T1 )
V1 20x10 −3
or=
WAB 2 x 8.3x(400 =
− 300) 1160 joule
At B, P2= P1= 2.5 x105 Nm−2 , V2 = 40 x10−3 m3
Work done during isothermal process from B to C:
For isobaric process,
P
A B
T2 V2 40 x10−3 2 atm
= = T2 2=
= 2= T1 2 x300
= 600K
T1 V1 20 x10−3

The gas now undergoes adiabatic expansion from B to C. 1 atm

D C
T
T3 V3γ−1 = T2 V2 γ−1 300 K 400 K
1
1/(5/3−1) =WAB nRT
= C loge (V2 / V1 ) nRTC loge (P2 / P1 )
V3  T2  γ−1  600  3
=  =   = 2=
2 2=
2 2.83
V2 = 2 x 8.3x 400 x 2.303log10 2
 T3   300 
= 2 x 8.3 x 400 x 2.303 x 0.3010 = 4602.9 joule
Final Volume =
−3
Work done during isobaric process from C to D:
=V3 V=
2 x 2.82 40 x10 = x 2.83 113 x10−3 m3 V
WCD= nR(TD − TC )= 2 x 8.3x(300 − 400) = − 1660 joule
Final pressure P3 is given by P3 V3γ = P2 V2 γ
Work done during isothermal process from D to A:
γ 5/3
V   40 x10 −3 
= x  2  2.5 x105 x 
P3 P2=  WDA = mRTD loge (PD / PA ) = nRTD loge 2
V   113 x10 −3 
 3   = 2 x8.03 x 300 x 2.0303 x 0.3010 = −3452.2 Joule
2.5
= x105 x (0.353)5/3 2.5 x105 x 0.176 Net workdone = WAB + WBC + WCD + WDA
5 −2
= 4.410 N.m = 1660 + 4602.9 – 1660 – 3452.2
(c) Work done during isobaric process along AB = P = 1150.7 joule
5 −3
(V2 − V1 ) 2.5 x10
= = x 20 x10 5000J (b) First law of thermodynamics gives

Work done during adiabatic process along BC = ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

Work done during adiabatic process along BC =
nR(T2 − T3 ) 2x831x (600 − 300) As ∆U =
0 , in cyclic process
nR(T2=− T3 ) 2x831x (600 − 300)
BC =
γ −1 = 5
∴ ∆Q =∆W =1150.7 joule
γ −1 −1 5
3 −1
3 The heat given to the system = 1150.7 joule
Total work done = 5000 + 7479 = 11479 J. (c) As the gas returns to its original state, there is no
change in internal energy.
1 3 . 2 8 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Example 6: An ideal gas is taken a cyclic thermodynamic (b) Is there any way of telling afterwards which sample
process through four steps. The amount of heat involved of Helium went through the process ABC and which
in these steps are Q1 =
5960 J,Q 2 = − 5585 J,Q 3 =
− 2980 J went through the process ADC? Write Yes or No.
and Q 4 = 3645 J respectively. The corresponding works (c) How much is the heat involved in each of the
involved are W1 = 2200 J, W2 = −825 J, respectively. processes ABC and ADC?
(a) Find the value of W4
Sol: Work = Area under P–V curve hence, work done
(b) What is the efficiency of the cycle? in ABC is more than in ADC so is the heat (Q). At C,
system’s thermodynamic states are same, it can’t be
Sol: QTotal =WTotal as ∆U =0 in cyclic process, determined how they are achieved.
WT
η= only 2 x103
(a) n = 500
( Q absorbed) =
4
As the process is cyclic, ∆U =0 At A, PA VA = nRTA or TA = (PA VA / nR)
Net heat absorbed by the system (5x10 4 )x10
∴ T=
A = 120.33K
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 500x831
= 5960 – 5585 – 2980 + 3645 = 1040 J (10x10 4 )x10
Similarly,
= TB = 240.66K
Net work performed 500x831

W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 (10x10 4 )x20
=TC = 481.32K
= 2200 – 825 – 1100 + W4 = 275 + W4 500x831

According to the first law of thermodynamics (5x10 4 )x20

=TD = 240.66K
Q =∆U + W ; 1040 = 0 + 275 + W4 500x831

∴ W4 = 1040 − 275 = 765 joule. (b) No

(c) For process ABC:
Work done(W)
Efficiency η= Change in internal energy ∆U= nC v ∆T
Heat absorbed(Q1 + Q 4 )
275 + 765 1040 3 
= = = 0.1082 ( ∆ U)ABC
= n  R  ∆T
5960 + 3645 9605
2 
Percentage efficiency = 10.82%
3 
= 500x  x8.3  x[481.32 − 120.33] = 2.25 x106 J
2 
Example 7: A sample of 2 kg of monoatomic Helium
Work done ( ∆W)ABC =10 x (10 x 104)
(assumed ideal) is taken through the process ABC and
another sample of 2 kg of the same gas is taken through = 106 J ( ∆Q)
= ABC (dU)ABC + ( ∆ W)ABC
the process ADC as shown in the figure.
= 2.25 x106 += 106 3.25 x106 J
4 2
P(10 N/m ) For process ADC:
B C ( ∆ W)ADC = 5 x 104 [20-10] = 0.5 x 106 J
10
( ∆U)ADC = 2.25 x 106
∴ ( ∆ Q)ADC = (2.25 x 106) + (0.5 x 106)

5 = 2.75 x 106 J
D
A
Example 8: Pressure versus temperature graph of an
0 10 20 3
V(m ) ideal gas is as shown in figure. Density of the gas at
point A is ρ0 . Density at B would be
Given molecular mass of Helium = 4
(a) What is the temperature of Helium in each of the Sol: Use relation between density and temperature,
states A, B, C and D? given below.
 P hysi cs | 13.29

PM P the gases A and B are 4 and 32 respectively. The gases

=
ρ ∝ A and B do not react with each other and are assumed
RT T
to be ideal. The gaseous mixture follows the equation
Pressure PV19/13 = constant, in adiabatic processes.

P   P0  (a) Find the number of gram moles of the gas B in the

  = 2   gaseous mixture.
 T A  T0 
(b) Compute the speed of sound in the gaseous mixture
at T=300K.
P
(c) If T is raised by 1 K from 300 K, find the percentage
3P0 B change in the speed of sound in the gaseous mixture.
(d) The mixture is combined adiabatically to 1/5th of
P0 A its initial volume V. Find the change in its adiabatic
compressibility in terms of the given quantities.
T
T0 2T0 Sol: γ of the mixture is known from equation of process.
Therefore CV can be known. Compare CV (mixture)
P  3  P0  3  P  nA CV + nB (CV )B
and =
  =     = A
 T B 2  T0  4  T A (nA + nB )
3 3 (a) As the gaseous mixture follows the equation PV19/13
∴ ρ= ρA = ρ
4 4 0 = constant, then for the mixture of the gas γ =19 / 13.
CP CV + R R 19
γ= = = 1+ =
Example 9: The root mean square (rms) speed of CV CV C v 13
hydrogen molecules at a certain temperature is
300 m/s. If the temperature is doubled and hydrogen R 6 13R
= , ∴ CV =
gas dissociates into atomic hydrogen the rms speed CV 13 6
will become 19
CP = CV + R = R
6
Sol: Formula based Vrms ∝ T .
For gas A, γ A =5 / 3 ; For gas B, γB =7 / 5.
3RT 3 5
Vrms = (CV )A
= =R and(CV )B R
M 2 2
T is doubled and M is halved. Therefore, rms speed will 5 7
= (CP )A = R and(CP )B R
become two times or 600 m/s. 2 2
Let nA and nB be the number of kg moles in gas A and
Example 10: The changes in temperature of an ideal gas B respectively.
gas, when its volume changes from V to 2V in the
nA =1gm mole = 10−3 kg.mole
process P = aV, is (Here a is a positive constant)
As the gases have fixed volume, no work is done by the
Sol: Use relation between P and V. gas and vessel system. In the adiabatic process, no heat
is exchanged with the surroundings, the internal energy
P ∝ V (P=aV)
of the system will remain constant.
Therefore, pressure and volume both are doubled or ∴ (nA + nB )C=
V dT nA (C V )A dT + nB (C V )B dT
temperature becomes four times ( T ∝ PV )
(nA + nB )CV = nA (CV )A + nB (CV )B

JEE Advanced/Boards  13  3 5 
(1x10−3 + nB )  R  = (1x10−3 ) R + nB  R 
6  2 6 
Example 1: A gaseous mixture enclosed in a vessel of 13x10−3 + 13nB= 9x10−3 + nB (15)
volume V consists of one gram mole of a gas A with
5 / 3 and another has B with γ =7 / 5 at a
γ(CP / CV ) = 2nB = 4x10−3
certain temperature T. The gram molecular weights of
 1 3 . 3 0 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

4x10−3 (a) For adiabatic expansion

∴ nB= = 2x10−3 kgmole= 2gm mole
2 T1V1γ−1 = T2 V2 γ−1 ; 300 x (V)γ−1 = T2 (2 V)γ−1
(b) The speed of sound in gaseous mixture is given by
1 300
=T2 300
= x = (γ 5 / 3)
 γRT  (2) γ−1
(2)2/3
ν=  
 M 
∴ T2 =
188.99K
where R is gas constant and M is equivalent gram
molecular weight of gaseous mixture. Let MA and (b) Change in thermal energy is given by
MB be the gram molecular weights of gases A and B ∆ U nCV (T2 −=
= T1 ) 2 x(3R/ 2)(188.99 − 300)
respectively, then
nAMA + nBMB =
(nA + nB )M  3 x 8.3 
= 2x  x ( −111.09)
= 2767.5 J
nAMA + nBMB (1x 4) + (2 x 32)  2 
or M
= = The negative sign indicates that there is a decrease in
nAnB 1+ 2
the internal energy.
68 68
= = gm x10−3 kg (c) For adiabatic process,
3 3
∆W + ∆U =
0 or ∆W =
− ∆U
 19  8.3 x 300 x 3  The workdone by the gas is given by
∴ν   x
=  400.7m / s
 13  68 x10
−3
 nR(T2 − T1 ) 2x8.3x(188.99 − 300)
∆W =− =−
γ −1 (5 / 3 − 1)
 γRT 
(c) At temperature T, ν =   = 2764.2 J
 M 
Example 3: Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas,
 γRT'  initially at pressure p1 and volume V1 undergo an
T' (300 + 1)K,=
= ν'  
 M  adiabatic compression until its volume is V2. Then the
gas is given heat Q at constant volume V2.
ν'  T'   301  ν '   301  
∴= =    or = −1    − 1 (a) Sketch the complete process on a P-V diagram.
ν T  300  ν   300  
(b) Find the total workdone by the gas, the total change
ν '− ν in its internal energy and the final temperature of the
The percentage change in speed of sound = x100
ν gas.
 301 
= − 1 x100 = 0.17% [Give your answers in terms of p1 , V1 , V2 ,Q and R].
 300  nR∆T
Sol: Use formula TV γ−1 = constant and W =
(d) Adiabatic compressibility = 1− γ
1  dv  1 (a) P-V diagram is shown in the figure where AB is
βmt =−   = −
V  dp mt γP adiabatic compression and BC is isobaric heating

1  1  13 V  1  −3
P
=
∆β 1 − =  1 − =  2.487 x10 .
γP  (5)  3x19 RT  (5)γ 
γ
P3 C
P2 AB=Adiabatic compression
B
Example 2: At 27°C, two moles of an ideal monoatomic BC= Isobaric heating
gas occupy a volume V. The gas expands adiabatically
to a volume 2V. Calculate
P1 A
(a) The final temperature of the gas
V
(b) Change in its internal erergy V2 V1
...(l)
(c) The workdone by the gas during this process
(b) Let T1 and T2 be the initial temperature and the
Sol: Formula TV = constant, ∆=
γ
U n C v ∆T W = −∆U temperature after adiabatic compression respectively.
used.
 P hysi cs | 13.31

For adiabatic compression The pressure and temperature at A, B etc., are denoted
V1γ−1T1 = V2γ−1T2 by PA , TA ;PB , TB etc. respectively.
p1V1 5
T1
= = ,γ for monoatomic gas Given
= TA 1000K,P
= B (2 / 3)PA & PC = (1/ 3)PA . Calculate
2R 3
(a) The work done by the gas in the process A → B
p V
  p V 5/3 
∴ V12/3  1 1
 V
=2
2/3
T2 ∴ T  1 1  
2
….(i) (b) The heat lost by the gas in the process B → C and
2R 2/3 
   2RV2 
(c) Temperature TD given (2/3) = 0.85 and R-8.31 J/mol K.
For isochoric process at temperature T3, heat supplied
is Q. Sol: Use the relation for the respective processes. Such
as T/P relation in adiabatic process.
∴Q= V dT ; Q 2.3 / 2R(T3 − T2 )
nC=
(a) As for adiabatic change
Q Q Q p1V15/3 PV γ = constant
= T3 − T2 ;∴ T3 = + T2 = + …. (ii)
3R 3R 3R 2RV 2/3
2   nRT 
γ

The total work done by the gas is equal to the work i.e. P   = cons tant [as PV = nRT ]
 P 
done in adiabatic process plus the work done in
isochoric process when WBC = 0 Tγ
i.e. = cons tant
∴ WTotal = WAB + WBC = WAB P γ−1

nR(T1 − T2 ) 5
WTotal
= = where γ =
γ −1 3
1
  V 2/3  1− 2/5
2R  p1V1 p1v1  3
5/3
2 γ 2
=  −  = p V 1 −  1   i.e. TB T=
= A  1000
=   850K
2 / 3  2R 2RV 2/3  2 1 1   V2   3 3
 2   
nR[Ti − Tf ] 1x8.3[1000 − 850]
Change in internal energy =
∆ U nCV (T3 − T1 ) so
= WAB =
γ −1 [(5 / 3) − 1]
3  Q p V pV
5/3
∴ ∆U 2x  R   + 1 1 − 1 1 
= i.e. WAB (3
= = / 2)x 8.31x150 1869.75J
 2   3R 2RV22/3 2R 

(b) For B → C, V = constant so ∆ W =
0
5/3  V 2/3 
3 p1V1 3 3 so from first law of thermodynamics
Q+
= Q + p1V1  1  − 1
− p1V1 =
2 V 2/3 2 2  V2  
2   ∆ Q =∆U + ∆ W =µCV ∆T + 0

Example 4: One mole of monoatomic ideal gas is taken 3  3

or =
∆ Q 1x  R  (TC − 850) as CV = R
through the cycle shown in figure. 2  2

Now along path BC, V = constant; P ∝ T

A
B
PC TC (1/ 3)PA TB 850
i.e. = , T=
C xT=
B = = 425K ….(ii)
PB TB (2 / 3)PA 2 2
P
3
D C So, ∆Q =
1x x8.31(425 − 850) =− 5297.625 J
2
V [Negative heat means heat is lost by the sys.]
(c) D → A process is isochoric
A →B Adiabatic expansion
PD TD TD
B→C Cooling at constant volume = , i.e. PD = PA
PA TA TA
C →D Adiabatic compression
But C and D are on the same adiabatic
D →A Heating at constant volume
1 3 . 3 2 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

γ γ−1 γ−1
 TD   PD   PA TD   η − 1
=
  =    V=  V0  … (ii)
 TC   PC   PC TA   η + 1

1 The work done by the agent is given by

1−
 P  γ
or (TD )1/ γ = TC  A  , V V
2P0 V0 V
 PC TA  W = ∫ (P2 − P1 )dV =∫ dV
2/5 0 0 V02 − V 2
 T  PA 
i.e. TC3/5 =  B    − P0 V0 [ln(V02 − V 2 )V ]0v =
= − P0 V0 [ln(V02 − V 2 ) − lnV02 ]
 2   (1/ 3)PA 1000 

   η − 1  2 
2 
 1  2 2/3   3  2/5 
i.e. −P0 V0 ln V02 − 
=  V0  − lnV0 
2
TD3/5 =    x1000       η + 1 
2  3   1000     
 
i.e. TD = 500K  (η + 1)2 
= −P0 V0 [ln{4η / (η + 1)2 }] = P0 V0 ln  .
 4η 
Example 5: A piston can freely move inside a
horizontal cylinder closed from both ends. Initially, the
Example 6: An ideal gas has a density of 1.78 kg / m³ is
piston separates the inside space of the cylinder into
contained in a volume of 44.8 x 10-3 m³. The temperature
two equal part of volume V0, in which an ideal gas is
of the gas is 273 K. The pressure of the gas is
contained under the same pressure P0 and at the same
0.01 x 105 Pa. The gas constant R = 8.31 J-K-1 mole -1.
temperature.
(a) What is the root mean square velocity of the air
x molecules?
(b) How many moles of gas are present?
P1A
(c) What is the gas?
P2A
Fagent
(d) What is the internal energy of the gas?
What work has to be performed in order to increase
Sol: Use relation Vrms and P given. m = ρ V = nM also.
isothermally the volume of one of gas η times
compared to that of the other by slowly moving piston? 1 2
(a) P = ρV ⇒
3
Sol: Apply isothermal condition on both compartments. 1/2 1/2
 3P   (3)(1.01x105 N/ m2 ) 
Then, proceed to find Vf (left)/Vf (right). =Vrms  =  
  
 ρ   1.78kg / m3 
Let the agent move as shown.
In equilibrium position, P1A + Fagent = = 4.13 x 10² m/s
P2 A
F = (P − P )A (b) PV nmRT ⇒
=
agent 2 1

Elementary work done by the agent PV (1.01x105 Nm−2 )(44.8x10−3 m3 )

n=
m =
RT (8.31JK −1mole−1 )(273K)
Fagent dx = (P2 − P1 )dV 
(P2 − P1 ) Axdx = … (i)
= 2.0 moles
Applying PV = constant for two parts, we have
ρV (1.78kg / m3 )(44.8 x10−3 m3
P=
1(V0 + Ax) P0 V0 and P=
2 (V0 − Ax) P0 V0 Mmolar
= =
nm (2.0moles)
P0 V0 P0 V0
P1 = and P2 = = 340.0 x10−3 kg / mole
(V0 + Ax) (V0 − Ax)
(c) This ideal gas is Argon.
P0 V0 (2 Ax) 2P0 V0 V
P2 − P1
∴ = = (d) Internal energy of monoatomic gas=3/2 nRT.
V02 − A2 x2 V02 − V 2

When the volume of the left end is η times the volume

of right end, we have (V0 + V) =η(V0 − V)
 P hysi cs | 13.33

Example 7: Plot P-V, V-T and ρ -T graph corresponding
to the P-T graph for an ideal gas shown in the figure.
P
B C
P-V graph: As P is constant. Therefore, P-V graph is a
straight line parallel to V-axis with VC > VB (because V
∝ T in an isobaric process)
V-T graph: In an isobaric process V ∝ T, i.e., V-T graph
is a straight line passing through the origin, with TC> TB
and VC> VB.

