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Engineering Space for Light with

Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

super/hyper-lens

Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics

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Outline
¾ What are metamaterials?
¾ Early electrical metamaterials
¾ Magnetic metamaterials
¾ Negative-index metamaterials
¾ Chiral metamaterials
¾ Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
¾ Super-resolution
¾ Optical cloaking and
Transformation Optics

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Other versions of cloak/invisibility/transparency

Einc ε < ε0
Plasmonic scattering
ancellation ε > ε0
Hinc P
Alu and Engheta, PRE, 72, 016623,
2005

PDPS = ( ε DPS − ε 0 ) Einc PENG = ( ε ENG − ε 0 ) Einc c1TM = 0

Anomalous localized
resonance
Nicorovici, McPhedran and Milton,
PRB, 1994
Milton & Nicorovici, Proc. R. Soc.
A, 2006

Other schemes include tunneling light transmissions (de Abajo) , active

sources (Miller),invisible fish-scale structure (Zheludev et al)
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Invisibility: An Ancient Dream

Perseus’ helmet Tarnhelm of invisibility Cloaking devices

(Greek mythology) (Norse mythology) (Star Trek, USA)

Ring of Gyges The 12 Dancing Princesses Harry Potter’s cloak

(“The Republic”, Plato) (Brothers Grimm, Germany) (J. K. Rowling, UK)

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Invisibility in Nature: Chameleon Camouflage

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Invisibility by Transformation of Time-Space

Black hole

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Invisibility to Radar: Stealth Technology

Stealth technique:
Radar cross-section reductions by absorbing paint / non-
metallic frame / shape effect…

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Optical camouflage (Tachi lab, U. Tokyo)

The camera + projector approach

From: http://www.star.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
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Invisibility: from fiction to fact?
Examples with scientific elements:
¾ The Invisible Man by H. G.
Wells (1897)
"... it was an idea ... to lower the
refractive index of a substance,
solid or liquid, to that of air — so
far as all practical purposes are
concerned.” -- Chapter 19
"Certain First Principles"
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¾ “The invisible woman” in The
Fantastic 4 by Lee & Kirby (1961)
"... she achieves these feats by
bending all wavelengths of light in
the vicinity around herself ...
without causing any visible
distortion.” -- Introduction from
Wikipedia
Pendry et al.; Leonhard,
Science, 2006
(Earlier work: cloak of
thermal conductivity by
Greenleaf et al., 2003)
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Designing Space for Light with

Transformation Optics

Fermat:
δ∫ndl = 0
n = √ε(r)μ(r)

“curving”
optical space
Straight field line in Distorted field line in
Cartesian coordinate distorted coordinate

Spatial profile of ε & μ tensors determines the distortion of

coordinate

Seeking for profile of ε & μ to make light avoid particular region in

space — optical cloaking
Pendry et al., Science, 2006

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A similarity in Mother Nature

The bending of light due to the gradient in refractive index

in a desert mirage

Pendry et al., 2006

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Cloaking based on coordinate transformation

General math. requirements and microwave demonstrations

b−a
r ⇒ r′ + a
b
⎧ r−a
⎪ε r = μr =
⎪ r
⎪ r
ε
⎨ θ = μθ =
⎪ r−a
⎪ ⎛ b ⎞ r −a
2

⎪ε z = μ z = ⎜ ⎟
⎩ ⎝b−a⎠ r Ideal case

Structure of the cloak Reduced parameter

Experimental data
Schurig et al., Science, 2006
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How about
How aboutoptical frequencies?
optical frequencies?

H
Scaling the microwave cloak design? E
/ Intrinsic limits to the scaling of SRR size k
/ High loss in resonant structures

r−a ⎛ b ⎞ r −a
2
r
ε r = μr = , ε θ = μθ = , ε z = μz = ⎜ ⎟
r r −a ⎝b−a⎠ r
TM incidence

⎧ ⎧
⎛ b ⎞ r −a
2

⎪μz = ⎜
To maintain ⎪μ = 1
⎟ ⎪ z
No magnetism required!
⎪ ⎝b−a⎠ r the dispersion
⎪⎪
relation ⎪⎪ ⎛ b ⎞
2
A constant permittivity
ε =
r ⎨εθ = ⎜ ⎟
⎨ θ
r −a ⎪ ⎝b−a⎠ of a dielectric; ε θ > 1
⎪ ⎧ μ z εθ = constant
⎪ r−a ⎪ b ⎞ ⎛r−a⎞
2 2
ε =
⎨
⎩ μ z ε r = constant
⎛
⎪ε r = ⎜
Gradient in r direction
⎪ r ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ only; εr changing from 0
⎪⎩ r (for in-plane k) ⎪⎩ ⎝b−a⎠ ⎝ r ⎠
to 1.
Cai, et al., Nature Photonics, 1, 224 (2007)
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Optical Cloaking with Metamaterials:

Can Objects be Invisible in the Visible?