A D ρ -T graph: ρ ∝ 1 (when P = constant), i.e., ρ -T graph

T T
is a hyperbola with TC > TB and ρC > ρB .
Sol: Look for parameter which is constant in the each
process. There is no need to discuss C-D and D-A processes
as they are opposite to AB and BC respectively. The
Process AB is an isothermal process with T = constant
corresponding three graphs are shown above.
and PB> PA.
D
1 V
P-V graph: P ∝ i.e., P-V graph is a hyperbola with P P
V B A B
PB > PA and VB > VA . C
C C
D
V-T graph: T= constant. Therefore, V-T graph is a A B A
straight line parallel to V-axis with VB > VA . V D
T T
PM D
ρ − T graph
= P :ρ or ρ ∝ P . V
P
RT
B A
As T is constant. Therefore,
C ρ − T graph is a straight line B
parallel to ρ -axis with ρB > ρA as PB > PA . C C
A D
Process BC is isobaric process with P = constant
B and A
TC > TB . V T D
T

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.5 State the postulates of Kinetic Theory of gases.

Explain the pressure exerted by an ideal gas.

Q.1 Although the r.m.s. speed of gas molecules is of the

Q.6 Find an expression for the pressure exerted by a
order of the speed of sound in that gas yet on opening
gas and establish its relation with kinetic energy of the
a bottle of ammonia in one corner of a room, its smell
gas.
takes time in reaching the other corner. Explain Why?

Q.7 From Kinetic Theory of gases, explain kinetic

Q.2 The pressure of a gas at – 173°C temperature is
interpretation of temperature and absolute zero.
1 atmosphere, keeping the volume constant, to what
temperature should the gas be heated so that its
pressure becomes 2 atmosphere. Q.8 Explain the concept of mean free path.

Q.3 Explain (i) Boyle’s law (ii) Charle’s law. Why they are
not applicable to real gases at all states?
Q.4 State and explain (i) Guy Isac’s law and (ii) Gas
equation. Distinguish clearly between R and r for a gas.
Q.9 Explain what is meant by Brownian Motion?
Q.10 The density of water is 1000kg/m³. The density of
water vapour at 100°C and 2 atmospheric pressure is
0.6kg m³. The volume of a molecule multiplied by the
1 3 . 3 4 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics
total number gives what is called, molecular volume.
Estimate the ratio (or fraction) of the molecular volume
to the total volume occupied by the water vapour under
the above conditions of temperature and pressure.
Q.11 A 3000cm³ tank contains oxygen at 20°C and a
gauge pressure of 2.5 x 106Pa. Find the mass of the
oxygen in the tank. Take 1 atm = 105 Pa.
Q.12 Calculate the r.m.s. velocity of air molecules at
N.T.P. Given that 22400 c.c. of gas at N.T.P. weight 64 gm.
Q.13 How many collisions per second does each
molecule of a gas make, when average speed of the
molecule is 500ms-1 and mean free path is 2.66 x 10-7 m?
Q.14 Calculate the mean free path of gas molecules, if
number of molecules per cm³ is 3 x 1019 and diameter
of each molecule is 2Å.
Q.15 The diameter of a gas molecules is 2.4 x 10-10m.
Calculate the mean free path at N.T.P. Given Boltzmann
constant k = 1.38 x 10-23 J molecule-1 K-1.
Q.16 Which molecules, ice at 0°C or water 0°C have
greater potential energy and why?
Q.17 An ideal gas is compressed at a constant
temperature, will its internal energy increases of
decrease?
Q.18 Which type of motion of the molecules is
responsible for internal energy of a monoatomic gas?
Q.19 The volume of an ideal gas is V at a pressure P. On
increasing the pressure by ∆ P, the change in volume of
the gas is ( ∆ V1) under isothermal conditions and ( ∆ V2 )
under adiabatic conditions, Is ∆V1 > ∆V2 or vice-versa
and why?
Q.20 200 joule of work is done on a gas to reduce
its volume by coming it. If this change is done under
adiabatic conditions, find out the change in internal
energy of the gas and also the amount of heat absorbed
by the gas?
Q.21 Give briefly the concept of internal energy.
Q.22 Define the four thermodynamic processes. What
is meant by indicator diagram?
Q.23 State the sign conventions used in all
thermodynamic processes.
Q.24 What do you learn by applying first law of
thermodynamics to isothermal and adiabatic processes?
Q.25 Explain what is meant by isothermal operations.
Give some examples.
Q.26 What are adiabatic operations? Enumerate
some examples. State equations representing these
operations.
Q.27 Obtain an expression for work done by a gas in
isothermal expansion.
Q.28 Derive an expression for work done in an adiabatic
process.
Q.29 What are cyclic and non cyclic processes? Calculate
work done in such processes.
Q.30 What are reversible and irreversible processes?
Give some examples of each.
Q.31 What is a heat engine? Obtain an expression for
its efficiency.
Q.32 A tyre pumped to a pressure of 3 atmosphere
suddenly bursts. Calculate the fall in temperature due
to adiabatic expansion. The temperature of air before
expansion is 27°C and value of γ = 1.4.
Q.33 A quantity of air at 27°C and atmospheric pressure
is suddenly compressed to half its original volume. Find
the final (i) pressure and (ii) temperature. Given γ for air
= 1.42.
Q.34 A Cylinder containing one gram mole of gas was
put on boiling water bath and compressed adiabatically
till its temperature rose by 70°C. Calculate the work
done and increase in energy of the gas, γ = 1.5, R = 2
cal. mole-1 K-1.
Q.35 One gram mole of an ideal gas at S.T.P. is subjected
to reversible adiabatic expansion to double its volume.
Find the change in internal energy in the process. Take
γ =1.4.

Q.36 If 1 gram oxygen at 760mm pressure and 0°C has
it volume doubled in an adiabatic change, calculate
the change in internal energy. Take R=2 cal. mole-1 K-1,
J=4.2 J cal-1 and γ =1.4.
Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.1 Find the approx. number of molecules contained in
a vessel of volume 7 litres at 0°C at 1.3 x 105Pascal
(A) 2.4 x 1023 (B) 3 x 1023
(C) 6 x 1023 (D) 4.8 x 1023
Q.2 An ideal gas mixture filled inside a balloon
expands according to the relation PV2/3 = constant. The
temperature inside the balloon is
(A) Increasing (B) Decreasing
(C) Constant (D) Can’t be said
Q.3 A rigid tank contains 35 kg of nitrogen at 6 atm.
Sufficient quality of oxygen is supplied to increase
the pressure to 9 atm, while the temperature remains
constant. Amount of oxygen supplied to the tank is:
(A) 5 kg (B) 10 kg (C) 20 kg (D) 40 kg
Q.4 At temperature T K, the pressure of 4.0g argon in
bulb is p. The bulb is put in a bath having temperature
higher by 50K than the first one. 0.8g of argon gas had
to be removed to maintained original pressure. The
temperature T is equal to
(A) 510 K (B) 200 K (C) 100 K (D) 73 K
Q.5 When 2 gms of a gas are introduced into an
evacuated flask kept at 25°C the pressure is found to be
one atmosphere. If 3 gms of another gas added to the
same flask the pressure becomes 1.5 atmosphere. The
ratio of the molecular weights of these gases will be
(A) 1: 3 (B) 3: 1 (C) 2: 3 (D) 3: 2
Q.6 During an experiment, an ideal gas obeys an
addition equation of state P2V = constant. The
initial temperature and pressure of gas are T and V
respectively. When it expands to volume 2 V, then its
temperature will be?
(A) T   (B) 2 T    (C) 2 T    (D) 2 2 T
P hysi cs | 13.35
Q.7 A barometer tube, containing mercury, is lowered
in a vessel containing mercury until only 50 cm of the
tube is above the level of mercury in the vessel. If the
atmospheric pressure is 75 cm of mercury, what is the
pressure at the top of the tube?
(A) 33.3 kPa (B) 66.7 kPa
(C) 3.33 MPa (D) 6.67 MPa
Q.8 A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass
32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas is P. An
identical vessel containing one mole of He gas (molar
mass 4) at a temperature 3T has a pressure of
(A) P/8 (B) P (C) 2P (D) 8P
Q.9 The ratio of average translational kinetic energy
to rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic molecule
temperature T is
(A) 3 (B) 7/5 (C) 5/3 (D) 3/2
Q.10 One mole of an ideal gas at STP is heated in an
insulated closed container until the average speed of
its molecules is doubled. Its pressure would therefore
increase by factor.
(A) 1.5 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.11 One mole of an ideal gas is contained within
a cylinder by a frictionless piston and is initially at
temperature T. The pressure of the gas is kept constant
while it is heated and its volume doubles. If R is molar
gas constant, the work done by the gas in increasing its
volume is?
(A) RT ln2 (B) 1/2RT (C) RT (D) 3/2 RT
Q.12 A polyatomic gas with six degrees of freedom
does 25J work when it is expanded at constant pressure.
The heat given to the gas is?
(A) 100J (B) 150J (C) 200J (D) 250J
Q.13 In thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed
mass of gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
release 30 joule of heat and 18 joule of work was done
on the gas. It the initial internal energy of the gas was
60 joule, then, the final internal energy will be?
(A) 32 joule (B) 48 joule
(C) 72 joule (D) 96 joule
1 3 . 3 6 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics
Q.14 An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process
obeying the relation PV4/3 = constant. If its initial
temperature is 300 K and then its pressure is increased
upto four times its initial value, then the final
temperature is (in Kelvin)?
(A) 300 2 (B) 300 3 2
(C) 600 (D) 1200
Q.15 1 kg of a gas does 20kJ of work and receives 16kJ
of heat when it its expanded between two states. A
second kind of expansion can be found between the
initial and final state which requires a heat input of 9 kj.
The work done by the gas in the second expansion is:
(A) 32 kJ (B) 5 kJ
(C) -4 kJ (D) 13 kJ
Q.16 A mixture of ideal gases 7 kg of nitrogen and 11
kg of CO2. Then (Take γ for nitrogen and CO2 as 1.4 and
1.3 respectively)
(A) Equivalent molecular weight of the mixture is 36.
(B) Equivalent molecular weight of the mixture is 18.
(C) γ for the mixture is 5/2
(D) γ for the mixture is 4/3
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.1 An ideal mono-atomic gas is taken round the cycle
ABCD as sown in the P-V diagram (see figure). The work
done during the cycle is (1983)
P 2p, V 2p, 2V
B C
A D
p, V p, 2V
(A) PV (B) 2 PV
1 same final volume 2V. The changes in the pressure in
(C) pV (D) Zero
2 A and B are found to be ∆ P and 1.5 ∆ p respectively.
Q.2 At room temperature, the rms speed of the
molecules of a certain diatomic gas is found to be
1930 m/s. The gas is  (1984)
(A) H2 (B) F2 (C) O2 (D) Cl2
Q.3 70 cal of heat are required to raise the temperature
of 2 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at constant pressure
from 30°C to 35°C. The amount of heat required
(in calorie) to raise the temperature of the same gas
through the same range (30°C to 35°C) at constant
volume is  (1985)
(A) 30 (B) 50 (C) 70 (D) 90
Q.4 If one mole of a monatomic gas ( γ =5 / 3) is mixed
with one mole of a diatomic gas ( γ =7/5), the value of
γ for the mixture is  (1988)
(A) 1.40 (B) 150 (C) 1.53 (D) 3.07
Q.5 The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from
120 K to 480 K. If at 120 K the root mean square velocity
of the gas molecules is v, at 480 K it becomes  (1996)
(A) 4 v (B) 2 v (C) v/2 (D) v/4
Q.6 The average translational energy and the rms
speeds of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas at
300 K are 6.21 x 10-21J and 484 m/s respectively. The
corresponding values at 600 K are nearly (assuming
ideal gas behaviour) (1997)
(A) 12.42x10-21 J, 968 m/s
(B) 8.78x10-21 J, 684 m/s
(C) 6.21x10-21 J, 968 m/s
(D) 12.42x10-21 J, 684 m/s
Q.7 A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass
32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas is p. An
identical vessel containing one mole of the gas (molar
mass 4) at a temperature 2T has a pressure of  (1997)
(A) p/8 (B) p (C) 2 p (D) 8 p
Q.8 Two identical containers A and B with frictionless
pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same
temperature and the same volume V. The mass of
the gas in A is mA and that in B is mB. The gas in each
cylinder is now allowed to expand isothermally to the
Then  (1998)
(A) 4mA = 9mB (B) 2mA = 3mB
(C) 3mA = 2mB (D) 9mA = 4mB
 P hysi cs | 13.37

Q.9 A mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles P

of argon at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational B A
modes, the total internal energy of the system is 3P
 (1999)
(A) 4 RT (B) 15 RT (C) 9 RT (D) 11RT
1P
C D
Q.10 A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature 0 1V 3V V
9V
T1, is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless
piston. The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to Column I Column II
a temperature T2 by releasing the piston suddenly.
If L1 and L2 are the lengths of the gas column before (A) Process A → B (p) Internal energy decreases
and after expansion respectively, thenT1/T2 is given by
 (2000) (B) Process B → C (q) Internal energy increases

(A) (L1 / L2 )2/3 (B) (L1 / L2 ) (r) Heat is lost

(C) Process C → D
(C) L2 / L1 (D) (L2 / L1 )2/3
(D) Process D → A (s) Heat is gained

Q.11 An ideal gas is expanding such that pT² = (t) Work is done on the gas
constant. The coefficient of volume expansion of the
gas is (2008)
Q.14 For an ideal gas
1 2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) The change in internal energy in a constant
T T T T
pressure process from temperature T1 to T2 is equal to
nCV (T2 − T1 ) , where CV is the molar heat capacity at
Q.12 Match the following for the given process (2006)
constant volume and n the number of moles of the gas
P
(B) The change in internal energy of the gas and the
30
J work done by the gas are equal in magnitude in an
M adiabatic process
20
(C) The internal energy does not change in an isothermal
10 K L process
3 (D) No heat is added or removed in an adiabatic
10 20 V (m )
process. (1989)
Column I Column II
Q.15 One mole an ideal gas in initial state A undergoes
(p) Q>0
(A) Process J → K a cyclic process ABCA, as shown in figure. Its pressure at
A is P0. Choose the correct option(s) from the following
(q) W<0
(B) Process K → L  (2010)
V
(r) W>0 B
(C) Process L → K 4V0

(s) Q<0
(D) Process M → J
V0 C A

Q.13 One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken T0 T

through a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram.
(A) Internal energies at A and B are the same
column II gives the characteristics involved in the
cycle. Match them with each of the processes given in (B) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 In 4
column I. (2011) P0
(C) Pressure at C is
4
T0
(D) Temperature at C is
4
1 3 . 3 8 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Q.16 The speed of sound in oxygen (O2) at a certain Q.23 The potential energy function for the force
temperature is 460 ms−1. The speed of sound in helium between two atoms in a diatomic molecule is
(He) at the same temperature will be (assumed both a b
gases to be ideal) (2008) approximately given by U(x) = − , where a and b
12
x x6
(A) 460 ms−1 (B) 500 ms−1 are constants and x is the distance between the atoms.
If the dissociation energy of the molecule is D = [U(x =
(C) 650 ms−1 (D) 1420 ms−1
∞) – Uat equilibrium], D is (2010)

Q.17 An insulated container of gas has two chambers b2 b2 b2 b2

(A) (B) (C) (D)
separated by an insulating partition. One of the chambers 2a 12a 4a 6a
has volume V1 and contains ideal gas at pressure P1 and
temperature T1. The other chamber has volume V2 and Q.24 Carnot engine operating between temperatures
contains ideal gas at pressure P2 and temperature T2. If
1
the partition is removed without doing any work on the T1 and T2 has efficiency . When T2 is lowered by 62
6
gas, the final equilibrium temperature of the gas in the 1
K, its efficiency increases to . Then T1 and T2 are,
container will be (2008) 3
T1T2 (P1V1 + P2 V2 ) P1V1T1 + P2 V2 T2 respectively: (2011)
(A) (B)
P1V1T2 + P2 V2 T1 P1V1 + P2 V2 (A) 372 K and 330 K (B) 330 K and 268 K
P1V1T2 + P2 V2 T1 T1T2 (P1V1 + P2 V2 ) (C) 310 K and 248 K (D) 372 K and 310 K
(C) (D)
P1V1 + P2 V2 P1V1T1 + P2 V2 T2
Q.25 Helium gas goes through a cycle ABCDA
Q.18 One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of (consisting of two isochoric and two isobaric lines)
8 × 104 N/m2. The density of the gas is 4 kg m-3. What as shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is nearly:
is the energy of the gas due to its thermal motion? (Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas) (2012)
 (2009)
(A) 3 × 104 J (B) 5 × 104 J 2P0
B C

(C) 6 × 104 J (D) 7 × 104 J

P0 D
A
Q.19 Assuming the gas to be ideal the work done on
the gas in taking it from A to B is (2009)
V0 2V0
(A) 200 R (B) 300 R (C) 400 R (D) 500 R
(A) 15.4% (B) 9.1% (C) 10.5% (D) 12.5%
Q.20 The work done on the gas in taking it from D to A
is (2009)
Q.26 A Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, takes
(A) – 414 R (B) + 414 R in heat from a source maintained at a temperature of
500 K It is desired to have an engine of efficiency 60%.
(C) – 690 R (D) + 690 R
Then, the intake temperature for the same exhaust
(sink) temperature must be (2012)
Q.21 The net work done on the gas in the cycle ABCDA
is (2009) (A) Efficiency of Carnot engine cannot be made larger
than 50%
(A) Zero (B) 276 R
(B) 1200 K
(C) 1076 R (D) 1904 R
(C) 750 K

Q.22 A diatomic ideal gas is used in a Car engine as the
working substance. If during the adiabatic expansion
part of the cycle, volume of the gas increases from V to
32V the efficiency of the engine is (2010)
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.75 (C) 0.99 (D) 0.25
(D) 600 K
Q.27 An ideal gas enclosed in a vertical cylindrical
container supports a freely moving piston of mass M.
The piston and the cylinder have equal cross sectional
area A. When the piston is in equilibrium, the volume of
 P hysi cs | 13.39

the gas is V0 and its pressure is P0. The piston is slightly (i) Sequentially keeping in contact with 2 reservoirs
displaced from the equilibrium position and released. such that each reservoir supplies same amount of heat.
Assuming that the system is completely isolated from
(ii) Sequentially keeping in contact with 8 reservoirs
its surrounding, the piston executes a simple harmonic
such that each reservoir supplies same amount of heat.
motion with frequency: (2013)
In both the cases body is brought from initial
1 AγP0 1 V0MP0
(A) (B) temperature 100°C to final temperature 200°C. Entropy
2π V0M 2π A 2 γ changes of the body in the two cases respectively is
2  (2015)
1 A γP0 1 MV0
(C) (D) (A) ln 2, 4 ln2 (B) ln 2, ln 2
2π MV0 2π AγP0
(C) ln 2, 2 ln 2 (D) 2 ln 2, 8 ln 2

Q.28 One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a

Q.31 Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated
cyclic process ABC as shown in figure. The process
closed chamber. As the gas undegoes an adiabatic
BC is adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B and C are
expansion, the average time of collision between
400 K, 800 K and 600 K respectively. Choose the correct
molecules increases as Vq, where V is the volume of the
statement (2014)
B  C 
800 K gas. The value of q is :  γ = P  (2015)
 Cv 

P
3γ + 5 3γ − 5
600 K (A) (B)
A C 6 6
400 K
γ +1 γ −1
V (C) (D)
2 2
(A) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic
process is 250R Q.32 ‘n’ moles of an ideal gas undergoes a process
(B) The change in internal energy in the process CA is A →B as shown in the figure. The maximum temperature
700R of the gas during the process will be: (2016)

(C) The change in internal energy in the process AB is P

–350R
2P0 A
(D) The change in internal energy in the process BC is
– 500R
P0 B

Q.29 Consider a spherical shell of radius R at

V
temperature T. The black body radiation inside it can V0 2V0
be considered as an ideal gas of photons with internal
U 3P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0
energy per unit volume u = ∝ T 4 and pressure (A) (B) (C) (D)
V 2nR 2nR nR 4nR
1 U 
P =   . If the shell now undergoes an adiabatic
3 V  Q.33 An ideal gas undergoes a quasi static, reversible
expansion the relation between T and R is (2015) process in which its molar heat capacity C remains
constant. If during this process the relation of pressure
(A) T ∝ e−R (B) T ∝ e−3R P and volume V is given by PVn = constant, then n is
given by (Here Cp and CV are molar specific heat at
1 1
(C) T ∝ (D) T ∝ constant pressure and constant volume, respectively):
R R3  (2016)
C − Cp Cp − C
Q.30 A solid body of constant heat capacity 1 J/°C is (A) n = (B) n =
C − Cv C − Cv
being heated by keeping it in contact with reservoirs
in two ways: Cp
C − Cv
(C) n = (D) n =
C − Cp Cv
1 3 . 4 0 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.9 An ideal gas has a molar heat capacity CV at

Q.1 A closed vessel of volume V0 contains oxygen at
a pressureP0 and temperatureT0. Another closed vessel
of the same volume V0 contains helium at a pressure
P0 and temperatureT0/2. Find ratio of the masses of
oxygen to the helium.
constant volume. Find the molar heat capacity of this
gas as a function of volume, if the gas undergoes the
process: T = T0eαV .
V

Q.2 V-T curve for 2 moles of a gas is straight line as 1

shown in the graph here. Find the pressure of gas at A. T

V(lit.) B Q.10 One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas undergoes

a process as shown in the figure. Find the molar specific
A heat of the gas in the process.
o
53
T(K) Q.11 The pressure of an ideal gas changes with volumes
as P = aV where ‘a’ is a constant. One mole of this gas is
Q.3 A gas is undergoing an adiabatic process. At a
expanded to 3 times its original volume V0 . Find
certain stage A, the values of volume and temperature
= (V0 , T0 ) and the magnitude of the slope of V-T curve (i) The heat transferred in the process.
is m. Find the value of CP and CV .
(ii) The heat capacity of the gas

Q.4 Find the molecular mass of a gas if the specific

Q.12 In a cycle ABCA consisting of isothermal expansion
heats of the gas are CP = 0.2 cal/gm°C and CV =0.15
AB, isobaric compression BC and adiabatic compression
cal/gm°C. [Take R = 2 cal/mole°C]
CA, find the efficiency of cycle.
A
A
Q.5 The average degrees of freedom per molecules P
for a gas is 6. The gas performs 25 J of work when it
expands at constant pressure. Find the heat absorbed B
C
by the gas. >V
V0 2V0

Q.6 A mixture of 4gm helium and 28 gm of nitrogen in

enclosed in a vessel of constant volume 300 K. Find the
quantity of heat absorbed by the mixture to double the
room mean velocity of its molecules. (R = Universal gas
constant)
Q.7 One mole of an ideal gas is compressed from
0.5 lit to 0.25 lit. During the compression, 23.04 x 10² J
of work is done on the gas and heat is removed to keep
the temperature of the gas constant at all times. Find
the temperature of the gas. (Take universal gas constant
R = 8.31 J mol-1K-1)
(Given: TA= TB= 400K,=
γ 1.5 )
Q.13 A highly conduction solid cylinder of radius a
and length  is surrounded by co-axial layer of a
material having thermal conductivity K and negligible
heat capacity. Temperature of surrounding space (out
side the layer) is T0, which is higher than temperature
of the cylinder. If heat capacity per unit volume of
cylinder material is s and outer radius of the layer is b,
calculate time required to increase temperature of the
cylinder from T1 to T2. Assume and faces to be thermally
insulated.

Q.8 Ideal diatomic gas is taken through a process

Q.14 A vertical brick duct (tube) is filled with cast iron.
∆Q =2∆U . Find the molar heat capacity for the process
The lower end of the duct is maintained at a temperature
(where ∆ Q is the heat supplied and ∆ U is change in
T1 which is greater than the melting point Tm of cast iron
internal energy)
 P hysi cs | 13.41

and the upper end at a temperature T2 which is less than
the temperature of the melting point of cast iron. It is
given that the conductivity of liquid cast iron is equal to
k times the conductivity solid cast iron. Determine the
fraction of the duct filled with molten metal.
Q.19 At a temperature of T0 = 273°K, two moles of
an ideal gas undergoes a process as shown. The total
amount of heat imparted to the gas equals Q = 27.7 kJ.
Determine the ratio of molar specific heat capacities.
T
C

k A
273 K B

V 4V
h

Q.20 A cylinder containing a gas is closed by a

Q.15 A lagged stick of cross section area 1cm² and
length 1 m is initially at a temperature of 10°C. It is then
kept between 2 reservoirs of temperature 100°C and
0°C. Specific heat capacity is 10 J/kg°C and linear mass
density is 2 kg/m. Find
o o
100 C 0C
x 1
movable piston. The cylinder is submerged in an ice-
water mixture. The piston is quickly pushed down from
position 1 to position 2. The piston is held at position
2 until the gas is again at 0°C and then slowly raised
back to position 1. Represent the whole process on P-V
diagram. If m = 100 gm of ice are melted during the
cycle, how much work is done on the gas, Latent heat
of ice = 80 cal/gm.

(a) Temperature gradient along the rod in steady state. 2

(b) Total heat absorbed by the rod to reach steady state.

Q.16 A cylindrical block of length 0.4 m and area of

cross-section 0.04m² is placed coaxially on a thin metal Q.21 A parallel beam of particles of mass m moving with
disc of mass 0.4 kg and of the same cross-section. The velocities v impinges on a wall at an angle θ to its normal.
upper face of the cylinder is maintained at a constant The number of particles per unit volume in the beam is
temperature of 400K and the initial temperature of the n. If the collision of particles with the wall is elastic, then
disc is 300K. If the thermal conductivity of the material of find the pressure exerted by this beam on the wall.
the cylinder is 10 watt/m-K and the specific heat of the
material of the disc in 600 J/kg-K, how long will it take for Q.22 For the thermodynamic process shown in the figure.
the temperature of the disc to increase to 350K? Assume, 5
for purposes of calculation, the thermal conductivity= of PA 1x10 = Pa;PB 0.3 x105 Pa
the disc to be very high and the system to be thermally= PD 0.6x10
= 5
Pa; VA 0.20litre VD = 1.30litre
insulated expect for the upper face of the cylinder.
P

Q.17 A liquid takes 5 minutes to cool from 80°C to PA A

50°C. How much time will it take to cool from 60°C
to 30°C? The temperature of surrounding is 20°C. Use PD D
exact method. PD B C

V
Q.18 An ideal gas at NTP is enclosed in an adiabatic VA VC VD
vertical cylinder having area of cross section A = 27 cm²,
(a) Find the work performed by the system along path AD.
between two light movable pistons as shown in the
figure. Spring with force constant k = 3700 N/m is in (b) If the total work done by the system along the path
a relaxed state initially. Now the lower piston is moved ADC is 85J find the volume at point C.
upwards a height h/2, h being the initial length of gas
(c) How much work is performed by the system along
column. It is observed that the upper piston moves up
the path CDA?
by a distance h/16. Find h taking γ for the gas to be 1.5.
Also find the final temperature of the gas.
1 3 . 4 2 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics
Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.1 A perfect gas of a given mass is heated first in
small vessel and then in a large vessel, such that their
volumes remain unchanged. The P-T curves are
(A) Parabolic with same curvature and v = 0.0049m³. The ratio of specific heat of the gas
(B) Parabolic with different curvature
(C) Linear with same slopes
(D) Linear with different slopes
Q.2 An open and wide glass tube is immersed vertically
in mercury in such a way that length 0.05 m extends
above mercury level. The open end of the tube is closed
and the tube is raised further by 0.43 m. The length of
air column above mercury level in the tube will be? Take
Patm = 76cm of mercury.
(A) 0.215 m (B) 0.2 m (C) 0.1 m (D) 0.4 m
Q.3 A container X has volume double that of container
Y and both are connected by a thin tube. Both contains
same ideal gas. The temperature of X is 200K and that
of Y is 400 K. If mass of gas in X is m then Y it will be:
(A) m/8 (B) m/6 (C) m/4 (D) m/2
Q.4 An ideal gas of Molar mass M is contained in a
vertical tube of height H, closed at both ends. The tube
is accelerating vertically upwards with acceleration g.
Then, the ratio of pressure at the bottom and the mid
point of the tube will be
(A) exp[2MgH/RT] (B) exp[-2MgH/RT]
(C) exp[MgH/RT] (D) MgH/RT
Q.5 Two monoatomic ideal gas at temperature T1 and
T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the masses
of molecules of the two gases are m1 and m2 and
number of their molecules are n1 and n2 respectively.
The temperature of the mixture will be?
T1 + T2 T1 T2
(A) n + n (B) s + (C) The temperature of B is 11604 K
1 2 n1 n2
n2 T1 + n1T2 n1T1 + n2 T2
(C) (D)
n1 + n2 n1 + n2
Q.6 At temperature T, N molecules of gas A each having
mass m and at the same temperature 2N molecules of
gas B each having mass 2m are filled in a container. The
mean square velocity of molecules of gas B is v 2 and
mean square of x component of velocity of molecules
of gas A is w2 . The ratio of w2 / v 2 is?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
Q.7 A reversible adiabatic path on a P-V diagram for an
ideal gas passes through state A where P=0.7x105 N/m-2
is 1.4. The slope of path at A is?
(A) 2.0 x107 Nm−5 (B) 1.0 x107 Nm−5
(C) −2.0 x107 Nm−5 (D) −1.0 x107 Nm−5
Q.8 A cylinder made of perfectly non conducting
material closed at both ends is divided into two equal
parts by a heat proof piston. Both parts of the cylinder
contain the same masses of a gas at a temperature
t0 = 27°C and pressure P0 =1 atm. Now if the gas in
one of the parts is slowly heated to t = 57°C while
the temperature of first part is maintained at t0 the
distance moved by the piston from the middle of the
cylinder will be (length of the cylinder = 84cm)
(A) 3cm (B) 5cm (C) 2cm (D) 1cm
Q.9 A vessel contains an ideal monoatomic gas which
expands at constant pressure, when heat Q is given to
it. Then the work done in expansion is:
3 2 2
(A) Q (B) Q (C) Q (D) Q
5 5 3
Multiple Correct Choice Type
Q.10 Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities of
0.81 respectively. The outer surface areas of the two
bodies are the same. The two bodies radiate energy at
the same rate. The wavelength λB , corresponding to
the maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from
B, is shifted from the wavelength corresponding to the
maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from A by
1.00 µm . If the temperature of A is 5802 K,
(A) The temperature of B is 1934K
(B) λB= 1.5 µm
(D) The temperature of B is 2901 K
Q.11 During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to
obey a condition VP² = constant. The gas is initially
at a temperature T, pressure P and volume V. The gas
expands to volume 4V.

P Q.15 The figure shows a radiant energy spectrum graph
(A) The pressure of gas changes to
2 for a black body at a temperature T. Choose the correct
(B) The temperature of gas changes to 4T
(C) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is
parabola
(D) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is
hyperbola.
Q.12 The total kinetic energy of translatory motion
of all the molecules of 5 litres of nitrogen exerting a
pressure P is 3000 J.
(A) The total K.E. of 10 litres of N2 at a pressure of 2P is
3000 J
(B) The total K.E. of 10 litres of He at a pressure of 2P
is 3000 J
(C) The total K.E. of 10 litres of Q2 at a pressure of 2P is
20000 J
(D) The total K.E. of 10 litres of Ne at a pressure of 2P
is 12000 J
Q.13 A container holds 1026 molecules/m³, each of mass
3 x 10-27 kg. Assume that 1/6 of the molecules move
with velocity 2000 m/s directly towards one wall of the
container while the remaining 5/6 of the molecules
move either away from the wall or in perpendicular
direction, and all collisions of the molecules with the
wall are elastic
(A) Number of molecules hitting 1 m² of the wall every
second is 3.33 x 1028.
(B) Number of molecules hitting 1 m² of the wall every
second is 2 x 1029.
(C) Pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is
24 x 105 Pa.
(D) Pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is
4 x 105 Pa.
Q.14 Two gases have the same initial pressure, volume
and temperature. They expand to the same final volume,
one adiabatically and the other isothermally
(A) The final temperature is greater for the isothermal
process
(B) The final pressure is greater for the isothermal
process
(C) The work done by the gas is greater for the
isothermal process.
(D) All the above options are incorrect
P hysi cs | 13.43
statement(s)
dE
T
d
O m 
(A) The radiant energy is not equally distributed among
all the possible wavelengths
(B) For a particular wavelength the spectral intensity is
maximum
(C) The area under the curve is equal to the total rate at
which heat is radiated by the body at that temperature
(D) None of these
Q.16 Two metallic sphere A and B are mode of same
material and have got identical surface finish. The mass
of sphere A is four times that of B. Both the spheres are
heated to the same temperature and placed in a room
having lower temperature but thermally insulated from
each other.
(A) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 24/3.
(B) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B 22/3.
(C) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to that of
B is 2-2/3.
(D) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to that of
B is 2-4/3.
Q.17 50 gm ice at = 10°C is mixed with 20 gm steam at
100°C. When the mixture finally reaches its steady state
inside a calorimeter of water equivalent 1.5 gm then:
[Assume calorimeter was initially at 0°C, take latent
heat of vaporization of water = 1 cal/gm-°C, specific
heat capacity of ice = 0.5 cal/gm°C]
(A) Mass of water remaining is: 67.4 gm
(B) Mass of water remaining is: 67.87 gm
(C) Mass of steam remaining is: 2.6 gm
(D) Mass of steam remaining is: 2.13 gm
Q.18 A gas expands such that it is initial and final
temperature are equal. Also, the process followed by
the gas traces a straight line on the P-V diagram:
(A) The temperature of the gas remains constant
throughout.
(B) The temperature of the gas first increases and then
decreases.
1 3 . 4 4 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

(C) The temperature of the gas first decreases and then Q.21 If the temperature of the body is raised to higher
increases. temperature T’, then choose the correct statement(s)
(D) The straight line has a negative slopes (A) The intensity of radiation for every wavelength
increases
Q.19 A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the P-V (B) The maximum intensity occurs at a shorter
diagram. Which of the following curves represents the wavelength
same process if BC & DA are isothermal processes.
(C) The area under the graph increases
A B
(D) The area under the graph is proportional to the
fourth power of temperature
P
C
Paragraph 2:
D
V Two rods A and B of same cross-sectional area A
and length / connected in series between a source
A B D C (T1 =100°C) and a sink (T2 = 0°C) as shown in figure. The
rod is laterally insulated
(A) (B)
P C V T1 T2
B
D A o 3K K o
100 C 0C
T T  

B A B Q.22 The ratio of the thermal resistance of the rod is

A RA 1 R
(C) (D) (A) = (B) A = 3
P V RB 3 RB
C
D D C RA 3 4
(C) = (D)
T T RB 4 3

Q.23 If TA and TB are the temperature drops across the

Comprehension Type
rod A and B, then
Paragraph 1: TA T
3 1
(A) = (B) A =
TB 1 TB 3
dE T
TA 3 T 4
d (C) = (D) A =
TB 4 TB 3

O m 
Q.24 If GA and GB are the temperature gradients across
the rod A and B, then
Q.20 The figure shows a radiant energy spectrum graph
for a black body at a temperature T. GA 3 G 1
(A) = (B) A =
Choose the correct statement (s) GB 1 GB 3

(A) The radiant energy is not equally distributed among GA 3 G 4

(C) = (D) A =
all the possible wave lengths GB 4 GB 3
(B) For a particular wavelength the spectral intensity is
maximum Paragraph 3:
(C) The area under the curve is equal to the total rate at In fluids heat transfer tales place and molecules of
which heat is radiated by the body at that temperature. the medium takes very active part. The molecules
(D) None of these take energy from high temperature zone and move
towards low temperature zone. This method is known
 P hysi cs | 13.45

as convection, when we require heat transfer with fast Q.29 The work done in the complete cycle ABCA is
phase, we use some mechanism to make the flow of fluid
on the body fast. The rate of loss of heat is proportional (A) 90 J (B) 60 J (C) 0 J (D) 30 J
to velocity of fluid (v), and temperature difference ( ∆ T)
between the body any fluid, of course more the surface
area of body more the rate of loss of heat. We can write Paragraph 5:
dQ Five moles of helium are mixed with two moles of
the rate of loss of heat as = KAv∆T
dt hydrogen to form a mixture. Take molar mass of helium
M1 = 4g and that of hydrogen M2 = 2g
Where K is positive constant.
Now answer the following questions
Q.30 The equivalent molar mass of the mixture is
13g
Q.25 A body is being cooled with fluid. When we (A) 6g (B)
increase the velocity of fluid 4 times and decrease the 7
temperature difference 1/2 time, the rate of loss of heat 18g
(C) (D) None
increases. 7
(A) Four times (B) Two times
Q.31 The equivalent degree of freedom f of the mixture
(C) Six times (D) No change is
(A) 3.57 (B) 1.14 (C) 4.4 (D) None
Q.26 In the above question if mass of the body
increased two times, without change in any of the other
parameters, the rate of cooling Q.32 The equivalent value of γ is

(A) Decreases (A) 1.59 (B) 1.53 (C) 1.56 (D) None

(B) Increases
Q.33 If the internal energy of He sample of 100J and
(C) No effect of change of mass that of the hydrogen sample is 200J, then the internal
(D) None of these energy of the mixture is
(A) 900J (B) 128.5J
Paragraph 4: (C) 171.4J (D) 300J
When a thermo-dynamic process is shown on P-V
diagram, area under curve represents work done Match the Column
during process. During cyclic process work done is
area enclosed. The P-V graph for a thermodynamically Q.34 An ideal gas at pressure P and volume V is
system is shown in figure. expanded to volume 2V. Column I represents the
thermodynamic processes used during expansion.
20 A column II represents the work during these processes
Pressure P (in Nm )
-2

in the random order.