Nature Photonics (to be published)

Cover article of Nature Photonics (April, 2007)

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Structure of the cloak: “Round brush”

Unit cell:

Flexible control of εr ;
Negligible perturbation in εθ

metal needles embedded in

dielectric host Cai, et al., Nature Photonics, 1, 224 (2007)
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Cloaking performance: Field mapping movies

Example:
Non-magnetic cloak @ 632.8nm with silver wires in silica

Cloak OFF Cloak ON

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A Plasmonic cloaking
(Smolyaninov et al - collaboration)
r1

10 μm

4.2µm

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Scattering issue in a linear non-magnetic cloak

Linear transformation H
E
b−a
r= r′ + a k
b

Ideal cloak:
E
Z =
μz =1
k
r =b εθ
H r =b

Perfectly matched impedance

results in zero scattering

E
Linear non-magnetic cloak:

Z =
μz = 1− a
k r =b εθ b
H r =b
Detrimental scattering due to
impedance mismatch

Nonlinear transformation –> no scattering

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High-order transformations to minimize scattering

Linear transformation H
E
b−a
r= r′ + a k
b
Nonlinear transformation
g(0) = a; g(b) = b; ∂g(r ′) ∂r ′ > 0
r = g (r ′)

Jacobian Matrix
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( )
εr = μr = r ′ r ∂g (r ′) ∂r ′
⎪
⎪
( )
−1
⎪
⎨εθ = μθ = r r ′ ⎡⎢⎣∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ⎤⎥⎦
⎪
⎪
ε And μ tensors for ideal cloak ⎪
⎪
⎩ z z ( )
⎪⎪ε = μ = r ′ r ⎡∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ⎤ −1
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

( )
2 −2
Corresponding non-magnetic parameters εr = r ′ r ; εθ = ⎡⎢∂g(r ′) ∂r ′⎤⎥ ; μz = 1
⎣ ⎦

Set Z=1 at r=b to fix g(r′) Z r =b = μz εθ = ∂g(r ′) ∂r ′ =1

r =b r =b

Cai, et al., App. Phys. Lett, 91, 111105 (2007)

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Designs of optical cloak with

high-order transformations
Examples in cylindrical system

( ) ( )
−1
εr = μr = r ′ r ∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ; εθ = μθ = 1 εr ; εz = μz = r ′ r ⎡⎢∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦

E H
E

k k
H

TE Simplification
nθ = εz μr nθ = μz εr TM Simplification
nr = εz μθ nr = μz εθ

( )
2
( )
2 2
μr = r ′ r ⎡∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ⎤ εr = r ′ r
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
μθ = 1 −2
εθ = ⎡⎢∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ⎤⎥
−2 ⎣ ⎦
εz = ⎡⎢∂g (r ′) ∂r ′ ⎤⎥ μz = 1
⎣ ⎦
Cai, et al APL (2008)
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Example: Optimized quadratic transformation

A second-order transformation for non-magnetic cloak with

minimized scattering

r = g (r ′) = ⎡⎢1 − a b + p (r ′ − b )⎤⎥ r ′ + a with p = a b2

⎣ ⎦

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Reduced scattering from nonlinear cloak

Normalized scattered field

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Suppression in both magnitude and directivity

Scattering radiation pattern

Ei 90°

k
scatterer
0.0 0.5 1.0
180° 0°
linear
quadratic

270°

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Towards experimental realization

We need a design that is …

• Less complicated in fabrication

Compatibility with mature fabrication
techniques like direct deposition and direct
etching

• Better loss features

Loss might be ultimate limiting issue for cloaking

ε r′′ = 0.1 ε r′′ = 0.03

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Structures of realistic “nonlinear” TO cloaks

0.03

0.025 ε||

0.02

imag(ε )
0.015

0.01 ε θ(b) ε θ(a)

0.005 ε r(a) ε r(b)

ε⊥
0
-1 0 1 2 3
real(ε )

ε found from Wiener’s bounds

cloak @ 532 nm with alternating silver- silica

slices based on nonlinear transformations
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Engineering Meta-Space for Light:

via Transformation Optics
Kildishev, VMS (OL, January 2008)

Fermat:
(b)

δ∫ndl = 0
n = √ε(r)μ(r)

“curving”
optical space

Flat hyperlens:
Light concentrator
½- & ‘¼-body lenses
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Take Home Messages:

•Metamagnetics with rainbow colors

•(single-negative) MM with n = -0.9 at

770nm (double-negative) MM with n = -1
at 810 nm

•Chiral metamaterials

•NLO with NIMs

•Super-resolution

•Optical cloak of invisibility

•Engineered meta-space for light

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Highlights of Purdue “Meta-Research”

Purdue Photonic Metamaterials

(a) 1-st optical negative-index MM (1.5 µm; 2005)
(b) double-negative MM at shortest λ (~800nm; 2007)
(c) 1-st magnetic MM across entire visible (2007)

Transformation Optics with MMs:

Flat hyperlens, concentrator, and cloak

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Cast of Characters

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