10
B Column I Column II
C

(p) isobaric PV(1 − 21−γ )

(x)
6 12 γ −1
3
Volume V (in m )
(q) isothermal (y) PV
Q.27 The work done by the system in the process A to
B is (r) adiabatic (z) PV/n 2

(A) 90 J (B) 60 J (C) 0 J (D) 30J
Q.28 The work done in the process B to C is
(A) -90 J (B) -60 J (C) 0 J (D) -30J
The correct matching of column I and column II is given
by:
(A) p-y, q-z, r-x (B) p-y, q-x, r-z
(C) p-x, q-y, r-z (D) p-z, q-y, r-x
1 3 . 4 6 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Previous Years’ Questions  

 
Q.1 When the ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant
pressure the fraction of the heat energy supplied which
increases the internal energy of the gas is (1990)
2 3 3 5 T T
(A) (B) (C) (D) T T+T T T+T
5 5 7 7 T T
 T T+T  T T+T

Q.2 A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of oxygen  

and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K. The ratio of the
average rotational kinetic energy per O2 molecule to
per N2 molecule is (1998)
T T
(A) 1: 1 T T+T T T+T
T T
(B) 1: 2 T T+T T T+T
(C) 2: 1
(D) Depends on the moment of inertia of the two Q.7 P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes
molecules are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond
respectively to  (2001)
Q.3 Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain P
equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K. The
piston of A is free to move, while that of B is held fixed.
The same amount of heat is given to the gas in each
1
cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas in A is 30 K,
then the rise in temperature of the gas in B is  (1998) 2
V
(A) 30 K (B) 18 K (C) 50 K (D) 42 K
(A) He and O2 (B) O2and He
Q.4 The ratio of the speed of sound in nitrogen gas to
(C) He and Ar (D) O2and N2
that in helium gas, at 300 K is (1999)

(A) (2 / 7) (B) (1/ 7) Q.8 An ideal gas is taken through the cycle
A → B → C → A, as shown in the figure. If the net heat
(C) ( 3) / 5 (D) ( 6) / 5 supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5J, the work done by
the gas in the process C → A is (2002)
Q.5 Starting with the same initial conditions, and ideal 3
V(m )
gas expands from volume V1 to V2 in three different
ways. The work done by the gas is W1 if the process 2 C B
is purely isothermal, W2 if purely isobaric and W3 if
purely adiabatic, then (2000)
(A) W2 > W1 > W3 ; (B) W2 > W3 > W1 1 A

(C) W1 > W2 > W3 ; (D) W1 > W3 > W2

10 p(N/m )
2

Q. 6 An ideal gas is initially at temperature T and volume

V. Its volume is increased by ∆V due to an increase
in temperature ∆T , pressure remaining constant. The
quantity= δ V / V∆T varies with temperature as ( 2000)
(A) -5J (B) -10 J (C) -15 J (D) -20 J
Q.9 Liquid oxygen at 50 K is heated to 300 K at constant
pressure of 1 atm. The rate of heating is constant.
Which of the following graphs represent the variation
of temperature with time? (2004)
 P hysi cs | 13.47

Temp
Temp Temp
Temp Q.12 The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a
distance 2L from the top. The pressure in the cylinder
between its top and the piston will then be (2007)
(A) (B)
(A) (B)
Time P0
Time
Time Time (A) P0 (B)
2
P0 Mg P0 Mg
Temp Temp (C) + (D) −
Temp Temp 2 πR 2 2 πR 2

(C) (D) Q.13 Whilethe piston is at a distance 2L from the top,

(C) (D)
Time Time
Time the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then released,
Time
to a position where it can stay in equilibrium. In this
condition, the distance of the piston from the top is
 (2007)
Q.10 An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume  2P πR 2   P πR 2 − Mg 
V1 to V2 and then compressed to original volume V1 (A)  0  (2L) (B)  0  (2L)
 πR 2P + Mg   πR 2P 
adiabatically. Initial pressure is P1 and final pressure is  0   0 
P3 . The total work done is W. Then, (2004)
 P πR 2 + Mg   P πR 2 
(A) P3 > P1 , W > 0 (B=
) P3 P1 , W > 0 (C)  0  (2L) (D)  0  (2L)
 πR 2P   πR 2P − Mg 
(C) P3 > P1 , W < 0 (D=
) P3 P1=
,W 0  0   0 

Q.14 The piston is take completely out of the cylinder.

Q.11 Statement-I The total translational kinetic energy
of all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is
1.5 times the product of its pressure and its volume
Statement-II The molecules of a gas collide with each
other and the velocities of the molecules change due to
the collision. (2007)
The hole at the top is sealed. A water tank is brought
below the cylinder and put in a position so that the
water surface in the tank is at the same level as the top
of the cylinder as shown in the figure. The density of
the water is ρ . In equilibrium, the height H of the water
column in the cylinder satisfies  (2007)

(A) If statement-I is true, statement-II is true;

statement-II is the correct explanation for statement-I
(B) If statement-I is true, statement-II is true;
statement-II is not a correct explanation for statement-I
(C) If Statement-I is true; statement true is false L0
(D) If Statement-I is false; statement-II is true
H
Paragraph 1:
A fixed thermally conducting cylinder has a radius R
and height L0 . The cylinder is open at its bottom and (A) ρg(L0 − H)2 + p0 (L0 − H) + L0 p0 =
0
has a small hole at its top. A piston of mass M is held at
(B) ρg(L0 − H)2 − p0 (L0 − H) − L0 p0 =
0
a distance L from the top surface as shown in the figure.
The atmospheric pressure is P0 . (C) ρg(L0 − H)2 + p0 (L0 − H) − L0 p0 =
0
2R
(D) ρg(L0 − H)2 − p0 (L0 − H) + L0 p0 =
0
L

Q.15 C v and Cp denote the molar specific heat

L0
capacities of a gas at constant volume and constant
pressure, respectively. Then,  (2009)
(A) CP − CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a
Piston monoatomic ideal gas
1 3 . 4 8 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

(B) CP + CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a

Column I Column II
monoatomic ideal gas
C (B) An ideal monoatomic gas (p) The temperature
(C) P is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a expands to twice its original of the gas increases
CV
volume such that its pressure or remains constant
monoatomic ideal gas
1
(D) CP *CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a p∝ , where V is the volume
V2
monoatomic ideal gas
of the gas.
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas (q) The gas loses
Q.16 The figure shows the P-V plot an ideal gas taken
expands to twice its original heat
through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABC is a semi-circle
volume such that its pressure
and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then,  (2009)
1
p∝ , where V is its volume.
4/3
P V
A
3
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas (r) The gas gains
2 D expands such that its pressure heat
B
p and volume V follows the
1
C behaviour shown in the graph.

0 1 2 3 V P

(A) The process during the path A → B is isothermal

(B) Heat flows out of the gas during the path B → C → D
(C) Work done during the path A → B → C is zero
V
V1 2V1
(D) Positive work is done by the gas in the cycle ABCDA

Match the Columns

Q.17 Column I contains a list of processes involving
expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with column II
describing the thermodynamic change during this
process. Indicate your answer by darkening the
appropriate bubbles of the 4 x 4 matrix given in the
ORS.  (2008)
Q.18 A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its (2010)
(A) Pressure and temperature are both high
(B) Pressure and temperature are both low
(C) Pressure is high and temperature is low
(D) Pressure is low and temperature is high

Q.19 One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A

Column I Column II
undergoes a cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure.
(A) An insulated container has two (p) The temperature Its pressure at A is P0. Choose the correct option(s) from
chambers separated by a valve. of the gas decreases the following: (2010)
Chamber I contains an ideal gas V
and the Chamber II has vacuum.
The valve is opened.
4V0 B

I II A
Ideal gas Vacuum V0 C
T
T0

(A) Internal energies at Aand B are the same

(B) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 ln 4
P0
(C) Pressure at C is
4
T0
(D) Temperature at C is
4

Q.20 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically
compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial temperature
to be T1, the work done in the process is (2011)
9 3 15 9
(A) RT (B) RT (C) RT (D) RT
8 1 2 1 8 1 2 1
Q.21 A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic
mass = 4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic mass
= 40 amu) is kept at 300 K in a container. The ratio of
 V (helium) 
the rms speeds  rms  is (2012)
 Vrms (argon) 
(A) 0.32 (B) 0.45 (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
Q.22 Two non-reactive monoatomic ideal gases have their
atomic masses in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of their partial
pressures, when enclosed in a vessel kept at a constant
temperature, is 4 : 3. The ratio of their densities is (2013)
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 6 : 9 (D) 8 : 9
Q.23 A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial
state i with internal energy Ui = 100 J to the final state
f along two different paths iaf and ibf, as schematically
shown in the figure. The work done by the system along
the paths af, ib and bf are Waf = 200 J, Wib = 50 J and Wbf =
100 J respectively. The heat supplied to the system along
the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf, Qib and Qbf respectively.
If the internal energy of the system in the state b is
Ub = 200 J and Qiaf = 500 J, the ratio Qbf / Qib is (2014)
a
f
P
i b
v the value of a is
Q.24 A container of fixed volume has a mixture of
one mole of hydrogen and one mole of helium in
equilibrium at temperature T. Assuming the gases are
ideal, the correct statement(s) is(are) (2015)
(A) The average energy per mole of the gas mixture is 2RT.
(B) The ratio of speed of sound in the gas mixture to
that in helium gas is.
(C) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to that
of hydrogen molecules is 1/2.
(D) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to that
of hydrogen molecules is.
P hysi cs | 13.49
Q.25 A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can
cool water at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed
circulation system (as shown schematically in the
figure), the water from the cooler is used to cool an
external device that generates constantly 3 kW of heat
(thermal load). The temperature of water fed into the
device cannot exceed 30°C and the entire stored 120
litres of water is initially cooled to 10°C. The entire
system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of
P (in watts) for which the device can be operated for 3
hours is
Cooler Device
Hot
Cold
(Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1 and the density
of water is 1000 kg m-3) (2016)
(A) 1600 (B) 2067 (C) 2533 (D) 3933
Q.26 A cylindrical vessel of height 500 mm has an orifice
(small hole) at its bottom. The orifice is initially closed
and water is filled in it upto height H. Now the top is
completely sealed with a cap and the orifice at the bottom
is opened. Some water comes out from the orifice and
the water level in the vessel becomes steady with height
of water column being 200 mm. Find the fall in height (in
mm) of water level due to opening of the orifice.
[Take atmospheric pressure = 1.0 × 105 N/m2, density of
water = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 10 m/s2. Neglect any effect
of surface tension.]  (2009)
Q.27 A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically
1
to of its initial volume. If the initial temperature of
32
the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) and the final temperature is aTi,
(2010)
Q.28 One mole of a monatomic gas is taken through
a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram. column
II give the characteristics involved in the cycle. Match
them with each of the processes given in column I.
 (2011)
P
B A
3P
1P C D
0 1V 3V 9V V
1 3 . 5 0 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Q.30 If the piston is pushed at a speed of 5 mms–1, the

Column I Column II
air comes out of the nozzle with a speed of
(A) Process A → B (p) Internal energy decreases
(A) 0.1 ms–1 (B) 1 ms–1 (C) 2 ms–1 (D) 8 ms–1
(B) Process B → C (q) Internal energy increases.
Q.31 If the density of air is ρa and that of the liquid ρ ,
(C) Process C → D (r) Heat is lost
then for a given piston speed the rate (volume per unit
(s) Heat is gained time) at which the liquid is sprayed will be proportional
(D) Process D → A
to
(t) Work is done on the gas
ρa ρ
(A) (B) ρaρ (C) (D) ρ
ρ ρa
Q.29 The figure shows the variation of specific heat
capacity (C) of a solid as a function of temperature Q.32 An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a horizontal
(T). The temperature is increased continuously from cylinder by a spring loaded piston (as shown in the
0 to 500 K at a constant rate. Ignoring any volume figure). Initially the gas is at temperature T1, pressure P1
change, the following statement(s) is (are) correct to a and volume V1 and the spring is in its relaxed state.
reasonable approximation. (2013)

C
100 200 300 400 500
T(K)
(A) The rate at which heat is absorbed in the range
0-100 K varies linearly with temperature T.
(B) Heat absorbed in increasing the temperature from
0-100 K is less than the heat required for increasing the
temperature from 400 – 500 K.
(C) There is no change in the rate of heat absorption in
range 400 – 500 K.
(D) The rate of heat absorption increases in the range
200 – 300 K.
Paragraph 1:
A spray gun is shown in the figure where a piston
pushes air out of a nozzle. A thin tube of uniform cross
section is connected to the nozzle. The other end of the
tube is in a small liquid container. As the piston pushes
air through the nozzle, the liquid from the container
rises into the nozzle and is sprayed out. For the spray
gun shown, the radii of the piston and the nozzle are
20 mm and 1 mm respectively. The upper end of the
container is open to the atmosphere. (2014)
The gas is then heated very slowly to temperature
T2, pressure P2 and volume V2. During this process
the piston moves out by a distance x. Ignoring the
friction between the piston and the cylinder, the correct
statement(s) is(are)  (2015)
(A) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy stored in
1
the spring is P1 V1
4
(B) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the change in internal
energy is 3P1V1
(C) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the work done by the
7
gas is P V
3 1 1
(D) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the heat supplied to
17
the gas is P V
6 1 1
Q.33 A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable
frictionless piston. Its initial thermodynamic state at
pressure Pi = 105 Pa and volume Vi = 10-3 m3 changes
to a final state at Pf = (1/32) × 105 Pa and Vf = 8 × 10-3
m3 in an adiabatic quasi-static process, such that P3V5
= constant. Consider another thermodynamic process
that brings the system from the same initial state to the
same final state in two steps: an isobaric expansion at
Pi followed by an isochoric (isovolumetric) process at
volume Vf. The amount of heat supplied to the system
in the two-step process is approximately (2016)
(A) 112 J (B) 294 J (C) 588 J (D) 813 J
 P hysi cs | 13.51

MASTERJEE Essential Questions

JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q. 11 Q.20 Q.32 Q.12 Q.15 Q.18
Q.33 Q.34 Q.35 Q.19 Q.22
Q.36

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.4 Q.5 Q.15 Q.8 Q.10 Q.11
Q.16 Q.17 Q.20
Q.28 Q.29 Q.30

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1

2x(273 − 173)
Q.2 P1 / T1 P2=
= / T2 or T2 P2 T1 / P1 = 200K =
= − 73°C
1
Q.10 6 x 10-4 Q.11 0.103 kg Q.13 1.88 x 109 s-1

Q.14 1.87 x 10-7 m Q.15 1.47 x 10-7 m

Q.17 No, because internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature of the gas
∆V1
Q.18 Translational motion of molecules. Q.19 =γ. As γ > 1, ∴( ∆ V1 ) > ( ∆ V2 )
∆V2
Q.20 Internal energy increasing by 200 J. Heat absorbed is zero.

Q.32 80.8°C Q.33 (i) 2.675 atm (ii) 128.3°C

Q.34 -1176 joule, -280 cal Q.35 – 1374 J Q.36 – 43.38 J

1 3 . 5 2 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 B
Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 D Q.10 D Q.11 C Q.12 A
Q.13 B Q.14 A Q.15 D Q.16 A

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 B Q4 B Q.5 B Q.6 D

Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 D Q.10 D Q.11 C

Q.12 A → s; B → r, p; C → p; D → s Q.13 A → p; r, t; B → p, r; C → q, s; D → r, t Q.14 A, B, C, D

Q.15 A, B Q.16 D Q.17 A Q.18 B Q.19 C Q.20 A

Q.21 B Q.22 B Q. 23 C Q.24 D Q.25 A Q.26 C

Q.27 C Q.28 D Q.29 C Q.30 B Q.31 C Q.32 D

Q.33 A

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1

Q.1 4:1 Q.2 1.25 × 104 Pa

mRT0  T0m 
Q.3 1 + R Q.4 The molar mass of the gas is 40 gm,
V0  V0 

Q.5 100J Q.6 3600 R
Q.7 400 K Q.8 5R
R R
Q.9 CV + Q.10
αV 2
P  1 
Isobatic

3 1 − 1/3 
 γ + 1  γ + 1 R 2 
Q.12 1 − 
Adiabatic 2
Q.11 (i)   4aV0 , (ii)  
 γ − 1   γ − 1 2
 ln2
Isotherm
V

a2s b  T −T  l1 k(T1 − Tm )

Q.13 loge   loge  0 1  Q.14 =
2K T −T 
a  0 2
l k(T1 − Tm ) + (Tm − T2 )

Q.15 (a) -100°C/m, (b) 1000 J Q.16 166.3 sec

Q.17 10 minutes Q.18 1.6 m, 364 K

Q.19 1.63 Q.20 8000 cal.

Q.21 2mv2 cos2 θ (a) WAD 88

Q.22= = J, (b) VC 1.23litre,
(c) WCDA = − 85 J
 P hysi cs | 13.53

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 D

Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 C

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.10 A, B Q.11 A, D Q.12 C, D Q.13 A, D Q.14 A, B, C Q.15 A, B

Q.16 A, C Q.17 A, C Q.18 B, D Q.19 A, B

Comprehension Type

Paragraph 1: Q.20 A, B Q.21 A, B, C, D Paragraph 2: Q.22 A Q.23 B Q.24 B

Paragraph 3: Q.25 B Q.26 A Paragraph 4: Q.27 A Q.28 B Q.29 D

Paragraph 5: Q.30 D Q.31 A Q.32 C Q.33 D

Match the Column

Q.34 A

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 B Q.8 A Q.9 C Q.10 C Q.11 B Q.12 A
Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 B, D Q.16 B, D
Q.17 A → q; B → p, r; C → p, s; D → q, s Q.18 D Q.19 A, B Q.20 A
Q.21 D Q.22 D Q.23 2 Q.24 A, B, D Q.25 B Q.26 6
Q.27 4 Q.28 A → p, r, t; B → p, r; C → q, s; D → r, t Q.29 A, B, C, D Q.30 C
Q.31 A Q.32 B or A, B, C Q.33 C

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards aren’t. So, the molecules are not going in straight line.
Thus, it takes time for the smell to spread in the room.
Exercise 1
Sol 2: Initial
Sol 1: The speed of molecules follows directly from Pi = 1 atm
measuring the pressure and density-you don’t need to
know the size of molecules. In standard kinetic theory, T0 = -173°C = 100 k
collisions with other molecules have always been Vi = V
ignored, because the molecules were tiny. Though, they
1 3 . 5 4 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Finally 3. Attraction or repulsion forces between any two

particles are negligible
Pf = 2 atm
4. The collisions between gas molecules or molecule
Tf = ?
and wall of container are completely elastic meaning
Vf = V = const. no energy is gained or lost from collisions.
By ideal gas law 5. The time it takes to collide is negligible
PV = nRT 6. All gases at a given temperature have same Kinetic
T Energy.
⇒V= = constant
P 7. Motion of particles is random
Ti Tf 8. Effect of gravity on gas molecule is neglected
∴ =
Pi Pf 9. Average momentum of gas molecule is zero.
Ti × Pf 100 × 2 Expression for the pressure and vrms of a gas-
⇒ Tf = =
Pi 1
v 2 = v 2x + v 2y + v 2z
= 200 K = -73°C
By postulates of KTG we know
<vx2> = <vy2> = <vz2>
Sol 3: Boyle’s law states that absolute pressure exerted
by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional {<> means average}
to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount
∴ <v2> = 3 <vx2>
of gas remains unchanged within a closed system.
Since collision is elastic
1
i.e. P ∝
V
[Keeping temp. and amt. of gas fixed]
Charles’s law m:molecular Vy
mass
Law of volumes: - V ∝ T Vz Vx
VX :velocity of
[Given pressure and amount of gas remains constant] molecule in
These laws are not applicable to real gases since in real x direction
gases size of particles is not negligible, collisions of 
particles are not elastic and there are attractive forces
between particles. Change in momentum in one collision
(DP) = 2m vx
Sol 4: (i) Guy Isaac’s law: - The pressure of a gas of fixed 2
mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the Time interval between collision (Dt) =
vx
gas absolute temperature.
i.e. P ∝ T. ∆P mv x 2
∴ Force by one molecule = =
∆t 
[Keeping volume and amount of gas fixed]
P m  2
⇒ = constant ∴ Total force = v + v 2x2 + ......v 2xn 
T   x1 

(ii) Ideal gas equation: - PV = nRT [Assuming n molecules in the vessel]

R → Gas constant
 2 2 2 
mn  v x1 + v x2 + ......v xn  M
r → Radius of gas molecule = = < v12 >
 n 

Sol 5: Postulates of Kinetic Theory Gases (KTG): M = mn : - Total mass

1. Gases consist of particles in random motion. M
⇒ Total force = <v2>
2. Volume of molecule is negligible. 3
 P hysi cs | 13.55

Force Sol 8: Mean free path is the average distance travelled

Pressure (P) =
Area by the molecules between successive collisions.

Assume vessel to be a cube.

Sol 9: Brownian motion is the random motion of
1M particles in a fluid. Resulting from their collision with
< v2 >
3  1 M the other atoms or molecules in the fluid.
∴P= = <v2>
× 3 3
m
1 Sol 10: Volume of m kg of molecules =
⇒ P = ρv2 rms 1000
3
m
[Since volume = l3 ∴ (M/l3) = ρ and vrms = < v2 > Volume occupied by water vapour =
0.6
m
Sol 6: Expression for pressure has been found in
∴ Required ratio = 1000 = 6 × 10-4
previous question. m
1 0.6
i.e. P = ρv2rms
3 Note: Here water is assumed to be completely compact.
Therefore, by using density of water we calculate
1 M 2 molecular volume.
P=   v
3  V  rms

1 Sol 11: V = 3000 cm3 = 3000 × 10-6 m3

⇒ PV = n Mm v2rms
3 T = 20° C = 293 k
[Mm: molecular weight] P = 2.5 × 106 Pa + 105 Pa = 2.6 × 106 Pa
Using gas equation we get PV 2.6 × 106 × 3000 × 10−6
n= =
1 RT 8.31× 293
PV = n Mm Vrms2
3 _ 3.20 c/moles

1 3
⇒ Mm v2rms = PVm ; Vm is molar volume ∴ Mass of O2 in tank
2 2
= 3.204 × 32 _ 102.5 gm = _ 0.103 kg
L.H.S. is the expression for kinetic energy per mole of
gas.
3RT 3 × 8.314 × 273
Sol 12: Vrms = =
Mm 64 × 10−3
Sol 7: We know that molar kinetic energy
_ 326.18 m/s
3 3
= PVm = RT [From previous question]
2 2
1 3 Sol 13: Average time per collision
∴ Kinetic energy per molecule = [ RT]
NA 2 2.66 × 10−7 m
= = 5.32 × 10-10 sec
1 3 3 500m sec −1
= × KNA T = KT
NA 2 2
∴ No. of collision per second
{NA: Avogadro’s number
1
K: Boltzmann constant} = _ 1.88 × 109 sec
5.32 × 10−10 
1 3
⇒ m v2rms = kT [m: molecular mass] 1
2 2 Sol 14: Mean free path estimate =
2πd2nv
mv rms2 2
∴T= = × kinetic energy per molecule.
3k 3k d: diameter of molecule, nv molecules per unit volume
∴ The average energy of the molecule is proportional to nV = 3 × 1019 cm-3 = 3 × 1025 m-3
absolute temperature. Absolute zero is the temperature
d = 2 × 10-10 m
at which the kinetic energy of the molecules becomes
zero. i.e. they stop.
1 3 . 5 6 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

∴ Mean free path ∆V2 1  −V 

⇒ =+  …….(ii)
1 ∆P γ  P 
=
1.414 × 3.14 × (2 × 10−10 )2 × 3 × 1025 By (i) and (ii) we get

= 0.0187 × 10-5 m ∆V2 1  ∆V1 

=  
_ 1.87 × 10-7 m ∆P γ  ∆P 
∆V1
1 ⇒ =γ
Sol 15: Mean free path (x) = ∆V2
2
2πd nv
nNA As r > 1
nv =
V ∴ DV1 > DV2
n: number of moles in volume V
NA = Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 1023 Sol 20: ∆W = -200 J
n P DQ = 0 [adiabatic conditions]
By gas equation: - =
V RT By 1st law of thermodynamics:-
PNA
∴ nv = DQ = DU + DW
RT
⇒ DU = + 200 J
RT
∴ x =
2πd2PNA
Sol 21: The internal energy is the total energy contained
8.314 × 273
= by a thermodynamics system. It is the energy needed
1.414 × 3.14 × (2.4 × 10−10 )2 × 105 × 6.02 × 1023 to create the system but excludes the energy due to
_ 1.47 × 10-7 m external force fields. E.g. Kinetic, energy if the sample
is moving or potential energy if the sample is at a
height from the ground. Internal energy has two major
Sol 16: Water has higher potential energy. As we already components i.e. kinetic and internal potential energy.
know that kinetic energy depends on temperature. So,
as we cool water to ice its K.E. remains constant at 0°C.
Therefore, the heat energy removed from water, is Sol 22: Four thermodynamics process are:-
accounted as decrease in potential energy of ice. (i) Isothermal process: Temperature remains constant.
i.e. PV = constant [∵ DT = 0]
Sol 17: We know that internal energy is a state function ∴ DU = nCV DT = 0
and depends on temperature.
(ii) Adiabatic process:- No flow of heat either into or out
∴ DU = 0 → No change from the system.
i.e. DQ = 0 = DU + W
Sol 18: Translational motion of molecules.
∴ DU = -W
Sol 19: For isothermal (iii) Isochoric process:- Volume of the system remains
constant.
PV = constant
i.e. V = constant
⇒ PDV1 + VDP = 0
⇒ DV = 0
∆V1−V
⇒ =–  …...(i) ∴ W = ∫ PdV = 0
∆P P
Thus, Dθ = DU
For adiabatic process
(iv) Isobaric process:- Pressure remains constant
PV γ = constant
i.e. P = constant
⇒ V γ ∆P + PγV γ−1∆V2 = 0
DP = 0
W = P (Vf – Vi)
 P hysi cs | 13.57

Indicator diagram: are graphical representation of cyclic nRT

We know, PV = nRT ⇒ P =
variations of pressure and volume within a heat engine. V
Vf
nRTdV V V
Sol 23: Sign Convention ∴ DW = ∫ = nRT ln V f = nRT ln f
Vi
V Vi Vi
DQ → +ve for heat supplied to gas
Vf Pi
→ -ve for heat rejected by gas ⇒ DW = nRT ln = nRT ln
Vi Pf
DW→+ve for work done by gas
→ -ve for work done on gas Sol 28: For adiabatic process
DQ = 0
Sol 24: Isothermal process ∴ DU = -DW
DT = 0 ∴ nCVdT = -PdV  …(i)
∴ DU = nCv DT = 0 By equation of gas:- PV = nRT
By 1 law of thermodynamics:-
st
⇒ PdV + VdP = nRdT
∴ DQ = DU + DW ⇒ DQ = DW PdV + VdP
∴ ndT =
No change in internal energy R
Work done by system = heat supplied to the system. ∴ Substituting in (i) we get :-

Adiabatic Process:-  PdV + VdP 

CV   = -PdV
DQ = 0  R 
So, DQ = DU + DW ⇒ (CV+R) PdV = -CV VdP
⇒ DU = -DW
CP dV −dP
⇒ = [∵ CV + R = CP]
No heat is supplied to the system CV V P
Change in internal energy = Work done on gas dV −dP
⇒γ =
V P
Sol 25: Isothermal Operation: Operations/ process in
On integrating both sides, we get
which temperature stays constant.
Vf f P
Example:- System immersed in a large constant dV dP V P
γ ∫ = −∫ ⇒ γ ln f = ln i
temperature ice-water bath. Vi
V P
P Vi Pf
i
γ
Sol 26: Adiabatic operations are those operations in Pi V  γ
⇒ =  f  ⇒ PV
i i = Pf Vfγ = k (say)
which neither heat enters or leaves a system. Pf  Vi 
Example:- A system having a perfectly non-conducting k
boundary. ∴ PV γ = const. = k ⇒ P =
Vγ
Q = DU + W Vf Vf
k
∴W= ∫ PdV = ∫ Vγ dV
∵Q=0
Vi Vi
∴ DU + W = 0 ⇒ DU = -W
Vf
V −γ+1 kVf1−γ − KVi1−γ
⇒W=k =
Sol 27: DT = 0 −γ + 1 1− γ
Vi
DU = nCVDT = 0
∴ DW = DQ - DU ⇒ DW = DQ (Pf Vf γ )Vf1−γ − (PV γ
i i )Vi
1−γ
=
1− γ
Vf

DW = ∫ PdV Pf Vf − PV
i i nR
Vi
⇒W= = (T – Ti)
1− γ 1− γ f
1 3 . 5 8 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Sol 29: Cyclic processes:- In cyclic process, thermo- w

dynamic process start from the same state and end at
the initial state. T1 T2

Hot Q1 Q2 Cold
A Working
P (source) substance (sink)

Here, Q1 is the heat given to the substance whereas Q2

B is the heat released.

V ∴ Qgiven = Q1

Since, initial and final states are same, W Q − Q2 Q

∴ η = = 1 =1- 2
Q1 Q⊥ Q1
Thus DU = 0,
∴ DQ = DW Heat released
∴ Efficiency ( η ) = 1 -
Heat absorbed
∴ |DQ| = |DW| = Area enclosed by the curve.
Sign of DW is ‘+’ if process is clockwise and ‘–‘ if process Two types of heat engines:-
in anti-clockwise.
(i) Internal combustion engines
Non-cyclic process: If initial and final states are not
(ii) External combustion engines
same.
A
P Sol 32: For adiabatic process
PV γ = constant
B
nRT
We know V =
P
V γ
 nRT 
B ∴P   = const.
DW = ∫ PdV = Area enclosed by P-V curve  P 
A
⇒ P1−γ T γ = const.
Sol 30: Reversible process: - The process in which the Pi = 3 atm; Pf = 1 atm
system and surroundings can be restored to the initial
state from the final state without producing any change Ti = 300 K; Tf = ?
in the thermodynamic properties of the universe.
Pi1−γ Tiγ
Ex: - An infinitesimal compression of a gas in a cylinder. ∴ Tfγ =
Pf1−γ
Irreversible process:- In irreversible process system is
1−1.4
not in equilibrium throughout the process. Initial state 3
⇒ Tfγ =   (300)1.4
can’t be obtained from final state without producing  1
changes in the universe.
−0.4
Example:- (i) Processes having friction. ⇒ Tf = 3 1.4 × 300 _ 219.2 K
(ii) Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference.
∴ Fall in temperature = Ti – Tf = 80.8° C

Sol 31: Heat engine is a device which convert heat

energy into mechanical energy by using a cyclic process. Sol 33: Ti = 27°C = 300 K; Tf = ?

W = Q1 - Q2 Pi = 1 atm; Pf = ?

W Vi = V; Vf = V/2
Efficiency: η =
Q given (i) PV γ = constant
γ
V 
∴ Pf =  i  Pi = (2)1.42 × 1 _ 2.675 atm
 Vf 
 P hysi cs | 13.59

(ii) PV γ = constant  1
1.4 −1
=   × 273 = 206.89 K
nRT γ 2
⇒ V = constant
V
nR
⇒ TV γ−1 = constant ∴ DU = (T – Ti)
1− γ f
γ−1
V 
∴ Tf =  i  Ti  1 
−   × (2 × 4.2)
 Vf  32
=   (206.89 - 273)
= (2)0.42 × 300 1 − 1.4

⇒ T ≈ 128.38 °C  −43.38 Joule

Sol 34: n = 1
Ti = T; Tf = (T + 70) K
Exercise 2
nR 1× 2
W= [T – Ti] = [70] = -280 Cal
1− γ f 1 − 1.5
Sol 1: (A) V = 7L = 7 × 10-3 m3
∴ Work done = -1176 joules
T = 273 K
DQ = DU + DW ⇒ DU = 280 Cal
P = 1.3 × 105 Pa
Work done on gas can be seen by increase in
temperature of the gas, which accounts for 280 calories PV 1.3 × 105 × 7 × 10−3
∴m= = _ 0.4 moles
of energy. RT 8.314 × 273
∴ No. of molecules = 0.4 × 6.02 × 1023
Sol 35: n = 1
= 2.4 × 1023 molecules
Vi = V; DQ = 0
−nR Sol 2: (A) PV2/3 =const.
Vf = 2Vi; DU = -DW = [T – Ti]
1− γ f nRT 2/3
⇒ V = const.
Ti = 273K V
TV γ−1 = constant ⇒ TV-1/3 = const.

V 
γ−1 ⇒ T = conts. × V1/3
∴ Tf =  i  × Ti
∴ On increasing volume, temperature increase
 Vf 
⇒ Tf = (0.5)0.4 × 273 = 206.89 K
Sol 3: (C) T = constant, V = constant,
1× 8.314
∴ DU = - [206.89-273] 35
1 − 1.4 ni = = 1.25 Kmoles
28
⇒ DU  −1374 Joule
P RT
∴ = = const.
Sol 36: Vi = V; Vf = 2V n V
Pi = 760 mm of Hg= 1 atm _ 105 Pascal Pf Pi
∴ =
1 nf ni
Ti = 273 K, n =
32 Pf 9 35
⇒ nf = × ni = × ≈ 1.875 kmoles
∵ DQ = 0 Pi 6 28
For adiabatic process:- ∴ Moles of O2 supplied
γ−1
TV = constant = 1.875 – 1.25 = 0.625 kmoles

V 
γ−1
∴ Amount of oxygen = 20 kg
∴ Tf =  i  Ti
 Vf 
1 3 . 6 0 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

4 ∴ PV = 1×RT \P’V=1×R×(2T)
Sol 4: (B) PV = RT  .....(i)
M ⇒ PV = RT ⇒ P’ = 2P
(4 − 0.8) 3.2R
PV = R (T + 50) = (T + 50) .....(ii)
M M Sol 9: (D) For diatomic molecule
By (i) and (ii) we get, Translational degree of freedoms = 3

4 3.2R Rotational degree of freedoms = 2

RT = (T + 50) ⇒ 4T = 3.2T + 3.2 × 50
M M 3KT 3
Ratio = =
2KT 2
⇒ T = 200 K
Sol 10: (D) We know
Sol 5: (A) For P = 1 atm, m1 = 2gms, T=298 K
vrms = 1.085 vavg
2R
∴ 1× V= × 298 ….(i)
M1 3P
⇒ = 1.085 vavg ; ρ is density
ρ
For P = 1.5 atm, m1=2 gm, m2=3 gm, T=298 K.
In this case ρ is constant
2 3 
∴ 1.5× V=  +  R × 298  ….(ii) ∴ P ∝ (vavg)2
 M1 M2 
2
Using (ii)/(i) we get, Pf  (v avg )f 
∴ =   =4
Pi (v )
 avg i 
 2 2 
 + 
 M1 M2   3M1  M1 1
1.5 = ⇒ 3 = 2 +  ⇒ = Sol 11: (C) Frictionless piston means, no generation of
2  M2  M2 3 heat due to the motion of piston.
M1
n=1

nRT Ti = T
Sol 6: (B) P =
V P = const.
2 2
 nRT  T Vi = V Vf = 2V
∴   V = constant ⇒ = constant
 V  V Initially:- PV = RT
1
V 2 Work done = PDV = P(2V – V)=PV=RT
∴ Tf =  f  × Ti = 2T
 Vi 
Sol 12: (A) f = 6
Sol 7: (A) Pat top of tube + Pdue to 50 cm of Hg= Patmospheric DW = 25 ⇒ PDV = 25 ⇒ nRDT = 25 J
[By using gas equation]
⇒ Pat top of tube = (75 – 50) cm of Hg
∴ P = constant
= 25 cm of Hg
DQ = DU + DW [By 1st law of thermodynamics]
105
= 25 × Pa = 33.3 k Pa nf 6
75 and DU = RDT = × 25 = 75 J
2 2

Sol 8: (C) ∴ DQ = 100 J

For O2 For H Alternative Method

n = 1 n=1 P∆V
At constant pressure, DQ = nCP DT = CP
T 2T R
[⇒ PV = nRT
P P’
PDV = nRDT at const. pressure]
V V
 P hysi cs | 13.61

DW = PDV = 25 J 11kg
nCO = = 0.25 k moles
 f
2 44
f = 6; CP = 1 +  R = 4R 2 2 20
 2 fCO = = =
2 1.3 − 1 0.3 3
 25 
∴ DQ = (4R)   = 100 J
R  ∴ Equivalent molecular weight
n1M1 + n2M2 m1 + m2
= =
Sol 13: (B) DQ = -30 J n1 + n2 n1 + n2
DW = -18 J 7 + 11
= = 36 gm
By 1st law of thermodynamics 0.25 + 0.25
DQ = DU + DW n1γ1 + n2 γ 2 + .....
γmix ≠
⇒ DU = -30 – (-18) = -12 J n1 + n2 + .....
⇒ UB – Ui = -12 n1f1 + n2 f2 + .....
fmix =
∴ UB = -12 + 60 = 48 Joules n1 + n2
 20 
Sol 14: (A) Ti = 300 K Tf = ?  0.25 × 5 + 0.25 × 
3  35
=  _
Pi = P Pf = 4P 0.25 + 0.25 6
2 2 47
nRT ∴ γmix = 1 + =1+ = = 1.34
By gas equation we know: - V = fmix 35 / 6 35
P
∴ PV4/3 = constant
4 4
 nRT  3
⇒P 
T3
 =constant ⇒ 1 = constant
Previous Years’ Questions
 P 
P3
1 4
÷ 1 Sol 1: (A) Work done in a cyclic process = area between
P 3 3  4P  4 the cycle
∴ Tf =  f  × T i =   × 300 K
 Pi   P  = AB × BC = (2P – P) × (2V – V) = PV
⇒ Tf = 300 2 K Note if cycle is clockwise (p on y-axis and V on x-axis)
work done is positive and if it is anticlockwise work
Sol 15: (D) For first kind of expansion:- done is negative.

DW = 20 KJ
3RT
DQ = 16 KJ Sol 2: (A) vrms =
M
∴ DU = DQ – DW = -4 KJ
Room temperature T = 300 K
Since, U is a state function. Therefore, value of DU in
both expansions remain same. 3 × 8.31× 103 × 300
∴ 1930 =
Thus, for second expansion:- M
DU = -4KJ, DQ = 9 KJ ∴ M = 2.0 g/mol or the gas is H2.
∴ By first law of the thermodynamics:-
Q2 CV 1
DW = DQ – DU =13 KJ Sol 3: (B) Q1 = nCP DT, Q2 = nCv DT, = =
Q1 CP γ
7kg Q1 70
Sol 16: (A) nN = = 0.25 k moles or Q2 = = = 50 cal
2 28 γ 1.4
2 2
fN = = =5
2 γ −1 1.4 − 1
1 3 . 6 2 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

5 3 nART nART
Sol 4: (B) g1 = means gas is monatomic or CV = R – DP = (pA)i – (pA)f = –
3 1 2 V 2V
nART
7 5 = .…. (i)
g2 = means gas is diatomic or CV = R 2V 
5 2 2
In chamber B →
CV (of the mixture) nBRT nBRT
– 1.5DP = (pB)i - (pB)f = –
3  5 V 2V
n1CV + n2CV (1)  R  + (1)   R
2   2  = 2R nBRT
= 1 2
=  =  ……. (ii)
n1 + n2 1+ 1 2V

CP (of the mixture) = CV + R = 3R From Equation (i) and (ii)

nA 1 2 m /M 2 m 2
CP 3R = = or A = or A = or 3mA
∴ gmixture = = = 1.5 nB 1.5 3 mB / M 3 mB 3
CV 2R
= 2mB

3RT
Sol 5: (B) vrms = Sol 9: (D) Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas at
M
temperature T is given by
i.e., Vrms ∝ T f 
U = n  RT 
When temperature is increased from 120 K to 480 K (i.e., 2 
four times), the root mean square speed will become where, f = degrees of freedom

4 or 2 times i.e., 2v. = 5 for O2 and 3 for Ar

Hence, U = UO + UAr
3 2
Sol 6: (D) The average translational KE = kT which is
2 5  3 
= 2  RT  + 4  RT  = 11 RT
directly proportional to T, while rms speed of molecules 2  2 
is given by

3RT Sol 10: (D) During adiabatic expansion, we know

vrms = i.e., vrms ∝ T
M TVγ–1 = constant
When temperature of gas is increased from 300 K to or T1 V γ –1 = T2 V2γ –1
600 K (i.e., 2 times), the average translational KE will 1
5
increase to 2 times and rms speed to 2 or 1.414 times. For a monoatomic gas, γ =
3
∴ Average translational KE = 2 × 6.21 × 10–21 J
5
γ –1 –1
= 12.42 ×10–21 J T1 V   AL  3
∴ =  2  =  2 
And vrms = (1.414)(484)m/s ≈ 684 m/s T2  V1   AL1 
(A = Area of cross-section of piston)
nRT
Sol 7: (C) PV = nRT or P = or P ∝ T L 
2/3
V =  2 
If V and n are same. Therefore, if T is doubled pressure  L1 
also becomes two times i.e., 2p.
Sol 11: (C) pT2 = constant
Sol 8: (C) Process is isothermal. Therefore
 nRT  2
 T = constant or T V = constant
3 –1
 1 ∴ 
T = constant.  p ∝   V 
 V 
Volume is increasing, therefore, pressure will decrease. Differentiating the equation, we get

In chamber A → 3T2 T3
.dT – dV = 0
V V2
 P hysi cs | 13.63

T Sol 14: (A) DU = nCV DT = nCV (T2 – T1) in all processes.

or 3dT = .dV  ……. (i)
V (B) In adiabatic process DQ = 0
From the equation, dV = Vγ dT
∴ DU = – DW or |DU| = |DW|
dV
γ = coefficient of volume expansion of gas = (C) In isothermal process DT = 0
V.dT
dV 3 ∴ DU = 0 (as DU = nCVDT)
From Equation (i) γ = =
V.dT T
(D) In adiabatic process DQ = 0
Sol 12: A → s; B → r, p; C → p; D → s
Sol 15: (A, B) TA = TB ∴ UA = UB
In process J → K V is constant whereas p is decreasing.
Therefore, T should also decrease. V   4V0 
WAB = (1)(R)T0 ln  f  = RT0 ln   = p0V0 ln(4)
\ W = 0, DU = – ve and Q < 0  Vi   V0 
In process K → L p is constant while V is increasing. Information regarding p and T at C cannot be obtained
Therefore, temperature should also increase. from the given graph. Unless it is mentioned that line
W > 0, DU > 0 and Q > 0 BC passes through origin or not.
In process L → M This is inverse of process J → K.
Sol 16: (D) No option is correct
∴ W = 0, DU > 0 and Q > 0
In process M → J γRT
v=
M
V is decreasing. Therefore, W < 0
7
(PV)J < (PV)M v1 γ1M2 ×4
= = 5
\ Tf < TM or DU < 0 v2 γ 2M1 5
× 32
3
Therefore, Q < 0
460 21 460 × 5 × 2 2
= v2
⇒= 1420 ms
= 1420 m/s
v2 25 × 8 21
Sol 13: A → p, r, t; B → p, r; C → q, s; D → r, t
Internal energy ∝ T ∝ PV
nf f Sol 17: (A) U=U1 + U2
This is because U = RT = (PV)
2 2 (P1V1 + P2 V2 )T1T2
T=
Here, n = number of moles, f = degree of freedom. (P1V1T2 + P2 V2 T1 )
∴ If the product PV increases then internal energy will
increase and if product decreases the internal energy
Sol 18: (B) Thermal energy corresponds to internal
will decrease.
energy
Further, work is done on the gas, if volume of gas
decreases. For heat exchange, Mass = 1 kg

Q = W + DU Density = 8 kg/m3
Work done is area under p–V graph. If volume increases mass 1 3
⇒ Volume
= = m
work done by gas is positive and if volume decrease density 8
work done by gas is negative. Further DU is positive
if product of PV is increasing and DU is negative if Pressure = 8 × 104 N/m2
product of PV is decreasing. 5
∴ Internal Energy = P × V =5 × 10 4 J
If heat is taken by the gas, Q is positive and if heat is 2
lost by the gas, Q is negative.
Keeping the above points in mind the answer to this Sol 19: (C) WAB = ΔQ - ΔU = nCpdT – nCvdT (at constant
question is as under. pressure)

(A) → (p, r, t); (B) → (p, r);

(C) → (q, s); (D) → (r, t)
1 3 . 6 4 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

P a b
5 A B Sol 23: (C) U(x)
= −
12
2 x 10 Pa x x6

n=2, =1.67 U(x = ∞) =0

dU 12a 6b 
as, F =
− =
− + 
5
1 x 10 Pa
D C dx x
13
x7 
At equilibrium, F = 0
300 K 500 K T
2a
= n(Cp – Cv)dt ∴ x6 =
b
= nRdT = 2 × R × (500 – 300) = 400 R a b −b2
∴ Uat equilibrium = − =
 2a 
2  2a  4a
Sol 20: (A) At constant temperature (isothermal process)    
b  b 
P   105  b2
WDA= nRTln  1 = 2.303 × 2R × 300log   ∴ D = [U( x = ∞ ) – Uat equilibrium ] =
5 
 P2   2 × 10  4a
 1
= 2.303 × 600log   T − T2 1
2 Sol=
24: T η− T2 1 =1
η1 (D)1 =
= 1
T 6
0.693 600lR =
=× −414R T1 61
T − (T2 − 62) 1
= T1η− (T2 −1 62)
= 1 T −T 62 1
and η2
= =2
T1 ⇒ 13 2 + =
T1 3 T1 T1 3
Sol 21: (B) Net work done in a cycle = WAB + WBC + WCB
+ WBA 1 62 1 62 1
+ =⇒ =
= 400 R + 2 × 2.303 × 500 R ln 2 – 400R – 414 R
6 T1 3 T1T−1 T2 6 1
=
T1T1 − T26 1
= 1000R x ln 2 – 600R x ln 2 = 400R x ln 2 = 276R T
∴T1 = −
1 62×T 2 61 =
= = 372KT T1 1 6
T1 61− 2 =
T1 − T2T 1 T T6 1
Sol 22: (B) The efficiency of cycle is 2= 1 ⇒ 11− 2 =
1 −
T1 T 6 6 T2= T5 6
T2 1 = 1
η = 1− TT2 1 372 T2 6 5
T1 1 − 2= 5 =
⇒ T =6 ⇒ T3722 = 310K
6
372 6
1
for adiabatic process T2⇒ T5 =310K
⇒ T2 = 310K
=2
TV γ−1 = cons tant 372 6
Sol 25: (A) Work done in complete cycle = Area under
7 ⇒ T2 = 310K
For diatomic gas γ = P–V graph = P0V0
5
From A to B, heat given to the gas
T1 V1γ−1 = T2 V2γ−1
3 3 3
= n C v ∆T= n R∆T= V0 ∆P= PV
V 
γ−1
2 2 2 0 0
T1 = T2  2 
From B to C, heat given to the system
 V1 
7 −1 5  5
T= T2 (32)5 = T2 (25 )2/5
= T2 × 4 = n C v ∆T= n  R  ∆T= ( 2P ) ∆V= 5P0 V0
2 0
1
2 
T1 = 4T2
From C to D and D to A, heat is rejected.
 1 3
η=  1 − = = 0.75 Work done by gas
 4 4 Efficiency, η
= × 100
Heat given to the gas
P0 V0
=η = 15.4%
3
P0 V0 + 5P0 V0
2
 P hysi cs | 13.65

40 500 − TS 1
Sol 26:
= (C) = , TS 300K Sol 31: (C) Since τ =
100 500 nπ 2v rms d2

600 T − 300 1
= ⇒ T 750K
= n∝ and v rms ∝ T
100 T V
V
⇒τ∝
Sol 27: (C) T
Mg =n C1V −1 =
< v > C2 T1/2
P=
0 P0 V0γ PV γ
A γ+1
Mg P0 A..............(1)
= (i) P0=AX 0γ PA(x0 − x)γ Since TV γ−1 = constant ⇒ τ ∝ V 2

P0 Ax0γ
Let piston is displaced by x P= P0 P − P = P
(x0 − x)γ Sol
P − P32:=(D)
− P (V − 02V −) 0 (V − 2V0 )
P − P00 = − V00 (V − 2V00 ) V0
 P xγ  V0 
 P= x0γ  Mg = 0 0  A Frestoring P0= P0
=Mg = 0  A Frestoring
 γ  =P 3P0 − P0 V P 3P − V ....(1) ....(1) …(i)
 (x − γx)γ   0 − x) 
(x
=P 3P0 − V0 V
0
V0 ....(1)
 P 0 x  V0
=Mg = P00 x00γγ γ  A Frestoring
 x0γ  nRT P
=Mg  = (x0 −x0x)γ A P0FArestoring
=1−  F [x0 − x ≈nRT
x= P0 0
P0 A = 1−  F  (x − x)[xγ 0 − xrestoring
≈ x0 ] nRT0 ] 3P0 − P = V 3P0 − V
V V
  (x(x0 −−γx)x)γ restoring
0
 0  V= 3P0 − V0 V 0
 0 x0  V V0
P0 A = 1− x0γ γ  Frestoring
γP Ax [x0 − x ≈ x0 ] P0 23P V − P0 V 2
P0 A =γP Ax = 0
10− (x0 − x)  FFrestoring [x0 − x ≈ x0 ] = 3P0 V −nRT
nRT = P V 0
F =  (x − x)γ  x0 = 3P0 V − V00 V 2
nRT V0
γPx0Ax 0  V0
F = γP00 Ax 1 γP0 A
F =f =x10 γP0 A ∴f =
∴ x20π x M 2π x0M Differentiate w.r.t. Volume
1 γP00 A
∴ f =1 γP20 A 1 γP0 A
2
∴ f 1=2π γP0 Ax0M = 2P0 3V0
= 2π x M 2π MV0 3P0 − V =0 ⇒ V =
2π MV020 V0 2
1 γP0 A2
= 1 γP0 A
= 2π MV0 5R
Sol2π28: MV (D)0 ∆U = n CV ∆T = 1× ∆T Putting in equ (i)
2
P0  3V0  3P0
For BC, ΔT = –200 K P=
3P0 −   =
V0  2  2
⇒ ΔU = –500R
Now, PV = xRT 9P0 V0 = nRT
4
1U
Sol 29: (C) p = 9P0 V0 9 P0 V0
3V = nRT ⇒ T =
4 4 xR
nRT 1 4 9 P0 V0
∝ T T=
V 3 4 xR R R
Sol
C 33:
= CV +(A) = C CV +
VT3 = const 1− n 1− n
CP =
−CC−vC CP −CC v− C CP − C v
C − CV
= = ; 1v− n
; V1 − n 1 − nP =
4 3 3 C − Cv
πR T =
const 1− n C − Cv
3 CP − C v C − CP
C − Cnv = 1C− − C =
1 n= 1− P = P
TR
= const ⇒ T ∝ C − Cv C −CC−v C v C − Cv
R

Sol 30: (B) Since entropy is a state function, therefore

change in entropy in both the processes should be
same.
1 3 . 6 6 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

JEE Advanced/Boards Sol 4: CP’ and Cv’ be molar specific heats.

∴ CP’ = CP × M = 0.2 M cal/mole °C
Exercise 1 CV’ = CV × M = 0.15 M cal/mole °C
and CP’ – CV’ = R
Sol 1: For O2 For He
⇒ 0.2 M - 0.15 M = 2
P = P0 P = P0
2
V = V0 V = V0 ⇒M= = 40 gms
0.05
T = T0 T = T0/2
M = 32 gm M = 4gm Sol 5: f = 6

PV = n RT At constant pressure

m PV DQ = nCP DT
⇒ T= = constant
M R P∆V
= CP ×
mO mHe R
∴ 2
TO = THe
MO 2 MHe [PV = nRT ⇒ P DV = nR DT at constant pressure]
2
CP
mO mHe mO = × DW
⇒ 2
× T0 = × T0/2 ⇒ 2
=4 R
32 4 mHe
 f
CP = 1 +  R = 4R
 nR   2
Sol 2: We have, V =   T and we know that V – T
 P  And DW = 25 J
curve is a straight line. 4R
DQ = × 25 = 100 J
nR R
∴ Pressure is constant and its slope = = tan 53o
P
2 × 8.314 × 103 Pa L / moleK 4 Sol 6: He N2
⇒ =
P 3 m = 4 gm mN = 28 gm
2
⇒ P ≈ 1.25 × 10 Pa 4
4 28
∴ nHe= =1 mole nN2= =1 mole
4 28
Sol 3: PV γ = constant
⇒ TV γ−1 = constant f = 3 f=5

⇒ V γ−1 dT + (γ-1) V γ−2 T dV = 0 3

∴ CV = ∴ CV = 5/2 R
2
dV −V dV V nHeCV + nN CV
⇒ = ⇒ = He 2 N2
dt ( γ − 1) T dT ( γ − 1) T ∴ CV mix =
nHe + nN
2
+ V0 1 mT0
⇒m= ⇒ =+ 3 5
( γ − 1) T0 γ −1 V0 R+ R
∴ CV mix = 2 2 = 2R
mT0R 1+ 1
R
∴ CV = =+
γ −1 V0 3RT
We know vrms =
M
And Cp = CV + R
∴ To double the vrms temperature must be made 4
(V0 + mT0 )R mRT0  T0m  times the original temperature.
= = 1 + R
V0 V0  V0  ∴ Tf = 4 Ti = 1200 K
∴ DT = 900 K
 P hysi cs | 13.67

∴ DQ = n CV DT [At constant volume] Sol 10: From graph, it is clear that V and 1/T have a
linear relationship
= (nHe + nN )CV ∆T
2 mix
m
= 2 × 2R × 900 = 3600 R ∴V=
T
m is the slope of straight line
Sol 7: T = constant
⇒ VT = constant
∴ DU = 0
⇒ PV2 = constant = k (say)
Thus DW = –23.04 × 102 J
Vf Vf
Vf DW = −2
⇒ nRT ln
Vi
= –23.04 × 10 2
∫ PdV = ∫ kV dV
Vi Vi

0.25 Vf
⇒ 8.31 × T ln = –23.04 × 102 = −kV −1 = – [k Vf-1 – kVi-1]
0.50 Vi

+23.04 × 102 = – [(PfVf2) vf-1 – (PiVi2) Vi-1] = – [PfVf – PiVi]

∴T= ≈ 400 k
8.31 × ln2 = – nRDT.
Thus DQ = DU + DW
Sol 8: Let C be the molar heat capacity of this gas.
⇒ nC DT = nCV DT – nR DT
∵ DQ = nCDT
⇒ C = CV – R
And we know DU = nCV DT
3 R
⇒C= R–R=
∴ ∆Q =2∆U 2 2
∴ nC DT = 2nCV DT
Vf Vf
5  Sol 11: (i) DW = =
⇒ C = 2CV = 2  R  = 5R ∫ PdV ∫ aVdV
2  Vi Vi

 Pf  2  Pi  2
Sol 9: C → Molar heat capacity of the process V   Vf −   Vi
2 f 2
aV aVf − aVi2 V  Vi 
By 1st law of thermodynamics:- = = =  f 
2 2 2
Vi
dQ = dU + dW
⇒ nC dT = nCv dT + dW  …..(i) Pf Pi
(a = = )
Vf Vi
dW = PdV
Te αV Pf Vf − PV nR∆T
nRT ⇒ DW = i i
=
= dV = nR 0 dV 2 2
V V
nR
T = T0 eaV DU = nCV DT = DT
γ −1
∴ dT = aT0 eaV dV
DQ = DW + DU
dT
⇒ dV =
αT0 eαV nR∆T nR 1 1 
= + DT = nRDT  + 
nR
2 γ −1  2 γ − 1
⇒ dW = dT
αV
nR∆T  γ + 1
Substituting value of dW in (i) we get =   ....(i)
2  γ − 1
nR
nCdT = nCV dT + dT We know P = aV
αV
R nRT aV 2
∴ C = CV + ⇒ = aV ⇒ T =
αV V nR
aV02 9aV02
∴ Ti = ad Tf =
R R
1 3 . 6 8 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

8aV02 DW = - 400 n R [1-2-1/3]

∴ DT = .....(ii)
R For process AC
Substituting (ii) in (i) DQ = 0

R 8aV02  γ + 1   γ + 1  DU = nCVDT = 2 ×400 nR [1 – 2-1/3]

Thus DQ = ×   =  4aV0
2
2 R  γ − 1  γ − 1 DW= -DU = -2 × 400 nR [1-2-1/3]

(ii) C → Heat capacity of gas Q released

Efficiency (e) =1 -
So DQ = nCDT Q absorbed
Using (i) we get
3 × 400nR[1 − 2−1/3 ] 3(1 − 2−1/3 )
nR∆T  γ + 1  =1– =1–
nCDT =   400nR ln2 ln2
2  γ − 1
 γ + 1 R
⇒C=   dQ −kAdT −k[2π(b − x) × ]dT
 γ − 1 2 Sol 13: = =
dt dx dx
Sol 12: At A x

VA = V0 , TA = 400 K d
b
400nR
∴ PA =
V0
At B
400nR
VB = 2V0 , TB = 400 K, PB = T0
2V0
At C
400nR
VC = ?, TC = ?, PC =
2V0
∵ AC is adiabatic process
∴ PV γ = constant
1 On integrating with respect to dx we get
P γ 1
 VA = ( 2 )1.5 V0 ⇒ VC =
22/3 V0 b −a b −a
⇒ VC =  A dQ 1 dT
P
 C  ⇒ ∫ ×
dt 2π(b − x)
dx= ∫ −k
dx
× dx
0 a
PC VC
⇒ TC = =400 × (2)-1/3 dQ − ln
b −a
nR ⇒ × (b − x) =- kDT
dt 2π 0
For process AB
dQ b
DU = 0 .ln =−2πkl(T − T0 )
dt a
 2V 
DQ = DW = nR × (400) × ln  0 
 V0  ( )
 2 dT   b 
 πa l 3  ln   =−2πkl(T − T0 )
 dx   a 
= 400 nR ln 2
For process BC ⇒ On integrating w.r.t. t we get
nR b
DU = nCV DT = × [400 (2)-1/3 – 400] −πa2 ls ln   T2
γ −1 t
a dT
= -2 × 400 n R [1-2-1/3]
⇒
2πkl ∫ T − T0
= ∫ dt
T⊥ 0
nγR
DQ = nCPDT = - × 400 [1-2-1/3]
γ −1 a2s  b   T −T 
⇒ ln   ln  0 1  = t
= -3 × 400 n R [1-2 ]
-1/3
2K a  T0 − T2 
 P hysi cs | 13.69

Sol 14: kS → Conductivity of solid cast iron. At the Area of cross-setion(A)=0.04m

2

point of junction of solid cast iron and liquid cast iron,

temperature would be equal to melting point of iron. T1=400k

T2 k=10/m-k
=0.4cm

Solid cast
iron (ks)
 Tm
Liquid cast
This metalic
x iron (kks) T0=300K
disk s=60 J/kRk
T1 m=0.1kg

 dQ   dQ  On integrating we get
  =  
 dt solid cast iron  dt liquid cast iron 350 t
ms dT
⇒-
kA ∫ T − 400 = ∫ dt
−k s A[T2 − Tm ] −kk s [Tm − T1 ] 300 0
⇒ =
−x x
−0.4 × 600 × 0.4 350 − 400
⇒t= ln
x k[Tm − T1 ] 10 × 0.04 300 − 400
⇒ =
−x T2 − Tm
≈ 166.3 sec
x k[Tm − T1 ] k(T1 − Tm )
⇒ = = Sol 17: (T – T0) = (T1 – T0) e-kt
 (T2 − Tm ) + k(Tm − T1 ) k(T1 − Tm ) + (Tm − T2 )
1 T −T 
⇒t= ln  1 0 
dT k  T − T0 
Sol 15: (a) Temperature gradient =
dx
T0 : Surrounding temp
(0 − 100) o C
= = -100°C/m T1 : Initial temp of object
(1 − 0)m
T : Final temp of object
dT T − 100
(b) = = -100°C/m
dx x−0 1  80 − 20  1
∴5= ln   = ln (2)
k  50 − 20  R
⇒ T = 100 (1 - x) °C
Total heat absorbed 1  60 − 20  1 1
=and t =ln   ln(2)2 = 2 × ln2
k  30 − 20  k k
= ∫ mass × specific heat × change of temp
∴ t = 10 min
1 1
= ∫ (2dx)(10)(T − 0) = 20 ∫ 100(1 − x)dx Sol 18: A = 27 cm2 = 27 × 10-4 m2
0 0
k = 3700 N/m
1
 x 2 
= 2000  x −  = 1000 J Pi = 1 atm = 105 Pa
 2  0
Ti = 273 K
Vi = Ah.
dQ −kA(T − 400)
Sol 16: = Initial contraction in spring
dt 
dT −kA(T − 400) Pi × A 105 × 27 × 10−4 27
⇒ ms = = = = m
dt  k 3700 370

ms dT Pf = ?
⇒ = -dt
kA T − 400
1 3 . 7 0 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Tf = ? ⇒ TC = 4TA
9hA DQAB = DU + DW
Vf =
16 = nRTA ln 4
Since, spring contract by h/16 length
DQBC = DU + DW
 h 27 
∴ Force exerted by spring = k  +  = nCV [TC – TA] = 3n CV TA
 16 370 
Avg. pressure due to spring (P0) ∴DQAB + DQBC = 27.7× 103 J

k  h 27  ⇒ nRTA ln 4 + 3 nCV TA = 27700

=  + 
A  16 370  27700
⇒ R ln 4 + 3CV = ≈ 50.73
2 × 273
Since process is adiabatic
γ ∴ CV ≈ 13.068 J/mol-K
V 
∴ Pf =  i  Pi CP CV + R R
 Vf  = =1+ ≈ 1.63
CV CV CV
3/2
 16  4 × 16
  105 = × 105
 09  27 Sol 20: Initially
Ti = 00C= 273K = T1
Pf must be equal to P0 for equilibrium
Pi = P1
k h 27  4 × 16
Thus,  +  = × 105 V i = V1
A 16 370  27
From (1) to (2)
5 −4
h 27 4 × 16 × 10 × 27 × 10
⇒ + = Process is adiabatic
16 370 27 × 3700
DQ = 0
4 × (16)2 27 × 16
⇒h= - DU = -DW
370 370
P = P2
⇒ h = 1.6 m
T = T2
In adiabatic process TV γ−1 = constant
γ−1
V = V 2 < V1
V 
⇒ Tf =  i  Ti At (2)
 Vf 
Process is isochoric
1/2
 16  ∴ V = constant
=   × 273
 9  ∴ V = V2
⇒ Tf = 364 K ∴ P = P3 < P1
T =273 K = T1 < T2
Sol 19: Process AC is isobaric
From (2) to (1)
Process is isothermal
d
T = 273 K = T1

273k A V = V1
B
∴ P = P1

4 4V

VC 4V
∴ TC = TA = × TA
VA V
 P hysi cs | 13.71

Exercise 2
P
P2
Single Correct Choice Type

Isobaric
Adiabatic Sol 1: (D)
P3

P1
Isothemal
n moles
n moles
V1 V1
V
Small vessel
DQprocess = 100 × 80 = 8000 cal P
DUprocess =0 cal Large vessel

∴ DW + DU = DQ T
∴ DW =8000 cal V = constant
and PV = nRT
Sol 21: Number of molecules hitting 1m2 of wall per
molecules  nR 
second (N)== nv cos θ ⇒P=   T
m2 sec  V 
∴ P = mT where m is a constant
∴ P-T curve for both vessels will be linear but with
different slopes, since the constant volumes have

 different values in both cases.

Sol 2: (C) Initially

Pi = 76 cm of Hg
Change in momentum of 1 molecule
Vi = 5A
= m (2v cos θ) =2mv cos θ
∴ Pressure exerted = N ×change of momentum of 1 5cm
molecule
= nv cos θ × 2 mv cos θ = 2mv2 cos2 θ

Sol 22: (a) Work along path A-D

Finally
= Area under curve AD
Pf = (76) – (48 – x) = (28 + x) cm of Hg
1
= [P + PD] × [VD - VA]
2 A Vf = x A

1
= × 1.6 × 105 × 1.1 × 10-3 = 88 J
2
x
(b) DWADC = DWAD + DWDC ⇒ DWDC = -3J

1
∴ - [ [PD + PB] × [VD – VC]] = -3
2 48-x
⇒ 0.9 × 10 (1.3 – Vc) × 10 = 6
5 -3

⇒ VC ≈ 1.23 L
(c) WCDA = –WADC = –85 J
1 3 . 7 2 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Since, temperature remains constant PB

dP
H/2
2Mg
∴ PiVi = PfVf ∫ P
= ∫ RT
dh
Pm 0
⇒ 76 × 5A = (28 + x) x A
P  MgH
⇒ x2 + 28 x – 380 = 0 ln  B  =
 Pm  RT
⇒ (x + 38) (x – 10) = 0
PB
⇒ x = 10 cm or x = -38 cm = exp (MgH/RT)
Pm
x = -38 rejected since x can’t be -ve
Sol 5: (D) Since there is no loss of energy
Sol 3: (C) ∴ Sum of change of internal energies must be zero.
Container X Container Y i.e. DU1 + DU2=0
2V
2V V ⇒ n1 Cv [T-T1]+ n2 Cv [T – T2] = 0
x Y ⇒ (n1 + n2) T = n1 T1 + n2 T2
n1T1 + n2 T2
Process (P) in both vessels will be same. ⇒T=
n1 + n2
Thus V ∝ n T
V 3RT 1
∴n∝ Sol 6: (D) vrms = ⇒ vrms2 ∝
T M M
2V
∴ nX = k [k is some constant] (v rms2 )B MA m × NA 1
200 ∴ = = =  ....(i)
2
(v rms )A MB 2m × NA 2
kV
nY =
400 Since by the postulate of KTG that, molecules move in
nX 4 random motions.
∴ =
nY 1 ∴ <vx2> = <vY2> = <vX2> and v2 = vx2+ vy2 + vz2
Since gas in both container is same ∴ <v2> = 3 <vx2>
mX nX Thus (vrms2)A = 3w2 & (vrms2)B = v2
∴ = =4
mY nY
v2 1 w2 2
m mX Thus, by (i) we get: - = ⇒ =
∴ mY = = 3w2 2 v 2 3
4 4

Sol 4: (C) Pressure gradient will develop due to the Sol 7: (C) P = 0.7 × 105 N/m2
upward acceleration so V = 0.0049 m3
dP
= 2ρg CP
dh γ= = 1.4 = ratio of specific heats
CV
dP PM CV
= 2g ≠ 1.4 since, we know CP > CV
dh RT CP

g In reversible adiabatic process

PV γ = constant
H/2
∴ V γ DP + Pγ V γ−1 DV = 0
Pm ∆P −γP 1.4 × 0.7 × 105
h ⇒ = =–
∆V V 0.0049
dP
⇒ = -2 × 107 Nm-5
PB dV
 P hysi cs | 13.73

Sol 8: (C) Equal mass of same gas ⇒ Equal moles Multiple Correct Choice Type
Initially
Sol 10: (A, B) eA = 0.01 and eB = 0.81
X n moles n moles Y AA = AB
T = 300 k T = 300 k
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm EA = EB
V = 42 A V = 42 A ⇒ eAσ AA TA4 = eB σ AB TB4
42cm 42cm ⇒ 0.01 TA4 = 0.81 TB4
Area of 1
cross-sextion = A ⇒ TB = × TA
3
Using gas equation we get 1
⇒ TB = × 5802 = 1934 K
3
PV = nRT
By Wien’s displacement law
⇒ 42 A = nR 300
lm T = constant = 2.93 × 10-3 mK
nR 42
⇒ =  ……(i) ∴ λm = 0.5 mm
A 300 A

Finally Since, it is given in the question that

λm = 1 mm + λm
X n moles n moles B A
T = 300 k T = 300 k ∴ λm = 1.5 mm
B
Pf = P P = 1 atm
V = (42+x) A V = 42 A Sol 11: (A, D) P2 V = const.
(42+x)cm 42-x 1/2 1/2
V   V 
Using gas equation we get ∴ Pf =  i  × Pi =   P = P/2
 Vf   4V 
P (42 + x) A = n R 330 …..(ii)
 nRT 
P (42 – x) A = n R 300  …..(iii) P2   = constant
 P 
(ii)/(iii) gives
⇒ PT = constant
42 + x 330
= ∴ P – T curve is hyperbola
42 − x 300
P 
2x 30 and Tf =  i  Ti = 2T
⇒ =
42 − x 300  Pf 

⇒ 20x = 42 – x Sol 12: (C, D) P = 3000 J

⇒ x = 2 cm V=5

Sol 9: (C) At constant pressure 3RT

vrms =
Mm
W = PDV
5 1 3 3
For monoatomic: - CP = R ⇒ (nMm) vrms2 = nRT = PV
2 2 2 2
and Q = nCP DT 3
Translational K.E. of all molecules = PV
2
5R P∆V 5
⇒Q=n× × = W 3
2 nR 2 ∴ P × 5  = 3000 J
2
2
∴W= Q
5 ∴ P = 400 J/l
1 3 . 7 4 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Total K.E. of 10  of gas at Pressure 2P for a monoatomic Alternative method:

3
gas = × 800 × 10 = 12000 J Adiabatic process
2
5
Total K.E. of 10 , 2P pressure for a diatomic gas = PV P Isothermal process
2
Initial stage
5 Final stage
= × 800 ×10 = 2000 Joules
2 Pf isothermal
Note: In options its asked total K.E. not translational K.E. Pf adiabatic
V
Sol 13: (A, D) No. of molecules moving towards wall Vf

1 molecules From graph, it is very clear, that

per unit volume = × 1026
6 m3
Pf isothermal > Pf adiabatic
∴ No. of molecules hitting 1m2 of the wall every sec (n)
and for same volume and moles of gas
1 
=  × 1026  × (2000) T ∝ P [PV = nRT ]
 6 
molecules Thus, Tf isothermal >Tf adiabatic
= 3.33 × 1028
m2 sec Vf

Pressure exerted = (change in momentum) × no. of Work done = ∫ P dV = area under P-V diag
molecules putting wall per unit area per sec Vi

= (3 × 10-27 kg/molecules) × (2 × 2000 m/s) × 3.33 × Thus, (work done)isothermal > (work done)adiabatic
1028 molecules/m2 sec)
≈ 4 × 105 Pa Sol 15: (A, B) Area under the curve gives the rate at
which heat per unit surface is radiated by the body.
Sol 14: (A, B, C) Isothermal process Adiabatic process i.e. total rate of heat radiation = (Area under the curve)
× (Surface area of the body)
PV = constant PV γ = constant
T m
⇒ = constant ⇒ TVr-1 =constant Sol 16: (A, C) ρ =
V V
V V 
γ−1 4 3
⇒ρ× pr = m
∴ Tf = f × Ti ⇒ Tf =  i  Ti 3
Vi  Vf 
⇒ r ∝ (m)1/3
(Since there is expansion)
Vf Vi And area of sphere (A) ∝ r2
∴ > 1 ⇒ <1
Vi Vf ∴ A ∝ (m)2/3
γ−1
V  AA
Thus  i  <1 ∴ = (4)2/3 = (2)4/3
 Vf  AB
eA A σ(T − T0 )4
Since γ-1 is +ve ∴ Ratio of heat loss =
eAB σ(T − T0 )4
(∴ Isothermal temp. > adiabatic temp.)
AA
γ = = (2)4/3
Vi V  AB
Pf = × Pi Pf =  i  × Pi
Vf  Vf  By Newton’s law of cooling:
Vi dQ
(Since γ > 1 and < 1) = ms(COOH)2 = -k (T – T0)
Vf dt
γ dT −k
Vi V  ⇒ = (T – T0)
∴ >  i  dt ms
Vf  Vf 
∴ Isothermal pressure > Adiabatic pressure
 P hysi cs | 13.75

Where k = 4e A σ T03 nR
∴ V is a linear function of T with slope and passing
dT A through origin in V-T curve. P
∴ ∝
dt m Secondly for process CD: P-T will be a linear curve
 dT  AA passing through origin.
 
dt
 A m (2)4/3
∴ = A = = 2-2/3
 dT  AB 4 Comprehension Type
 
 dt B mB
Paragraph 1:

Sol 17: (A, C) Sol 20: (A, B) Area under the curve gives the rate at
o o o o
which heat per unit surface is radiated by the body.
-10 C 0C 0C 100 C
50 gm 250cal 50 gm 4000cal 50 gm 5000cal 50 gm i.e. total rate of heat radiation = (Area under the curve)
ice ice water water × (Surface area of the body)
o o
0C 100 C
Calorimeter 150cal 1.5 gm
Sol 21: (A, B, C, D) lm T = constant [By Wien’s
1.5 gm
water
Displacement Law]
water
T1
dE
∴ Heat absorbed by ice and calorimeter to reach 100° T2
T1>T2>T3
d
C water
= 250 + 4000 + 5000 + 150 = 9400 cal T3

∴ Amount of steam converted into water

m1 m2 m3 x
9400
= = 17.4 gm
540 Area under graph = Eλ = e σ T4 ∝ T4
∴ Amount of water remaining = 50 + 17.40 = 67.4 gm
∴ Amount of steam remaining = 20 – 17.4 = 2.6 gm Paragraph 2:

Sol 18: (B, D) DT = 0 Sol 22: (A) AA = A AB = A

The slope of straight line can’t be +ve. Since, T ∝ PV  A = l B = l
and if slope is +ve, then both P and V are increasing.
kA = 3k kB = k
Therefore, temperature will always increase.
T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 A   
∴ RA = = RB = B =
k A AA 3kA kB AB k A
P T1T2T3 T4
is thermal curve RA 1
∴ =
i.e. PV = const. RB 3

St. line Sol 23: (B) Rate at which heat flows from A
= Rate at which heat flows from B
Thus, from graph it can be seen, that temperature first
increases and then decrease.  dQ   dQ 
⇒   =  
 dt A  dt B
Sol 19: (A, B) Process AB is isochoric: - i.e. P = constant
TA TB TA RA 1
PV = nRT ⇒ = ⇒ = =
RA RB TB RB 3
 nR 
⇒V=  T
 P 
1 3 . 7 6 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

TA TA TB TB Sol 31: (A) fH = 5 and fHe = 3

Sol 24: (B) GA = = and GB = = 2
A  B 
nH fH + nHe fHe
G T 1 ∴ fmix = 2 2
∴ = A = nH + nHe
GB TB 3 2

2×5 + 5×3 25
= = = 3.57
Paragraph 3: 2+5 7

 dQ  2 2
Sol 25: (B)   = kAV DT Sol 32: (C)∴ rmix = 1 + = 1+ = 1.56
 dt initially fmix 25 / 7

 dQ   ∆T   dQ  Sol 33: (D) Since internal energy is an extensive

  =kA(4V)   =2  
 dt finally  2   dt initially property
∴ Umix = UHe + UH = 200+100=300 J
2
Sol 26: (A) If all the parameters are kept constant then
dQ dT Match the Columns
= ms = kA v DT
dt dt
dT kAv∆T Sol 34: (A) Vi = V Vf = 2V
∴ =
dt ms
Pi = P
(P) → (y) isobaric process
Paragraph 4: W = PDV = PV
(q) → (z) isothermal
Sol 27: (A) wab= Area below curve AB
Vf
1 W = nRT ln = PV ln 2
= [10 + 20] × (12 – 6) Vi
2
1 (r) → (x) Adiabatic
= × 30 × 6 = 90 J γ
2 V  γ
Pf =  i  Pi = 2 P
 Vf 
Sol 28: (B) wBC = -Area below curve BC
= – 10 [12 – 6] = – 60 J Pf Vf − PV
i i (2−γ P)(2V) − PV
W= =
Note:- wBC is –ve, since volume is decreasing 1− γ 1− γ

PV(1 − 21−γ )
Sol 29: (D) wCA = 0 since volume is constant ⇒W=
γ −1
∴ wABCA = wAB + wBC + wCA = (90) + (-60) + 0 = 30 J

Paragraph 5: Previous Years’ Questions

nHe = 5 moles nH = 2 moles
2
Sol 1: (D) The desired fraction is
MHe = 4g MH = 2 g
2

∆U nCV ∆T C 1
nHeMHe + nH MH f= = = V =
∆Q nCp ∆T Cp γ
Sol 30: (D) Equivalent molar mass = 2 2
nHe + nH
2
5  7
5× 4 + 2× 2 24 or f =  as γ = 
= = gm 7  5
5+2 7
 P hysi cs | 13.77

Sol 2: (A) Average kinetic energy per molecule per Area under the graph gives the work done by the gas
1
degree of freedom = kT. Since, both the gases are
2 P
diatomic and at same temperature (300 K), both will A 2
have the same number of rotational degree of freedom
i.e., two. Therefore, both the gases will have the same
average rotational kinetic energy per molecule 1

1 3
=2× kT or kT
2
V
Thus, ratio will be 1: 1. V1 V2

Sol 3: (D) A is free to move, therefore, heat will be (Area)2 > (Area) > (Area)3
supplied at constant pressure
∴ W2 > W1 > W3
∴ dQA = nCP dTA  …… (i)
B is held fixed, therefore, heat will be supplied at Sol 6: (C) For an ideal gas : PV = nRT
constant volume. For P = constant
∴ dQB = nCVdTB  …… (ii) PDV = nRDT
But dQA = dQB (given)
∆V nR nR V
∴ = = =
 Cp  ∆T p nRT T
nCpDTA = nCVDTB ∴ dTB =   dTA
V
 CV 
  ∆V 1 1
∴ = or δ =
= γ(dTA) [γ = 1.4 (diatomic)] V∆T T T

(dTA = 30 K)

= (1.4)(30 K)
∴ dTB = 42 K

Sol 4: (C) Speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by

γRT T
v=
M
Therefore, δ is inversely proportional to temperature T.
γ i.e., when T increases, δ decreases and vice-versa.
∴v∝ (T is same for both the gases)
M
Hence, δ-T graph will be a rectangular hyperbola as
vN γN shown in the above figure.
MHe 7 /5 4 
∴ 2
= 2
. =   = 3 /5
vHe γHe MN 5 / 3  28 
2 Sol 7: (B) In adiabatic process
7 dP P
γN = (Diatomic) Slope of P-V graph, =–γ
2 5 dV V
5 Slope ∝ γ (with negative sign)
γHe = (Monoatomic)
3 From the given graph,
(slope)2 > (slope)1
Sol 5: (A) The corresponding p–V graphs (also called
indicator diagram) in three different processes will be ∴ g2 > g1
as shown:
Therefore, 1 should correspond to O2 (γ = 1.4) and 2
should correspond to He (γ = 1.67).
1 3 . 7 8 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

Sol 8: (A) DWAB = PDV = (10)(2 – 1) = 10 J Sol 12: (A) Since it is open from top. Pressure will be P0.
DWBC = 0 (as V = constant)
Sol 13: (D) Let p be the pressure in equilibrium.
From first law of thermodynamics PA
DQ = DW + DU
DU = 0 (process ABCA is cyclic)
∴ DQ = DWAB + DWBC + DWCA Mg P0A
∴ DWCA = DQ – DWAB – DWBC
Then, PA = P0A – Mg
   = 5 – 10 – 0 = – 5 J
Mg Mg
P = P0 – = p0 –
Sol 9: (C) Temperature of liquid oxygen will first increase A πR 2
in the same phase. Then, phase change (liquid to gas)
Applying, P1V1 = P2V2
will take place. During which temperature will remain
constant. After that temperature of oxygen in gaseous ∴ P0 (2AL) = (P)(AL’)
state will further increase.
 
2P0L  P0 
Sol 10: (C) Slope of adiabatic process at a given state ∴ L’ = =   (2L)
(P, V, T) is more than the slope of isothermal process. P  Mg 
The corresponding P-V graph for the two processes is  P0 − 2 
 πR 
as shown in figure.
 P πR 2 
=  0  (2L)
 πR 2P − Mg 
P  0 
C
P3

P1 Sol 14: (C)

B

p
V
V1 V2 1 2

In the graph, AB is isothermal and BC is adiabatic.

WAB = positive (as volume is increasing) p1 = p2
and WBC = negative (as volume is decreasing) plus, P0 + rg (L0 – H) = P  ……..(i)
|WBC| > |WAB|, as area under p–V graph gives the work Now, applying P1V1 = P2V2 for the air inside the cylinder,
done. we have
Hence, WAB + WBC = W < 0 P0(L0) = P(L0 – H)
From the graph itself, it is clear that P3 > P1 P0L0
∴p=
Note: At point B, slope of adiabatic (process BC) is L0 − H
greater than the slope of isothermal (process AB)
Substituting in Equation (i), we have

Sol 11: (B) Total translational kinetic energy P0L0

P0 + ρg(L0 – H) =
L0 − H
3 3
= nRT = PV = 1.5 PV
2 2 or ρg(L0 – H)2 + P0(L0 – H) – P0L0 = 0
 P hysi cs | 13.79

Sol 15: (B, D) In case of free expansion under adiabatic Sol 16: (B, D) For monoatomic gas
conditions, change in internal energy DU = 0 3 5
Cv
= =R, Cp R
∴ Internal energy and temperature will remain constant. 2 2
5 7
1 For diatomic gas,
= Cv =R, Cp R
(B) P ∝ 2 5
V2
∴ PV2 = constant  ……… (i) Sol 17: A → q; B → p, r; C → p, s; D → q, s
 nRT  2
or   V = constant (A) P-V graph is not rectangular hyperbola. Therefore,
 V  process A – B is not isothermal.
1
∴ T ∝  ……… (ii) (B) In process BCD, product of PV (therefore temperature
V
and internal energy) is decreasing. Further, volume is
If volume is doubled, temperature will decrease as per decreasing. Hence, work done is also negative. Hence,
equation (ii). Q will be negative or heat will flow out of the gas.
Further, molar heat capacity in process PVx = constant is (C) WABC = positive
R (D) For clockwise cycle on p- v diagram with P on y-axis,
C = Cv +
1– x net work done is positive.
From equation (i) , x = 2
Sol 18: (D) At low pressure and high temperature inter
3 R R
∴C= R+ =+ molecular forces become ineffective. So a real gas
2 1– 2 2 behaves like an ideal gas.
Since, molar heat capacity is positive, according to
Q = nCDT, Q will be negative if DT is negative. Or gas
Sol 19: (A, B) V
loses heat if temperature is decreasing. 4V0 B
1
(C) P ∝
4/3
V V0 A
C
PV4/3 = constant
T0 T
 nRT  4/3 f
∴   V = constant  U = nRT
 V  2
1
∴T∝ Where f, n, R are constants. Also temperature T is same
1/3
V at A and B.
Further, with increase in volume temperature will
decrease. ∴ UA =UB

4 Also,
Here, x =
3  Vf  4V0
Also, ∆W=
AB nRT0 ln  =  nRT0 ln = nRT0 ln4
= P0 V0 ln4
3 R  Vi  V0
∴C= R+ = – 1.5 R
2 4
1–
3 Sol 20: (A) TV λ -1 = C
As molar heat capacity is negative, Q will be positive T1(5.6)2/3 = T2 (0.7)2/3 ⇒ T2 = T1(8)2/3 = 4T1
if DT is negative. Or gas gains heat with decrease in
nR∆T 9
temperature. ∴∆w(work done on the system)
= = RT
γ −1 8 1
(D) T ∝ PV
3RT
In expansion from V1 to 2V1, product of PV is increasing. Sol 21: (D) Vrms =
M
Therefore, temperature will increase. Or DU = +ve.
Further, in expansion work done is also positive.
MAr 40
Hence, Q = W + DU = +ve or, gas gains heat. Required ratio
= = = 10 3.16
=
MHe 4
 1 3 . 8 0 | Kinetic Theor y of Gases and Thermodynamics

m m (3kW − P) × 3 × 3600
Sol 22: (D) PV
PV = nRT = =RTnRT = M RT 30 − 10 =
M 120 × 4.2 × 103
⇒ PM = ρRT⇒ PM = ρRT
20 × 120 × 42 2800
ρ1 P1M1 ρ1P1= P1M 1M1=  P14 × 2 M18 = 4 × 2 = 8 3kW − P
= =
3 × 36 3
= =ρ P×M
 =  ×  M = 
ρ2 P2M2 2P2  2  M 2  P23  3 2 9 3 3 9
2 

Here ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of gases in the vessel P = 3000 - 933 = 2067 W
containing the mixture.
Sol 26: (6) P = P0 − ρgh = 98 × 103 N/m2
Sol 23: (2) Ub = 200 J, Ui =100 J
Process iaf 500 cm
Process W (in Joule) ∆U (in Joule) Q (in Joule)
500 mm
ia 0 H
af 200 200 mm
Net 300 200 500

⇒ Uf =400 Joule P0V0 = PV

Process ibf 105[A(500 − H)] = 98 × 103[A(500 − 200)]
Process W (in Joule) ∆U (in Joule) Q (in Joule) H = 206 mm
ia 100 50 150
af 200 100 300
Level fall = 206 − 200 = 6 mm
Net 300 150 450
Sol
TV γ−27:
1 (4) TV γ−1 = constant
= constant
Q bf 300 7/5−1
⇒ = =2 7/5−1
Q ib 150 7/5−1  v7/5−1 = aT  v 
TV
TV = aT    
 32   32 
∴a =4 ∴a = 4
Sol
U 24: (A, B, D)
= U n C V1 T + n CV T
= n CV T + n CV T
1 2
2

5 3 5 3
Sol 28: A → p, r, t; B → p, r; C → q, s; D → r, t
= 1× RT + 1× RT==1×4RT
2
RT + 1× RT = 4RT
2
2 2
⇒ 2C T = 4RT Process A → B → Isobaric compression
⇒ 2C T= 4RT
Vmix
V mix
Process B → C → Isochoric process
Average energy per mole =2RT ⇒ CV =2R Process C → D → Isobaric expansion
mix

Process D → A → Polytropic with TA = TD

Cmix  λmix   MHe  3 3 4 6
=     = × × =
CHe  λHe   Mmix  2 5 3 5
Sol 29: (A, B, C, D) Option (A) is correct because the
VrmsHe MH 1 graph between (0 – 100 K) appears to be a straight line
2
= = upto a reasonable approximation.
VrmsH Mhe 2
2
Option (B) is correct because area under the curve in
dQ the temperature range (0 - 100 K) is less than in range
Sol 25: (B) Rate of heat generated ==3KW
3kW (400 - 500 K.)
dt
Let at any time ‘t’, temperature of cooler = T P A C
Rate of cooling:
dT
ms= 3kW − P
dt B
30 3 V
(3kW − P)
∫ dT = ms ∫ dt
10 0
 P hysi cs | 13.81

Option (C) is correct because the graph of C versus T is For process CD

constant in the temperature range (400 - 500 K)
3  3
∆Q 2= n C v ∆T=n  R  ∆T= V( ∆P)
Option (D) is correct because in the temperature range 2  2
(200 – 300 K) specific heat capacity increases with 3  1 
temperature. ∆Q 2 = × 8 × 10 −3 ×  −1 +  × 10
5
2  32 
−93
Sol 30: (C) By A1V1 = A2V2 ∆Q 2 = × 102 = −11.625 × 102
8
⇒ π(20)2 × 5 = π(1)2 V2 ⇒ V2 = 2m / s2 ∆Q net = 1750 − 1162 = 588 J

1 1
Sol 31: (A) ρ V2 = ρ V2
2 a a 2  
For given Va

ρa
V ∝
ρ

kx
Sol 32: (B or A, B, C) P (pressure of gas)= P1 +
A
kx2 (P − P )(V − V1 )
W= ∫ PdV = P1(V2 − V1 ) +
2
= P1(V2 − V1 ) + 2 1 2
2
3
∆U= nCV ∆T= (P V − P V )
2 2 2 1 1
Q= W + ∆U

5P1V1 17P1V1 P1V1

Case=
I: ∆U 3P1V
=1, W = ,Q ,U=
spring
4 4 4

9P1V1 7P1V1 41P1V1 P1V1

Case II:
= ∆U = ,W = ,Q ,U=
spring
2 3 6 3

Note: A and C will be true after assuming pressure to

the right of piston has constant value P1.

Sol 33: (C) For adiabatic process

P3V5 = constant
5
PV 3 = constant
5
γ = gas is monoatomic
3
For process AC
5  5
∆Q1= n Cp ∆T= n  R  ∆T= P.∆V
 2  2
5
∆Q1 = × 105 × (8 − 1) × 10 −3
2
∆Q1 = 17.5 × 102 J = 1750J